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McDonald's

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-{{Voir homonyme|McDonald}}+{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
-{{Infobox Société+{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}}
-|nom officiel = McDonald’s+{{Original research|date=September 2007}}
-|logo = [[Image:McDonalds-logo.svg|200px|La ''Golden Arch'', symbole de la société McDonald’s]]+
-|forme juridique = Société anonyme ([[NYSE]] : [http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=MCD MCD])+
-|date de création = [[15 mai]] [[1940]] (Création à [[San Bernardino]] en [[Californie]])+
-|dates-clés = +
-|slogan = I’m lovin’ it / C’est tout ce que j’aime (France, Belgique) / C’est ça que j’aime (Québec)+
-|siège (ville) = [[Oak Brook]] [[Illinois]]+
-|personnages-clés = [[Vince & Tal]], P-DGs <BR/>, [[Ray Kroc]], Fondateur <BR/> [[Jim Skinner]], CEO <BR/> [[Michael J. Roberts]], President/COO <BR/> [[Ronald McDonald]], Personnage+
-|actionnaires = +
-|secteurs d'activités = [[Restauration rapide]]+
-|produits = [[Big Mac]], [[Nuggets]], [[Royal DeLuxe]], [[frites]], et [[sundae]]s+
-|société mère = +
-|filiales = +
-|concurrents = [[Burger King]], [[Quick]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]]+
-|effectif = 465 000 ([[2006]]) <ref>Hoovers, ''McDonald's Corporation'', 2007, (page consultée le 26 juillet 2007), <http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/--ID__10974--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml></ref> +
-|capitalisation boursière = +
-|fonds propres = {{profit}} 15,458 milliards [[USD|$]] ([[2006]]) +
-|dette = {{loss}} 8,434 milliards [[USD|$]] ([[2006]])+
-|chiffre d'affaires = {{profit}} 21,586 milliards [[USD|$]] ([[2006]]) <ref name="bilan">Bilan annuel pour l'année 2006 de McDonald's : [http://www.mcdonalds.fr/graphics/pdf/2006-annual-report.pdf]</ref>+
-|résultat net = {{profit}} 3,544 milliards [[USD|$]] ([[2006]]) <ref name="bilan" />+
-|site web = [http://www.mcdonalds.com www.McDonalds.com]+
-}}+
-'''McDonald’s''', souvent appelée plus familièrement '''McDo''' (prononcé ''MacDo'' en [[France]] et ''Mecdo'' au [[Québec]]), est la plus grande chaîne de [[restauration rapide]] du monde. Bien que ''McDonald's'' n'ait inventé ni le [[hamburger]] ni la restauration rapide, son nom en est presque devenu [[synonyme]]. Avec plus de 31 600 restaurants à travers le monde<ref name="bilan" />, la marque est devenue un symbole de la [[mondialisation]] et de la prédominance de la [[culture américaine]] à l'instar de la firme [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]].+{{Infobox McDonald's|logo=[[Image:McDonalds1.svg|120px]]}}
-== L’entreprise ==+'''McDonald's Corporation''' ({{nyse|MCD}}) is the world's largest chain of [[fast food]] [[list of fast-food restaurants|restaurants]], primarily selling [[hamburger]]s, [[cheeseburger]]s, [[chicken (food)|chicken]] products, [[French fried potatoes|french fries]], [[breakfast]] items, [[soft drink]]s, [[milkshake]]s and [[dessert]]s. More recently, it also offers [[salad]]s, [[fruit]], snack wraps, and [[carrot]] sticks. The business began in 1940, with a [[restaurant]] opened by siblings [[Dick and Mac McDonald]] in [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]], [[California]]. Their introduction of the "Speedee Service System" in 1948 established the principles of the modern [[Fast food#Overview|fast-food restaurant]]. The present corporation dates its founding to the opening of a [[franchising|franchised]] restaurant by [[Ray Kroc]], in [[Des Plaines, Illinois|Des Plaines]], [[Illinois]] on [[April 15]], [[1955]], the ninth McDonald's restaurant overall. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and led its worldwide expansion.
-[[Image:Mac do badge.jpg|thumb|left|Badge d'un employé McDonald’s]]+
-L'entreprise McDonald's est une [[multinationale]] qui possède plus de {{formatnum:30000}} [[Franchise (réseau commercial)|franchise]]s de restaurants rapides ([[fast food]]) sous la marque ''McDonald's'', dans 121 pays<ref>« Lutter contre l’obésité, un parapluie pour McDo ? » dans le Journal de la Santé du ''Nouvel Obs'', 15 septembre 2006, {{Lire en ligne|lien=http://sante.nouvelobs.com/site/actu.asp?ID=4129&Rub=Mes+enfants}}</ref>, dont {{formatnum:1100}} en [[France]], et plus de {{formatnum:45000}} employés<ref>McDonald's, Livret d'Accueil, chapitre : « Un peu d'histoire », page 5</ref>. L'entreprise possède ou a des participations dans d'autres chaînes de restaurants, comme ''[[Aroma Café]]'', ''[[Boston Market]]'', ''[[Chipotle Mexican Grill]]'', ''[[Donatos Pizza]]'' (depuis décembre [[2003]]) et ''[[Prêt À Manger]]''.+
-Les revenus pour [[2001]] étaient de 14,87 milliards de dollars, avec un revenu net de 1,64 milliard de dollars<ref>McDonald's, Mon restaurant MacDonald's, chapitre : « Présentation », page 4</ref>.+With the successful expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of [[globalization]] and the spread of the [[American way|American way of life]]. Its prominence has also made it a frequent topic of public debates about [[obesity]], [[Business ethics|corporate ethics]] and [[consumer]] [[Moral responsibility|responsibility]].
-Selon le livre ''Fast Food Nation'' de [[Eric Schlosser]] ([[2001]]), près d'un employé sur huit aux [[États-Unis]] a travaillé une fois dans sa vie chez McDonald's.+==Corporate overview==
 +===Facts and figures===
 +[[Image:Mcdonalds times sq.png|thumb|left|240px|A McDonald's restaurant in [[Times Square]].]]
 +McDonald's restaurants are found in 120 countries and territories around the world and serve nearly 54 million customers each day. The company also operates other restaurant [[brand]]s, such as Piles Café and [[Boston Market]], and has a minority stake in [[Pret a Manger]].
 +The company owned a majority stake in [[Chipotle Mexican Grill]] until completing its [[divestment]] in October 2006. Until December 2003, it also owned [[Donatos Pizza]]. It also has a subsidiary, [[Redbox]], which started in 2003 as 18-foot (5.5 m) wide automated [[convenience store]]s, but [[as of 2005]], has focused on DVD rental machines.
-La France est l'un des marchés les plus dynamiques : en 2003, le chiffre d'affaires de McDonald's France a progressé de 10 %, pour atteindre les 2,2 milliards d'euros. On compte plus de 1100 restaurants sur le territoire français. McDonald's France accueille plus de 1,2 million de clients par jour<ref>« Lutter contre l’obésité, un parapluie pour McDo ? » dans le Journal de la Santé du ''Nouvel Obs'', 15 septembre 2006, {{Lire en ligne|lien=http://sante.nouvelobs.com/site/actu.asp?ID=4129&Rub=Mes+enfants}}</ref>. Selon la campagne publicitaire de juillet 2007, plus de 200 restaurants sont équipés de Wi-Fi, plus de 700 restaurants sont équipés de McDrive, plus de 900 restaurants sont climatisés, et 70 % des restaurants ouvrent jusqu'à 23 h au moins.+===Types of restaurants===
 +[[Image:Architektura mcDonalds ubt.jpeg|right|thumb|150px|A McDonald's restaurant in [[Kristiansand]], [[Norway]].]]
 +[[Image:McCafe.jpg|thumb|left|200px|thumb|Inside a [[Dublin]] [[McCafé]].]]
 +Most standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both [[counter service]] and [[drive-through]] service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating. Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or McDrive as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders, though the latter two steps are frequently combined; it was first introduced in Arizona in 1975, following the lead of other fast-food chains. In some countries "McDrive" locations near [[highway]]s offer no counter service or seating. In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit [[drive-through]] service. There are also a few locations, located mostly in downtown districts, that offer Walk-Thru service in place of Drive-Thru.
-== Histoire ==+Specially themed restaurants also exist, such as the "Solid Gold McDonald's," a 1950s rock-and-roll themed restaurant.
-=== Les débuts ===+In [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]], there is also a McDonald's with a 24 carat (100%) gold [[chandelier]] and similar light fixtures.
 +[[Image:McDonalds Museum.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The site of the first McDonald's to be franchised by Ray Kroc is now a [[McDonald's Museum|museum]] in [[Des Plaines, Illinois|Des Plaines]], [[Illinois]]. The building is a replica of the original, which was the ninth McDonald's restaurant opened.]]
-*[[1937]] : les frères Richard ''Dick'' et Maurice ''Mac'' McDonald ouvrent un stand de hot dog appelé ''Airdome'' à [[Arcadia]], en [[Californie]]. +To accommodate the current trend for high quality coffee and the popularity coffeeshops in general, McDonald's introduced McCafés. The '''McCafé''' concept is a [[café]]-style accompaniment to McDonald's restaurants. McCafé is a concept of McDonald's [[Australia]], starting with Melbourne in 1993. Today, most McDonald's in [[Australia]] have McCafés located within the existing McDonald's restaurant. In [[Tasmania]] there are McCafés in every store.
-*[[1940]] : les deux frères déménagent leur Airdome (bâtiment compris) à [[San Bernardino]], en Californie, et le renomment « restaurant McDonald's » le [[15 mai]]. Le menu consiste en 25 articles, principalement cuisinés au barbecue. Et comme il était courant à l'époque, ils emploient environ 20 voituriers. Il devint un lieu de rendez-vous très populaire pour les jeunes, et très profitable pour ses propriétaires.+
-*[[1948]] : Après avoir remarqué que la plupart de leurs revenus provenait des hamburgers, les deux frères fermèrent leur restaurant pour plusieurs mois afin de développer un système innovant le ''Speedee Service System'', une ligne de préparation "aérodynamique" pour hamburgers. Les voituriers furent licenciés.+
-=== Les [[années 1950]] : les franchises ===+As of the end of 2003 there were over 600 McCafés worldwide.
-*[[1953]] : Les frères McDonald commencent à franchiser leur restaurant, Neil Fox fut le premier franchisé. Le second McDonald's ouvre à [[Phoenix (Arizona)]]. Il est le premier à présenter le dessin des {{lang|en|''Golden Arches''}} (arches dorées, formées par la lettre M); plus tard le restaurant d'origine fut reconstruit dans ce style.+Some locations are connected to [[BP]] [[gas station]]s/[[convenience store]]s<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14996359.html McDonald's and BP test combined operations. (McDonald's Restaurants; BP Oil Co.)]</ref>, while others called '''McDonald's Express''' have limited seating and/or menu or may be located in a [[shopping mall]]. Other McDonald's are located in [[Wal-Mart]] stores. '''McStop''' is a location targeted at truckers and travelers which may have services found at [[truck stop]]s<ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB3604178F30F7B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM MCDONALD'S SERVES UP 'MCSTOP' -- ITS RESTAURANT FOR BIG CROWDS]</ref>
-*1953 : le quatrième restaurant McDonald's ouvre à [[Downey]] en [[Californie]] : à l'angle des boulevards ''Lakewood'' et ''Firestone'' et est à ce jour le plus vieux restaurant de la marque encore en opération.+
-*[[1954]] : l'[[entrepreneur]] et vendeur de machine à [[milk-shake]] ( Multimixer ) [[Ray Kroc]] devint fasciné par le restaurant des McDonald quand il apprit leur capacité extraordinaire (aux bénéfices) et leur popularité. Après avoir vu le restaurant en fonctionnement, Kroc approcha les frères McDonald, qui avaient déjà commencé à franchiser, avec une proposition de le laisser franchiser le concept, avec lui comme premier franchisé. Kroc travailla dur pour vendre le concept McDonald's. Il essaya même de prévaloir sur sa connaissance de la guerre avec [[Walt Disney]], dans le vain espoir d'ouvrir un McDonald's dans le parc [[Disneyland]], alors en construction. +
