Nelson Mandela
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Version du 24 décembre 2007 à 10:03
Modèle:Pp-semi-protected Modèle:Dablink Modèle:Infobox President Modèle:Apartheid Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Modèle:IPA2 (born 18 July 1918) is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative democratic elections. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist and leader of the African National Congress and its armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. He spent 27 years in prison, much of it in a cell on Robben Island, on convictions for crimes that included sabotage committed while he spearheaded the struggle against apartheid.
Among opponents of apartheid in South Africa and internationally, he became a symbol of freedom and equality, while the apartheid government and nations sympathetic to it condemned him and the ANC as communists and terrorists.
Following his release from prison in 1990, his switch to a policy of reconciliation and negotiation helped lead the transition to multi-racial democracy in South Africa. Since the end of apartheid, he has been widely praised, even by former opponents.
Mandela has received more than one hundred awards over four decades, most notably the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. He is currently a celebrated elder statesman who continues to voice his opinion on topical issues. In South Africa he is often known as Madiba, an honorary title adopted by elders of Mandela's clan. The title has come to be synonymous with Nelson Mandela.
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Early life
Birth and lineage
www.nextreads.com/display2.aspx?recid=126238&FC=1|title = Mandela: The Authorized Portrait|accessdate = 2007-08-31|authorlink = Nelson Mandela|date = 2006|isbn = 0-7407-5572-2}}</ref> His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (1880–1928), was nonetheless designated chief of the town of Mvezo. Upon alienating the colonial authorities, however, he was deprived of his position, and moved his family to Qunu.<ref name=port/> Gadla remained, however, a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council, and was instrumental in the ascension to the Thembu throne of Jongintaba Dalindyebo, who would later return this favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Gadla's death. Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered a total of thirteen children (four boys and nine girls). Mandela was born to Gadla's third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.<ref name=port/> His given name Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".<ref name=longwalk/>//www.nextreads.com/display2.aspx?recid=126238&FC=1|title = Mandela: The Authorized Portrait|accessdate = 2007-08-31|authorlink = Nelson Mandela|date = 2006|isbn = 0-7407-5572-2}}</ref> His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (1880–1928), was nonetheless designated chief of the town of Mvezo. Upon alienating the colonial authorities, however, he was deprived of his position, and moved his family to Qunu.<ref name=port/> Gadla remained, however, a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council, and was instrumental in the ascension to the Thembu throne of Jongintaba Dalindyebo, who would later return this favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Gadla's death. Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered a total of thirteen children (four boys and nine girls). Mandela was born to Gadla's third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.<ref name=port/> His given name Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".<ref name=longwalk/>
Education
At seven years of age, Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where he was given the name "Nelson," after the British admiral Horatio Nelson, by a Methodist teacher who found his native name difficult to pronounce.
His father died of tuberculosis when Rolihlahla was nine, and the Regent, Jongintaba, became his guardian. Mandela attended a Wesleyan mission school next door to the palace of the Regent. Following Thembu custom, he was initiated at age sixteen, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute. He completed his Junior Certificate in two years, instead of the usual three. Destined to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to Healdtown, the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort which most Thembu royalty attended. Aged nineteen, he took an interest in boxing and running.<ref name=port/>
After matriculating, he started to study for a B.A. at the Fort Hare University, where he met Oliver Tambo, and the two became lifelong friends and colleagues. He also became close friends with his kinsman, Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima who, however, as royal scion of the Thembu Right Hand House, was destined for the throne of Transkei, a role that later led him to embrace Bantustan policies which made he and Mandela political enemies.<ref name=port/> At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in a boycott by the Students' Representative Council against the university policies, and was asked to leave Fort Hare.
Later, while imprisoned, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London External Programme (see below).
Move to Johannesburg
Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the Regent's own son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. Both young men were displeased by this and rather than marry, they elected to flee the comforts of the Regent's estate to go to Johannesburg. Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine. However, this was quickly terminated after the employer learned that Mandela was the Regent's runaway adopted son. He later started work as an articled clerk at a law firm thanks to connections with his friend, lawyer Walter Sisulu. While working there, he completed his B.A. degree at the University of South Africa via correspondence, after which he started with his law studies at the University of Witwatersrand. During this time Mandela lived in Alexandra township, north of Johannesburg.
Political activity
After the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party with its apartheid policy of racial segregation, Mandela was prominent in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People, whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental program of the anti-apartheid cause. During this time, Mandela and fellow lawyer Oliver Tambo operated the law firm of Mandela and Tambo, providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who would otherwise have been without representation.
