Microsoft Windows
Un article de Vev.
| Version du 24 décembre 2007 à 15:23 Simxp (Discuter) (RV -- what on earth does whether it shows a logo during bootup have to do with its 64-bit architecture support?) ← Différence précédente |
Version du 24 décembre 2007 à 15:23 Simxp (Discuter) (RV -- what on earth does whether it shows a logo during bootup have to do with its 64-bit architecture support?) Différence suivante → |
Version du 24 décembre 2007 à 15:23
| This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) |
inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1|title=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> Microsoft Windows eventually came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. At the 2004 IDC Directions conference, IDC Vice President Avneesh Saxena stated that Windows had approximately 90% of the client operating system market.<ref name=linuxworld>IDC: Consolidation to Windows won't happen www.linuxworld.com.au</ref> The current client version of Windows is Windows Vista. The current server version of Windows is Windows Server 2003. The successor to Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 is currently being beta tested.//inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1|title=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> Microsoft Windows eventually came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. At the 2004 IDC Directions conference, IDC Vice President Avneesh Saxena stated that Windows had approximately 90% of the client operating system market.<ref name=linuxworld>IDC: Consolidation to Windows won't happen www.linuxworld.com.au</ref> The current client version of Windows is Windows Vista. The current server version of Windows is Windows Server 2003. The successor to Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 is currently being beta tested.
Sommaire |
Versions
| Windows Version | Market share |
|---|---|
| All versions | 92.42% |
| Windows XP | 78.37% |
| Windows Vista | 9.19% |
| Windows 2000 | 2.97% |
| Windows 98 | 0.76% |
| Windows NT | 0.63% |
| Windows ME | 0.43% |
| Windows CE | 0.06% |
| Windows 95 | 0.02% |
The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft (MS) operating system (OS) products. These products are generally categorized as follows:
16-bit operating environments
The early versions of Windows were often thought of as just graphical user interfaces, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.[citation needed] However even the earliest 16-bit Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions, notably having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound) for applications. Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Finally, Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme which allowed it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources were swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce, and data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control, typically waiting for user input.[citation needed] 16-bit Windows versions include Windows 1.0 (1985), Windows 2.0 (1987) and its close relative Windows/286.
Hybrid 16/32-bit operating environments
Windows/386 introduced a 32-bit protected mode kernel and virtual machine monitor. For the duration of a Windows session, it created one or more virtual 8086 environments and provided device virtualization for the video card, keyboard, mouse, timer and interrupt controller inside each of them. The user-visible consequence was that it became possible to preemptively multitask multiple MS-DOS environments in separate Windows (graphical applications required switching the window to full screen mode). Windows applications were still multi-tasked cooperatively inside one of such real-mode environments.
Windows 3.0 (1990) and Windows 3.1 (1992) improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) which allowed them to share arbitrary devices between multitasked DOS windows.[citation needed] Because of this, Windows applications could now run in 16-bit protected mode (when Windows was running in Standard or 386 Enhanced Mode), which gave them access to several megabytes of memory and removed the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They still ran inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provided a degree of protection, and multi-tasked cooperatively. For Windows 3.0, Microsoft also rewrote critical operations from C into assembly, making this release faster and less memory-hungry than its predecessors.[citation needed]
Hybrid 16/32-bit operating systems
With the introduction of 32-bit Windows for Workgroups 3.11, Windows was able to stop relying on DOS for file management.[citation needed] Levering this, Windows 95 introduced Long File Names, reducing the 8.3 filename DOS environment to the role of a boot loader. MS-DOS was now bundled with Windows; this notably made it (partially) aware of long file names when its utilities were run from within Windows. The most important novelty was the possibility of running 32-bit multi-threaded preemptively multitasked graphical programs. However, the necessity of keeping compatibility with 16-bit programs meant the GUI components were still 16-bit only and not fully reentrant, which resulted in reduced performance and stability.
