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Wi-Fi

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-[[Image:Wifi.svg|thumb|Le logo Wi-Fi]]+{{IPstack}}
-{{Pile de protocoles}}+[[Image:Wi-Fi logo.png|frame|Official Wi-Fi logo]]
-'''Wi-Fi''' (prononcé {{API|/wifi/}}) est une technique de [[réseau informatique]] sans fil mise en place pour fonctionner en réseau interne et, depuis, devenue un moyen d'accès à [[haut débit]] à [[Internet]]. Il est basé sur la norme [[IEEE 802.11]] (ISO/CEI 8802-11).+'''Wi-Fi''' ''(pronounced wye-fye, {{IPAEng|ˈwaɪfaɪ}})'' is a [[wireless]] technology brand owned by the [[Wi-Fi Alliance]] intended to improve the interoperability of wireless [[local area network]] products based on the [[IEEE 802.11]] standards.
 +Common applications for Wi-Fi include [[Internet]] and [[VoIP]] phone access, [[video game|gaming]], and network connectivity for [[consumer electronics]] such as [[televisions]], [[DVD player]]s, and [[digital camera]]s.
-==Présentation==+The Wi-Fi Alliance is a consortium of separate and independent companies agreeing to a set of common interoperable products based on the family of [[IEEE 802.11]] standards.<ref>
-[[Image:Wireless ap outdoor.jpg|thumb|Un point d'accès (PA) Wi-Fi extérieur]]+{{cite web
-La norme [[IEEE]] 802.11 (ISO/CEI 8802-11) est un standard international décrivant les caractéristiques d'un [[réseau sans fil|réseau local sans fil]] ([[WLAN]]). La marque déposée « Wi-Fi » correspond initialement au nom donné à la certification délivrée par la [[WECA]] (« Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance »), organisme ayant pour mission de spécifier l'interopérabilité entre les matériels répondant à la norme 802.11 et de vendre le label « Wi-Fi » aux matériels répondant à leurs spécifications. Par abus de langage (et pour des raisons de [[marketing]]) le nom de la norme se confond aujourd'hui avec le nom de la certification (c'est du moins le cas en France, en Espagne, au Canada...). Ainsi un réseau Wi-Fi est en réalité un réseau répondant à la norme 802.11. Dans d'autres pays (en Allemagne, aux États-Unis par exemple) de tels réseaux sont correctement nommés WLAN (Wireless LAN).+|url=http://www.wi-fi.org/about_overview.php
 +|title=Wi-Fi Alliance - Get to Know the Alliance
 +|publisher=www.wi-fi.org
 +|accessdate=2007-11-08
 +}}</ref>
-Grâce au Wi-Fi, il est possible de créer des [[réseau sans fil|réseaux locaux sans fil]] à haut débit. Dans la pratique, le Wi-Fi permet de relier des ordinateurs portables, des machines de bureau, des assistants personnels ([[Assistant personnel|PDA]]), des objets communicants ou même des périphériques à une liaison haut débit (de 11 Mbit/s en [[IEEE 802.11b|802.11b]] à 54 Mbit/s en [[IEEE 802.11a|802.11a]] ou [[IEEE 802.11g|802.11g]] et 540 Mbit/s pour le 802.11n) sur un rayon de plusieurs dizaines de mètres en intérieur (généralement entre une vingtaine et une cinquantaine de mètres). Dans un environnement ouvert, la portée peut atteindre plusieurs centaines de mètres voire dans des conditions optimales plusieurs dizaines de kilomètres (pour la variante [[Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access|WiMAX]] ou avec des antennes directionnelles).+The Wi-Fi Alliance certifies products via a set of established test procedures to establish interoperability. Those manufacturers that are members of Wi-Fi Alliance whose products pass these interoperability tests can mark their products and product packaging with the Wi-Fi logo.<ref>
 +{{cite web
 +|url=http://certifications.wi-fi.org/wbcs_certified_products.php
 +|title=Wi-Fi Alliance - Certified Products
 +|publisher=certifications.wi-fi.org
 +|accessdate=2007-11-08
 +}}
 +</ref>
-Ainsi, des fournisseurs d'accès internet commencent à irriguer des zones à forte concentration d'utilisateurs (gares, aéroports, hôtels, trains...) avec des [[réseau sans fil|réseaux sans fil]] connectés à l'Internet. Ces zones ou point d'accès sont appelées bornes Wi-Fi ou points d'accès Wi-Fi et en anglais « ''hot spots'' ».+Wi-Fi technologies have gone through several generations since their inception in 1997. Wi-Fi is supported to different extents under [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[Mac OS X]] and [[open source]] [[Unix]] and [[Linux]] [[operating system]]s.
-Les [[iBook]]s d'[[Apple, Inc.]] furent, en [[1999]], les premiers ordinateurs à proposer un équipement Wi-Fi intégré (sous le nom d'[[AirPort]]), bientôt suivis par le [[Macintosh|reste de la gamme]]. À partir de [[2003]], on voit aussi apparaître des modèles de [[Compatible PC|PC]] portables bâtis autour de la technologie [[Intel]] [[Centrino]], qui leur permettent une intégration similaire. Les autres modèles de PC doivent encore s'équiper d'une carte d'extension adaptée ([[PCMCIA]], [[USB]], Compact Flash, SD, [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]], MiniPCI, etc.).+== Uses ==
-==Signification du terme==+A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, [[game console]], [[cell phone]], [[MP3 player]] or [[personal digital assistant|PDA]] can connect to the [[Internet]] when within range of a [[wireless network]] connected to the Internet. The area covered by one or more interconnected [[Wireless access point|access points]] is called a [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspot]]. Hotspots can cover as little as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as much as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi has been used to create [[Wireless mesh network|mesh network]]s, for example, in the City of London.<ref>
-Le terme ''Wi-Fi'' est largement connu pour être la contraction de '''''Wi'''reless '''Fi'''delity'', mais c'est une explication erronée, comme l'explique [[Phil Belanger]], un des fondateurs de la [[WECA]], commanditaire de cette dénomination<ref>Voir les articles sur les sites {{en}}[http://www.teleclick.ca/2005/12/what-is-the-true-meaning-of-wi-fi/ Teleclick], {{en}}[http://www.boingboing.net/2005/11/08/wifi_isnt_short_for_.html Boing Boing] et {{en}}[http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3674591 Wi-Fi Planet]</ref>.+{{cite web
 +|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6577307.stm
 +|title= Switch on for Square Mile wi-fi
 +|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk
 +|accessdate=2007-11-08
 +}}
 +</ref> Both architectures are used in [[Wireless community network|community networks]].{{Fact|date=January 2007}}
-En fait le groupe avait demandé à une agence de publicité de lui proposer un nom plus facile à utiliser que « IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ». L'agence leur a proposé une dizaine de noms ; parmi ceux-ci, la [[WECA]] choisit celui-de ''Wi-Fi'' qui sonnait un peu comme ''[[HiFi]]''. Initialement, cela n'avait pas un sens précis ; mais pour que le grand public comprenne mieux de quoi il s'agissait, la WECA présente ce nom avec le slogan : « ''The Standard for Wireless Fidelity'' » (« le standard pour la fidélité sans-fil »).+Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in [[peer-to-peer]] ([[wireless ad-hoc network]]) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode is useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications.
-L'idée que ''Wi-Fi'' signifie ''wireless fidelity'' est désormais répandue. Ainsi, même si associer « fidélité » à la technique de réseau sans fil n'a aucun sens, le but marketing de diffuser un terme populaire pour la norme « IEEE 802.11b » a été atteint.+When the technology was first commercialized there were many problems because consumers could not be sure that products from different vendors would work together. The Wi-Fi Alliance began as a community to solve this issue so as to address the needs of the end user and allow the technology to mature. The Alliance created the branding ''Wi-Fi CERTIFIED'' to show consumers that products are [[interoperable]] with other products displaying the same branding.
-Lorsque le terme Wi-Fi est apparu, certains constructeurs et revendeurs l'ont associé à des équipements ne supportant pas la technologie « IEEE 802.11 » mais étant compatibles avec une technique de réseau sans fil, par exemple :+Many consumer devices use Wi-Fi. Amongst others, [[personal computer]]s can network to each other and connect to the [[Internet]], mobile computers can connect to the Internet from any Wi-Fi hotspot, and [[digital camera]]s can transfer images wirelessly.
-* réseaux sans fils personnels WPAN Wireless Personal Area Networks : Bluetooth, Infrarouge, ZigBee ;+[[Router]]s which incorporate a [[DSL]] or cable modem and a Wi-Fi access point are often used in homes and other premises, and provide [[Internet]] access and internetworking to all devices connected wirelessly or by cable into them. Devices supporting Wi-Fi can also be connected in [[Ad-hoc|ad-hoc mode]] for client-to-client connections without a router.
-* réseaux sans fils locaux WLAN – Wireless Local Area Networks : Wi-Fi, Hyperlan ;+
-* réseaux sans fils métropolitains WMAN – Wireless Metropolitain Area Networks : BLR (Boucle Locale Radio), WiMax ;+
-* réseaux sans fils nationaux WWAN – Wireless Wide Area Networks : GSM, GPRS, UMTS (3G).+
-{{référence nécessaire|Certains ordinateurs portables ont été vendus avec le mot Wi-Fi dans leurs caractéristiques alors que pour tout équipement sans fil ils ne disposaient que d'un simple port infrarouge.}}+Business and industrial Wi-Fi is widespread as of 2007. In business environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points provides redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network capacity by using more channels or creating smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward 'thin' access points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual Access Points to be simply 'dumb' radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true [[Mesh network|mesh]] topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure [[Gateway (computer networking)|computer networking gateway]], [[firewall]], [[DHCP]] server, [[intrusion detection system]], and other functions.
-Le mot '''Wi-Fi''', avec le '''W''' et le '''F''' majuscule signifie la compatibilité avec les spécifications d'interopérabilité 802.11 de la WECA. (On le trouve aussi écrit tout en majuscule). Il est représenté par un logo déposé, le "'''Wi'''" est écrit en blanc sur un fond noir, le "'''Fi'''" est écrit en noir sur un fond blanc. Le tout avec le petit TM (Trademark : marque déposée)+In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi is publicly available at [[hotspot (Wi-Fi)|Wi-Fi hotspot]]s provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Free hotspots are often provided by businesses such as hotels, restaurants, and airports who offer the service to attract or assist clients. Sometimes free Wi-Fi is provided by enthusiasts, or by organizations or authorities who wish to promote business in their area. Metropolitan-wide WiFi ([[Mu-Fi]]) already has more than 300 projects in process.<ref>[http://www.muniwireless.com/ Muni Wireless]</ref>