www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Indeed, Mandela took part in the 29 January – 30 January 2007 conference in New Delhi which marked the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's introduction of satyagraha in South Africa.<ref> Nita Bhalla
. " Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach " , Reuters , 29 January 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-08-27 . </ref>//www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Indeed, Mandela took part in the 29 January – 30 January 2007 conference in New Delhi which marked the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's introduction of satyagraha in South Africa.<ref> Nita Bhalla . " Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach " , Reuters , 29 January 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-08-27 . </ref>
Initially committed to non-violent mass struggle, Mandela was arrested with 150 others on 5 December 1956 and charged with treason. The marathon Treason Trial of 1956–61 followed, and all were acquitted.[citation needed] From 1952–59 the ANC experienced disruption as a new class of Black activists (Africanists) emerged in the townships demanding more drastic steps against the National Party regime. The ANC leadership of Albert Luthuli, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu felt not only that events were moving too fast, but also that their leadership was challenged. They consequently bolstered their position by alliances with small White, Coloured and Indian political parties in an attempt to appear to have a wider appeal than the Africanists. The 1955 Freedom Charter Kliptown Conference was ridiculed by the Africanists for allowing the 100,000-strong ANC to be relegated to a single vote in a Congress alliance, in which four secretaries-general of the five participating parties were members of the secretly reconstituted South African Communist Party (SACP), strongly adhering to the Moscow line.[citation needed]
In 1959 the ANC lost its most militant support when most of the Africanists, with financial support from Ghana and significant political support from the Transvaal-based Basotho, broke away to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) under Robert Sobukwe and Potlako Leballo.[citation needed]
Guerrilla activities
In 1961, Mandela became the leader of the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (translated as Spear of the Nation, also abbreviated as MK), which he co-founded. He coordinated a sabotage campaign against military and government targets, and made plans for a possible guerrilla war if sabotage failed to end apartheid. A few decades later, MK did wage a guerrilla war against the regime, especially during the 1980s, in which many civilians were killed. Mandela also raised funds for MK abroad, and arranged for paramilitary training, visiting various African governments.
www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1960s/rivonia.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref name="longwalk">Modèle:Cite book</ref>//www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1960s/rivonia.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref name="longwalk">Modèle:Cite book</ref>
www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19981102/ai_n10463122 Mandela admits ANC violated rights, too] (from findarticles.com, originally published in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 2 November 1998)</ref>//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19981102/ai_n10463122 Mandela admits ANC violated rights, too] (from findarticles.com, originally published in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 2 November 1998)</ref>
Arrest and Rivonia trial
www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/CIAMandela_WBlum.html | title=How the CIA sent Nelson Mandela to prison for 28 years | first=William | last=Blum | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref name=salon> Stein , Jeff
(1996-11-14) . Our Man in South Africa . Salon
. Retrieved on 2007-04-28. </ref> Three days later, the charges of leading workers to strike in 1961 and leaving the country illegally were read to him during a court appearance. On 25 October 1962, Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison. Two years later on 11 June 1964, a verdict had been reached concerning his previous engagement in the African National Congress (ANC).//www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/CIAMandela_WBlum.html | title=How the CIA sent Nelson Mandela to prison for 28 years | first=William | last=Blum | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref name=salon> Stein , Jeff
(1996-11-14) . Our Man in South Africa . Salon
. Retrieved on 2007-04-28. </ref> Three days later, the charges of leading workers to strike in 1961 and leaving the country illegally were read to him during a court appearance. On 25 October 1962, Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison. Two years later on 11 June 1964, a verdict had been reached concerning his previous engagement in the African National Congress (ANC).
While Mandela was imprisoned, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on 11 July 1963, at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, north of Johannesburg. Mandela was brought in, and at the Rivonia Trial, Mandela, Ahmed Kathrada, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki, Andrew Mlangeni, Raymond Mhlaba, Elias Motsoaledi, Walter Mkwayi (who escaped during trial), Arthur Goldreich (who escaped from prison before trial), Denis Goldberg and Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein were charged by the chief prosecutor Dr. Percy Yutar, the deputy attorney-general of the Transvaal, with the capital crimes of sabotage (which Mandela admitted) and crimes which were equivalent to treason, but easier for the government to prove. The second charge accused the defendants of plotting a foreign invasion of South Africa, which Mandela denied.
www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html | title=Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe | publisher=African National Congress | date=1961-12-16 | accessdate=2006-12-30}}</ref> He closed his statement with these words://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html | title=Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe | publisher=African National Congress | date=1961-12-16 | accessdate=2006-12-30}}</ref> He closed his statement with these words:
Bram Fischer, Vernon Berrange, Harry Schwarz, Joel Joffe, Arthur Chaskalson and George Bizos were part of the defence team that represented the accused. Harold Hanson was brought in at the end of the case to plead mitigation. All except Rusty Bernstein were found guilty, but they escaped the gallows and were sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 June 1964. Charges included involvement in planning armed action, in particular four charges of sabotage, which Mandela admitted to, and a conspiracy to help other countries invade South Africa, which Mandela denied.
Imprisonment
Nelson Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island where he remained for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven years in prison. On the island, he and others performed hard labour in a lime quarry. Prison conditions were very basic. Prisoners were segregated by race, with black prisoners receiving the fewest rations. Political prisoners were kept separate from ordinary criminals and received fewer privileges. Mandela describes how, as a D-group prisoner (the lowest classification) he was allowed one visitor and one letter every six months. Letters, when they came, were often delayed for long periods and made unreadable by the prison censors.<ref name=longwalk/>
Whilst in prison Mandela undertook study with the University of London by correspondence through its External Programme and received the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He was subsequently nominated for the position of Chancellor of the University of London in the 1981 election, but lost to Princess Anne.
In his 1981 memoir Inside BOSS<ref>Winter, Gordon, Inside BOSS, Penguin 1981</ref> secret agent Gordon Winter describes his involvement in a plot to rescue Mandela from prison in 1969: this plot was infiltrated by Winter on behalf of South African intelligence, who wanted Mandela to escape so as to be able to shoot him during recapture. The plot was foiled by British Intelligence<ref>Lobster Magazine 18</ref>.