-:''D'autres visitèrent le restaurant et en repartirent inspirés, on peut citer [[James McLamore]], fondateur de [[Burger King]], et [[Glen Bell]], celui de [[Taco Bell]].''+
-* [[1955]] : Ray Kroc ouvre le premier "vrai" restaurant de la société McDonald's à [[Des Plaines]], dans la banlieue de [[Chicago]] dans l'[[Illinois]]. Les revenus du premier jour furent de $366,12 (de l'époque)<ref>Kroc fonda : ''McDonald's Systems, Inc.'' le [[2 mars]]</ref>. Les documents officiels de la société utilisent souvent cette date comme leur "commencement" bien qu'il fut 15 ans plus tôt, et effaçant par la même occasion toute trace des frères McDonald en faveur de Kroc. Pendant plusieurs décennies ce restaurant fut connu comme le « McDonalds #1 ».+===Children's areas===
 +Some McDonald's in suburban areas and certain cities feature large indoor or outdoor [[playground]]s, called "McDonald's PlayPlace" (if indoors) or "Playland" (outdoors){{Fact|date=August 2007}}. The first PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and slides was introduced in 1987 in the USA, with many more being constructed soon after. Some PlayPlace playgrounds have been renovated into "R Gym" areas.
-=== Les [[années 1960]] : Le développement nord-américain ===+"R Gyms" are in-restaurant play area that features interactive game zones designed for children aged 4 to 12. Equipped with stationary bicycles attached to video games, dance pads, basketball hoops, monkey bars, an obstacle course, and other games which emphasize physical activity.<ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/07-07-2006/0004393223&EDATE= McDonald's(R) Unveils R Gym(TM): The New and Fun Way for Kids to Play]</ref>
-* [[1960]] : La société est renommée "McDonald's Corporation".+The "R Gym" features the Toddler Zone, an active play environment with age appropriate games that develop physical coordination and social skills; the Active Zone, designed for children aged four-to-eight that promotes physical fitness through fun play; the Sports Zone which features a series of sport oriented activities to promote aerobic exercise for children aged 9-to-12; the Parent Zone which features seating and provides a monitoring area for their children; and the Dining Area which allows families to eat.
-* [[1961]] : Les frères McDonald donnent leurs accords pour vendre les droits de leur entreprise à Kroc pour un montant de 2,7 million de US$, que Kroc avait obtenu de plusieurs investisseurs (dont l'université de [[Université de Princeton|Princeton]]). Le contrat autorise les deux frères à conserver leur restaurant d'origine mais ils perdent en contrepartie le droit d'afficher le nom ''McDonald's''. Il fut donc renommé ''The Big M'', et resta ouvert jusqu'à ce que Kroc ouvre un McDonald's juste dans la rue située au nord. Si les frères avaient conservé leurs accords précédents qui leur offrait 0,5 % des revenus annuels de la chaîne, ils auraient aujourd'hui cumulé avec leurs familles plus de 100 millions de dollars par an .+
-* [[1962]] : L'un des points du marketing de Kroc fut sa décision de vendre les hamburgers McDonald's aux familles et aux enfants. Un franchisé de Washington sponsorisa un spectacle pour enfants baptisé ''Bozo's Circus.'' [[Bozo the Clown|Bozo]] était un personnage franchisé, joué à [[Los Angeles]] par [[Willard Scott]]. Après que le spectacle fut annulé, Goldstein embaucha Scott pour représenter la nouvelle mascotte de McDonald's, [[Ronald McDonald]] dans les trois premières publicités télévisuelles incluant le personnage. Le personnage sera finalement diffusé sur le reste des États-Unis par une campagne de publicité. Bien que plus tard, il fut décidé qu'à la fois Scott et son costume d'origine étaient peu convenables pour le rôle. Une troupe entière de personnages issus du "[[McDonaldland]]" fut développée.+
-*[[1963]] : Le ''Filet-O-Fish'' est proposé pour la première fois à [[Cincinnati]] dans l'[[Ohio]], dans un restaurant situé dans un quartier à dominance [[catholique]] qui pratique l'[[abstinence]] les vendredis. Ce fut le premier ajout au menu d'origine, qui devint national l'année suivante, avec des poissons fournis par [[Gorton's of Gloucester]].+===Redesign===
-*[[1965]] : La société McDonald's est à présent côtée en [[bourse (économie)|bourse]]+[[Image:McDonald's in Exeter.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A UK McDonald's before the redesign, August 2006]]
-*[[1967]] : Le premier restaurant McDonald's en dehors des [[États-Unis]] ouvre à [[Richmond (Colombie-Britannique)|Richmond]] en [[Colombie-Britannique]], [[Canada]].+[[Image:McDonald's in Exeter 2007.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The same McDonald's after the redesign, August 2007]]
-*1967 : Le concept de restaurant, pour la chaîne, dans un bâtiment en propre, avec un toit à mansarde et des places à l'intérieur est présenté.+In 2006, McDonald's introduced its "Forever Young" brand by redesigning all of their restaurants, the first major redesign since the 1970s.<ref>[http://moneycentral.msn.com/content/invest/extra/P150732.asp?GT1=8180 McDonald's wants a digital-age makeover]</ref><ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_20/b3984065.htm Mickey D's McMakeover]</ref>
-*[[1968]] : Le [[Big Mac]], similaire au [[Big Boy (restaurant)|Big Boy]] hamburger et le [[chausson aux pommes]] sont mis en vente. Ils seront suivis de près par l'[[Egg McMuffin]].+
-=== Les [[années 1970]] : l'internationalisation ===+The new design will include the traditional McDonald's yellow and red colors, but the red will be muted to terra cotta, the yellow will turn golden for a more "sunny" look, and olive and sage green will be added. To warm up their look, the restaurants will have less plastic and more brick and wood, with modern hanging lights to produce a softer glow. Contemporary art or framed photographs will hang on the walls.
-[[Image:Mcdonalds World locations map.JPG|thumb|350 px|carte de localisation par pays des restaurants, représentés selon l'année d'ouverture du premier d'entre eux.]]+The exterior will have golden awnings and a "swish brow" instead of the traditional double-slanted [[mansard roof]].
-*[[1970]] : Après avoir changé de propriétaires en [[1968]], le restaurant d'origine ''Big M'' ferme ses portes. Il est démoli en 1970 laissant seulement une partie de l'enseigne qui fut depuis restaurée.+The new restaurants will feature areas:
-*1970 : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's au [[Costa Rica]] le [[28 décembre]] [[1970]].+
-*[[1971]] : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's au [[Japon]] le [[20 juillet]] [[1971]].+
-*1971 : Le premier McDonald's européen ouvre aux [[Pays-Bas]], à [[Zaandam]] (près d'[[Amsterdam]]) le [[20 août]] [[1971]]. Le premier franchisé se nomme [[Ahold]].+
-*1971 : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's au [[Panama]] le {{1er septembre}} [[1970]].+
-*1971 : Le premier McDonald's ouvre en [[Allemagne]] le [[22 novembre]] [[1971]]. C'est le premier à vendre de l'alcool, comme il propose de la [[bière]].+
-*1971 : Le premier McDonald's [[australie]]n ouvre à [[Sydney]] le [[30 décembre]] [[1971]] dans le quartier de [[Yagoona]].+
-*[[1972]] : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's en [[France]] le [[30 juin]] [[1972]] à [[Créteil]] sur l'avenue du Général de Gaulle, en face de la préfecture. La France est ainsi le neuvième pays où s'installe McDo.+
-*1972 : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's au [[Salvador]] le [[20 juillet]] [[1972]].+
-*[[1973]] : Le [[Royal Cheese]] (''Quarter Pounder'') ("Quart de livre" en français au Canada) est proposé (Anecdote : la différence de nom entre quarter pounder et Royal cheese est notée dans le film [[Pulp Fiction]]).+
-*1973 : Le premier McDonald's ouvre en [[Suède]], dans Kungsgatan à [[Stockholm]] le [[27 octobre]] [[1973]].+
-*[[1974]] : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's au [[Guatemala]] le [[6 juin]] [[1974]].+
-*1974 : Le {{1er octobre}}, le premier McDonald's ouvre au [[Royaume-Uni]] à [[Woolwich]], dans le sud-est de [[Londres]]. C'est le 3&nbsp;000{{e}} restaurant de la société.+
-*[[1975]] : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's à [[Hong Kong]] le [[8 janvier]] [[1975]].+
-*1975 : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's au [[Nicaragua]].+
-*1975 : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's aux [[Bahamas]] le [[4 août]] [[1975]].+
-*1975 : Le principe du passage en voiture est proposé. Il fut plus tard appelé ''[[McDrive]]'' dans certains pays. +
-*[[1976]] : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's en [[Nouvelle-Zélande]] le [[7 juin]] [[1976]].+
-*1976 : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's en [[Suisse]] le [[20 octobre]] [[1976]].+
-*[[1977]] : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's en [[Irlande]] le [[9 mai]] [[1977]], dans [[O'Connell Street]], la principale avenue de [[Dublin]].+
-*1977 : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's en [[Autriche]] le [[21 juillet]] [[1977]].+
-*[[1978]] : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's en [[Belgique]] le [[21 mars]] [[1978]].+
-*[[1979]] : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's au [[Brésil]] le [[13 février]] [[1979]].+
-*1979 : Le [[Happy Meal]] (Joyeux Festin en français au Canada) fait ses débuts aux [[États-Unis]].+
-*[[1979]] : Ré-ouverture d'un restaurant McDonald's en [[France]] à [[Strasbourg]] le [[13 février]] [[1979]] (le premier selon le site officiel de McDonald's France). Beaucoup plus contrôlé que son prédécesseur par le siège européen, alors basé à [[Zurich]], il lui donna satisfaction et ne connaîtra pas le sort du restaurant de Créteil.+
-Il est toujours en activité et fut le point de départ du développement de la marque en France.+
-*1979 : Ouverture du premier restaurant McDonald's à [[Singapour]] le [[20 octobre]] [[1979]].+
-=== Les [[années 1980]] : Le début de la [[mondialisation]] ===+*The "linger" zone will offer armchairs, sofas, and [[Wi-Fi]] connections.
-[[Image:Paris-macdo.jpg|thumb|right|Enseigne du ''M'' jaune dans le [[quartier asiatique de Paris]].]]+*The "grab and go" zone will feature tall counters with bar stools for customers who eat alone; [[Plasma TV]]s will offer them news and weather reports.
-*[[1980]] : McDonald's lance le sandwich ''McChicken'' (''McPoulet'' au Canada francophone), c'est son premier produit à base de volaille. Il ne se vendit pas et fut retiré des menus. Mais il sera relancé plus tard après les [[Chicken McNuggets]] (''McCroquettes'' au Canada francophone) sans faillir.+*The "flexible" zone will be targeted toward families and will have booths featuring fabric cushions with colorful patterns and flexible seating.
-*[[1982]] : McDonald's ouvre son premier restaurant en [[Malaisie]].+
-*[[1983]] : McDonald's lance le [[Chicken McNugget]].+
-*[[1984]] : Le [[18 juillet]], [[James Oliver Huberty]] cambriole un restaurant McDonald's avec une arme à feu, tuant 21 personnes à [[San Ysidro]] en [[Californie]]. Cette tuerie est parfois appelée le ''[[massacre du McDonald's]]''. +
-*1984 : La société est l'un des principaux sponsors des [[Jeux Olympiques d'été de 1984]]. Les restaurants américains perdirent de l'argent pendant les jeux "quand l'Amérique gagne, vous gagnez" après que les nations du [[Pacte de Varsovie|bloc soviétique]] aient [[boycott]]é les jeux.+
-*[[1985]] : McDonald's ouvre son premier restaurant en [[Italie]], dans la ville de [[Bolzano-Bozen]]. Un restaurant plus récent à [[Rome]] imposa de nouveaux standards pour les décors intérieurs.+
-*[[1986]]: Ouverture du premier restaurant en [[Turquie]], dans la ville d'[[Istanbul]] (Quartier Taksim). Le Premier ministre de Turquie, Turgut Özal, fait le déplacement pour l'inauguration. +
-*[[1988]] : McDonald's ouvre son premier restaurant dans un pays [[communiste]], à [[Győr]] en [[Hongrie]]. Celui de [[Belgrade]] en [[Yougoslavie]] est ouvert plus tard la même année.+