-[[Image:Wifi.svg]]+== Advantages of Wi-Fi ==
-Sur un équipement que l'on souhaite acheter, le logo Wi-Fi blanc et noir, ou la mention du standard « IEEE 802.11 », garantit que le matériel est compatible avec la technique de réseau sans fil « IEEE 802.11 ».+Wi-Fi allows LANs to be deployed without cabling for client devices, typically reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.
-Aujourd'hui, compte-tenu de l'évolution de la norme 802.11, il est prudent de vérifier+
-quel standard respecte un équipement : 802.11b, 802.11g ou bien 802.11n.+
-Le logo Wi-Fi avec un rond noir en arrière plan, signifie que l'on se trouve dans une zone où un réseau Wi-Fi « IEEE 802.11 » est présent.+
-==Disponibilité==+As of 2007 wireless network adapters are built into most modern laptops. The price of [[chipset]]s for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in ever more devices. Wi-Fi has become widespread in corporate infrastructures, which also helps with the deployment of [[RFID]] technology that can piggyback on Wi-Fi.<ref>[http://www.rfidradio.com/?p=12 Making Business Sense of Real Time Location Systems (RTLS)], RFID Radio</ref>
-En pratique, pour un usage informatique d'un réseau Wi-Fi, il est nécessaire de disposer au minimum de deux équipements Wi-Fi, par exemple un ordinateur, et un routeur ADSL « Wi-Fi ». L'ordinateur doit être équipé d'une carte wifi, qui contient une antenne, et de pilotes qui permettent de faire fonctionner cette carte. Les types, nombres, débit et distances entre les équipements varient en fonctions de détails techniques, dont certains sont précisés dans cet article.+Different competitive brands of access points and client network interfaces are inter-operable at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are backwards inter-operable. Wi-Fi is a global set of standards. Unlike [[mobile telephone]]s, any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere in the world.
-Un [[routeur]] Wi-Fi peut également être utile.+Wi-Fi is widely available in more than 250,000{{Fact|date=December 2007}} public hotspots and tens of millions of homes and corporate and university campuses worldwide. [[Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA]] is not easily cracked if strong passwords are used and [[WPA2]] encryption has no known weaknesses. New protocols for Quality of Service ([[Wireless Multimedia Extensions|WMM]]) make Wi-Fi more suitable for latency-sensitive applications (such as voice and video), and power saving mechanisms (WMM Power Save) improve battery operation.
-=== Wi-Fi et logiciel libre ===+== Disadvantages of Wi-Fi ==
-* Les systèmes [[Berkeley software distribution|BSD]] ([[FreeBSD]], [[NetBSD]] et [[OpenBSD]]) ont eu un support pour la plupart des adaptateurs depuis la fin 1998. Du code pour les puces [[Atheros]], Prism, Harris/Intersil et Aironet (constructeur Wi-Fi du même nom) est principalement partagé par les 3 BSD. Darwin et Mac OS X, en dépit de leur chevauchement avec FreeBSD, ont leur propre et unique implémentation. Dans OpenBSD 3.7, d'autres drivers pour des [[chipset]]s sans-fils sont disponibles, y compris RealTek RTL8180L, Ralink RT25x0, Atmel AT76C50x et Intel 2100/2200BG/2225BG/2915ABG. Ceci est dû, au moins en partie, à l'effort d’OpenBSD pour soutenir les drivers ''open source'' pour les composants réseau sans fil. Il est possible que de tels pilotes puissent être implémentés par d'autres BSDs s’ils n'existent pas déjà. Le [[NdisWrapper]] est aussi disponible sous FreeBSD.+
-* [[Linux]] : Depuis la version 2.6, certains matériels Wi-Fi sont supportés nativement dans le [[noyau Linux|kernel]]. Le support pour Orinoco, Prism, Aironet et Atmel est inclus dans la branche principale de l'arborescence du noyau, alors que ADMtek et Realtek RTL8180L sont tous deux supportés par des pilotes de code fermé fournis par les fabricants et des pilotes open source écrits par la communauté. Les radios Intel Calexico sont supportées par des drivers open source disponible sur [[Sourceforge]]. Atheros et Ralink RT2x00 sont supportés à travers des projets open source. Depuis le noyau Linux 2.6.17, les composants [[Broadcom]], utilisés sur des cartes telles que Apple Airport Extreme, sont supportés grâce au pilote libre [http://bcm43xx.berlios.de/ bcm43xx]. Dans les autres cas, le support pour d’autres cartes sans fil est disponible à travers l’usage du pilote [[NdisWrapper]] open source : il permet à Linux de faire tourner sur des architectures ''Intel x86'' le pilote du constructeur, prévu pour [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. <!-- phrase incompréhensible Il existe également une implémentation commerciale de l’idée.--> La [[Free Software Foundation|FSF]] a recommandé certaines cartes <ref>[http://www.fsf.org/resources/hw/net/wireless/cards.html Cartes recommandées par la FSF.]</ref>.+Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide. Most of Europe allows for an additional 2 channels beyond those permitted in the U.S for the 2.4 GHz band. (1-13 vs. 1-11); Japan has one more on top of that (1-14). Europe, as of 2007, is now essentially homogeneous in this respect. A very confusing aspect is the fact a Wi-Fi signal actually occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz resulting in only 3 non-overlapped channels in the US: 1, 6, 11, and four in Europe: 1,5,9,13
-* Le [[logiciel libre]] a également permis de disposer de routeurs Wi-Fi [[IPv6]] à 80 € TTC environ à Paris (60 € (EUR) ou USD hors taxe)<ref>http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3562391</ref>.+Some countries, such as Italy, formerly required a 'general authorization' for any Wi-Fi used outside an operator's own premises, or require something akin to an operator registration.{{Fact|date=January 2007}} [[Equivalent isotropically radiated power]] (EIRP) in the EU is limited to 20 [[dBm]] (0.1 W).
-==Structure (couches du protocole)==+Power consumption is fairly high compared to some other low-bandwidth standards, such as [[Zigbee]] and [[Bluetooth]], making battery life a concern.
-La norme 802.11 s'attache à définir les couches basses du [[modèle OSI]] pour une liaison sans fil utilisant des [[Rayonnement électromagnétique|ondes électromagnétiques]], c'est-à-dire :+The most common wireless encryption standard, [[Wired Equivalent Privacy]] or WEP, has been shown to be easily breakable even when correctly configured. [[Wi-Fi Protected Access]] (WPA and WPA2), which began shipping in 2003, aims to solve this problem and is now available on most products. Wi-Fi [[Access Point]]s typically default to an "open" ([[encryption]]-free) mode. Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out of the box, but this default is without any [[wireless_security#Counteracting_risks|wireless security]] enabled, providing open wireless access to their LAN. To turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software [[graphical user interface]] (GUI). Wi-Fi networks that are open (unencrypted) can be monitored and used to read and copy data (including personal information) transmitted over the network, unless another security method is used to secure the data, such as a VPN or a secure web page. (See [[HTTPS]]/[[SSL|Secure Socket Layer]].)
-* la [[couche physique]] (notée parfois couche PHY), proposant trois types de codage de l'information ;+Many 2.4 GHz [[IEEE 802.11#802.11b|802.11b]] and [[IEEE 802.11#802.11g|802.11g]] Access points default to the same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. To change the channel of operation for an access point requires the user to configure the device.
-* la [[couche de liaison|couche liaison]] de données, constituée de deux sous-couches :+
-** le contrôle de la liaison logique ([[Logical Link Control]], ou LLC) ;+
-** le contrôle d'accès au support ([[Media Access Control]], ou MAC).+
-La couche physique définit la modulation des ondes radioélectriques et les caractéristiques de la signalisation pour la transmission de données, tandis que la couche liaison de données définit l'interface entre le bus de la machine et la couche physique, notamment une méthode d'accès proche de celle utilisée dans le standard [[ethernet]] et les règles de communication entre les différentes stations. La norme 802.11 propose en réalité trois couches physiques, définissant des modes de transmission alternatifs :+Wi-Fi networks have limited range. A typical Wi-Fi home router using [[IEEE 802.11#802.11b|802.11b]] or [[IEEE 802.11#802.11g|802.11g]] with a stock antenna might have a range of 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m (300 ft) outdoors. Range also varies with frequency band. Wi-Fi in the 2.4 GHz frequency block has slightly better range than Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz frequency block. Outdoor range with improved (directional) antennas can be several kilometres or more with line-of-sight.
-{| class="wikitable"+Wi-Fi performance also decreases exponentially as the range increases.
-! rowspan="2" | Couche Liaison de<br />données (MAC)+
-| [[IEEE 802.2|802.2]] (LLC)+
-|-----+
-| 802.11+
-|-----+
-! Couche Physique<br />(PHY)+
-|+
-{| class="wikitable"+
-| [[Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum|DSSS]] || [[Frequency-hopping spread spectrum|FHSS]] || [[Infrarouge]]s+
-|}+
-|}+
-Il est possible d'utiliser n'importe quel protocole de transport sur un réseau 802.11 au même titre que sur un réseau ethernet.+Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, especially on the same or neighboring channel, can prevent access and interfere with the use of other access points by others, caused by overlapping channels in the 802.11g/b spectrum, as well as with decreased [[signal-to-noise ratio]] (SNR) between access points. This can be a problem in high-density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi-Fi access points. Additionally, other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: microwave ovens, security cameras, [[Bluetooth]] devices and (in some countries) [[Amateur radio]], [[videosenders]], cordless phones and baby monitors can cause significant additional interference. General guidance to those who suffer these forms of interference or network crowding is to migrate to a WiFi 5 GHz product, (802.11a or the newer 802.11n IF it has 5GHz/11a support) as the 5 GHz band is relatively unused and there are many more channels available. This also requires users to set up the 5 GHz band to be the preferred network in the client and to configure each network band to a different name(SSID).