In March 1982 Mandela was transferred from Robben Island to Pollsmoor Prison, along with other senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada and Raymond Mhlaba. It was speculated that this was to remove the influence of these senior leaders on the new generation of young black activists imprisoned on Robben Island, the so-called "Mandela University". However, National Party minister Kobie Coetzee says that the move was to enable discreet contact between them and the South African government.[citation needed]
In February 1985 President P.W. Botha offered Mandela conditional release in return for renouncing armed struggle. Coetzee and other ministers had advised Botha against this, saying that Mandela would never commit his organisation to giving up the armed struggle in exchange for personal freedom. Mandela indeed spurned the offer, releasing a statement via his daughter Zindzi saying "What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts."<ref name=sparks>Modèle:Cite book</ref>
The first meeting between Mandela and the National Party government came in November 1985 when Kobie Coetzee met Mandela in Volks Hospital in Cape Town where Mandela was being treated for prostate surgery. Over the next four years, a series of tentative meetings took place, laying the groundwork for further contact and future negotiations, but little real progress was made.<ref name=sparks/>
Throughout Mandela's imprisonment, local and international pressure mounted on the South African government to release him, under the resounding slogan Free Nelson Mandela! In 1989, South Africa reached a crossroads when Botha suffered a stroke and was replaced as president by Frederik Willem de Klerk. De Klerk announced Mandela's release in February 1990.
Release
On 2 February 1990, State President F.W. de Klerk reversed the ban on the ANC and other anti-apartheid organisations, and announced that Mandela would shortly be released from prison. Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison in Paarl on 11 February 1990. The event was broadcast live all over the world.
On the day of his release, Mandela made a speech to the nation. He declared his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the country's white minority, but made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not yet over:
He also said his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in both national and local elections.
Negotiations
Following his release from prison, Mandela returned to the leadership of the ANC and, between 1990 and 1994, led the party in the multi-party negotiations that led to the country's first multi-racial elections.
www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html|publisher=ANC|title=Profile of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela|accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref>//www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html|publisher=ANC|title=Profile of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela|accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref>
www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0618.html|title=Boipatong Massacre|date=18 June 1992|accessdate=2007-04-28|publisher=ANC}}</ref> However, talks resumed following the Bisho massacre in September 1992, when the spectre of violent confrontation made it clear that negotiations were the only way forward.<ref name=longwalk/>//www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0618.html|title=Boipatong Massacre|date=18 June 1992|accessdate=2007-04-28|publisher=ANC}}</ref> However, talks resumed following the Bisho massacre in September 1992, when the spectre of violent confrontation made it clear that negotiations were the only way forward.<ref name=longwalk/>
Following the assassination of senior ANC leader Chris Hani in April 1993, there were renewed fears that the country would erupt in violence. Mandela addressed the nation appealing for calm, in a speech regarded as 'presidential' even though he was not yet president of the country at that time: Modèle:Cquote While some riots did follow the assassination, the negotiators were galvanised into action, and soon agreed that democratic elections should take place on 27 April 1994, just over a year after Hani's assassination.<ref name=sparks/>
Autobiography
Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, was published in 1994. Mandela had begun work on it secretly while in prison. In that book Mandela did not reveal anything about the alleged complicity of F.W. de Klerk in the violence of the eighties and nineties, or the role of his ex-wife Winnie Mandela in that bloodshed. However, he later co-operated with his friend the journalist Anthony Sampson who discussed those issues in Mandela: The Authorised Biography. Another detail that Mandela omitted was the allegedly fraudulent book, Goodbye Bafana. Its author, Robben Island warder James Gregory, claimed to have been Mandela's confidante in prison and published details of the prisoner's family affairs. Sampson maintained that Mandela had not known Gregory well, but that Gregory censored the letters sent to the future president and thus discovered the details of Mandela's personal life. Sampson also averred that other warders suspected Gregory of spying for the government and that Mandela considered suing Gregory.<ref name=sampson>Modèle:Cite book</ref>
Presidency of South Africa
news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_2661000/2661503.stm | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_2661000/2661503.stm | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>
Policy of reconciliation
As President from May 1994 until June 1999, Mandela presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation.
Mandela encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated Springboks (the South African national rugby team) as South Africa hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup. After the Springboks won an epic final over New Zealand, Mandela, wearing a Springbok shirt, presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, an Afrikaner. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans.[citation needed]
After assuming the presidency, one of Mandela's trademarks was his use of Batik shirts, known as "Madiba shirts", even on formal occasions.
Invasion of Lesotho
www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/lsno8.html | title=Lesotho to hold re-elections within 15 to 18 months | publisher=Lesotho News Online | author=Bethuel Thai | date=1998-10-04 | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>//www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/lsno8.html | title=Lesotho to hold re-elections within 15 to 18 months | publisher=Lesotho News Online | author=Bethuel Thai | date=1998-10-04 | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>
Criticism of AIDS response
observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,992092,00.html | title=Mandela at 85 | publisher=The Observer | first=Anthony | last=Sampson | authorlink=Anthony Sampson | date=2003-07-06}}</ref><ref> Robinson , Simon
(2007-04-11) . The Lion In Winter . TIMEeurope Magazine
.</ref> After his retirement, Mandela admitted that he may have failed his country by not paying more attention to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.<ref> Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame?