There were three releases of Windows 95 (the first in 1995, then subsequent bug-fix versions in 1996 and 1997, only released to OEMs, which added extra features such as FAT32 and primitive USB support). Microsoft's next OS was Windows 98; there were two versions of this (the first in 1998 and the second, named "Windows 98 Second Edition", in 1999). In 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Me standing for Millennium Edition), which used the same core as Windows 98 but adopted the visual appearance of Windows 2000, as well as a new feature called System Restore, allowing the user to set the computer's settings back to an earlier date.
32-bit operating systems
This family of Windows systems was fashioned and marketed for higher reliability business use, and was unencumbered by any Microsoft DOS patrimony.[citation needed] The first release was Windows NT 3.1 (1993, numbered "3.1" to match the Windows version and to one-up OS/2 2.1[citation needed], IBM's flagship OS co-developed by Microsoft and was Windows NT's main competitor at the time), which was followed by NT 3.5 (1994), NT 3.51 (1995), and NT 4.0 (1996); NT 4.0 was the first in this line to implement the "Windows 95" user interface. Microsoft then moved to combine their consumer and business operating systems. Their first attempt, Neptune was cancelled and replaced with a new project, Whistler, which later became Windows XP, which came in both home and professional versions and improved backwards compatibility. Then, Windows Server 2003 brought Windows Server up to date with Windows XP. Since then, a new version, Windows Vista was released and Windows Server 2008 will bring Windows Server up to date with Windows Vista. Windows CE, Microsoft's offering in the mobile and embedded markets, is also a true 32-bit operating system that offers various services for all sub-operating workstations.
64-bit operating systems
Windows NT included support for several different platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Versions of NT from 3.1 to 4.0 supported DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000, which were 64-bit processors, although the operating system treated them as 32-bit processors.
With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture, which is referred to as IA-64, Microsoft released new versions of Windows 2000 to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 (32-bit) counterparts. On April 25 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and x64 versions of Windows Server 2003 to support the AMD64/Intel64 (or x64 in Microsoft terminology) architecture. Microsoft dropped support for the Itanium version of Windows XP in 2005. Windows Vista is the first end-user version of Windows that Microsoft has released simultaneously in 32-bit and x64 editions. Windows Vista does not support the Itanium architecture. The modern 64-bit Windows family comprises AMD64/Intel64 versions of Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2003, in both Itanium and x64 editions.
History
Microsoft has taken two parallel routes in its operating systems. One route has been for the home user and the other has been for the professional IT user. The dual routes have generally led to home versions having greater multimedia support and less functionality in networking and security, and professional versions having inferior multimedia support and better networking and security.
The first version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released in November 1985, lacked a degree of functionality and achieved little popularity, and was to compete with Apple's own operating system.[citation needed] Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows version 2.0 was released in November, 1987 and was slightly more popular than its predecessor. Windows 2.03 (release date January 1988) had changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.[citation needed]support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3078</ref>//support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3078</ref>
In July 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT based on a new kernel. NT was considered to be the professional OS and was the first Windows version to utilize preemptive multitasking.[citation needed]. Windows NT would later be retooled to also function as a home operating system, with Windows XP.
support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=7864</ref>//support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=7864</ref>
support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=6513</ref>//support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=6513</ref>
www.pcworld.com/article/id,125772-page,2/article.html</ref>//www.pcworld.com/article/id,125772-page,2/article.html</ref>
review.zdnet.com/4520-6033_16-4206367.html</ref> It shipped in two distinct editions, "Home" and "Professional", the former lacking many of the superior security and networking features of the Professional edition. Additionally, the first "Media Center" edition was released in 2002,<ref>http://www.winsupersite.com/showcase/freestyle_preview.asp</ref> with an emphasis on support for DVD and TV functionality including program recording and a remote control. Mainstream support for Windows XP will continue until April 14, 2009 and extended support will continue until April 8, 2014.<ref>http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3223</ref>//review.zdnet.com/4520-6033_16-4206367.html</ref> It shipped in two distinct editions, "Home" and "Professional", the former lacking many of the superior security and networking features of the Professional edition. Additionally, the first "Media Center" edition was released in 2002,<ref>http://www.winsupersite.com/showcase/freestyle_preview.asp</ref> with an emphasis on support for DVD and TV functionality including program recording and a remote control. Mainstream support for Windows XP will continue until April 14, 2009 and extended support will continue until April 8, 2014.<ref>http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3223</ref>
In April 2003, Windows Server 2003 was introduced, replacing the Windows 2000 line of server products with a number of new features and a strong focus on security; this was followed in December 2005 by Windows Server 2003 R2.