-*[[1989]] : McDonald's ouvre son premier restaurant en [[Écosse]] dans le quartier de [[Trongate]] à [[Glasgow]].+
-=== Les [[années 1990]] : une inversion de tendance ===+Different music will be targeted to each zone.
-*[[1990]] : Le [[31 janvier]], le premier McDonald's ouvre à [[Moscou]]. C'est l'un des plus grands McDonald's du monde. Pour des raisons politiques, son ouverture fut négociée par McDonald's Canada ; pour compenser les problèmes d'approvisionnement russes, la société créa sa propre chaîne de production, y compris les fermes.+===Business model===
-*[[1990]]: Début de l'[[affaire McLibel]] à Londres en Angleterre, le plus long procès de l'histoire britannique.+The McDonald's Corporation's [[business model]] is slightly different from that of most other fast-food chains. In addition to ordinary [[franchising|franchise]] fees, supplies, and percentage of sales, McDonald's also collects [[renting|rent]], partially linked to sales. As a condition of the franchise agreement, the Corporation owns the properties on which most McDonald's franchises are located. The UK business model is different, in that fewer than 30% of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the ownership of the company. McDonald's trains its franchisees and others at [[Hamburger University]] in [[Oak Brook, Illinois|Oak Brook]], [[Illinois]].
-*[[1992]] : [[Stella Liebeck]] est brûlée au troisième degré par un café acheté à emporter dans un McDonald's. Elle poursuivit en justice la société.+
-*vers [[1995]] : McDonald's reçut des plaintes provenant de ses franchisés se plaignant du trop grand nombre de franchises accordées. McDonald's commença à conduire des études de marchés avant d'accorder de nouvelles franchises.+
-*Mai [[1996]] : la [[Walt Disney Company]] et McDonald's signe un contrat international d'exclusivité pour Disney des jouets proposés dans les Happy Meals.+
-*[[1997]] : Après un procès de 314 jours (le procès le plus long de l'histoire anglaise), McDonald's gagne la première partie du procès [[McLibel]]<ref>Voir l'[http://www.mcspotlight.org/case/index.html affaire du McLibel] à Londres.</ref> contre des membres de l'association écologiste [[Greenpeace]] à Londres. L'image de McDonald's en ressort fortement entachée puisque le juge a déclaré à l'issue du verdict du procès que la multinationale « exploite les enfants » par ses méthodes marketing, que l'entreprise est responsable de « cruauté envers les animaux » et « empêche la création de syndicats ». De plus le juge a dénoncé la politique de l'entreprise de payer des salaires toujours plus bas.+
-*[[1999]] : En [[France]], [[José Bové]] et d'autres gagnent l'attention du monde en démontant le restaurant, en cours de construction, d'une franchise à [[Millau]] ([[Aveyron (département)|Aveyron]]). L'incident suit une interdiction des importations des viandes américaines par l'[[Union européenne]] qui utilis(er)aient des traitements aux hormones des animaux. En signe de rétorsion, les [[États-Unis]] augmentent les frais de douanes des fromages français, dont le [[Roquefort (fromage)|Roquefort]], ainsi que d'autres produits européens. José Bové fut condamné à trois mois de prison pour son rôle dans cet incident.+
-=== Les [[années 2000]] : une marque en crise ? ===+According to ''[[Fast Food Nation]]'' by [[Eric Schlosser]] (2001), nearly one in eight workers in the [[United States|U.S.]] have at some time been employed by McDonald's. (According to a news piece on Fox News this figure is one in ten). The book also states that McDonald's is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of [[beef]], [[pork]], [[potato]]es, and [[apple]]s. The selection of meats McDonald's uses varies with the culture of the host country.
-[[Image:Happy meal.JPG|thumb|Le ''Happy meal'', un produit à destination des enfants.]]+==Global impact==
-*[[2000]] : [[Eric Schlosser]] publie ''[[Fast Food Nation]]'', un livre critique sur les fast food en général et McDonalds en particulier. +[[Image:McDonaldsWorldLocations.svg|thumb|320px|right|Countries with McDonald's stores]]McDonald's has become emblematic of [[globalization]], sometimes referred as the "[[McDonaldization]]" of society. ''[[The Economist]]'' magazine uses the "[[Big Mac Index]]": the comparison of a [[Big Mac]]'s cost in various world [[currency|currencies]] can be used to informally judge these [[currency|currencies]]' [[purchasing power parity]].
-*2000 : En Bretagne, plusieurs attentats visent des restaurants Mc Donald's, dont l'[[attentat de Quévert]] qui coûte la vie à une employée.+
-*[[2001]] : Le [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] annonce que des employés de ''Simon Worldwide'', une société sous-traitante de McDonald's pour promouvoir les [[Happy Meal]]s et les jeux 'Millionaire'/'Monopoly', avaient dérobé des bulletins gagnants pour plus de 20 millions de dollars.+
-*[[2002]] : McDonald's {{référence nécessaire|perd le procès contre un ancien franchisé, Bernard Collorafi}}, mais ce dernier n'obtient aucune compensation.+
-*2002 : Un sondage dans ''Restaurants and Institutions Magazine'' classe McDonald's 15{{e}} pour la qualité de la nourriture dans les chaînes de hamburgers, soulignant l'échec de la société pour améliorer les standards dans son réseau de franchises.+
-*2002 : McDonald's publie sa première perte trimestrielle (344 millions de dollars) pour le dernier trimestre de l'année. C'est un résultat de la concurrence provenant des autres chaînes de fast-food.+
-*[[2003]] : McDonald's débute une campagne de publicité mondiale qui vend une image meilleure pour la santé et de meilleure qualité. La campagne fut baptisée ''I'm lovin' it™'' et fut lancée dans plus de 100 pays simultanément.+
-*2003 : Selon Technomic, une société d'études de marché, les parts de marché de McDonald's aux [[États-Unis]] sont {{référence nécessaire|tombées en cinq ans de 30(?) % à 15,2 %}}. +
-*2003 : La société annonce à nouveau une perte de 126 millions de $ pour le quatrième trimestre.+
-* [[2004]] : [[Morgan Spurlock]] produit le film documentaire ''[[Super Size Me]]'' dans lequel il ne mange que de la nourriture McDonald's durant 30 jours. Le film montre que ce sera au détriment de sa santé. Le titre est tiré d'une option de menu disponible aux [[États-Unis]] (un menu venant en trois "tailles" petit, moyen et grand), qui fut rapidement retiré de l'offre des restaurants. Il est très probable que ce retrait ait été influencé par les retombées médiatiques de ''[[Super Size Me]]''.+
-*[[2005]] : McDonald's célèbre son 50{{e}} anniversaire, 65 ans après l'ouverture par les frères McDonald de leur premier restaurant.+
-*[[15 février]] [[2005]] : McDonald's perds la deuxième partie du procès [[McLibel]] devant la [[Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme]] à Strasbourg. En effet, après avoir perdu le premier procès en 1997, [[Helen Steel]] et [[Dave Morris]] (deux membres de [[Greenpeace]]), ont décidé de ne pas payer l'amende qui leur avait été imposée (£60,000 de dommages et intérêts à payer à McDonald's, somme réduite à £40,000 en appel). Au lieu de ça, il ont décidé de faire appel à la Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme à Strasbourg revendiquant que les lois de diffamation anglaises jouaient lourdement en faveur d’entreprises comme McDonald’s. [[Mark Stephens]], l’avocat des plaignants a déclaré: « La [[Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme]] a considéré que des violations des droits de l’homme avaient été commises à leur encontre – qu’il y avait eu une inéquité procédurale dans l’affaire et que les procédures adoptées n’étaient pas équitables. ». Après 15 années de procédures judiciaires et de battages médiatiques, l’affaire a coûté environ 15 millions d'euros au géant du fast food et a été décrit comme {{cit|« le plus grand désastre de l’histoire quant aux relations publiques pour une société »}}.+
-*En mars [[2006]] débute la campagne de la coalition des travailleurs Immokalee, appellé aussi le CIW (Coalition of Immokalee Workers). Ce groupe d'ouvriers agricole de la Floride du Sud réclame un respect des droits du travail de la part de la compagnie (''[[Procès contre McDonald's#Coalition des travailleurs Immokalee (États-Unis)|article détaillé]]'')+
-*Le [[9 mai]] [[2006]], la société [[Walt Disney Company|Disney]] a annoncé qu'elle ne renouvelait pas son contrat international avec McDonald's.+
-*Novembre [[2006]]: sortie du film ''[[Fast Food Nation (film)|Fast Food Nation]]'' réalisé par [[Richard Linklater]] et [[Éric Schlosser]], une forte critique de l'industrie du fast food. Dans le film, la compagnie fictive ''Mickey's'' est largement inspirée de la compagnie ''McDonald's''.+
-=== Présence dans le monde ===+The brand is known informally as "Mickey D's" (in the US and Canada), "Macky D's" (in the UK), "McDo" (in France, Quebec, the Philippines, and the Kansai region of Japan), "Maccer's" (in Ireland), "Macarrannis" (in Mexico), "Maccas" (in New Zealand and Australia), "Mackedonkan" or just "Donkan" (in Sweden) or "de Mac" (in the Netherlands).
-En géant de la restauration rapide, McDonald's est présent dans les plus grandes métropoles mondiales. La recherche constante de carrefours stratégiques, non loin du cœur névralgique des villes, donne l'image, pour beaucoup de personnes, d'une "pollution visuelle" qui dénature le centre historique des villes. Sans compter que McDonald's est considéré comme un des signes flagrants de l'hégémonie américaine.+[[Thomas Friedman]] once said that no country with a McDonald's had gone to war with another.<ref>[http://www.thomaslfriedman.com/lexusolivetree.htm "The Lexus and the Olive Tree"]. thomaslfriedman.com. Accessed [[June 4]] [[2007]].</ref> However, the "[[List of countries with McDonalds franchises#Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention|Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention]]" is not strictly true. Careful historians point to the 1989 [[United States invasion of Panama]], when [[Kosovo War#The NATO bombing campaign|NATO bombed Serbia in 1999]], and the [[2006 Lebanon War]] as exceptions.
-En réponse à cette expansion, a été voté en [[Russie]] en [[2004]] une loi pour restreindre le nombre de fast-foods sur le territoire et pour fermer ceux qui se situent sur des lieux touristiques, pour selon Moscou « remettre en valeur le patrimoine architectural ». Une demande de création d'un restaurant sur la [[Place du Tertre]], à [[Paris]], a été refusée.+Some observers have suggested that the company should be given credit for increasing the standard of service in markets that it enters. A group of anthropologists in a study entitled ''Golden Arches East'' (Stanford University Press, 1998, edited by James L. Watson) looked at the impact McDonald's had on [[East Asia]], and [[Hong Kong]] in particular. When it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, McDonald's was the first restaurant to consistently offer clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other restaurants and institutions. In East Asia in particular, McDonald's have become a symbol for the desire to embrace Western cultural norms. McDonald's have recently taken to partnering up with [[Sinopec]], China's second largest oil company, in the People's Republic of China, as it begins to take advantage of China's growing use of personal vehicles by opening numerous [[drive-thru]] restaurants. <ref>[http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=e4cdb03e-6e89-4df4-a38b-187283fdeab3&k=65519 McDonald's deal with oil company marries China's new love of fast food, cars]</ref>