. Peninsula Peace and Justice Center (2005-01-09)
.</ref><ref> Quist-Arcton , Ofeibea
(2003-07-19) . South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85 . allAfrica.com
.</ref> He has since taken many opportunities to highlight this South African and international tragedy.//observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,992092,00.html | title=Mandela at 85 | publisher=The Observer | first=Anthony | last=Sampson | authorlink=Anthony Sampson | date=2003-07-06}}</ref><ref> Robinson , Simon
(2007-04-11) . The Lion In Winter . TIMEeurope Magazine
.</ref> After his retirement, Mandela admitted that he may have failed his country by not paying more attention to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.<ref> Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame?
. Peninsula Peace and Justice Center (2005-01-09)
.</ref><ref> Quist-Arcton , Ofeibea
(2003-07-19) . South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85 . allAfrica.com
.</ref> He has since taken many opportunities to highlight this South African and international tragedy.
Lockerbie trial
www.dispatch.co.za/1997/10/27/page%2013.htm Families say SA trial site acceptable]</ref>//www.dispatch.co.za/1997/10/27/page%2013.htm Families say SA trial site acceptable]</ref>
However, British Prime Minister, John Major, flatly rejected the idea saying the British government did not have confidence in foreign courts<ref>The Guardian 11 May 1999 page 13 "Mandela's parting shot at Major over Lockerbie"</ref>. A further three years elapsed until Mandela's offer was repeated to Major's successor, Tony Blair, when the president visited London in July 1997. Later the same year, at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) at Edinburgh in October 1997, Mandela warned:
- "No one nation should be complainant, prosecutor and judge."
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1144147.stm | title=Analysis: Lockerbie's long road | publisher=BBC | date=2001-01-31}}</ref> At the end of their nine-month trial, the verdict was announced on 31 January 2001. Fhimah was acquitted but Megrahi was convicted and sentenced to 27 years in a Scottish jail. Megrahi's initial appeal was turned down in March 2002, and former president Mandela went to visit him in Barlinnie prison on 10 June 2002.//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1144147.stm | title=Analysis: Lockerbie's long road | publisher=BBC | date=2001-01-31}}</ref> At the end of their nine-month trial, the verdict was announced on 31 January 2001. Fhimah was acquitted but Megrahi was convicted and sentenced to 27 years in a Scottish jail. Megrahi's initial appeal was turned down in March 2002, and former president Mandela went to visit him in Barlinnie prison on 10 June 2002. www.guardian.co.uk/Lockerbie/Story/0,2763,740130,00.html | title=Mandela appeals on behalf of Lockerbie bomber | date=2002-06-10 | publisher=Guardian Unlimited}}</ref>//www.guardian.co.uk/Lockerbie/Story/0,2763,740130,00.html | title=Mandela appeals on behalf of Lockerbie bomber | date=2002-06-10 | publisher=Guardian Unlimited}}</ref>
www.sccrc.org.uk/ViewFile.aspx?id=293 SCCRC refers Megrahi's case back for a second appeal] </ref>//www.sccrc.org.uk/ViewFile.aspx?id=293 SCCRC refers Megrahi's case back for a second appeal] </ref>
Marriage and family
www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/southafrica/thembu.html | title=Genealogical Gleanings | accessdate=2006-12-12 | author=Henry Soszynski | work=abaThembu (Tribe) | publisher=University of Queensland}}</ref>//www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/southafrica/thembu.html | title=Genealogical Gleanings | accessdate=2006-12-12 | author=Henry Soszynski | work=abaThembu (Tribe) | publisher=University of Queensland}}</ref>
First marriage
Mandela's first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase who, like Mandela, was also from what later became the Transkei area of South Africa, although they actually met in Johannesburg. The couple had two sons, Madiba Thembekile (Thembi) (born 1946) and Makgatho (born 1950), and two daughters, both named Makaziwe (known as Maki; born 1947 and 1953). Their first daughter died aged nine months, and they named their second daughter in her honor. The couple broke up in 1957 after 13 years, divorcing under the multiple strains of his constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion which requires political neutrality. Thembi was killed in a car crash in 1969 at the age of 25, while Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island. All their children were educated at the Waterford Kamhlaba. Evelyn Mase died in 2004.
Second marriage
Mandela's second wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, also came from the Transkei area, although they, too, met in Johannesburg, where she was the city's first black social worker. They had two daughters, Zenani (Zeni), born 4 February 1958, and Zindziswa (Zindzi), born 1960. Later, Winnie would be deeply torn by family discord which mirrored the country's political strife; while her husband was serving a life sentence on the Robben Island prison, her father became the agriculture minister in the Transkei. The marriage ended in separation (April 1992) and divorce (March 1996), fuelled by political estrangement.
Mandela still languished in prison when his daughter Zenani was married to Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini in 1973, elder brother of King Mswati III of Swaziland. As a member by marriage of a reigning foreign dynasty, she was able to visit her father during his South African imprisonment while other family members were denied access. The Dlamini couple live and run a business in Boston. One of their sons, Prince Cedza Dlamini (born 1976), educated in the United States, has followed in his grandfather's footsteps as an international advocate for human rights and humanitarian aid. Thumbumuzi and Mswati's sister, Princess Mantfombi Dlamini, is the chief consort to King Goodwill Zwelithini of KwaZulu-Natal, who "reigns but does not rule" over South Africa's largest ethnic group under the auspices of South Africa's government. One of Queen Mantfombi's sons is expected to eventually succeed Goodwill as monarch of the Zulus, whose Inkatha Party leader, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, was the rival of Mandela during much of his presidency.