-==Modes de mise en réseau==+It is also an issue when municipalities,<ref>[http://cl.exct.net/?ffcb10-fe3615737563007d7c1471-fdf2107871650c7e73157877-feee16767c630d-fecd1c707066077d-fdfe1571716d077a7514707d How Municipal WiFi Works]</ref> or other large entities such as universities, seek to provide large area coverage. This openness is also important to the success and widespread use of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi.
-===Infrastructure===+
-Le mode Infrastructure est un mode de fonctionnement qui permet de connecter les ordinateurs équipés d'une carte Wi-Fi entre eux via un ou plusieurs Point d'accès (PA) qui agissent comme des concentrateurs (exemple : répéteur ou commutateur en réseau Ethernet). Ce mode est essentiellement utilisé en entreprise. La mise en place d'un tel réseau oblige de poser à intervalle régulier des bornes (PA) dans la zone qui doit être couverte par le réseau. Les bornes, ainsi que les machines, doivent être configurées avec le même nom de réseau ([[SSID]] = Service Set IDentifier) afin de pouvoir communiquer. L'avantage de ce mode est de garantir un passage obligé par le PA. Il est donc possible de vérifier qui accède au réseau. En revanche, le réseau ne peut pas s'agrandir, hormis en posant de nouvelles bornes.+
-===Ad-Hoc===+Interoperability issues between non WiFi brands or proprietary deviations from the standard can disrupt connections or lower throughput speeds on all user's devices that are within range, to include the non-WiFi or proprietary product.
-Le mode « Ad-Hoc » est un mode de fonctionnement qui permet de connecter directement les ordinateurs équipés d'une carte Wi-Fi, sans utiliser un matériel tiers tel qu'un point d'accès (Access Point [AP] en anglais). Ce mode est idéal pour interconnecter rapidement des machines entre elles sans matériel supplémentaire (exemple : échange de fichiers entre portables dans un train ([[TGV]]…), partage de son accès à [[Internet]] dans sa maison, dans la rue, au café, chez des amis…). La mise en place d'un tel réseau se borne à configurer les machines en mode Ad-Hoc (au lieu du mode Infrastructure), la sélection d'un canal (fréquence) et d'un nom de réseau ([[SSID]]) communs à tous. L'avantage de ce mode est de s'affranchir de matériels tiers coûteux et de permettre une mise en œuvre simple. Grâce à l'ajout d'un simple logiciel de [[Routage AdHoc|routage dynamique]] (exemples : [[Optimized link state routing protocol|OLSR]], [[AODV]]…), il est possible de créer des réseaux maillés autonomes dans lesquels la portée ne se limite pas à ses voisins (tous les participants jouent le rôle du routeur).+
-* [[Réseau ad-hoc|Réseaux Ad-Hoc]]+== Standard devices ==
-==Les différentes « normes » Wi-Fi==+[[Wireless access point]]s connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired [[LAN]]. An access point is similar to a [[network hub]], relaying data between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.
-La norme IEEE 802.11 est en réalité la norme initiale offrant des débits de 1 ou 2 Mbit/s (Wi-Fi est un nom commercial, et c'est par abus de language que l'on parle de « normes » Wi-Fi). Des révisions ont été apportées à la norme originale afin d'améliorer le débit (c'est le cas des normes 802.11a, 802.11b et 802.11g, appelées normes 802.11 physiques) ou de spécifier des détails de sécurité ou d'interopérabilité. Voici un tableau présentant les différentes révisions de la norme 802.11 et leur signification :+[[Wireless network interface card|Wireless adapter]]s allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]], [[miniPCI]], [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]], [[ExpressCard]], Cardbus and [[PC card]]. Most newer laptop computers are equipped with internal adapters. Internal cards are generally more difficult to install.
-{| class="wikitable"+Wireless [[router]]s integrate a WAP, ethernet [[network switch|switch]], and internal [[Router]] firmware application that provides [[Internet Protocol|IP]] [[Routing]], [[Network address translation|NAT]], and [[Domain name system|DNS]] forwarding through an integrated [[Wide area network|WAN]] interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single [[Wide Area Network|WAN]] device such as [[cable modem]] or [[DSL modem]]. A wireless router allows all three devices (mainly the access point and router) to be configured through one central utility. This utility is most usually an integrated [[web server]] which serves web pages to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on a desktop computer such as Apple's [[AirPort]].
-! Norme+
-! Nom+
-! Description+
-|-----+
-| '''[[IEEE 802.11a|802.11a]]''' || Wi-Fi 5+
-| La norme 802.11a (baptisée ''Wi-Fi 5'') permet d'obtenir un haut débit (dans un rayon de 10 mètres : 54 Mbit/s théoriques, 27 Mbit/s réels). La norme 802.11a spécifie 52 canaux de sous-porteuses radio dans la bande de fréquences des 5 GHz (bande U-NII = Unlicensed '- National Information Infrastructure), huit combinaisons, non superposés sont utilisables pour le canal principal.+
-|-----+
-| '''[[IEEE 802.11b|802.11b]]''' || Wi-Fi+
-| La norme 802.11b est la norme la plus répandue en base installée actuellement. Elle propose un débit théorique de 11 Mbit/s (6 Mbit/s réels) avec une portée pouvant aller jusqu'à 300&nbsp;mètres dans un environnement dégagé. La plage de fréquences utilisée est la bande des 2,4 GHz (Bande ISM = Industrial Scientific Medical) avec, en France, 13 canaux radio disponibles dont 4 au maximum non superposés (1 - 5 - 9 - 13).+
-|-----+
-| '''802.11c''' || Pontage 802.11 vers 802.1d+
-| La norme 802.11c n'a pas d'intérêt pour le grand public. Il s'agit uniquement d'une modification de la norme 802.1d afin de pouvoir établir un pont avec les trames 802.11 (niveau ''liaison de données'').+
-|-----+
-| '''[[IEEE 802.11d|802.11d]]''' || Internationalisation+
-| La norme 802.11d est un supplément à la norme 802.11 dont le but est de permettre une utilisation internationale des réseaux locaux 802.11. Elle consiste à permettre aux différents équipements d'échanger des informations sur les plages de fréquences et les puissances autorisées dans le pays d'origine du matériel.+
-|-----+
-| '''[[IEEE 802.11e|802.11e]]''' || Amélioration de la qualité de service+
-| La norme 802.11e vise à donner des possibilités en matière de qualité de service au niveau de la couche ''liaison de données''. Ainsi, cette norme a pour but de définir les besoins des différents paquets en terme de bande passante et de délai de transmission de manière à permettre, notamment, une meilleure transmission de la voix et de la vidéo.+
-|-----+
-| '''802.11f''' || Itinérance (roaming)+
-| La norme 802.11f est une recommandation à l'intention des vendeurs de points d'accès pour une meilleure interopérabilité des produits.+
-Elle propose le protocole ''Inter-Access point roaming protocol'' permettant à un utilisateur itinérant de changer de point d'accès de façon transparente lors d'un déplacement, quelles que soient les marques des points d'accès présentes dans l'infrastructure réseau. Cette possibilité est appelée ''itinérance'' (ou ''roaming'' en anglais).+
-|-----+
-| '''[[IEEE 802.11g|802.11g]]''' || &nbsp;+
-| La norme 802.11g est la plus répandue dans le commerce actuellement. Elle offre un haut débit (54 Mbit/s théoriques, 26 Mbit/s réels) sur la bande de fréquences des 2,4 GHz. La norme 802.11g a une compatibilité ascendante avec la norme 802.11b, ce qui signifie que des matériels conformes à la norme 802.11g peuvent fonctionner en 802.11b. Cette aptitude permet aux nouveaux équipements de proposer le 802.11g tout en restant compatibles avec les réseaux existants qui sont souvent encore en 802.11b.+
-Il est possible d'utiliser, au maximum, 4 canaux non superposés (1 - 5 - 9 - 13).+
-|-----+
-| '''[[IEEE 802.11h|802.11h]]''' || &nbsp;+
-| La norme ''802.11h'' vise à rapprocher la norme 802.11 du standard Européen ([[Hiperlan]] 2, d'où le ''h'' de 802.11h) et être en conformité avec la réglementation européenne en matière de fréquences et d'économie d'énergie.+
-|-----+
-| '''[[IEEE 802.11i|802.11i]]''' || &nbsp;+
-| La norme ''802.11i'' a pour but d'améliorer la sécurité des transmissions (gestion et distribution des clés, chiffrement et authentification). Cette norme s'appuie sur l'[[Standard de chiffrement avancé|AES]] (''Advanced Encryption Standard'') et propose un chiffrement des communications pour les transmissions utilisant les standards 802.11a, 802.11b et 802.11g.+
-|-----+
-| '''802.11IR''' || &nbsp;+
-| La norme ''802.11IR'' a été élaborée de manière à utiliser des signaux infra-rouges. Cette norme est désormais dépassée techniquement.+
-|-----+
-| '''802.11j''' || &nbsp;+
-| La norme ''802.11j'' est à la réglementation japonaise ce que le 802.11h est à la réglementation européenne.+
-|-----+
-| '''[[IEEE 802.11n|802.11n]]''' || WWiSE (World-Wide Spectrum Efficiency) ou TGn Sync+
-| La norme ''802.11n'' est attendue pour [[2008]]. Le débit théorique atteint les 540 Mbit/s (débit réel de 100 Mbit/s dans un rayon de 90 mètres) grâce aux technologies MIMO ([[MIMO (informatique)|Multiple-Input Multiple-Output]]) et OFDM ([[Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing]]). En {{date||avril|2006}}, [http://www-fr.linksys.com/servlet/Satellite?c=L_News_C2&childpagename=FR%2FLayout&cid=1145389519039&pagename=Linksys%2FCommon%2FVisitorWrapper des périphériques à la norme 802.11n commencent à apparaître] basés sur le ''Draft 1.0'' (brouillon 1.0) ; le ''Draft 2.0'' est sorti en {{date||mars|2007}}, les périphériques basés sur ce brouillon seront compatibles avec la version finale attendue pour {{date||septembre|2008}}.+
-Le ''802.11n'' utilisera simultanément les fréquences 2,4 et 5&nbsp;GHz. Il saura combiner jusqu'à 8 canaux non superposés.+
-|-----+
-| '''802.11s''' || Réseau Mesh+
-| La norme ''802.11s'' est actuellement en cours d'élaboration. Le débit théorique atteint aujourd'hui 1 à 2 Mbit/s. Elle vise à implémenter la mobilité sur les réseaux de type adhoc. Tout point qui reçoit le signal est capable de le retransmettre. Elle constitue ainsi une toile au dessus du réseau existant. Un des protocoles utilisé pour mettre en œuvre son routage est [[OLSR]].+
-|}+
-[[Linksys]], la division grand public de [[Cisco Systems]], a développé la technologie SRX pour "''Speed and Range Expansion''" (Vitesse et Portée Étendue). Celle-ci superpose le signal de deux signaux 802.11g pour doubler le taux de transfert des données. Le taux maximum de transfert des données via un réseau sans fil SRX400 dépasse donc les capacités d'un réseau filaire Ethernet 10/100 que l'on trouve dans la plupart des réseaux.+Wireless [[network bridge]]s connect a wired network to a wireless network. This is different from an access point in the sense that an access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at the [[OSI model#Layer 2: Data Link Layer|data-link layer]]. Two wireless bridges may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes.