On January 30, 2007 Microsoft released Windows Vista. It contains a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It is available in a number of different editions, more than any previous version of Windows.
Timeline of releases
| Release date | Product name | Version | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| November 1985 | Windows 1.01 | 1.01 | Unsupported |
| November 1987 | Windows 2.03 | 2.03 | Unsupported |
| March 1989 | Windows 2.11 | 2.11 | Unsupported |
| May 1990 | Windows 3.0 | 3.0 | Unsupported |
| March 1992 | Windows 3.1 | 3.1 | Unsupported |
| October 1992 | Windows For Workgroups 3.1 | 3.1 | Unsupported |
| July 1993 | Windows NT 3.1 | 3.1 | Unsupported |
| December 1993 | Windows For Workgroups 3.11 | 3.11 | Unsupported |
| January 1994 | Windows 3.2 (released in Simplified Chinese only) | 3.2 | Unsupported |
| September 1994 | Windows NT 3.5 | 3.5 | Unsupported |
| May 1995 | Windows NT 3.51 | 3.51 | Unsupported |
| August 1995 | Windows 95 | 4.0.950 | Unsupported |
| July 1996 | Windows NT 4.0 | 4.0 | Unsupported |
| June 1998 | Windows 98 | 4.10.1998 | Unsupported |
| May 1999 | Windows 98 SE | 4.10.2222 | Unsupported |
| February 2000 | Windows 2000 | 5.0.3700.6690
support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3071|title=Microsoft Support Lifecycle|year=May 4 2005|accessdate=2007-03-25|publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>//support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3071|title=Microsoft Support Lifecycle|year=May 4 2005|accessdate=2007-03-25|publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> | |
| September 2000 | Windows Me | 4.90.3000 | Unsupported |
| October 2001 | Windows XP | 5.1.2600 | Unsupported for RTM and Service Pack 1. Current for Service Pack 2. |
| March 2003 | Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2003 | 5.2.3790 | Unsupported |
| April 2003 | Windows Server 2003 | 5.2.3790 | Unsupported for RTM. Current for Service Pack 1, R2 and, Service Pack 2. |
| April 2005 | Windows XP Professional x64 Edition | 5.2.3790 | Current |
| July 2006 | Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs | 5.1.2600 | Current |
| November 2006 (volume licensing)/January 2007 (retail) | Windows Vista | 6.0.6000 | Current |
| July 2007 | Windows Home Server | 5.2.4500 | Current |
| February 2008 (planned) | Windows Server 2008 | 6.0.6001 | Future release |
| 2010 or later (planned) | Windows 7 (Formerly codenamed Blackcomb, now Vienna) | 7.0 | Future release |
Security
Security has been a hot topic with Windows for many years, and even Microsoft itself has been the victim of security breaches. Consumer versions of Windows were originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection, and did not have security features built in from the outset. Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, but are not designed with Internet security in mind as much since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent. These design issues combined with flawed code (such as buffer overflows) and the popularity of Windows means that it is a frequent target of worm and virus writers. In June 2005, Bruce Schneier's Counterpane Internet Security reported that it had seen over 1,000 new viruses and worms in the previous six months.<ref>{{cite web www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html//www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html |title=Crypto-Gram Newsletter |last=Schneier |first=Bruce |authorlink=Bruce Schneier |date=June 15 2005 |accessdate=2007-04-22 |publisher=Counterpane Internet Security, Inc. }}</ref>
Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.<ref>{{cite web www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html//www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1825805,00.asp |title=Microsoft's Security Response Center: How Little Patches Are Made |author=Ryan Naraine |date=June 8 2005 |accessdate=2007-04-22 |publisher=eWeek }}</ref> In Windows 2000 (SP3 and later), Windows XP and Windows Server 2003, updates can be automatically downloaded and installed if the user selects to do so. As a result, Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Service Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003, were installed by users more quickly than it otherwise might have been.<ref>{{cite web www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html//www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=50900297 |title=Windows XP SP2 Distribution Surpasses 100 Million |author=John Foley |date=October 20 2004 |accessdate=2007-04-22 |pubisher=InformationWeek }}</ref>
Windows Defender