Third marriage
Mandela himself was re-married in 1998, on his 80th birthday, to Graça Machel née Simbine, widow of Samora Machel, the former Mozambican president and ANC ally killed in an air crash 12 years earlier. The wedding followed months of international negotiations to set the unprecedented bride-price remitted to her clan, which were conducted on Mandela's behalf by his traditional sovereign, King Buyelekhaya Zwelibanzi Dalindyebo, born 1964. Ironically, it was this paramount chief's grandfather, the Regent Jongintaba, whose selection of a bride for him prompted Mandela to flee to Johannesburg as a young man.
www.see.org.za/xsite/workshop_report1.htm | title=Zuidelijk Afrika | accessdate=2006-12-12 | last=de Bruyne | first=Marnix | work=Tembu King Zwelibanzi has gained respect in exile | publisher=Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa}}</ref>//www.see.org.za/xsite/workshop_report1.htm | title=Zuidelijk Afrika | accessdate=2006-12-12 | last=de Bruyne | first=Marnix | work=Tembu King Zwelibanzi has gained respect in exile | publisher=Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa}}</ref>
Retirement
Mandela became the oldest elected President of South Africa when he took office at the age of 77 in 1994. He decided not to stand for a second term as President, and instead retired in 1999, to be succeeded by Thabo Mbeki.
Health
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm | title=Mandela 'responding well to treatment' | date=2001-08-15}}</ref> In June 2004, at age 85, Mandela announced that he would be retiring from public life. His health had been declining, and he wanted to enjoy more time with his family. Mandela said that he did not intend to hide away totally from the public, but wanted to be in a position "of calling you to ask whether I would be welcome, rather than being called upon to do things and participate in events. My appeal therefore is: Don't call me, I will call you"<ref> "I'll call you"
. SouthAfrica.info (2004-06-02)
. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. </ref>. Since 2003, he has appeared in public less often and has been less vocal on topical issues.<ref name=retirement/> In his late 80s, he is white haired and walks slowly with the support of a stick.//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm | title=Mandela 'responding well to treatment' | date=2001-08-15}}</ref> In June 2004, at age 85, Mandela announced that he would be retiring from public life. His health had been declining, and he wanted to enjoy more time with his family. Mandela said that he did not intend to hide away totally from the public, but wanted to be in a position "of calling you to ask whether I would be welcome, rather than being called upon to do things and participate in events. My appeal therefore is: Don't call me, I will call you"<ref> "I'll call you"
. SouthAfrica.info (2004-06-02)
. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. </ref>. Since 2003, he has appeared in public less often and has been less vocal on topical issues.<ref name=retirement/> In his late 80s, he is white haired and walks slowly with the support of a stick.
www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/cnnobit1.html | title=The Smoking Gun: Archive | year=2003 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref> In 2007 a fringe right-wing group distributed hoax emails and SMSs claiming that the authorities had covered up Mandela's death and that white South Africans would be massacred after his funeral. Mandela was on holiday in Mozambique at the time.<ref name=hoaxdeath> Yolandi Groenewald and Pearlie Joubert
. " Not yet uhuru " , Mail & Guardian , 2007-03-02 . </ref>//www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/cnnobit1.html | title=The Smoking Gun: Archive | year=2003 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref> In 2007 a fringe right-wing group distributed hoax emails and SMSs claiming that the authorities had covered up Mandela's death and that white South Africans would be massacred after his funeral. Mandela was on holiday in Mozambique at the time.<ref name=hoaxdeath> Yolandi Groenewald and Pearlie Joubert . " Not yet uhuru " , Mail & Guardian , 2007-03-02 . </ref>
Public activities
www.makepovertyhistory.org/theyearof | title=2005: The year of Make Poverty History | publisher=Make Poverty History | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>//www.makepovertyhistory.org/theyearof | title=2005: The year of Make Poverty History | publisher=Make Poverty History | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>
multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_902.pdf | publisher=International Olympic Committee | format=PDF | title=Celebrate Humanity 2004 | year=2004 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>//multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_902.pdf | publisher=International Olympic Committee | format=PDF | title=Celebrate Humanity 2004 | year=2004 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>
- For seventeen days, they are roommates.
- For seventeen days, they are soulmates.
- And for twenty-two seconds, they are competitors.
- Seventeen days as equals. Twenty-two seconds as adversaries.
- What a wonderful world that would be.
- That's the hope I see in the Olympic Games.
The Nelson Mandela Invitational charity golf tournament, hosted by Gary Player, has raised over R 20 million for children's charities since its inception in 2000. This annual special event has become South Africa's most successful charitable sports gathering and benefits both the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund and Gary Player Foundation equally for various children's causes around the world.