-==Sécurité (confidentialité des communications - risque légal)==+Wireless range extenders or [[wireless repeaters]] can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Range extenders can be strategically placed to elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those created in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters will suffer from an increased latency for each hop. Additionally, a wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain throughput that is limited by the weakest link between the two nodes in the chain from which the connection originates to where the connection ends.
-L'accès sans fil aux réseaux locaux rend nécessaire l'élaboration d'une [[politique de sécurité]] dans les entreprises et chez les particuliers.+===Aerials and connectors===
-Il est notamment possible de choisir une méthode de codage de la communication sur l'interface radio. La plus commune est l'utilisation d'une clé dite [[Wired Equivalent Privacy]] (WEP), communiquée uniquement aux utilisateurs autorisés du réseau.+Most commercial devices (routers, access points, bridges, repeaters) designed for home or business environments use either [[RP-SMA]] or [[RP-TNC]] antenna connectors. PCI wireless adapters also mainly use [[RP-SMA]] connectors. Most [[PC card]] and [[USB]] wireless only have internal antennas etched on their [[printed circuit board]] while some have [[MMCX connector]] or [[MC-Card]] external connections in addition to an internal antenna. A few USB cards have a [[RP-SMA]] connector. Most [[Mini PCI]] wireless cards utilize [[Hirose U.FL]] connectors, but cards found in various wireless appliances contain all of the connectors listed. Many high-gain (and homebuilt antennas) utilize the [[Type N connector]] more commonly used by other radio communications methods.
-Toutefois, il a été démontré que cette prétendue sécurité était factice et triviale à violer<ref>http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/content/view/30114/98/ (en) WEP Cracking...Reloaded</ref>, avec l'aide de programmes tels que [[Aircrack]].+== Non-standard devices ==
-En attente d'un standard sérieux de nouvelles méthodes ont été avancées, comme [[Wi-Fi Protected Access]] (WPA) ou plus récemment [[Wi-Fi Protected Access#WPA2|WPA2]].+Distance records include:
-Depuis l'adoption du standard 802.11i on peut raisonnablement parler d'accès réseau+
-sans fil sécurisé.+
-En l'absence de 802.11i on peut utiliser un tunnel chiffré ([[Réseau privé virtuel|VPN]] Virtual Private Network en Anglais) pour se raccorder au réseau de son entreprise sans risque d'écoute ou de modification.+June 2007: 382 km is held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data between mountain tops of El Aguila and Platillon[http://interred.wordpress.com/2007/06/18/ermanno-pietrosemoli-has-set-a-new-record-for-the-longest-communication-wi-fi-link/ 1][http://www.apc.org/english/news/index.shtml?x=5038261 2].
-Il existe encore de nombreux points d'accès non sécurisés chez les particuliers. Plus de 20 pour cent des réseaux ne sont pas sécurisés{{refnec}}. Il se pose le problème de la responsabilité du détenteur de la connexion Wi-Fi lorsque l'intrus réalise des actions illégales sur Internet (par exemple en diffusant grâce à cette connexion des vidéo volées).+Swedish space agency:310&nbsp;km, but using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead stratospheric balloon.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
-D'autres méthodes de sécurisation existent, avec, par exemple, un serveur [[Radius (informatique)|Radius]] chargé de gérer les accès par nom d'utilisateur et mot de passe.+== Embedded systems ==
-==Interrogations (sur l'impact sanitaire)==+[[Image:ezurio wism2 small.jpg|thumb|right|Embedded serial to WiFi module]]
-[[Image:IMG 3163-2.jpg|thumb|Ordinateur portable connecté au Wi-Fi sur une plage égyptienne]]+Wi-Fi availability in the home is on the increase. This extension of the Internet into the home space will increasingly be used for remote monitoring. Examples of remote monitoring include security systems and tele-medicine. In all these kinds of implementation, if the Wi-Fi provision is provided using a system running one of operating systems mentioned above, then it becomes unfeasible due to weight, power consumption and cost issues.
-La technique Wi-Fi apparait au moment où se développent les interrogations quant à l'impact des radiofréquences sur la santé de l'homme. Des débats scientifiques se sont multipliés autour du [[Global System for Mobile Communications|téléphone mobile]] et commencent aujourd'hui à toucher l'ensemble de la technique Wi-Fi.+
-Une telle démarche s'avère opportune face au constat que cette technique se diffuse dans notre environnement, au travail, au domicile comme en déplacement (sans même que nous en soyons+Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of early 2007), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available which come with a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wireless enabling any device which has and communicates via a serial port.
-utilisateurs, comme par exemple dans le hall d'une gare). +
-Toutefois, il est à relever que la puissance émise par les équipements Wi-Fi (~30&nbsp;[[Watt|mW]]) est vingt fois moindre que celle émise par les téléphones mobiles (~600&nbsp;mW). En outre, le téléphone est généralement tenu à proximité immédiate du cerveau, ce qui n'est pas le cas des équipements Wi-Fi ; et à une dizaine de centimètres, la puissance du signal est déjà fortement atténuée (inversement proportionnelle au carré de la distance : <math>P=1/D^2</math>).+This allows simple monitoring devices – for example, a portable ECG monitor hooked up to a patient in their home – to be created. This Wi-Fi enabled device effectively becomes part of the internet cloud and can communicate with any other node on the internet. The data collected can hop via the home's Wi-Fi access point to anywhere on the internet.
-Il est cependant intéressant de noter qu'en règle générale, un mobile ne transmet un débit soutenu d'informations que pendant un appel, beaucoup moins en veille, alors qu'un point d'accès Wi-Fi ou des machines en ''[[ad hoc]]'' transmettent des trames de balise toutes les 125&nbsp;[[seconde (temps)|ms]], soit en permanence.+These Wi-Fi modules are designed so that minimal Wi-Fi knowledge is required by designers to wireless enable their product.
-Il faut aussi noter que les [[fréquence]]s utilisées par les équipements Wi-Fi (2,4&nbsp;[[Hertz|Ghz]]), tout comme les fréquences de la téléphonie mobile (grosso modo de 900 MHz à 2100 MHz), sont des fréquences qui font toutes vibrer la molécule d’eau, qui constitue l’essentiel du corps humain. Si la fréquence de 2450 MHz est utilisée dans les fours à [[micro-onde]]s domestiques, c'est pour une simple raison de normes, car il existe des fours à micro-ondes industriels fonctionnant à des fréquences de 430 MHz et de 960 MHz. Concernant les fours domestiques, la législation ([[norme]] européenne EN 60335-1) impose un seuil de sécurité pour les fuites de rayonnement [[hyperfréquence]] (les fuites ne doivent pas dépasser 5&nbsp;mW à 5&nbsp;cm des parois).+== Unintended and intended use by outsiders ==
 +{{main|Piggybacking (internet access)}}
-Dans cette attention, un [http://riimem.blogspirit.com/ Centre de Recherche et d'Information Indépendantes sur les Rayonnements ElectroMagnétiques] a été fondé.+During the early popular adoption of 802.11, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged to cultivate [[wireless community network]]s;<ref>[http://nocat.net/ NoCat's goal is to bring you Infinite Bandwidth Everywhere for Free]</ref> particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their upstream bandwidth at any given time. Later, equipment manufacturers and mass-media advocated isolating users to a predetermined [[whitelist]] of authorized users—referred to as "securing" the access point.{{dubious}}
-==Cohabitation (partage des bandes de fréquences)==+{{wikinews|Florida man charged with stealing WiFi}}
-Le Wi-Fi utilise une bande de fréquence étroite dite « Industrielle, Scientifique et Médicale », [[Bande ISM|ISM]], 2,4 à 2,4835 GHz, de type partagée avec d'autres colocataires conduisant à des problèmes de cohabitation qui se traduisent par des interférences, brouillages causés par les fours à micro-ondes, les [[Transmetteur d'images domestique|transmetteur]]s domestiques, les relais, la télémesure, la télémédecine, les [[caméra sans fil|caméras sans fil]], le Bluetooth, les émissions de [[télévision amateur]] (amateur TV ou ATV), etc. Inversement, certains systèmes comme la technique [[RFID]] commencent à fusionner avec le Wi-Fi afin de bénéficier de l'infrastructure déjà en place <ref>[http://www.radiorfid.com/?p=11 L’impact d’affaire des systèmes de positionnement en temps réel], Radio RFID</ref>.+Measures to deter unauthorized users include suppressing the AP's [[service set identifier|SSID]] broadcast, allowing only computers with known [[MAC address]]es to join the network, and various [[encryption]] standards. Suppressed SSID and MAC filtering are in-effective security methods as the SSID is broadcast in the open in response to a client SSID query and a MAC address can easily be spoofed. If the eavesdropper has the ability to change his MAC address, then he can potentially join the network by [[Spoofing attack|spoofing]] an authorized address.
-En Wi-Fi, il faut éviter d'utiliser la même fréquence que ses voisins (collisions)+[[Wired Equivalent Privacy|WEP]] encryption can protect against casual snooping, but may also produce a misguided sense of security since freely available tools such as [[AirSnort]] or [[aircrack]] can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Once it has seen 5-10 million encrypted packets, AirSnort will determine the encryption password in under a second<ref>[http://airsnort.shmoo.com/ AirSnort home page]</ref>; newer tools such as aircrack-ptw can use Klein's attack to crack a WEP key with a 50% success rate using only 40,000 packets. The newer [[Wi-Fi Protected Access]] (WPA) and [[IEEE 802.11i]] (WPA2) encryption standards do not have any of the serious weaknesses of WEP encryption.
-mais il faut aussi éviter d'utiliser une fréquence trop proche (interférences).+