-''A contrario'', McDonald's a entamé depuis le milieu des [[années 1990]] une "régionalisation" de ses restaurants (dont ses franchises) de par le monde. Des spécialités culinaires « dans le respect de la culture et des attentes du pays en question » ont ainsi été proposées. Pourtant, certaines devantures arborent une inspiration architecturale contrastant avec les ambiances locales : les [[années 1950]] aux [[États-Unis]], le far-west (à [[Toulouse]]-[[Balma]]), le théâtre italien (celui de [[Disney Village]]), temple chinois (celui de Paris 13{{e}}).+In addition to its effect on business standards, McDonald's has also been instrumental in changing local customs. By popularizing the idea of a quick restaurant meal, Watson's study suggests, McDonald's led to the easing or elimination of various taboos, such as eating while walking in Japan.{{dubious}}
-==== Des restaurants « tout autour du monde » ====+==Criticism==
 +[[Image:Mcdonalds bush.JPG|left|240px|thumb|Potted plants at a McDonald's.]]
-De Pékin à La Paz, en passant par îles du Pacifique, McDonald's est présent sur tous les continents, l'occasion d'un tour du monde des restaurants diamétralement opposés : le plus septentrional prend place dans le Cercle Arctique, aux confins de la [[Finlande]] dans la ville de [[Rovaniemi]] ; tandis que le plus méridional (franchisé) est en [[Nouvelle-Zélande]] à [[Invercargill]]. Par rapport aux [[fuseaux horaires]], le point de vente le plus oriental est également en [[Nouvelle-Zélande]] dans la ville de [[Gisborne]] alors que le plus occidental repose dans les luxuriantes îles [[Samoa]].+Since the mid-1990s{{Fact|date=November 2007}} protest has often taken the form of an anti-globalization movement as documented in [[Naomi Klein|Naomi Klein's]] manifesto ''[[No Logo]]''. McDonald's restaurants have been the targets of protests, peaceful and otherwise, by environmental, anti-globalization and animal rights activists. The company has used litigation in an effort to protect its business interests.
-Sur le plan altimétrique, le McDonald's le plus haut sur Terre (3600 m) est à La Paz, en Bolivie. A l'inverse, le plus bas (-396 m) est ouvert en [[Israël]] dans le village de [[Ein Bokek]] près de la [[mer Morte]].+For example, in 1990, two [[United Kingdom|British]] activists, [[David Morris]] and [[Helen Steel]], distributed leaflets entitled ''What's wrong with McDonald's?'' on the streets of London. McDonald's wrote to Steel and Morris demanding they desist and apologize, and, when they refused, sued them for libel.
-Ces implantations extrêmes valent à McDonald's la phrase suivante, librement inspirée de celle qualifiant l'[[Empire britannique]] à son apogée : « le soleil ne se couche jamais sur les Golden Arches ».+The trial lasted more than two years. The company's advertising techniques and business practices were scrutinized in the [[High Court of Justice]] in [[London]] and reported extensively in the press, who saw the case as a David and Goliath battle (under UK law, legal aid could not be granted for a defamation suit, so Steel and Morris did most of their own legal casework while McDonald's was represented by an extensive legal team).
-Le plus vaste restaurant McDonald's du monde est situé à [[Orlando (Floride)|Orlando]], en [[Floride]], sur la route menant à [[Walt Disney World Resort]] : ''International Drive''. Il devance de très peu celui de [[Moscou]] étalant sur deux étages, une importante zone de jeux et de jeux vidéo, un ''McPizza'' et une section ''McGourmet'', dans laquelle il est possible d'acheter des paninis et des sundaes.+In June 1997, the judge ruled in favor of McDonald's, awarding the company £60,000 damages, which was later reduced to £40,000 by the Court of Appeal. The amount was low because the judge ruled that some of the claims made by Morris and Steel had been proven, including that McDonald's exploited children in its advertising, was anti-trade union and indirectly exploited and caused suffering to animals. Steel and Morris announced they had no intention of ever paying, and the company later confirmed it would not be pursuing the money.
-Les petites succursales sont nombreuses, ce sont souvent des ''McDrive'' situées le long des autoroutes (essentiellement américaines) et le plus souvent sans aucune place assise avec seulement un espace de parking pour ceux qui le souhaitent.+Steel and Morris later successfully challenged UK libel law in the European Court, arguing that it was an infringement of the right to free speech. The [[British Government]] was forced to re-write the legislation as a result. In 2005, a [http://www.mclibel.com/film/vdo/index.htm film] by Ken Loach was made about the court case.
-== Alimentation ==+In 2001, [[Eric Schlosser]]'s book ''[[Fast Food Nation]]'' included criticism of McDonald's' business practices. Among the critiques are allegations that McDonald's (along with other companies within the fast-food industry) uses its political influence to increase their own profits at the expense of people's health and the social conditions of its workers. The book also brings into question McDonald's advertisement techniques where it targets children. While the book does mention other fast-food chains, it focuses primarily on McDonald's.
-On propose dans cette chaîne de restaurants : des [[hamburger]]s (sandwichs ronds comme le [[Pan-bagnat]] mais utilisant un pain sucré), des [[frite]]s (dont l'odeur de l'huile si particulière est liée à une cuisson à température plus basse), salades, morceaux de poulet panés, divers [[soda]]s (riches en sucres ou [[édulcorant]]s et [[caféine]], ils sont formés avec des sirops et de l'eau gazeuse mélangés) qui constituent ce que certains nomment la [[malbouffe]].+In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely [[Hindu]], successfully sued McDonald's for misrepresenting their French fries as vegetarian.<ref>[http://hbharti.com/h_bharti_mcd/mcdonlads%20_letter_05_05_93.jpg Letter from McDonald's headquarters claiming fries are vegetarian]</ref> Even after the discontinuation of frying the French fries in beef tallow in 1990, the French fries still had beef extract added to them. The French fries sold in the U.S. still contain beef and animal flavoring. McDonald's biscuits also contain beef flavoring along with animal flavoring.
-Conscient de cette critique et soucieux de sa popularité, McDonald's essaie de diversifier sa carte en proposant par exemple quelques salades et des fruits.+Also in 2004, [[Morgan Spurlock]]'s [[documentary film]] ''[[Super Size Me]]'' said that McDonald's food was contributing to the epidemic of [[obesity]] in society, and failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customers. For 30 days Spurlock ate nothing but McDonald's (supersizing whenever asked). He ate everything on the menu at least once and continued to eat after he was full. At the same time he consciously attempted to get little or no exercise. By the end of the month he had gained 24.5 pounds (11.11 kg), was moody and had less interest in sex. Others have disputed Spurlock's claims (see below).
-[[Image:McDonald's sur Times Square.JPG|thumb|200px|L'enseigne lumineuse ''McDonald's'' sur [[Times Square]].]]+
-Au [[Québec]], McDonald's propose le populaire plat de [[Poutine (plat)|poutine]]. Depuis peu, les restaurants proposent une gamme de sandwichs déli sur pain grillé pour concurrencer [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] qui propose des sandwichs frais présentés comme étant bon pour la ligne. L'offre de produit a considérablement évolué, la chaîne a déjà proposé des pizzas (format familial et individuel), le McLéger et autres. Finalement, certains produits ne sont proposés que pour une période spécifique de l'année. C'est le cas du McHomard et des fahitas. Au Québec McDonald's a toujours francisé le nom de ses produits : alors qu'en France, on commande « un menu best of Royal cheese avec un Coca light », on parlera au Québec d'« un trio quart de livre avec fromage avec un coke diète ».+
-Composition partielle d'un hamburger McDonald's :+After the film was shown at the [[Sundance Film Festival]], but before its cinematic release, McDonald's stated it was phasing out its Supersize meal option and would begin offering several healthier menu items, though no link to the film was cited in this decision. However, while the healthier menu items have appeared, the Supersize meal option still remains available at some locations. The company also began a practice of putting nutritional information for all menu items in light grey [[small print]] on the reverse of their tray liners. It is currently phasing in nutritional labeling in clear black print on the actual packaging of its food items.
-* [[eau]], [[sel alimentaire|sel]], [[soja]]+
-* sucres : [[sucre inverti]], [[saccharose]], [[dextrose]]+
-* [[émulsifiant]]s : [[E 472e]] (esters monoacétyltartriques et diacéthyltartriques des mono- et diglycérides d'acides gras), [[E 471]] (mono- et diglycérides d'acides gras), [[E 481]] (stéaroyl-2-lactylate de sodium)+
-* divers: [[E 300]] (vitamine C), [[E 516]] (sulfate de calcium gypse, plâtre de Paris), [[E 262]], [[E 210]], [[E 327]] (lactate de calcium)…+
-Etant donné la constitution de ce pain, on ne peut le comparer avec un [[pain]] traditionnel fait de farine de [[blé]], de sel, de levant ([[levain]] ou [[levure]]) et d'eau, il n'en a pas les qualité nutritives. Cependant tous les additifs (Exxx) ont été autorisés par la Commission européenne et sont sans danger aux doses où ils sont présents (sauf parfois un risque allergène); quelques-uns sont même entièrement naturels. Ils se retrouvent tous dans la composition d'autres aliments industriels vendus en supermarché (pain industriel, bonbons, fromages, etc.), leur effet pouvant être cumulatif. Voir [[Additif alimentaire]].+[[Anthony Bourdain]] on his show, [[Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations|No Reservations]], has criticised McDonald's among other fast-food restaurants for its culinary blandness.
-En raison de la valeur calorique du hamburger (viande grasse et pain sucré), des frites et des sodas, se nourrir fréquemment chez McDonald's favorise l'[[obésité]]. Il a été démontré qu'y manger épisodiquement ne devrait pas représenter de risque immédiat, et les cours de [[diététique]] actuels (2004) donnent souvent comme exercice d'application l'équilibrage alimentaire d'une journée comportant un repas chez « McDo » ou dans un établissement similaire . Des tables rappelant les valeurs [[calorie|caloriques]], [[protide|protidiques]], [[glucide|glucidiques]] et [[lipide|lipidiques]] des principaux produits vendus sont désormais toujours indiqués les emballages des produits.+===Legal challenge over trans fats===
 +In September 2002, McDonald’s announced it was voluntarily reducing the [[trans fat]] content of its cooking oil by February 2003. Because of operational problems, the oil was not changed on time. In the ensuing lawsuits, plaintiffs claimed that McDonald’s didn't do enough to inform the public that the oil was not changed.
-=== Les adversaires et les restrictions aux frontières ===+The bantransfat.com website contains testimonials from people, one claims she thought the oil was low in trans fat, and she said, "that is why I have been eating there every week..."
-Outre l'affaire #REDIRECT [[McLibel]], McDonald's est une cible privilégiée des mouvements [[altermondialiste]]s. Le restaurant de [[Millau]] en construction, dans le [[Larzac]], en [[France]], a notamment été démonté illégalement le 12 août [[1999]] par un ensemble d'agriculteurs, afin d'alerter l'opinion publique sur la guerre ''sanitaire'' de mesures douanières des États-Unis d'Amérique sur divers produits dont le [[Roquefort (fromage)|roquefort]], en réaction au refus européen de leur bœuf aux hormones de croissance (comme le leur permettait l'[[Organisation mondiale du commerce|OMC]]). Mcdonald's France a alors lancé une vaste campagne publicitaire, insistant sur le fait que 88.9 % des produits Mcdonald's vendus en France sont achetés au sein de l'Union européenne. 45 % proviennent de producteurs français.+In a settlement agreement, bantransfat.com said "While there is a difference of opinion regarding whether McDonald’s gave effective notice to its customers that the oil was not changed, McDonald’s deserves recognition and credit for having achieved a reduction in the trans fat levels ... and for working diligently over the last two years to test additional cooking oils." Nevertheless, bantransfat.com demanded monetary damages.