On 6 January 2005, Microsoft released a beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware, based upon the previously released Giant AntiSpyware. On 14 February, 2006, Microsoft AntiSpyware became Windows Defender with the release of beta 2. Windows Defender is a freeware program designed to protect against spyware and other unwanted software. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 users who have genuine copies of Microsoft Windows can freely download the program from Microsoft's web site, and Windows Defender ships as part of Windows Vista.<ref name=defendervista>Modèle:Cite webwww.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html//www.Microsoft.com/Windowsvista/features/foreveryone/security.mspx</ref>
Third-party analysis
www.symantec.com/enterprise/theme.jsp?themeid=threatreport|title=Symantec 11th Internet Security Threat Report, Trends for July–December 06}}</ref> internetnews.com has described Microsoft Windows as having the "fewest number of patches and the shortest average patch development time of the five operating systems it monitored in the last six months of 2006."<ref>http://www.internetnews.com/security/article.php/3667201</ref> And the number of vulnerabilities found in Windows has significantly increased— Windows: 12+, Red Hat + Fedora: 2, Apple OS X: 1, HP-UX: 2, Solaris: 1.//www.symantec.com/enterprise/theme.jsp?themeid=threatreport|title=Symantec 11th Internet Security Threat Report, Trends for July–December 06}}</ref> internetnews.com has described Microsoft Windows as having the "fewest number of patches and the shortest average patch development time of the five operating systems it monitored in the last six months of 2006."<ref>http://www.internetnews.com/security/article.php/3667201</ref> And the number of vulnerabilities found in Windows has significantly increased— Windows: 12+, Red Hat + Fedora: 2, Apple OS X: 1, HP-UX: 2, Solaris: 1.
www.avantgarde.com/ttln113004.html Automated "Bots" Overtake PCs Without Firewalls Within 4 Minutes] www.avantgarde.com</ref> However, it is important to note that this study does not apply to Windows XP systems running the Service Pack 2 update (released in late 2004), which vastly improved the security of Windows XP. The computer that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was not compromised. The AOL National Cyber Security Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004 determined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at least one spyware/adware product.<ref name=adware>Safety Study www.staysafeonline.info (PDF)</ref> Much documentation is available describing how to increase the security of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions include deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update.[citation needed]//www.avantgarde.com/ttln113004.html Automated "Bots" Overtake PCs Without Firewalls Within 4 Minutes] www.avantgarde.com</ref> However, it is important to note that this study does not apply to Windows XP systems running the Service Pack 2 update (released in late 2004), which vastly improved the security of Windows XP. The computer that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was not compromised. The AOL National Cyber Security Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004 determined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at least one spyware/adware product.<ref name=adware>Safety Study www.staysafeonline.info (PDF)</ref> Much documentation is available describing how to increase the security of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions include deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update.[citation needed]
Windows Lifecycle Policy
Microsoft has stopped releasing updates and hotfixes for many old Windows operating systems, including all versions of Windows 9x and earlier versions of Windows NT. Windows versions prior to XP are no longer supported, with the exception of Windows 2000, which is currently in the Extended Support Period, that will end on July 13, 2010. Windows XP versions prior to SP2 are no longer supported as well. Also, support for Windows XP 64-bit Edition ended after the release of the more recent Windows XP Professional x64 Edition.[citation needed] No new updates are created for unsupported versions of Windows. However, it is possible for users of older, now unsupported versions of Windows to download and install previously released updates, by going to the Windows Update catalog.[citation needed]
Emulation software
Emulation allows the use of some Windows applications without using Microsoft Windows. These include:
- Wine - (Stands for "Wine Is Not an Emulator") an almost-complete free software/open-source software implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run most Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including GNU/Linux. Wine is technically not an emulator; an emulator effectively 'pretends' to be a different CPU, while Wine makes use of Windows-style APIs to 'simulate' the Windows environment directly.