The Elders
www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19836050 | title=Mandela joins ‘Elders’ on turning 89 | work=MSNBC | date=2007-07-20}}</ref>//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19836050 | title=Mandela joins ‘Elders’ on turning 89 | work=MSNBC | date=2007-07-20}}</ref>
Archbishop Tutu will serve as the Chair of The Elders. The founding members of this group also include Graça Machel, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, Mary Robinson and Muhammad Yunus.
www.theelders.org/transcript.aspx Nelson Mandela announces The Elders] July 18, 2007</ref>//www.theelders.org/transcript.aspx Nelson Mandela announces The Elders] July 18, 2007</ref>
AIDS engagement
Since his retirement, one of Mandela's primary commitments has been to the fight against AIDS. In 2003, he had already lent his support to the 46664 AIDS fundraising campaign, named after his prison number. In July 2004, he flew to Bangkok to speak at the XV International AIDS Conference. His son, Makgatho Mandela, died of AIDS on 6 January 2005.
Iraq invasion views
www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml | accessdate=207-08-27}}</ref>//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml | accessdate=207-08-27}}</ref>
He urged the people of the U.S. to join massive protests against Bush and called on world leaders, especially those with vetoes in the UN Security Council, to oppose him. "What I am condemning is that one power, with a president who has no foresight, who cannot think properly, is now wanting to plunge the world into a holocaust." He attacked the United States for its record on human rights and for dropping atomic bombs on Japan during World War II. "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America. They don't care."<ref name="CBS30012003"/>
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2251067.stm | title=US threatens world peace, says Mandela | publisher=BBC | date=2002-09-11 | accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2251067.stm | title=US threatens world peace, says Mandela | publisher=BBC | date=2002-09-11 | accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>
Ismail Ayob controversy
Modèle:See www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=237663}}</ref> Ayob denied any wrongdoing,<ref> Mabuza , Ernest
. " Ayob denies gain from Mandela art " , Business Day , 2005-07-13 . </ref> and claimed that he was the victim of a smear campaign orchestrated by Mandela's advisors, in particular, lawyer George Bizos.<ref name=poorismail> Moya , Fikile-Notsikelelo . " Poor Ismail Ayob " , The Namibian , 8 May 2000 . </ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=247331&area=/insight/insight__comment_and_analysis/}}</ref>//www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=237663}}</ref> Ayob denied any wrongdoing,<ref> Mabuza , Ernest . " Ayob denies gain from Mandela art " , Business Day , 2005-07-13 . </ref> and claimed that he was the victim of a smear campaign orchestrated by Mandela's advisors, in particular, lawyer George Bizos.<ref name=poorismail> Moya , Fikile-Notsikelelo . " Poor Ismail Ayob " , The Namibian , 8 May 2000 . </ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=247331&area=/insight/insight__comment_and_analysis/}}</ref>
www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A71659|date=21 July 2005|title=//www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A71659|date=21 July 2005|title= www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A70054|date=18 July 2005|title=Bizos behind vicious campaign to discredit, defame me — Ayob|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza|publisher=Business Day}}</ref>//www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A70054|date=18 July 2005|title=Bizos behind vicious campaign to discredit, defame me — Ayob|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza|publisher=Business Day}}</ref>
www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,9294,2-7-1442_2075833,00.html|title=Ayob to pay back Mandela money|date=27 February 2007|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref name=whatcaused>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070304081421601C920210|title=What caused the Ayob, Mandela spat? |first=Jeremy|last=Gordin |date=4 March 2007|publisher=Sunday Independent}}</ref> although he later claimed that he was the victim of a "vendetta", by Mandela.<ref>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070303084618645C367333|title=Mandela waging a vendetta - Ayob |date=3 March 2007|first=Michael|last=Schmidt|publisher=Pretoria News}}</ref> Some media commentators expressed sympathy for Ayob's position, pointing out that Mandela's iconic status would make it difficult for Ayob to be treated fairly.<ref>Template error: argument title is required. </ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=395267|title=Fawning over St Nelson is no way to do justice to Mandela |first=Bongani|last=Madondo|date=25 February 2007}}</ref><ref name=poorismail/>//www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,9294,2-7-1442_2075833,00.html|title=Ayob to pay back Mandela money|date=27 February 2007|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref name=whatcaused>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070304081421601C920210|title=What caused the Ayob, Mandela spat? |first=Jeremy|last=Gordin |date=4 March 2007|publisher=Sunday Independent}}</ref> although he later claimed that he was the victim of a "vendetta", by Mandela.<ref>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070303084618645C367333|title=Mandela waging a vendetta - Ayob |date=3 March 2007|first=Michael|last=Schmidt|publisher=Pretoria News}}</ref> Some media commentators expressed sympathy for Ayob's position, pointing out that Mandela's iconic status would make it difficult for Ayob to be treated fairly.<ref>Template error: argument title is required. </ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=395267|title=Fawning over St Nelson is no way to do justice to Mandela |first=Bongani|last=Madondo|date=25 February 2007}}</ref><ref name=poorismail/>
Allegations