 +
 +Settlement of the lawsuit brought by [http://BanTransFats.com BanTransFats.com] and one private party requires McDonald’s spend up to $1.5 million to publish notices on the status of its trans fat initiative. McDonald’s will also donate $7 million to the American Heart Association for public education about [[trans fat]]. [http://bantransfats.com/mcdonalds.html]. The settlement also requires some money be paid directly to bantransfat.com.
-== Autour de McDonald's ==+The [[California]] [[Superior Court]] for [[Marin County]] has entered an order preliminarily approving the settlement.
-===Terminologie===+
-{| class="wikitable gauche"+
-! Nom USA+
-! Nom France+
-! Nom Québec et Canada Francais+
-|-----+
-| Big Mac ( le plus connu des hamburgers )+
-| Big Mac+
-| Big Mac+
-|-----+
-| Chicken McNuggets+
-| Chicken McNuggets+
-| McCroquettes+
-|-----+
-| McChicken+
-| McChicken+
-| McPoulet+
-|-----+
-| Quarter Pounder with cheese+
-| Royal Cheese+
-| Quart de livre avec fromage+
-|-----+
-|Filet-O-Fish+
-|Filet-O-Fish+
-|Filet de poisson+
-|-----+
-|McFlurry+
-|McFlurry+
-|McFlurry+
-|-----+
-|Happy Meal+
-|Happy Meal+
-|Joyeux Festin+
-|}+
-{{-}}+===Arguments in defense of McDonald's===
 +Supporters of McDonald's point out that the company is successful because it meets the needs of customers and adapts to its customers wants.
-=== McJob ===+In response to public pressure, McDonald's has sought to include more healthy choices in its menu and has introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: "Not bad for a [[McJob]]". (The word McJob, first attested in the mid-1980s<ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/books/11/11/offbeat.mcjob.ap/ Merriam-Webster: 'McJob' is here to stay]". ''The Associated Press''. [[November 11]] [[2003]].</ref> and later popularized by Canadian novelist [[Douglas Coupland]] in his book Generation X, has become a buzz word for low-paid, unskilled work with few prospects or benefits and little security.) McDonald's disputes the idea that its restaurant jobs have no prospects, noting that its CEO, [[Jim Skinner]], started working at the company as a regular restaurant employee, and that 20 of its top 50 managers began work as regular crew members. <ref>[http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/news/corppr/2005/CPR_09212005.html McDonald's Debuts Advertising on the World of Opportunity Under the Golden Arches]</ref> In 2007, the company launched an advertising campaign with the slogan "Would you like a career with that?" on [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] television, outlining that their jobs have many prospects.
-[[Image:McDonald's on strike (Paris).jpg|right|McDonald's en grève à Paris]]+In a bid to tap into growing consumer interest in the provenance of food, the fast-food chain recently switched its supply of both [[coffee|coffee beans]] and [[milk]]. UK chief executive Steve Easterbrook said: “British consumers are increasingly interested in the quality, sourcing and ethics of the food and drink they buy". McDonald's coffee is now brewed from beans taken from stocks that have been certified by the conservation group the [[Rainforest Alliance]]. Similarly, milk supplies used for its hot drinks and milkshakes have been switched to organic sources which could account for 5% of the UK's organic milk output<ref>http://www.fwi.co.uk/Articles/2007/07/03/104864/mcdonalds-milk-goes-organic.html</ref>.
-Un autre aspect contesté est la précarité supposée de l'emploi dans cette entreprise. Un mot dérivé, ''[[McJob]]'', est utilisé par les jeunes pour parler des emplois les plus difficiles et mal payés. McDonald's a attaqué en justice les dictionnaires voulant inclure ce terme.+In other cases, the firm has shown itself ready to adjust its business practices. When the public became concerned that product packaging was environmentally damaging, McDonald's started a joint project with [[Friends of the Earth]] to eliminate the use of [[polystyrene]] containers, in the United States, to reduce the amount of waste produced.
-À la station de [[métro]] [[Strasbourg Saint-Denis]], à [[Paris]], un ''McDo'' s'est mis en grève d'[[octobre]] [[2002]] à [[décembre]] [[2003]], avec une interruption en [[février]] et [[Mars (mois)|mars]] [[2003]], suite au renvoi d'employés s'étant [[syndicat|syndiqués]].+Throughout the [[McLibel]] trial, senior representatives of the firm said they were merely trying to protect its image from undue and unfounded attack. With regard to its numerous and often controversial copyright and trademark actions, McDonald's lawyers say they are simply protecting the company's intellectual property.
 +''
 +[[Super Size Me]]'' has been characterized as a non-scientific publicity stunt. The subject of the film consumes massive quantities of McDonald's food, to the point of being sickened by it. Eating on an hourly schedule and, as part of his rules, eating additional quantities each time a McDonald's worker says the word "supersize," the subject gains weight.
 +
 +Following the release of the film ''[[Super Size Me]]'', some people reported they had experienced no weight gain and suffered no ill effect by eating only at McDonald's for a month, but choosing menu items more judiciously and exercising frequently.<ref>[http://www.acsh.org/healthissues/newsID.921/healthissue_detail.asp Minimize Me]</ref> Merab Morgan, a North Carolina woman, was even able to lose weight.<ref>[http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_1459655.html Woman loses {{Auto lb|33|0}} on McDonald's diet]</ref> She claimed that the transparency of nutritional information made it easy to control her daily caloric intake.
-À ce sujet, il existe plusieurs places au McDonald's, mais les employés permuttent souvent entre-eux, des caisses aux cuisines, ou au ménage. Plusieurs postes sont ainsi proposés aux jeunes, et adultes désirant chercher du travail, mais ils seront rarement employés à temps plein : seulement un contrat de vingt heures leur sera proposé. Voici une liste des différents postes occupés au McDo :+==Legal cases==
-;Équipier :+{{main|McDonald's legal cases}}
-Ils participent quotidiennement à l'activité du restaurant. Ils sont plus particulièrement responsables de la préparation et du service des produits. Ils s'occupent de la cuisson des pains, de la garniture des produits, ou du service du client. Ils occupent la place la moins haute dans l'entreprise.+
-;Formateur / Instructeur d'équipiers :+
-Au dessus de l'équipier grâce à son ancienneté dans l'enseigne, qui par leur expérience et leur niveau de performance et rapidité ont pour mission complémentaire de former les nouveaux employés aux postes occupés.+
-;Reponsables opérationnels :+
-Anciens équipiers qui de par leur performance ont aquis des responsabilités supplémentaires. Ils sont ainsi responsable d'une zone prédéfinie, et sont le représentant des formateurs et équipiers devant l'instance supérieure. On les retrouve souvent en caisse, ou en production ( où le responsable définit le nombre et la variété de produits à cuire et garnir ).+
-;Assistants de direction ou Manager :+
-Générant l'équipe de gestion du restaurant, les managers sont à la fois opérationnels et gestionnaires. Ils sont représentants du magasin autant devant le client que devant le directeur. L'assistants a plusieurs responsabilités supplémentaires telles que la disposition du planning des employés, la gestion des commandes, du matériel, ou même de la formation des nouveaux employés.+
-=== WiFi gratuit ===+McDonald's has been involved in a number of [[lawsuits]] and other legal cases, most of which involved [[trademark]] disputes. The company has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless they drop the Mc or Mac from their trading name. In one noteworthy case, McDonald's sued a Scottish café owner called McDonald, even though the business in question dated back over a century (Sheriff Court [Glasgow and Strathkelvin], [[21 November]] [[1952]]).
-La plupart des restaurants McDonald's en France mettent à disposition de la clientèle l'accès WiFi gratuit (chaque restaurant le signale sur ses panneaux publicitaires).+It has also filed numerous [[defamation]] suits. The [[McLibel case]] is probably the best known of these. McDonald's sued two Greenpeace activists for distributing pamphlets attacking its environmental, labor and health records. After the longest trial in UK legal history, McDonald's won a technical victory for showing that some allegations were untrue. But it was a massive public relations disaster since the judge also found that more than half of what was on the pamphlet was truthful.
-=== Restrictions alimentaires aux Jeux Olympiques d'Athènes ===+McDonald's has defended itself in several cases involving workers' rights. In 2001 the company was fined £12,400 by British magistrates for illegally employing and over-working child labor in one of its London restaurants. This is thought to be one of the largest fines imposed on a company for breaking laws relating to child working conditions (R v [2002] EWCA Crim 1094). In April 2007 in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], [[Western Australia]], McDonald's pleaded guilty to five charges relating to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and was fined AU$8,000<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=McDonald's fined for employing underage workers |date=2007-04-12 | publisher=ABC News Online | url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200704/s1895071.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2007-04-12 | language = }}</ref>.
-McDonald's a fait imposer aux [[Jeux Olympiques]] d'[[Athènes]], d'[[août]] [[2004]], une restriction sur l'alimentation. Les spectateurs n'ont pas le droit d'entrer dans l'enceinte des jeux avec leur propre nourriture. Il y est en revanche possible de s'alimenter avec des produits McDonald's. [[Coca-Cola]], a fait de même pour les boissons non alcoolisées, [[Heineken]] pour les boissons alcoolisées, [[VISA International Service Association|Visa]] pour les retraits par [[carte de crédit]]. +Possibly the most infamous legal case involving McDonald's was the 1994 decision in [[Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants|The McDonald's Coffee Case]].
-Ce qui peut être problématique pour des personnes n'ayant pas de monnaie, ne pouvant retirer d'argent si leur carte provient d'une autre société, et ne pouvant donc se procurer de l'eau, sous une température de 34°C. L'affaire a été portée devant la commission juridique de l'[[Organisation des Nations unies|ONU]].+==Products==
 +{{main|McDonald's products}}
-=== Procès ===+McDonald's predominantly sells [[hamburgers]], various types of [[chicken]] [[sandwiches]] and products, [[french fries]], [[soft drinks]], [[breakfast]]s, and [[desserts]]. In most markets, McDonald's offers [[salads]] and [[vegetarian]] items, [[Wrap (food)|wraps]] and other localized fare. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in [[India]]) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in [[Indonesia]]).
-{{Article détaillé|Liste des procès contre McDonald's}}+==Advertising==
 +{{main|McDonald's advertising}}
 +[[Image:Ronald McDonald.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Ronald McDonald]]]]
-=== Bourse ===+McDonald's has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events from ranging from [[Little League]] to the [[Olympic Games]], and makes coolers of [[orange drink]] with their logo available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the company's advertising strategy.