- CrossOver - A Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine, and focus on Wine running officially supported applications.
- Cedega - TransGaming Technologies' proprietary fork of Wine, designed specifically for running games written for Microsoft Windows under GNU/Linux.
- Darwine - This project intends to port and develop Wine as well as other supporting tools that will allow Darwin and Mac OS X users to run Microsoft Windows applications, and to provide Win32 API compatibility at application source code level.
- ReactOS - An open-source OS that is intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to imitate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows XP compatibility. It has been in alpha-stage since 1996.
See also
Modèle:Portal Modèle:Wikibooks
General:
- Comparison of operating systems
- List of operating systems
- Comparison of Windows versions
- Comparison of Windows and Linux
- Microsoft computers made for Windows
Further reading:
- Architecture of the Windows NT operating system line
- Criticism of Microsoft Windows
- List of Microsoft Windows components
- Microsoft Windows topics
- Windows Explorer
- Windows Genuine Advantage
- Windows Media
- Windows Startup Process
References
External links
www.microsoft.com/Windows/ Official Microsoft Windows Website]//www.microsoft.com/Windows/ Official Microsoft Windows Website] www.microsoft.com/Windows/ Official Microsoft Windows Website]//www.microsoft.com/Windows/WinHistoryIntro.mspx Microsoft Windows History Timeline] www.microsoft.com/Windows/ Official Microsoft Windows Website]//www.msdn.com Microsoft Developer Network for Microsoft Windows programming]
Modèle:History of Windows Modèle:Microsoft Modèle:Windows Componentsaf:Microsoft Windows ar:مايكروسوفت ويندوز an:Microsoft Windows ast:Microsoft Windows az:Microsoft Windows bn:মাইক্রোসফট উইন্ডোজ zh-min-nan:Microsoft Windows be:Windows bs:Microsoft Windows br:Windows bg:Microsoft Windows ca:Microsoft Windows ceb:Microsoft Windows cs:Microsoft Windows da:Microsoft Windows de:Microsoft Windows et:Microsoft Windows el:Microsoft Windows es:Microsoft Windows eo:Vindozo eu:Microsoft Windows fa:مایکروسافت ویندوز fr:Microsoft Windows gl:Windows ko:마이크로소프트 윈도 hr:Microsoft Windows ilo:Microsoft Windows id:Windows ia:Microsoft Windows is:Microsoft Windows it:Microsoft Windows he:Microsoft Windows ku:Microsoft Windows la:Microsoft Windows lv:Microsoft Windows lb:Microsoft Windows lt:Microsoft Windows li:Windows jbo:la canko hu:Microsoft Windows mk:Microsoft Windows ml:മൈക്രോസോഫ്റ്റ് വിന്ഡോസ് mr:मायक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज ms:Microsoft Windows nl:Microsoft Windows ja:Microsoft Windows no:Microsoft Windows nn:Microsoft Windows uz:Microsoft Windows nds:Microsoft Windows pl:Microsoft Windows pt:Microsoft Windows ksh:Microsoft Windows ro:Microsoft Windows qu:Windows ru:Microsoft Windows sq:Microsoft Windows simple:Microsoft Windows sk:Microsoft Windows sl:Microsoft Windows sr:Мајкрософт виндоуз sh:Microsoft Windows fi:Microsoft Windows sv:Microsoft Windows tl:Microsoft Windows ta:வின்டோஸ் th:ไมโครซอฟท์ วินโดวส์ vi:Microsoft Windows tr:Microsoft Windows uk:Microsoft Windows ur:MS Windows yi:ווינדאס zh-yue:Microsoft Windows diq:Microsoft Windows bat-smg:Microsoft Windows zh:Microsoft Windows
Catégories de la page: Articles needing additional references from November 2007 | Articles with invalid date parameter in template | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since July 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since September 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since April 2007 | Microsoft Windows | Proprietary software