-* voir aussi : [[Liste des canaux Wi-Fi]]+Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points has become known as [[wardriving]]. It is also common for people to use open (unencrypted) Wi-Fi networks as a free service, termed [[Piggybacking (internet access)|piggybacking]]. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions, however legislation and [[case law]] differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave [[graffiti]] describing available services was called [[warchalking]]. The universal rule is a Wi-Fi Access Point that has not turned on its security is a service that welcomes its free use, while an access point that has turned its security on does not. The burden is on the access point owner to properly configure and control the access to his internet connection. In a [[Florida]] court case{{Fact|date=December 2007}}, owner laziness was determined not to be a valid excuse.
-Faudra-t-il trouver d'autres fréquences libres pour certaines de ces applications, ou+Piggybacking is often unintentional. Most access points are configured without encryption by default, and operating systems such as [[Windows XP SP2]] and [[Mac OS X]] may be configured to automatically connect to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter's signal is stronger. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see [[Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol|DHCP]] and [[Zeroconf]]) this could possibly lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle man when seeking a destination, for example, an insecure network could be used to login to a website over HTTP, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening. Presuming the website is also open and insecure and not using higher layer encryption or tunneling.
-le Wi-Fi doit-il migrer vers une autre bande moins encombrée ? Rien n'est moins certain,+
-car la rançon du succès en ce domaine est l'utilisation... jusqu'à la limite.+
-Changer de spectre de fréquence ne ferait que déplacer le problème.+
-== Les antennes wifi == +== Wi-Fi and amateur radio ==
-===antennes omnidirectionnelles===+
-[[Image:Quart onde 003.jpg|thumb|[[Antenne radioéléctrique|Antenne]] tige basique omnidirectionnelle à 2.4 GHz.]]+
-* le [[Antenne dipolaire|dipôle]], qui ressemble à un stylo, est l'antenne tige basique (1/4 d'onde), la plus rencontrée. Elle est omnidirectionnelle, 0 dBd de gain, et est dédiée à la desserte de proximité. Elle équipe aussi la [[caméra sans fil]] numérique Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (conforme "CE") permettant une [[PIRE]] (Puissance Isotrope Rayonnée Équivalente) maximale autorisée de 100 mW, 20 dBm. (D standard indicatif = 500 m à vue) +
-* l' [[antenne colinéaire]] souvent installée sur le toit. Elle est omnidirectionnelle, son gain, 7 à 15 dBi, est lié à sa dimension verticale pouvant atteindre 2 m. +In the U.S., Canada, Australia and Europe, a portion of the 2.4&nbsp;GHz Wi-Fi radio spectrum is also allocated to [[amateur radio]] users. In the U.S., FCC Part 15 rules govern non-licensed operators (i.e. most Wi-Fi equipment users). Under Part 15 rules, non-licensed users must "accept" (i.e. endure) interference from licensed users and not cause harmful interference to licensed users. Amateur radio operators are licensed users, and retain what the FCC terms "primary status" on the band, under a distinct set of rules (Part 97). Under Part 97, licensed amateur operators may construct their own equipment, use very high-gain antennas, and boost output power to 100 watts on frequencies covered by Wi-Fi channels 2-6. However, Part 97 rules mandate using only the minimum power necessary for communications, forbid obscuring the data, and require station identification every 10 minutes. Therefore, output power control is required to meet regulations, and the transmission of any encrypted data (for example https) is questionable.
-Ces 2 premières descriptions, fonctionnant en polarisation V, peuvent être considérées comme des antennes station d'accueil ou de base puisque compatibles avec un environnement 360°. +In practice, microwave power amplifiers are expensive. On the other hand, the short [[wavelength]] at 2.4&nbsp;GHz allows for simple construction of very high gain directional antennas. Although Part 15 rules forbid any modification of commercially constructed systems, amateur radio operators may modify commercial systems for optimized construction of long links, for example. Using only 200 mW link radios and high gain directional antennas, a very narrow beam may be used to construct reliable links with minimal radio frequency interference to other users.
-===Antennes directionnelles===+== Question of health risks ==
-* L'[[antenne panneau]] peut être intérieurement un réseau d'[[antenne quad]] ou d'[[antenne patch]],ou un réseau de dipôles. Le gain commence vers 8 dBi (8 × 8 cm) pour atteindre 21 dBi (45 × 45 × 4,5 cm). C'est l'antenne qui présente le meilleur rapport gain/encombrement et aussi le meilleur rendement, qui tourne autour de 85 à 90 %. Au-delà de ce gain maximum, elle n'est plus fabriquée, car surgissent les problèmes de couplage (pertes) entre étages des dipôles et il faudrait en plus envisager le doublement de la surface. Le volume d'une antenne panneau est minimal.+
-* L'antenne type [[parabole]] pleine ou ajourée (grille). Son intérêt d'emploi se situe dans la recherche du gain obtenu à partir d'un diamètre théorique d'approche suivant :+The [[United Kingdom|UK's]] [[Health Protection Agency]] considers there is no consistent evidence of harm from the low power transmissions of Wi-Fi equipment. Consensus amongst scientists is that there is no evidence of harm, and the continuing calls for more research into the effects on human health remain limited. However, in September 2007, Germany's Environment Ministry announced that its citizens should minimise their exposure to radiation from Wi-Fi by choosing conventional wired connections.<ref name="Independent1">[http://environment.independent.co.uk/green_living/article2944417.ece Germany warns citizens to avoid using Wi-Fi]</ref>, without any evidence and contrary to current internationally accepted safety criteria. Dr Michael Clark, of the [[Health Protection Agency]], says published research on [[mobile phones]] and [[Radio masts and towers|masts]] does not add up to an indictment of Wi-Fi:
 +<blockquote>"All the expert reviews done here and abroad indicate that there is unlikely to be a health risk from wireless networks.... When we have conducted measurements in schools, typical exposures from Wi-Fi are around 20 millionths of the international guideline levels of exposure to radiation. As a comparison, a child on a mobile phone receives up to 50 per cent of guideline levels. So a year sitting in a classroom near a [[wireless network]] is roughly equivalent to 20 minutes on a [[mobile phone|mobile]]. If Wi-Fi should be taken out of schools, then the [[mobile phone network]] should be shut down, too—and [[FM radio]] and [[TV]], as the strength of their signals is similar to that from Wi-Fi in classrooms."<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Wi-fi: should we be worried? | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article665419.ece | work =[[The Times]] | pages = | accessdate = 2007-09-16 | language = }}</ref></blockquote>
-*18 dBi = 46 cm,+== History ==
-*19 dBi = 52 cm,+
-*20 dBi = 58 cm,+
-*21 dBi = 65 cm,+
-*22 dBi = 73 cm,+
-*23 dBi = 82 cm,+
-*24 dBi = 92 cm,+
-*25 dBi = 103 cm,+
-*26 dBi = 115 cm,+
-*27 dBi = 130 cm,+
-*28 dBi = 145 cm,+
-*29 dBi = 163 cm,+
-*30 dBi = 183 cm.+
-Le rendement de la parabole est moyen, 45~55 %. Le volume de l'antenne, qui tient compte de la longueur du bracon, donc de la [[focale]], est significatif. +Wi-Fi uses both single carrier [[direct-sequence spread spectrum]] radio technology (part of the larger family of [[spread spectrum]] systems) and multi-carrier [[OFDM]] (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) radio technology. These regulations then enabled the development of Wi-Fi, its onetime competitor [[HomeRF]], and [[Bluetooth]].
-Une parabole satellite(exemple TPS/CS sans tête 11-12 GHz) est exploitable en wifi, à condition de prévoir une source adaptée&nbsp;: cornet, patch ou quad mono ou double, etc.+Unlicensed spread spectrum was first made available by the [[Federal Communications Commission]] in 1985 and these FCC regulations were later copied with some changes in many other countries enabling use of this technology in all major countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marcus-spectrum.com/documents/81413RO.txt |format=TXT |title=Authorization of Spread Spectrum Systems Under Parts 15 and 90 of the FCC Rules and Regulations |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |date=[[June 18]] [[1985]] |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> The FCC action was proposed by Michael Marcus of the FCC staff in 1980 and the subsequent regulatory action took 5 more years. It was part of a broader proposal to allow civil use of spread spectrum technology and was opposed at the time by main stream equipment manufacturers and many radio system operators.
-*L'[[antenne à fentes]] fournit un diagramme sectoriel.+The precursor to Wi-Fi was invented in 1991 by [[NCR Corporation]]/[[AT&T]] (later [[Lucent]] & [[Agere Systems]]) in [[Nieuwegein]], the Netherlands. It was initially intended for cashier systems; the first wireless products were brought on the market under the name [[WaveLAN]] with speeds of 1 Mbit/s to 2 Mbit/s. [[Vic Hayes]], who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years and has been named the 'father of Wi-Fi,' was involved in designing standards such as [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] 802.11b, and 802.11a.
-===choix d'antenne===+==City wide Wi-Fi==
-Les antennes à gain directionnelles ou omnidirectionnelles sont destinées à la « plus longue portée », possible, quelques kilomètres. +{{see|Municipal wireless network}}
 +[[St. Cloud, Florida]] became the first city in the [[United States]] to offer city wide free Wi-Fi,<ref>[http://www.progressiveu.org/144608-small-florida-town-the-first-city-to-implement-free-wi-fi-citywide-but-not-without-some-glitches Small Florida Town the First City to Implement FREE Wi-Fi Citywide]</ref> although many others have plans to offer the service. [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] had offered free Wi-Fi until May 31, 2007 when the network was purchased by Earthlink.<ref>[http://www.ccwifinews.com/blog/ Corpus Christi WiFi News]</ref> [[Philadelphia]] is also using Earthlink to for its city wide Wi-Fi.<ref>[http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/10/05/HNearthlinkwifi_1.html Update: EarthLink selected for Philadelphia Wi-Fi network]</ref> [[New Orleans]] had free city wide Wi-Fi shortly after [[Hurricane Katrina]].<ref>[http://www.crn.com/networking/174402659 Big Easy Gets Free Wi-Fi Network]</ref> City wide Wi-Fi is available in nine cities in the UK, including [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]] and [[London]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4578114.stm City-wide wi-fi rolls out in UK]</ref>