-*[[Action (finance)|Actions]] cotées à la [[bourse de New York]]+To date, McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in [[United States]] advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions. At times, it has run into trouble with its campaigns.
-*Membre de l'indice [[Dow Jones]]+
-*Code Valeur ISIN = US5801351017+
-*Valeur nominale = dollar+
-*Actionnaires principaux :+
-** Mr Jim Skinner+
-** ZZ Investment Manag+
-{| border="3"+===Children's advertising===
-|+ '''Données boursières au 1{{er}} janvier'''+{{main|Ronald McDonald|McDonaldland}}
-! Années+
-! 2004+
-! 2005+
-! 2006+
-|-----+
-| Nombre d'actions cotées en millions+
-| 00+
-| 00+
-| 1267+
-|-----+
-| Capitalisation boursière en millions d'euro+
-| 00+
-| 00+
-| 45+
-|-----+
-| Nombre de transactions quotidiennes (en millions)+
-| 00+
-| 00+
-| 00+
-|}+
-=== Indice Big Mac ===+==See also==
 +{{commons|McDonald's}}
 +{{Wiktionary}}
 +* ''[[Fast Food Nation]]'', book by [[Eric Schlosser]]
 +* ''[[Maxime, McDuff & McDo]]'', documentary film about the unionizing of a McDonald's in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]].
 +* [[McDonaldization]], term used by sociologist [[George Ritzer]] to describe the process by which a society takes on the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant.
 +* [[McDonald's Video Game]], a satirical game placing the player in the role of McDonald's management.
 +* [[Don Gorske]], a McDonald's enthusiast, has consumed over 20,000 Big Mac hamburgers. He appeared on ''Super Size Me'', is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records, and has a movie called ''MacDaddy''.
 +*[[Super Size Me]], a documentary by [[Morgan Spurlock]].
 +==References==
 +{{reflist}}
-En 1986, le magazine ''The Economist'' a proposé l'utilisation de l'[[indice Big Mac]] pour estimer le niveau de vie des pays dans lesquels McDonald's est présent. Ce produit est en effet une constante dans les menus proposés dans les enseignes McDonald's et permet de rendre compte du pouvoir d'achat de la population.+==External links==
- +*[http://www.mcdonalds.com/ McDonald's]
-== Vocabulaire ==+*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/mckroes/sets/72057594069544156/ Worlds Biggest McDonald's Photo Collection] All kinds of storefronts of McDonald's restaurants in the world.
- +* [http://www.mcspotlight.org/ McSpotlight, an "Anti-McDonald's extravaganza"]
-De par leur origine [[États-Unis|américaine]], les restaurants McDonald's sont caractérisés par un vocabulaire [[anglais]], même dans les pays où l'anglais n'est pas parlé par la population. Ainsi, par exemple, la fourchette de 11 h à 14 h sera appelé Rush. Voici une liste complète des mots employés :+* [http://www.kevinhebert.com/alt.mcdonalds.html alt.mcdonalds FAQ]
- +{{McDonald's}}
-=== Cuisine ===+
- +
-* '''BIB''' : Bag In the Box. Sac contenant des produits liquides tels que le [[Coca-cola]], et les autres boissons gazeuses+
-* '''Bulk Coca''' : Container en inox de {{NaU|300|[[litre|L]]}} contenant les BIB+
-* '''Clear''' / '''Clam (au Québec)''' : Grill permettant de faire cuire les viandes+
-* '''Clamshell''' : Bloc supérieur du grill+
-* '''Commande grill''' : Commande spéciale d'un produit ( ingrédients en plus ou moins )+
-* '''Couronne''' : Partie supérieure du pain+
-* '''DLC''' : Date limite de consommation+
-* '''FCN''' : Poste de préparation des Filets, Chaussons, Nuggets, et McChicken+
-* '''Garniture''' : Ensemble des condiments déposés sur le pain+
-* '''PEPS''' : Premier entré Premier sorti. Le PEPS est une règle qui vise à faire utiliser le premier produit entré dont la DLC est courte+
-* '''Reg''' / '''Régulier''' : Pains utilisés pour la fabrication des [[Hamburger]]s, [[Cheeseburger]]s, Double Cheese, et des Filet o'fish. Également utilisés pour désigner les viandes servant à la fabrication de ces sandwichs+
-* '''Royal''' : Pains utilisés pour la fabrication des Royal Cheese, Mc Chicken et McDeluxe. De même que les Regs, Royal désigne aussi les viandes utilisés pour la fabrication de ces sandwichs+
-* '''Scraper''' : Grattoir permettant de racler la plaque inférieur du grill après chaque cuisson de viandes+
-* '''Shortening''' : Huile alimentaire utilisée pour la cuisson des aliments+
-* '''Steamer''' : Réchaud à vapeur servant à réchauffer les petits pains destinés à la préparation des Filets o'Fish+
-* '''Talons''' : Partie inférieure des petits pains+
-* '''Téflon''' : Feuille anti-adhésive placée sur la plaque supérieure du grill (clamshell) pour éviter aux viandes de coller+
-* '''Timer''' : Minuteur utilisé pour indiquer le temps de conservation des produits au-delà duquel ceux-ci ne doivent plus être servis aux clients et notés en perte+
-* '''Toaster''' : Appareil utilisé pour caraméliser la face coupée des pains avant la garniture+
-* '''Wash / Back Sink''' : Endroit pour la plonge (lavage des ustensiles, plats, etc...)+
- +
-=== Comptoir ===+
- +
-* '''Back-up''' : Personne « volante » qui assemble les commandes en caisse+
-* '''Best Of (appelé trio au Québec)''' : Menu composé d'un sandwich au choix, d'une frite moyenne, et d'une boisson moyenne. Le Best Of existe en maxi avec grande frite et grande boisson+
-* '''Bin''' : Unité chauffante dans laquelle transitent les sandwichs au maximum 10 minutes avant d'être servis aux clients+
-* '''Happy Meal ou Joyeux Festin''' : Menu destiné aux enfants, composé d'un sandwich, d'une petite frite, d'une petite boisson, d'un dessert et d'un jouet+
-* '''Menu Board''' : Tableau d'affichage des produits et de leur prix+
-* '''Menu Box''' : Tableau d'affichage des prix+
-* '''Pack Best Of''' : Boîte cartonnée permettant d'emballer des produits destinés à la vente à emporter+
-* '''Shake''' / '''Sundae''' : Appareil permettant de fabriquer les milk-shakes et les sundaes+
-* '''Speedy''' : Personne chargée de l'assemblage des commandes pour le service au volant+
-* '''Topping''' : Garnitures destinée à recouvrir les sundaes+
- +
-=== Restaurant ===+
- +
-* '''Aquarium / Bureau''' : Petit local situé près de la cuisine dans lequel se trouve le coffre, le téléphone. En général, c'est la salle réservée aux managers qui fait office d'aquarium+
-* '''Blitz''': Évaluation complète du restaurant par un représentant de McDonald's +
-* '''Chambre positive''' / '''Walk-in (au Québec)''' : Grand réfrigérateur dont la température est de 1 à 3°C+
-* '''Monsieur patate''' : Machine qui remplit automatiquement les paniers de frites, avant que l'équipier prenne le panier et le dépose dans l'huile+
-* '''Close''' : Période correspondant à la fermeture du restaurant+
-* '''Drive / SV / SOV''' : Service au volant+
-* '''Face to Face''' : Dans les restaurants avec service au volant, guichet pour prise de commande où un équipier est face au client+
-* '''FCP''' : (Fiche controle du poste) Pour chacun des postes du restaurant, une fiche détaillée indique à l'équipier tout ce qu'il doit faire et la la façon de procéder pour effectuer ses tâches. +
-* '''Football-Field / Plan de match''' : Feuille ou tableau de positionnement sur lequel figurent le poste et l'horaire de travail pour chacune des personnes planifiées sur le quart+
-* '''Lobby / SM''' : Salle à manger des clients+
-* '''Manager de shift / Chef de quart''' : Personne responsable du restaurant sur une partie de la journée+
-* '''McOpCo''' : Ensemble des restaurants gérés directement par McDonald's, encore appelés restaurants Compagnie+
-* '''Mop''' : Balai-serpillère humide permettant de laver le sol+
-* '''Off / Break''' : Être en repos+
-* '''Open''' : Période correspondant à l'ouverture du restaurant+
-* '''P&L''' : Compte d'exploitation reflétant l'activité du restaurant sur le mois et sur l'année+
-* '''PEP''' : Programme d'entretien préventif de l'équipement du restaurant+
-* '''Playland / Parc Ronald''' : Aire de jeux+
-* '''Product Mix''' : Répartition du total des ventes par produits ou part que représente chaque produit dans le total des ventes+
-* '''QSP et V''' : Qualité, service, propreté et valeur (programme lancé depuis plusieurs années visant à donner une image de marque à la restauration rapide)+
-* '''Remodel''' : Travaux de rénovation d'un restaurant+
-* '''Rush''' : Période de pointe en terme d'affluence+
-* '''Seating''' : Plan de disposition des tables et des chaises dans la salle du restaurant+
-* '''Set-Up''' / '''Stock-Up (au Québec)''': Période de remplissage des condiments, sacs, verres, boites derrière la caisse+
-* '''SIMDUT''' : Système d'information sur les matières dangereuses utilisées au travail. Par exemple, l'acide pour nettoyer le grill.+
-* '''Shift''' : Quart/Période de travail planifié.+
-* '''Spring up''' : Concours annuel du restaurant le plus propre+
-* '''Squitgi (au Québec)''' : Outil pour nettoyer le télfon (feuille anti-adésive) sur la plaque superieur (clamshell) du grill.+
-* '''Stock Sec''' : Produits sec ou tous les produits pouvant se stocker à température ambiante+
-* '''Top Gun''': Désignation d'un restaurant qui atteint parfaitement les normes QSP et V +
-* '''Trash / Compact''' : Espace de stockage des poubelles+
-* '''Trou''' : Premier guichet du service au volant servant au paiement de la commande+
- +
-== Fondation Ronald McDonald's ==+
-La Fondation Ronald McDonald a été créée en [[1994]] par le fondateur des restaurants McDonald's, [[Ray Kroc]]. Cette fondation agit pour le bien être des enfants hospitalisés, et de leur famille. Pour ce faire, elle a créé depuis plus de dix ans des ''Maisons de Parents Ronald McDonald'', qui permettent aux enfants d'être entourée de leurs proches ( autant de la famille, que des camarades de classe ). Selon son créateur, ces maisons donnent aux enfants un équilibre affectif déterminant leur guérison<ref>MacDonald, « Livret d'accueil », chapitre : La Fondation, page 6</ref>.<br>+
-En [[1998]], la Fondation a créé le prix Familles au cœur, prix récompensant la famille la plus affective. Puis en [[1999]] les Rencontres Familles au cœur, pour se faire rencontrer les différentes familles dont les enfants sont hospitalisés.<br />+
-Il existe aujourd'hui plusieurs maisons en France, dont une à [[Lille]], une à [[Marseille]], une à [[Villejuif]], une à [[Bordeaux]], une à [[Strasbourg]], une à [[Toulouse]], et une à [[Paris]].<br />+
-Mais à travers le monde, il existe aujourd'hui plus de {{formatnum:250}} maisons de parents McDonald qui accueillent plus de {{NaU|5000|proches}}.+
- +
-== Voir aussi ==+
-{{Commons}}+
-{{Wikiquote}}+
-=== Notes et références ===+
-<references />+
- +
-=== Articles connexes ===+
-* [[Syndicat national de la restauration rapide]]+
-* [[Quick (restaurant)|Quick]]+
-* [[Flunch]]+
-* [[Global Gladiators]] un jeu vidéo sorti dans les années 1990 sur le thème du RonaldLand.+
-* [[Burger King]] (s'est retiré du marché français il y a quelques années)+
-* [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]]+
-* [[George Ritzer]] ([[sociologue]] de la « [[McDonaldisation]] »)+
- +
-=== Liens externes ===+
-* [http://www.mcdonalds.com Site officiel]+
- +
-{{Palette McDonald's}}+
{{DJIA}} {{DJIA}}
-{{Multi bandeau|Portail entreprises|Portail États-Unis d'Amérique|Portail gastronomie}}+{{UK Food}}
- +[[Category:Companies established in 1940]]
-[[Catégorie:Chaîne de restauration rapide américaine]]+[[Category:Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
-[[Catégorie:Entreprise ayant son siège dans l'Illinois]]+[[Category:McDonald's| ]]
-[[Catégorie:Entreprise fondée en 1941]]+[[Category:Fast-food chains of the United States]]
-[[Catégorie:McDonald's]]+[[Category:Fast-food chains of Canada]]
- +[[Category:Fast-food franchises]]
-{{Lien BA|de}}+[[Category:Fast-food burger restaurants]]
 +[[Category:Multinational food companies]]
 +[[Category:Companies based in DuPage County, Illinois]]
 +[[Category:Oak Brook, Illinois]]
 +[[Category:Restaurants in California]]
 +[[Category:Restaurants in Illinois]]
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Modèle:Infobox McDonald's