www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Article.aspx?id=395414|title=Dirty war over Mandela millions |author=Wisani wa ka Ngobeni, Dumisane Lubisi and Dominic Mahlangu|date=25 February 2007|publisher=Sunday Times}}</ref> Ayob later resigned from the Trust. In 2006, the two remaining trustees of the Nelson Mandela Trust launched an application against Ayob for disbursing money from the trust without their consent.<ref>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.news24.com/City_Press/News/0,7515,186-187_2078129,00.html|date=3 March 2007|title=Madiba set me up, says Ayob|author=Makhudu Sefara and Jackie Mapiloko|publisher=City Press}}</ref> Ayob claimed that this money was paid to the South African Revenue Service, to Mandela's children and grandchildren to Mandela himself and to an accounting company for four years of accounting work.<ref name=whatcaused/>//www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Article.aspx?id=395414|title=Dirty war over Mandela millions |author=Wisani wa ka Ngobeni, Dumisane Lubisi and Dominic Mahlangu|date=25 February 2007|publisher=Sunday Times}}</ref> Ayob later resigned from the Trust. In 2006, the two remaining trustees of the Nelson Mandela Trust launched an application against Ayob for disbursing money from the trust without their consent.<ref>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.news24.com/City_Press/News/0,7515,186-187_2078129,00.html|date=3 March 2007|title=Madiba set me up, says Ayob|author=Makhudu Sefara and Jackie Mapiloko|publisher=City Press}}</ref> Ayob claimed that this money was paid to the South African Revenue Service, to Mandela's children and grandchildren to Mandela himself and to an accounting company for four years of accounting work.<ref name=whatcaused/>
allafrica.com/stories/200703100051.html|title=Ayob Runs Out of Cash But Accuses Mandela Again|publisher=Business Day|date=10 March 2007|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza}}</ref> It was alleged that Ayob made defamatory remarks about Mandela in his affidavit, for which the court order stated that Ayob should apologise. It was pointed out that these remarks, which centred on Nelson Mandela holding foreign bank accounts and not paying tax on these, had not originated from Ayob's affidavit but from Nelson Mandela's and George Bizos's own affidavits.<ref name=ismailnocash/>//allafrica.com/stories/200703100051.html|title=Ayob Runs Out of Cash But Accuses Mandela Again|publisher=Business Day|date=10 March 2007|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza}}</ref> It was alleged that Ayob made defamatory remarks about Mandela in his affidavit, for which the court order stated that Ayob should apologise. It was pointed out that these remarks, which centred on Nelson Mandela holding foreign bank accounts and not paying tax on these, had not originated from Ayob's affidavit but from Nelson Mandela's and George Bizos's own affidavits.<ref name=ismailnocash/>
Blood Diamond controversy
In a The New Republic article in December 2006, Nelson Mandela was criticised for a number of positive comments he had made about the diamond industry, specifically regarding blood diamonds. In a letter to Edward Zwick, the director of the motion picture Blood Diamond, Mandela had noted that:
www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20061218&s=chotiner121806 |title=Half Nelson - Mandela, diamond shill|publisher=The New Republic,|date=(online) post date Friday 08 December 2006, (print) issue date Monday 18 December 2006}}</ref>//www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20061218&s=chotiner121806 |title=Half Nelson - Mandela, diamond shill|publisher=The New Republic,|date=(online) post date Friday 08 December 2006, (print) issue date Monday 18 December 2006}}</ref>
The New Republic article claims that this comment, as well as various pro-diamond-industry initiatives and statements during his life and during his time as a president of South Africa, were influenced by both his friendship with Harry Oppenheimer, former chairman of De Beers, as well as an outlook for 'narrow national interests' of South Africa (which is a major diamond producer).
Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe
Robert Mugabe, the president of Zimbabwe who has led the country since independence in 1980, has been widely criticised internationally for the 1980s slaughter of 20,000 Matabele people as well as corruption, incompetent administration, political oppression and cronyism that has ultimately led to the economic collapse of the country.
Mandela criticised Mugabe's government in 2000,<ref name=mugabe>"
Mandela expresses anger at Mugabe
www.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html
" , The Namibian , 8 May 2000 . </ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html|date=8 May 2000|publisher=The Namibian}}</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/09/29/safrica.mandela.reut/index.html|title=Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance|publisher=CNN|date=29 September, 2000}}</ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>" Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.guardian.co.uk/southafrica/story/0,,1823060,00.html|publisher=The Guardian|title=Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date=18 July 2006}}</ref>
This has sometimes led to Mandela being criticised for not using his influence to more effect to persuade Mugabe to moderate his policies.<ref name=zim>Modèle:Cite webwww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.villagevoice.com/news/0322,hentoff,44393,6.html|publisher=Village Voice|title=Where is Nelson Mandela?|last=Hentoff|first=Matt|date=23 May 2003}}</ref>
Acclaim
Orders and decorations
Mandela has received many South African, foreign and international honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 (which was shared with Frederik Willem de Klerk), the Order of Merit and the Order of St. John from Queen Elizabeth II and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush. In July 2004, the city of Johannesburg bestowed its highest honour on Mandela by granting him the freedom of the city at a ceremony in Orlando, Soweto.
As an example of his popular foreign acclaim, during his tour of Canada in 1998, 45,000 school children greeted him with adulation at a speaking engagement in the SkyDome in the city of Toronto. In 2001, he was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen (the only previous recipient, Raoul Wallenberg, was awarded honorary citizenship posthumously). While in Canada, he was also made an honorary Companion of the Order of Canada, one of the few foreigners to receive Canada's highest honour.