-Les antennes panneaux et paraboliques sont uniquement directionnelles, c’est-à-dire qu'elles favorisent une direction privilégiée (plus ou moins ouverte) au détriment d'autres non souhaitées.+== Origin and meaning of the term "Wi-Fi" ==
-On retient que les antennes panneaux sont souvent préférées (voire préférables) lorsque le bilan de liaison est favorable, mais, dès que le système doit être plus performant, les paraboles deviennent nécessaires. Le point d'équilibre, à 21 dBi, se fait avec d'un côté un panneau carré de 45 cm et de l'autre une parabole d = 65 cm.+Despite the similarity between the terms "Wi-Fi" and "[[Hi-Fi]]", statements reportedly made by Phil Belanger of the [[Wi-Fi Alliance]] contradict the conclusion that "Wi-Fi" stands for "Wireless Fidelity".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teleclick.ca/2005/12/what-is-the-true-meaning-of-wi-fi/ |publisher=Teleclick |title=What is the True Meaning of Wi-Fi? |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boingboing.net/2005/11/08/wifi_isnt_short_for_.html |publisher=Boing Boing |title=WiFi isn't short for "Wireless Fidelity" |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/3674591 |publisher=Wi-Fi Planet |title=Wireless Fidelity' Debunked |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> According to Mr Belanger, the [[Interbrand]] Corporation developed the brand "Wi-Fi" for the Wi-Fi Alliance to use to describe WLAN products that are based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. In Mr Belanger's words, ''"Wi-Fi and the [[yin yang]] style logo were invented by Interbrand. We [the founding members of the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance, now called as the Wi-Fi Alliance] hired Interbrand to come up with the name and logo that we could use for our [[interoperability]] seal and marketing efforts. We needed something that was a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'."''{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
-En conclusion, en directionnel, ou point à point, il est plus intéressant de s'équiper d'abord d'un panneau, puis, si les circonstances l'exigent, d'une parabole. +The Wi-Fi Alliance themselves invoked the term "Wireless Fidelity" with the marketing of a tag line "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity," but later removed the tag from their marketing. The Wi-Fi Alliance now seems to discourage the propagation of the notion that "Wi-Fi" stands for "Wireless Fidelity", but it has been referred to as such by the Wi-Fi Alliance in White Papers currently held in their knowledge base: "…a promising market for wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) network equipment."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wi-fi.org/white_papers/whitepaper-010204-wifipublicaccess/ |publisher=Wi-Fi.org |title=Enabling the Future of Wi-Fi® Public Access |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> and "A Short History of WLANs." The association created the Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) logo to indicate that a product had been certified for interoperability.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wi-fi.org/white_papers/whitepaper-020603-securingwifi/ |publisher=Wi-Fi.org |title=Securing Wi-Fi Networks with Today's Technologies |accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref>
-Les antennes wifi sont généralement dotées de connecteurs SMA, RP-SMA ou N selon le constructeur.+{{Wireless video}}
 +== See also ==
 +{{portalpar|Electronics|Nuvola_apps_ksim.png}}
-Attention : les antennes à gain (exprimé en dBi ou en dBd) employées à l'émission (réception libre) doivent respecter la réglementation PIRE (Puissance Isotrope Rayonnée Équivalente).+{{wiktionary}}
-===Autres antennes===+{{wikibooks|Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure}}
-Il existe d'autres antennes, moins connues, et celles conçues par les wifistes, comme l'[[antenne cornet]], les [[Antenne 2,5 GHz amateur|antennes 2,5 GHz de réalisation amateure]], les [[Yagi]], les cornières, les dièdres, les discones<!-- ortho ? di(-)cônes ou est-ce autre chose ? --> etc., mais seules les tiges, les panneaux et les paraboles sont significativement utilisées.+
-Pour améliorer les échanges, il peut être monté au plus près de l'antenne un [[préamplificateur d'antenne]] (RX) avec ou sans ampli de puissance (TX) mais toujours de type bidirectionnel.+* [[Mu-Fi]]
 +* [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|Hotspot]]
 +* [[Access Point]]
 +* [[DTIM]] (Delivery Traffic Indication Message)
 +* [[Long-range Wi-Fi]]
 +* [[Switched mesh]]
 +* [[Public Safety Network]]
 +* [[Wireless security]]
 +* [[Evil twin phishing]]
 +* [[Comparison of wifi handhelds]]
-==Les applications (usages)==+== References ==
-[[Image:Voip-wifi.jpg|thumb|Téléphone utilisant la voix sur IP en WiFi]]+
-Une telle technologie peut ouvrir les portes à une infinité d'applications pratiques. Elle peut-être utilisée avec de l'[[IPv4]], voire de l'[[IPv6]], et permet le développement de nouveaux [[Algorithmique|algorithmes]] distribués<ref>"New Distributed Algorithm for Connected Dominating Set in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks"]de ''K. Alzoubi'', ''P.-J. Wan'' et ''O. Frieder'' http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/HICSS.2002.994519</ref>.+
-Ou encore, l’'''A'''ccès '''S'''ans '''F'''il à '''I'''nternet ([[ASFI]] en français ou [[Accès sans fil à internet|WIA]] en anglais), qui est aujourd'hui l'utilisation la plus courante du wifi.+{{wikinewshas|Wi-fi news articles|
-L'un des exemples les plus aboutis d'[[ASFI]] est "Ozone". Ozone déploie depuis 2003 un réseau, notamment à Paris, construit à base de technologie Wi-Fi. "OzoneParis" propose, en effet, à tous les Parisiens particuliers comme entreprises un accès à haut débit à l’Internet sans fil. Les utilisateurs peuvent se connecter au réseau d’OzoneParis, accéder à l’Internet mais aussi bénéficier de tous les services liés à l'Internet ([[World Wide Web|toile]], [[Courrier électronique|courriel]], [[Téléphone|téléphonie]], [[Téléphone mobile|téléphonie mobile]], [[téléchargement]]s etc.). Cet accès est utilisable de façon fixe comme en situation de mobilité. Ce réseau est aussi appelé Réseau ''Pervasif''.+* [[wikinews:Microsoft Pushing Community Wi-Fi|Microsoft Pushing Community Wi-Fi]]
 +* [[wikinews:Google formally submits bid to provide free WiFi in San Francisco|Google formally submits bid to provide free WiFi in San Francisco]]
 +* [[wikinews:Google formally submits bid to provide free WiFi in San Francisco|Google launches free city wide Wi-Fi in Mountain View, California]]}}
-En anglais, « ''pervasive'' » signifie « omniprésent ». Le Réseau ''Pervasif'' est un réseau dans lequel nous sommes connectés, partout, tout le temps si nous le voulons, par l’intermédiaire de nos objets communicants classiques (ordinateurs, PDA, téléphones) mais aussi, demain, grâce à des objets multiples équipés d’une capacité de mémoire et d’intelligence : baladeurs, systèmes de positionnement [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] pour voiture, jouets, lampes, appareils ménagers, etc. Ces objets dits « intelligents » sont d’ores et déjà présents autour de nous et le phénomène est appelé à se développer avec le développement du Réseau ''Pervasif''. À observer ce qui se passe au Japon, aux USA mais aussi en France, l’objet communicant est un formidable levier de croissance pour tout type d’industrie. +{{reflist}}
-En parallèle des accès classiques de type ''hotspot'', le Wi-Fi peut être utilisé pour la technologie de dernier kilomètre dans les zones rurales, couplé à des technologies de collecte de type satellite, fibre optique, Wimax ou liaison louée.+
-Des téléphones Wi-Fi ([[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]], [[DECT]], [[Assistant personnel|PDA]]) utilisant la technologie [[VoIP]] commencent à apparaître.+== External links ==
-À Paris, il existe aussi un réseau important de plus de 200 cafés offrant aux consommateurs une connexion Wi-Fi gratuite. Depuis Juillet 2007 Paris WI-FI propose gratuitement à Paris 400 points d'accès dans 260 lieux municipaux.+* {{dmoz|Computers/Data_Communications/Wireless/802.11/|WiFi}}
-== Notes et références ==+* [http://www.wi-fi.org Wi-Fi Alliance]
-{{reflist}} +* {{HSW|municipal-wifi|How Municipal WiFi Works}}
-<small>Certains passages de cet article, ou d'une version antérieure de cet article, sont basés sur l'article ''[http://www.commentcamarche.net/wifi/wifiintro.php3 Introduction au Wi-Fi (802.11)]'' du site Web ''[http://www.commentcamarche.net/ Comment ça marche ?]''. L'article d'origine porte la notice de copyright suivante : « © Copyright [[2003]] Jean-François Pillou - Hébergé par Web-solutions.fr. Ce document issu de CommentCaMarche.net est soumis à la licence [[GNU FDL]]. Vous pouvez copier, modifier des copies de cette page tant que cette note apparaît clairement. ».</small>+{{Internet Access}}
-==Voir aussi==+[[Category:Wi-Fi|Wi-Fi]]
-=== Articles connexes ===+[[Category:Computer networking]]
-* [[Liste des systèmes de transmission d'informations]]+
-* [[Wired Equivalent Privacy]] (WEP)+
-* [[Wi-Fi Protected Access]] (WPA)+
-* [[Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access|WiMAX]]+
-* [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|Point d'accès]] Borne Wifi +
-* [[Antenne 2,5 GHz amateur]] diverses antennes pour les réseaux Wi-Fi.+
-* [[Réseaux sans fil communautaires]]+
-* [[Point Coordinated Function]]+
- +
-=== Liens externes ===+
-*{{ODP|/World/Fran%C3%A7ais/Informatique/Transferts_de_donn%C3%A9es/Sans_fil/802.11/|Wi-Fi}}+
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-{{Portail informatique}}+
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-[[Catégorie:Wi-Fi]]+
-[[Catégorie:Protocole de télécommunication]]+
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-[[de:Wireless Fidelity]]+[[de:Wi-Fi]]
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-[[pt:Wireless]]+[[pt:Wi-Fi]]
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-[[sq:Wi-Fi]] 
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[[sv:Wi-Fi]] [[sv:Wi-Fi]]
 +[[tl:Wi-Fi]]
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-[[tl:Wi-Fi]]+[[vi:Wi-Fi]]
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Version actuelle