McDonald's Corporation (Modèle:Nyse) is the world's largest chain of fast food restaurants, primarily selling hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes and desserts. More recently, it also offers salads, fruit, snack wraps, and carrot sticks. The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by siblings Dick and Mac McDonald in San Bernardino, California. Their introduction of the "Speedee Service System" in 1948 established the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant. The present corporation dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray Kroc, in Des Plaines, Illinois on April 15, 1955, the ninth McDonald's restaurant overall. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and led its worldwide expansion.

With the successful expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence has also made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics and consumer responsibility.

Sommaire

Corporate overview

Facts and figures

Image:Mcdonalds times sq.png
A McDonald's restaurant in Times Square.

McDonald's restaurants are found in 120 countries and territories around the world and serve nearly 54 million customers each day. The company also operates other restaurant brands, such as Piles Café and Boston Market, and has a minority stake in Pret a Manger. The company owned a majority stake in Chipotle Mexican Grill until completing its divestment in October 2006. Until December 2003, it also owned Donatos Pizza. It also has a subsidiary, Redbox, which started in 2003 as 18-foot (5.5 m) wide automated convenience stores, but as of 2005, has focused on DVD rental machines.

Types of restaurants

Most standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both counter service and drive-through service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating. Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or McDrive as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders, though the latter two steps are frequently combined; it was first introduced in Arizona in 1975, following the lead of other fast-food chains. In some countries "McDrive" locations near highways offer no counter service or seating. In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit drive-through service. There are also a few locations, located mostly in downtown districts, that offer Walk-Thru service in place of Drive-Thru.

Specially themed restaurants also exist, such as the "Solid Gold McDonald's," a 1950s rock-and-roll themed restaurant. In Victoria, British Columbia, there is also a McDonald's with a 24 carat (100%) gold chandelier and similar light fixtures.

Image:McDonalds Museum.jpg
The site of the first McDonald's to be franchised by Ray Kroc is now a museum in Des Plaines, Illinois. The building is a replica of the original, which was the ninth McDonald's restaurant opened.

To accommodate the current trend for high quality coffee and the popularity coffeeshops in general, McDonald's introduced McCafés. The McCafé concept is a café-style accompaniment to McDonald's restaurants. McCafé is a concept of McDonald's Australia, starting with Melbourne in 1993. Today, most McDonald's in Australia have McCafés located within the existing McDonald's restaurant. In Tasmania there are McCafés in every store.

As of the end of 2003 there were over 600 McCafés worldwide.

Some locations are connected to BP gas stations/convenience stores<ref>McDonald's and BP test combined operations. (McDonald's Restaurants; BP Oil Co.)</ref>, while others called McDonald's Express have limited seating and/or menu or may be located in a shopping mall. Other McDonald's are located in Wal-Mart stores. McStop is a location targeted at truckers and travelers which may have services found at truck stops<ref>MCDONALD'S SERVES UP 'MCSTOP' -- ITS RESTAURANT FOR BIG CROWDS</ref>

Children's areas

Some McDonald's in suburban areas and certain cities feature large indoor or outdoor playgrounds, called "McDonald's PlayPlace" (if indoors) or "Playland" (outdoors)[citation needed]. The first PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and slides was introduced in 1987 in the USA, with many more being constructed soon after. Some PlayPlace playgrounds have been renovated into "R Gym" areas.

"R Gyms" are in-restaurant play area that features interactive game zones designed for children aged 4 to 12. Equipped with stationary bicycles attached to video games, dance pads, basketball hoops, monkey bars, an obstacle course, and other games which emphasize physical activity.<ref>McDonald's(R) Unveils R Gym(TM): The New and Fun Way for Kids to Play</ref>

The "R Gym" features the Toddler Zone, an active play environment with age appropriate games that develop physical coordination and social skills; the Active Zone, designed for children aged four-to-eight that promotes physical fitness through fun play; the Sports Zone which features a series of sport oriented activities to promote aerobic exercise for children aged 9-to-12; the Parent Zone which features seating and provides a monitoring area for their children; and the Dining Area which allows families to eat.

Redesign

Image:McDonald's in Exeter.jpg
A UK McDonald's before the redesign, August 2006
Image:McDonald's in Exeter 2007.jpg
The same McDonald's after the redesign, August 2007

In 2006, McDonald's introduced its "Forever Young" brand by redesigning all of their restaurants, the first major redesign since the 1970s.<ref>McDonald's wants a digital-age makeover</ref><ref>Mickey D's McMakeover</ref>

The new design will include the traditional McDonald's yellow and red colors, but the red will be muted to terra cotta, the yellow will turn golden for a more "sunny" look, and olive and sage green will be added. To warm up their look, the restaurants will have less plastic and more brick and wood, with modern hanging lights to produce a softer glow. Contemporary art or framed photographs will hang on the walls.

The exterior will have golden awnings and a "swish brow" instead of the traditional double-slanted mansard roof.

The new restaurants will feature areas:

  • The "linger" zone will offer armchairs, sofas, and Wi-Fi connections.
  • The "grab and go" zone will feature tall counters with bar stools for customers who eat alone; Plasma TVs will offer them news and weather reports.
  • The "flexible" zone will be targeted toward families and will have booths featuring fabric cushions with colorful patterns and flexible seating.

Different music will be targeted to each zone.

Business model

The McDonald's Corporation's business model is slightly different from that of most other fast-food chains. In addition to ordinary franchise fees, supplies, and percentage of sales, McDonald's also collects rent, partially linked to sales. As a condition of the franchise agreement, the Corporation owns the properties on which most McDonald's franchises are located. The UK business model is different, in that fewer than 30% of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the ownership of the company. McDonald's trains its franchisees and others at Hamburger University in Oak Brook, Illinois.

According to Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser (2001), nearly one in eight workers in the U.S. have at some time been employed by McDonald's. (According to a news piece on Fox News this figure is one in ten). The book also states that McDonald's is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of beef, pork, potatoes, and apples. The selection of meats McDonald's uses varies with the culture of the host country.