In 1990 he received the Bharat Ratna Award from the government of India.
www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0412a.html | title=Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela | date=1992-04-12 | publisher=ANC | acdcessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>//www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0412a.html | title=Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela | date=1992-04-12 | publisher=ANC | acdcessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>
Musical tributes
query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E4DD1438F934A15750C0A963948260 | title=Stevie Wonder Music Banned in South Africa | date=1985-03-27 | publisher=New York Times}}</ref> In 1985, Youssou N'Dour's album Nelson Mandela was the Senegalese artist's first United States release.//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E4DD1438F934A15750C0A963948260 | title=Stevie Wonder Music Banned in South Africa | date=1985-03-27 | publisher=New York Times}}</ref> In 1985, Youssou N'Dour's album Nelson Mandela was the Senegalese artist's first United States release.
In 1988, the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert at London's Wembley Stadium was a focal point of the anti-apartheid movement, with many musicians voicing their support for Mandela. Jerry Dammers, the author of Nelson Mandela, was one of the organisers. Simple Minds recorded the song Mandela Day for the concert, Santana recorded the instrumental Mandela, and Tracy Chapman performed Freedom Now, dedicated to Mandela and released on her album Crossroads. Salif Keita from Mali, who played at the concert, later visited South Africa and in 1995 recorded the song Mandela on his album Folon.
www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/features/17724.shtml | title=Brenda Fassie dies | publisher=BBC | year=2004}}</ref>//www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/features/17724.shtml | title=Brenda Fassie dies | publisher=BBC | year=2004}}</ref>
www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501030623-458836,00.html | accessdate=2007-05-12 | date=2006-06-16}}</ref>//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501030623-458836,00.html | accessdate=2007-05-12 | date=2006-06-16}}</ref>
In 2003, Mandela lent his weight to the 46664 campaign against AIDS, named after his prison number. Many prominent musicians performed in concerts as part of this campaign.
A summary of Mandela's life story is featured in the 2006 music video If Everyone Cared by Nickelback.
Cinema
In 1997, the film Mandela and De Klerk told the story of Mandela's release from prison. Mandela was played by Sidney Poitier. Goodbye Bafana, a feature film that focuses on Mandela's life, had its world premiere at the Berlin film festival on 11 February 2007. The film starred Dennis Haysbert as Mandela and chronicled Mandela's relationship with prison guard James Gregory.
In the final scene of the 1992 movie Malcolm X, Mandela – recently released after 27 years of political imprisonment – appears as a schoolteacher in a Soweto classroom. He recites a portion of one of Malcolm X's most famous speeches, including the following sentence: "We declare our right on this earth to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence..." The final phrase of that sentence is "by any means necessary." Mandela informed director Spike Lee that he could not utter this phrase on camera, stating that the apartheid government would somehow use it against him if he did. Lee understandingly obliged, and the final seconds of the film feature black-and-white footage of the real Malcolm X speaking the words "by any means necessary".[citation needed]Statues
On 31 March, 2004, Sandton Square was renamed Nelson Mandela Square, after a 6-metre statue of Nelson Mandela was installed on the square to honour the famous South African statesman.
On 29 August, 2007, a statue of Nelson Mandela was unveiled at Parliament Square in London by Richard Attenborough, Ken Livingstone, Wendy Woods, and Gordon Brown. The campaign to erect the statue was started in 2000 by the late Donald Woods, a South African journalist driven into exile because of his anti-apartheid activities. Mandela stated that it represented not just him, but all those who have resisted oppression, especially those in South Africa. He also said, "The history of the struggle in South Africa is rich with the stories of heroes and heroines, some of them leaders, some of them followers. All of them deserve to be remembered."<ref name=News24>Modèle:Cite webwww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance " , CNN , 29 September, 2000 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement> Carroll , Rory . " Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday " , The Guardian , 18 July 2006 . </ref>//www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2173453,00.html|publisher=News24|title=Mandela salutes apartheid heroes|date=29 August 2007}}</ref>
Further reading
- Anthony Sampson; Mandela: The Authorised Biography; ISBN 0-679-78178-1 (1999)
- Nelson Mandela; Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela; Little Brown & Co; ISBN 0-316-54818-9 (paperback, 1995)
- Mary Benson; Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement
- Martin Meredith; Nelson Mandela: A Biography
- Barry Denenberg; Nelson Mandela: No Easy Walk To Freedom
- Charlene Smith; Mandela: In Celebration of a Great Life
- Juckes, Tim. Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1995.
- Villa-Vicencio, Charles. The Spirit of Freedom. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1996.
- Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler; Mandela: The Man, The Struggle, The Triumph
- A Prisoner in the Garder Penguin Books ISBN 0-143-02495-7
- Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob. The Nelson Mandela Story Samoja Books ISBN 0-620-36570-6
References
External links
Modèle:Wikisource author nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.nelsonmandela.org Nelson Mandela Foundation] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.nelsonmandelachildrensfund.com.au Nelson Mandela Children's Fund] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.mandela-children.ca Nelson Mandela Children's Fund (Canada)] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/mandela.html Time 100 profile] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1851882 Mandela: An Audio History] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.palmpictures.com/film/palm-world-voices-mandela.php Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation Documentary & Soundtrack] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.sos-usa.org/cgi-bin/sos/jsp/retrieve.do?lang=en&site=US&hNav=show&nav=6.5&cat=/654_friends_worldwide&fn=6551_mandela_en.xml Nelson Mandela: Helping Orphans in South Africa] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.theelders.org/ The Elders] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.blogs.targetx.com/wildriverreview/penworldvoices/2007/09/nelson_mandela_holding_africa.html The Art of Nelson Mandela]
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