Modèle:IPstack

Image:Wi-Fi logo.png
Official Wi-Fi logo

Wi-Fi (pronounced wye-fye, Modèle:IPAEng) is a wireless technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance intended to improve the interoperability of wireless local area network products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Common applications for Wi-Fi include Internet and VoIP phone access, gaming, and network connectivity for consumer electronics such as televisions, DVD players, and digital cameras.

The Wi-Fi Alliance is a consortium of separate and independent companies agreeing to a set of common interoperable products based on the family of IEEE 802.11 standards.<ref>

  Wi-Fi Alliance - Get to Know the Alliance 
. www.wi-fi.org  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-11-08. </ref>

The Wi-Fi Alliance certifies products via a set of established test procedures to establish interoperability. Those manufacturers that are members of Wi-Fi Alliance whose products pass these interoperability tests can mark their products and product packaging with the Wi-Fi logo.<ref>

  Wi-Fi Alliance - Certified Products 
. certifications.wi-fi.org  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-11-08.

</ref>

Wi-Fi technologies have gone through several generations since their inception in 1997. Wi-Fi is supported to different extents under Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X and open source Unix and Linux operating systems.

Sommaire

Uses

A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, game console, cell phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The area covered by one or more interconnected access points is called a hotspot. Hotspots can cover as little as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as much as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi has been used to create mesh networks, for example, in the City of London.<ref>

  Switch on for Square Mile wi-fi 
. news.bbc.co.uk  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-11-08.

</ref> Both architectures are used in community networks.[citation needed]

Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode is useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications.

When the technology was first commercialized there were many problems because consumers could not be sure that products from different vendors would work together. The Wi-Fi Alliance began as a community to solve this issue so as to address the needs of the end user and allow the technology to mature. The Alliance created the branding Wi-Fi CERTIFIED to show consumers that products are interoperable with other products displaying the same branding.

Many consumer devices use Wi-Fi. Amongst others, personal computers can network to each other and connect to the Internet, mobile computers can connect to the Internet from any Wi-Fi hotspot, and digital cameras can transfer images wirelessly.

Routers which incorporate a DSL or cable modem and a Wi-Fi access point are often used in homes and other premises, and provide Internet access and internetworking to all devices connected wirelessly or by cable into them. Devices supporting Wi-Fi can also be connected in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without a router.

Business and industrial Wi-Fi is widespread as of 2007. In business environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points provides redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network capacity by using more channels or creating smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward 'thin' access points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual Access Points to be simply 'dumb' radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true mesh topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer networking gateway, firewall, DHCP server, intrusion detection system, and other functions.

In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi is publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Free hotspots are often provided by businesses such as hotels, restaurants, and airports who offer the service to attract or assist clients. Sometimes free Wi-Fi is provided by enthusiasts, or by organizations or authorities who wish to promote business in their area. Metropolitan-wide WiFi (Mu-Fi) already has more than 300 projects in process.<ref>Muni Wireless</ref>

Advantages of Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi allows LANs to be deployed without cabling for client devices, typically reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.

As of 2007 wireless network adapters are built into most modern laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in ever more devices. Wi-Fi has become widespread in corporate infrastructures, which also helps with the deployment of RFID technology that can piggyback on Wi-Fi.<ref>Making Business Sense of Real Time Location Systems (RTLS), RFID Radio</ref>

Different competitive brands of access points and client network interfaces are inter-operable at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are backwards inter-operable. Wi-Fi is a global set of standards. Unlike mobile telephones, any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere in the world.

Wi-Fi is widely available in more than 250,000[citation needed] public hotspots and tens of millions of homes and corporate and university campuses worldwide. WPA is not easily cracked if strong passwords are used and WPA2 encryption has no known weaknesses. New protocols for Quality of Service (WMM) make Wi-Fi more suitable for latency-sensitive applications (such as voice and video), and power saving mechanisms (WMM Power Save) improve battery operation.

Disadvantages of Wi-Fi

Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide. Most of Europe allows for an additional 2 channels beyond those permitted in the U.S for the 2.4 GHz band. (1-13 vs. 1-11); Japan has one more on top of that (1-14). Europe, as of 2007, is now essentially homogeneous in this respect. A very confusing aspect is the fact a Wi-Fi signal actually occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz resulting in only 3 non-overlapped channels in the US: 1, 6, 11, and four in Europe: 1,5,9,13

Some countries, such as Italy, formerly required a 'general authorization' for any Wi-Fi used outside an operator's own premises, or require something akin to an operator registration.[citation needed] Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) in the EU is limited to 20 dBm (0.1 W).

Power consumption is fairly high compared to some other low-bandwidth standards, such as Zigbee and Bluetooth, making battery life a concern.

The most common wireless encryption standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy or WEP, has been shown to be easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2), which began shipping in 2003, aims to solve this problem and is now available on most products. Wi-Fi Access Points typically default to an "open" (encryption-free) mode. Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out of the box, but this default is without any wireless security enabled, providing open wireless access to their LAN. To turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software graphical user interface (GUI). Wi-Fi networks that are open (unencrypted) can be monitored and used to read and copy data (including personal information) transmitted over the network, unless another security method is used to secure the data, such as a VPN or a secure web page. (See HTTPS/Secure Socket Layer.)

Many 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g Access points default to the same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. To change the channel of operation for an access point requires the user to configure the device.

Wi-Fi networks have limited range. A typical Wi-Fi home router using 802.11b or 802.11g with a stock antenna might have a range of 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m (300 ft) outdoors. Range also varies with frequency band. Wi-Fi in the 2.4 GHz frequency block has slightly better range than Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz frequency block. Outdoor range with improved (directional) antennas can be several kilometres or more with line-of-sight.

Wi-Fi performance also decreases exponentially as the range increases.

Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, especially on the same or neighboring channel, can prevent access and interfere with the use of other access points by others, caused by overlapping channels in the 802.11g/b spectrum, as well as with decreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between access points. This can be a problem in high-density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi-Fi access points. Additionally, other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: microwave ovens, security cameras, Bluetooth devices and (in some countries) Amateur radio, videosenders, cordless phones and baby monitors can cause significant additional interference. General guidance to those who suffer these forms of interference or network crowding is to migrate to a WiFi 5 GHz product, (802.11a or the newer 802.11n IF it has 5GHz/11a support) as the 5 GHz band is relatively unused and there are many more channels available. This also requires users to set up the 5 GHz band to be the preferred network in the client and to configure each network band to a different name(SSID).

It is also an issue when municipalities,<ref>How Municipal WiFi Works</ref> or other large entities such as universities, seek to provide large area coverage. This openness is also important to the success and widespread use of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi.

Interoperability issues between non WiFi brands or proprietary deviations from the standard can disrupt connections or lower throughput speeds on all user's devices that are within range, to include the non-WiFi or proprietary product.

Standard devices

Wireless access points connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point is similar to a network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.

Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB, ExpressCard, Cardbus and PC card. Most newer laptop computers are equipped with internal adapters. Internal cards are generally more difficult to install.

Wireless routers integrate a WAP, ethernet switch, and internal Router firmware application that provides IP Routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding through an integrated WAN interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as cable modem or DSL modem. A wireless router allows all three devices (mainly the access point and router) to be configured through one central utility. This utility is most usually an integrated web server which serves web pages to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on a desktop computer such as Apple's AirPort.

Wireless network bridges connect a wired network to a wireless network. This is different from an access point in the sense that an access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at the data-link layer. Two wireless bridges may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes.

Wireless range extenders or wireless repeaters can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Range extenders can be strategically placed to elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those created in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters will suffer from an increased latency for each hop. Additionally, a wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain throughput that is limited by the weakest link between the two nodes in the chain from which the connection originates to where the connection ends.

Aerials and connectors

Most commercial devices (routers, access points, bridges, repeaters) designed for home or business environments use either RP-SMA or RP-TNC antenna connectors. PCI wireless adapters also mainly use RP-SMA connectors. Most PC card and USB wireless only have internal antennas etched on their printed circuit board while some have MMCX connector or MC-Card external connections in addition to an internal antenna. A few USB cards have a RP-SMA connector. Most Mini PCI wireless cards utilize Hirose U.FL connectors, but cards found in various wireless appliances contain all of the connectors listed. Many high-gain (and homebuilt antennas) utilize the Type N connector more commonly used by other radio communications methods.