Global impact

Image:McDonaldsWorldLocations.svg
Countries with McDonald's stores
McDonald's has become emblematic of globalization, sometimes referred as the "McDonaldization" of society. The Economist magazine uses the "Big Mac Index": the comparison of a Big Mac's cost in various world currencies can be used to informally judge these currencies' purchasing power parity.

The brand is known informally as "Mickey D's" (in the US and Canada), "Macky D's" (in the UK), "McDo" (in France, Quebec, the Philippines, and the Kansai region of Japan), "Maccer's" (in Ireland), "Macarrannis" (in Mexico), "Maccas" (in New Zealand and Australia), "Mackedonkan" or just "Donkan" (in Sweden) or "de Mac" (in the Netherlands).

Thomas Friedman once said that no country with a McDonald's had gone to war with another.<ref>"The Lexus and the Olive Tree". thomaslfriedman.com. Accessed June 4 2007.</ref> However, the "Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention" is not strictly true. Careful historians point to the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, when NATO bombed Serbia in 1999, and the 2006 Lebanon War as exceptions.

Some observers have suggested that the company should be given credit for increasing the standard of service in markets that it enters. A group of anthropologists in a study entitled Golden Arches East (Stanford University Press, 1998, edited by James L. Watson) looked at the impact McDonald's had on East Asia, and Hong Kong in particular. When it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, McDonald's was the first restaurant to consistently offer clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other restaurants and institutions. In East Asia in particular, McDonald's have become a symbol for the desire to embrace Western cultural norms. McDonald's have recently taken to partnering up with Sinopec, China's second largest oil company, in the People's Republic of China, as it begins to take advantage of China's growing use of personal vehicles by opening numerous drive-thru restaurants. <ref>McDonald's deal with oil company marries China's new love of fast food, cars</ref>

In addition to its effect on business standards, McDonald's has also been instrumental in changing local customs. By popularizing the idea of a quick restaurant meal, Watson's study suggests, McDonald's led to the easing or elimination of various taboos, such as eating while walking in Japan.Modèle:Dubious

Criticism

Image:Mcdonalds bush.JPG
Potted plants at a McDonald's.

Since the mid-1990s[citation needed] protest has often taken the form of an anti-globalization movement as documented in Naomi Klein's manifesto No Logo. McDonald's restaurants have been the targets of protests, peaceful and otherwise, by environmental, anti-globalization and animal rights activists. The company has used litigation in an effort to protect its business interests.

For example, in 1990, two British activists, David Morris and Helen Steel, distributed leaflets entitled What's wrong with McDonald's? on the streets of London. McDonald's wrote to Steel and Morris demanding they desist and apologize, and, when they refused, sued them for libel.

The trial lasted more than two years. The company's advertising techniques and business practices were scrutinized in the High Court of Justice in London and reported extensively in the press, who saw the case as a David and Goliath battle (under UK law, legal aid could not be granted for a defamation suit, so Steel and Morris did most of their own legal casework while McDonald's was represented by an extensive legal team).

In June 1997, the judge ruled in favor of McDonald's, awarding the company £60,000 damages, which was later reduced to £40,000 by the Court of Appeal. The amount was low because the judge ruled that some of the claims made by Morris and Steel had been proven, including that McDonald's exploited children in its advertising, was anti-trade union and indirectly exploited and caused suffering to animals. Steel and Morris announced they had no intention of ever paying, and the company later confirmed it would not be pursuing the money.

Steel and Morris later successfully challenged UK libel law in the European Court, arguing that it was an infringement of the right to free speech. The British Government was forced to re-write the legislation as a result. In 2005, a film by Ken Loach was made about the court case.

In 2001, Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation included criticism of McDonald's' business practices. Among the critiques are allegations that McDonald's (along with other companies within the fast-food industry) uses its political influence to increase their own profits at the expense of people's health and the social conditions of its workers. The book also brings into question McDonald's advertisement techniques where it targets children. While the book does mention other fast-food chains, it focuses primarily on McDonald's.

In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely Hindu, successfully sued McDonald's for misrepresenting their French fries as vegetarian.<ref>Letter from McDonald's headquarters claiming fries are vegetarian</ref> Even after the discontinuation of frying the French fries in beef tallow in 1990, the French fries still had beef extract added to them. The French fries sold in the U.S. still contain beef and animal flavoring. McDonald's biscuits also contain beef flavoring along with animal flavoring.

Also in 2004, Morgan Spurlock's documentary film Super Size Me said that McDonald's food was contributing to the epidemic of obesity in society, and failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customers. For 30 days Spurlock ate nothing but McDonald's (supersizing whenever asked). He ate everything on the menu at least once and continued to eat after he was full. At the same time he consciously attempted to get little or no exercise. By the end of the month he had gained 24.5 pounds (11.11 kg), was moody and had less interest in sex. Others have disputed Spurlock's claims (see below).

After the film was shown at the Sundance Film Festival, but before its cinematic release, McDonald's stated it was phasing out its Supersize meal option and would begin offering several healthier menu items, though no link to the film was cited in this decision. However, while the healthier menu items have appeared, the Supersize meal option still remains available at some locations. The company also began a practice of putting nutritional information for all menu items in light grey small print on the reverse of their tray liners. It is currently phasing in nutritional labeling in clear black print on the actual packaging of its food items.

Anthony Bourdain on his show, No Reservations, has criticised McDonald's among other fast-food restaurants for its culinary blandness.

Legal challenge over trans fats

In September 2002, McDonald’s announced it was voluntarily reducing the trans fat content of its cooking oil by February 2003. Because of operational problems, the oil was not changed on time. In the ensuing lawsuits, plaintiffs claimed that McDonald’s didn't do enough to inform the public that the oil was not changed.

The bantransfat.com website contains testimonials from people, one claims she thought the oil was low in trans fat, and she said, "that is why I have been eating there every week..."

In a settlement agreement, bantransfat.com said "While there is a difference of opinion regarding whether McDonald’s gave effective notice to its customers that the oil was not changed, McDonald’s deserves recognition and credit for having achieved a reduction in the trans fat levels ... and for working diligently over the last two years to test additional cooking oils." Nevertheless, bantransfat.com demanded monetary damages.

Settlement of the lawsuit brought by BanTransFats.com and one private party requires McDonald’s spend up to $1.5 million to publish notices on the status of its trans fat initiative. McDonald’s will also donate $7 million to the American Heart Association for public education about trans fat. [1]. The settlement also requires some money be paid directly to bantransfat.com.

The California Superior Court for Marin County has entered an order preliminarily approving the settlement.

Arguments in defense of McDonald's

Supporters of McDonald's point out that the company is successful because it meets the needs of customers and adapts to its customers wants.

In response to public pressure, McDonald's has sought to include more healthy choices in its menu and has introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: "Not bad for a McJob". (The word McJob, first attested in the mid-1980s<ref>"Merriam-Webster: 'McJob' is here to stay". The Associated Press. November 11 2003.</ref> and later popularized by Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland in his book Generation X, has become a buzz word for low-paid, unskilled work with few prospects or benefits and little security.) McDonald's disputes the idea that its restaurant jobs have no prospects, noting that its CEO, Jim Skinner, started working at the company as a regular restaurant employee, and that 20 of its top 50 managers began work as regular crew members. <ref>McDonald's Debuts Advertising on the World of Opportunity Under the Golden Arches</ref> In 2007, the company launched an advertising campaign with the slogan "Would you like a career with that?" on Irish television, outlining that their jobs have many prospects.

In a bid to tap into growing consumer interest in the provenance of food, the fast-food chain recently switched its supply of both coffee beans and milk. UK chief executive Steve Easterbrook said: “British consumers are increasingly interested in the quality, sourcing and ethics of the food and drink they buy". McDonald's coffee is now brewed from beans taken from stocks that have been certified by the conservation group the Rainforest Alliance. Similarly, milk supplies used for its hot drinks and milkshakes have been switched to organic sources which could account for 5% of the UK's organic milk output<ref>http://www.fwi.co.uk/Articles/2007/07/03/104864/mcdonalds-milk-goes-organic.html</ref>.

In other cases, the firm has shown itself ready to adjust its business practices. When the public became concerned that product packaging was environmentally damaging, McDonald's started a joint project with Friends of the Earth to eliminate the use of polystyrene containers, in the United States, to reduce the amount of waste produced.

Throughout the McLibel trial, senior representatives of the firm said they were merely trying to protect its image from undue and unfounded attack. With regard to its numerous and often controversial copyright and trademark actions, McDonald's lawyers say they are simply protecting the company's intellectual property. Super Size Me has been characterized as a non-scientific publicity stunt. The subject of the film consumes massive quantities of McDonald's food, to the point of being sickened by it. Eating on an hourly schedule and, as part of his rules, eating additional quantities each time a McDonald's worker says the word "supersize," the subject gains weight.

Following the release of the film Super Size Me, some people reported they had experienced no weight gain and suffered no ill effect by eating only at McDonald's for a month, but choosing menu items more judiciously and exercising frequently.<ref>Minimize Me</ref> Merab Morgan, a North Carolina woman, was even able to lose weight.<ref>Woman loses Modèle:Auto lb on McDonald's diet</ref> She claimed that the transparency of nutritional information made it easy to control her daily caloric intake.

Legal cases

McDonald's has been involved in a number of lawsuits and other legal cases, most of which involved trademark disputes. The company has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless they drop the Mc or Mac from their trading name. In one noteworthy case, McDonald's sued a Scottish café owner called McDonald, even though the business in question dated back over a century (Sheriff Court [Glasgow and Strathkelvin], 21 November 1952).

It has also filed numerous defamation suits. The McLibel case is probably the best known of these. McDonald's sued two Greenpeace activists for distributing pamphlets attacking its environmental, labor and health records. After the longest trial in UK legal history, McDonald's won a technical victory for showing that some allegations were untrue. But it was a massive public relations disaster since the judge also found that more than half of what was on the pamphlet was truthful.

McDonald's has defended itself in several cases involving workers' rights. In 2001 the company was fined £12,400 by British magistrates for illegally employing and over-working child labor in one of its London restaurants. This is thought to be one of the largest fines imposed on a company for breaking laws relating to child working conditions (R v [2002] EWCA Crim 1094). In April 2007 in Perth, Western Australia, McDonald's pleaded guilty to five charges relating to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and was fined AU$8,000<ref>"

   McDonald's fined for employing underage workers 
     
 " , ABC News Online
  , 2007-04-12
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-04-12
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Possibly the most infamous legal case involving McDonald's was the 1994 decision in The McDonald's Coffee Case.

Products

Main article: McDonald's products

McDonald's predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken sandwiches and products, french fries, soft drinks, breakfasts, and desserts. In most markets, McDonald's offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia).

Advertising

McDonald's has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events from ranging from Little League to the Olympic Games, and makes coolers of orange drink with their logo available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the company's advertising strategy.

To date, McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions. At times, it has run into trouble with its campaigns.

Children's advertising

Main articles: Ronald McDonald and McDonaldland

See also

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Wikimedia Commons propose des documents multimédia libres sur McDonald's.

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References

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External links

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