Non-standard devices

Distance records include:

June 2007: 382 km is held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data between mountain tops of El Aguila and Platillon12.

Swedish space agency:310 km, but using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead stratospheric balloon.[citation needed]

Embedded systems

Image:Ezurio wism2 small.jpg
Embedded serial to WiFi module

Wi-Fi availability in the home is on the increase. This extension of the Internet into the home space will increasingly be used for remote monitoring. Examples of remote monitoring include security systems and tele-medicine. In all these kinds of implementation, if the Wi-Fi provision is provided using a system running one of operating systems mentioned above, then it becomes unfeasible due to weight, power consumption and cost issues.

Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of early 2007), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available which come with a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wireless enabling any device which has and communicates via a serial port.

This allows simple monitoring devices – for example, a portable ECG monitor hooked up to a patient in their home – to be created. This Wi-Fi enabled device effectively becomes part of the internet cloud and can communicate with any other node on the internet. The data collected can hop via the home's Wi-Fi access point to anywhere on the internet.

These Wi-Fi modules are designed so that minimal Wi-Fi knowledge is required by designers to wireless enable their product.

Unintended and intended use by outsiders

During the early popular adoption of 802.11, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged to cultivate wireless community networks;<ref>NoCat's goal is to bring you Infinite Bandwidth Everywhere for Free</ref> particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their upstream bandwidth at any given time. Later, equipment manufacturers and mass-media advocated isolating users to a predetermined whitelist of authorized users—referred to as "securing" the access point.Modèle:Dubious

{{#tag:ImageMap| Image:Wikinews-logo.svg|50px|n: default n: desc none}}

Wikinews propose des actualités concernant « Florida man charged with stealing WiFi ».

Measures to deter unauthorized users include suppressing the AP's SSID broadcast, allowing only computers with known MAC addresses to join the network, and various encryption standards. Suppressed SSID and MAC filtering are in-effective security methods as the SSID is broadcast in the open in response to a client SSID query and a MAC address can easily be spoofed. If the eavesdropper has the ability to change his MAC address, then he can potentially join the network by spoofing an authorized address.

WEP encryption can protect against casual snooping, but may also produce a misguided sense of security since freely available tools such as AirSnort or aircrack can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Once it has seen 5-10 million encrypted packets, AirSnort will determine the encryption password in under a second<ref>AirSnort home page</ref>; newer tools such as aircrack-ptw can use Klein's attack to crack a WEP key with a 50% success rate using only 40,000 packets. The newer Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and IEEE 802.11i (WPA2) encryption standards do not have any of the serious weaknesses of WEP encryption.

Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points has become known as wardriving. It is also common for people to use open (unencrypted) Wi-Fi networks as a free service, termed piggybacking. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions, however legislation and case law differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave graffiti describing available services was called warchalking. The universal rule is a Wi-Fi Access Point that has not turned on its security is a service that welcomes its free use, while an access point that has turned its security on does not. The burden is on the access point owner to properly configure and control the access to his internet connection. In a Florida court case[citation needed], owner laziness was determined not to be a valid excuse.

Piggybacking is often unintentional. Most access points are configured without encryption by default, and operating systems such as Windows XP SP2 and Mac OS X may be configured to automatically connect to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter's signal is stronger. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see DHCP and Zeroconf) this could possibly lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle man when seeking a destination, for example, an insecure network could be used to login to a website over HTTP, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening. Presuming the website is also open and insecure and not using higher layer encryption or tunneling.

Wi-Fi and amateur radio

In the U.S., Canada, Australia and Europe, a portion of the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radio spectrum is also allocated to amateur radio users. In the U.S., FCC Part 15 rules govern non-licensed operators (i.e. most Wi-Fi equipment users). Under Part 15 rules, non-licensed users must "accept" (i.e. endure) interference from licensed users and not cause harmful interference to licensed users. Amateur radio operators are licensed users, and retain what the FCC terms "primary status" on the band, under a distinct set of rules (Part 97). Under Part 97, licensed amateur operators may construct their own equipment, use very high-gain antennas, and boost output power to 100 watts on frequencies covered by Wi-Fi channels 2-6. However, Part 97 rules mandate using only the minimum power necessary for communications, forbid obscuring the data, and require station identification every 10 minutes. Therefore, output power control is required to meet regulations, and the transmission of any encrypted data (for example https) is questionable.

In practice, microwave power amplifiers are expensive. On the other hand, the short wavelength at 2.4 GHz allows for simple construction of very high gain directional antennas. Although Part 15 rules forbid any modification of commercially constructed systems, amateur radio operators may modify commercial systems for optimized construction of long links, for example. Using only 200 mW link radios and high gain directional antennas, a very narrow beam may be used to construct reliable links with minimal radio frequency interference to other users.

Question of health risks

The UK's Health Protection Agency considers there is no consistent evidence of harm from the low power transmissions of Wi-Fi equipment. Consensus amongst scientists is that there is no evidence of harm, and the continuing calls for more research into the effects on human health remain limited. However, in September 2007, Germany's Environment Ministry announced that its citizens should minimise their exposure to radiation from Wi-Fi by choosing conventional wired connections.<ref name="Independent1">Germany warns citizens to avoid using Wi-Fi</ref>, without any evidence and contrary to current internationally accepted safety criteria. Dr Michael Clark, of the Health Protection Agency, says published research on mobile phones and masts does not add up to an indictment of Wi-Fi:

"All the expert reviews done here and abroad indicate that there is unlikely to be a health risk from wireless networks.... When we have conducted measurements in schools, typical exposures from Wi-Fi are around 20 millionths of the international guideline levels of exposure to radiation. As a comparison, a child on a mobile phone receives up to 50 per cent of guideline levels. So a year sitting in a classroom near a wireless network is roughly equivalent to 20 minutes on a mobile. If Wi-Fi should be taken out of schools, then the mobile phone network should be shut down, too—and FM radio and TV, as the strength of their signals is similar to that from Wi-Fi in classrooms."<ref>" Wi-fi: should we be worried? " , The Times . Retrieved on 2007-09-16 . </ref>

History

Wi-Fi uses both single carrier direct-sequence spread spectrum radio technology (part of the larger family of spread spectrum systems) and multi-carrier OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) radio technology. These regulations then enabled the development of Wi-Fi, its onetime competitor HomeRF, and Bluetooth.

Unlicensed spread spectrum was first made available by the Federal Communications Commission in 1985 and these FCC regulations were later copied with some changes in many other countries enabling use of this technology in all major countries.<ref> Authorization of Spread Spectrum Systems Under Parts 15 and 90 of the FCC Rules and Regulations

 (TXT)
. Federal Communications Commission 
 
 (June 18 1985)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. </ref> The FCC action was proposed by Michael Marcus of the FCC staff in 1980 and the subsequent regulatory action took 5 more years. It was part of a broader proposal to allow civil use of spread spectrum technology and was opposed at the time by main stream equipment manufacturers and many radio system operators.

The precursor to Wi-Fi was invented in 1991 by NCR Corporation/AT&T (later Lucent & Agere Systems) in Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. It was initially intended for cashier systems; the first wireless products were brought on the market under the name WaveLAN with speeds of 1 Mbit/s to 2 Mbit/s. Vic Hayes, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years and has been named the 'father of Wi-Fi,' was involved in designing standards such as IEEE 802.11b, and 802.11a.

City wide Wi-Fi

Modèle:See St. Cloud, Florida became the first city in the United States to offer city wide free Wi-Fi,<ref>Small Florida Town the First City to Implement FREE Wi-Fi Citywide</ref> although many others have plans to offer the service. Corpus Christi, Texas had offered free Wi-Fi until May 31, 2007 when the network was purchased by Earthlink.<ref>Corpus Christi WiFi News</ref> Philadelphia is also using Earthlink to for its city wide Wi-Fi.<ref>Update: EarthLink selected for Philadelphia Wi-Fi network</ref> New Orleans had free city wide Wi-Fi shortly after Hurricane Katrina.<ref>Big Easy Gets Free Wi-Fi Network</ref> City wide Wi-Fi is available in nine cities in the UK, including Leeds, Manchester and London.<ref>City-wide wi-fi rolls out in UK</ref>

Origin and meaning of the term "Wi-Fi"

Despite the similarity between the terms "Wi-Fi" and "Hi-Fi", statements reportedly made by Phil Belanger of the Wi-Fi Alliance contradict the conclusion that "Wi-Fi" stands for "Wireless Fidelity".<ref> What is the True Meaning of Wi-Fi?

. Teleclick  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. </ref><ref> WiFi isn't short for "Wireless Fidelity"

. Boing Boing  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. </ref><ref> Wireless Fidelity' Debunked

. Wi-Fi Planet  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. </ref> According to Mr Belanger, the Interbrand Corporation developed the brand "Wi-Fi" for the Wi-Fi Alliance to use to describe WLAN products that are based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. In Mr Belanger's words, "Wi-Fi and the yin yang style logo were invented by Interbrand. We [the founding members of the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance, now called as the Wi-Fi Alliance] hired Interbrand to come up with the name and logo that we could use for our interoperability seal and marketing efforts. We needed something that was a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'."[citation needed]

The Wi-Fi Alliance themselves invoked the term "Wireless Fidelity" with the marketing of a tag line "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity," but later removed the tag from their marketing. The Wi-Fi Alliance now seems to discourage the propagation of the notion that "Wi-Fi" stands for "Wireless Fidelity", but it has been referred to as such by the Wi-Fi Alliance in White Papers currently held in their knowledge base: "…a promising market for wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) network equipment."<ref> Enabling the Future of Wi-Fi® Public Access

. Wi-Fi.org  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. </ref> and "A Short History of WLANs." The association created the Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) logo to indicate that a product had been certified for interoperability.<ref> Securing Wi-Fi Networks with Today's Technologies

. Wi-Fi.org  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. </ref>

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See also

Modèle:Portalpar

Modèle:Wiktionary

Modèle:Wikibooks

References

Modèle:Wikinewshas

<references />

External links

  • [WiFi Catégorie Computers/Data_Communications/Wireless/802.11/] de l’annuaire dmoz.

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