George Washington

Un article de Vev.

Version actuelle

Modèle:Pp-semi-protected Modèle:Otheruses Modèle:Infobox President George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)<ref>George Washington had no middle name.</ref><ref name=calendar>The birth and death of George Washington are given using the Gregorian calendar. However, he was born when Britain and her colonies still used the Julian calendar, so contemporary records record his birth as February 11, 1731/32. The provisions of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, implemented in 1752, altered the official British dating method to the Gregorian calendar with the start of the year on January 1 — see the article on Old Style and New Style dates for more details.</ref> was a central, critical figure in the founding of the United States, as well as the nation's first president (1789–1797),<ref> Under the Articles of Confederation Congress called its presiding officer "President of the United States in Congress Assembled." He had no executive powers, but the similarity of titles has confused people into thinking there were other presidents before Washington. Merrill Jensen, The Articles of Confederation (1959), 178-9</ref> after leading the Continental Army to victory over the Kingdom of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).

Washington was seen as symbolizing the new nation and republicanism in practice.<ref name = Stazesky >You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}.

  Stazesky , Richard C. 
     
 

.  
. The Papers of George Washington
. United States Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-10-19. </ref> There was no fighting, but Washington's forceful action proved the new government could protect itself. It also was one of only two times that a sitting President would personally command the military in the field: the other was after President James Madison fled the burning White House in the War of 1812. These events marked the first time under the new constitution that the federal government used strong military force to exert authority over the states and citizens.

Foreign affairs

In 1793, the revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Edmond-Charles Genêt, called "Citizen Genêt," to America. Genêt issued letters of marque and reprisal to American ships so they could capture British merchant ships. He attempted to turn popular sentiment towards American involvement in the French war against Britain by creating a network of Democratic-Republican Societies in major cities. Washington rejected this interference in domestic affairs, demanded the French government recall Genêt, and denounced his societies.

To normalize trade relations with Britain, remove them from western forts, and resolve financial debts left over from the Revolution, Hamilton and Washington designed the Jay Treaty. It was negotiated by John Jay, and signed on November 19 1794. The Jeffersonians supported France and strongly attacked the treaty. Washington and Hamilton, however, mobilized public opinion and won ratification by the Senate by emphasizing Washington's support. The British agreed to depart their forts around the Great Lakes, the Canadian-U.S. boundary was adjusted, numerous pre-Revolutionary debts were liquidated, and the British opened their West Indies colonies to American trade. Most importantly, the treaty avoided war with Britain and instead brought a decade of prosperous trade with Britain. It angered the French and became a central issue in political debates.

Supreme Court appointments

www.supremecourtus.gov/about/about.html Supreme Court of the United States]". About The Court: Members of the Supreme Court (1789 to Present) (PDF). Retrieved on May 31, 2007.</ref>//www.supremecourtus.gov/about/about.html Supreme Court of the United States]". About The Court: Members of the Supreme Court (1789 to Present) (PDF). Retrieved on May 31, 2007.</ref>

• John Jay (Chief Justice) - 1789
• James Wilson - 1789
• John Blair - 1790
• William Cushing (Associate Justice) - 1790
• John Rutledge (Associate Justice) - 1790
• James Iredell - 1790
• Thomas Johnson - 1792
• William Paterson - 1793
• John Rutledge (Chief Justice) - 1795
• William Cushing (Chief Justice, disputed) - 1796
• Samuel Chase - 1796
• Oliver Ellsworth (Chief Justice) - 1796

Farewell Address

Washington's Farewell Address (issued as a public letter in 1796) was one of the most influential statements of American political values.<ref> Matthew Spalding, The Command of its own Fortunes: Reconsidering Washington's Farewell address," in William D. Pederson, Mark J. Rozell, Ethan M. Fishman, eds. George Washington (2001) ch 2; Virginia Arbery, "Washington's Farewell Address and the Form of the American Regime." in Gary L. Gregg II and Matthew Spalding, eds. George Washington and the American Political Tradition. 1999 pp. 199-216.</ref> www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel06.html Religion and the Federal Government]". Religion and the Founding of the American Republic. Library of Congress Exhibition. Retrieved on May 17 2007.</ref>//www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel06.html Religion and the Federal Government]". Religion and the Founding of the American Republic. Library of Congress Exhibition. Retrieved on May 17 2007.</ref>

Washington's public political address warned against foreign influence in domestic affairs and American meddling in European affairs. He warned against bitter partisanship in domestic politics and called for men to move beyond partisanship and serve the common good. He called for an America wholly free of foreign attachments, saying the United States must concentrate primarily on American interests. He counseled friendship and commerce with all nations, but warned against involvement in European wars and entering into long-term "entangling" alliances. The address quickly set American values regarding religion and foreign affairs.

Retirement and death

www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/InTheNews/Etc/20060927205145.html|title=George Washington's Distillery}}</ref><ref> Fund , John

  . 
 "
   George Washington, Whiskey Entrepreneur
   
 " , The Wall Street Journal
  , February 20, 2007
 
 . </ref>//www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/InTheNews/Etc/20060927205145.html|title=George Washington's Distillery}}</ref><ref>   Fund , John 
       
   
  . 
 "
   George Washington, Whiskey Entrepreneur
   
 " , The Wall Street Journal
  , February 20, 2007
 
 . </ref>

In 1798, Washington was appointed Lieutenant General in the United States Army (then the highest possible rank) by President John Adams. Washington's appointment was to serve as a warning to France, with which war seemed imminent.

On December 12, 1799, Washington spent several hours inspecting his farms on horseback, in snow and later hail and freezing rain. He sat down to dine that evening without changing his wet clothes. The next morning, he awoke with a bad cold, fever and a throat infection called quinsy that turned into acute laryngitis and pneumonia. Washington died on the evening of December 14, 1799, at his home aged 67, while attended by Dr. James Craik, one of his closest friends, and Tobias Lear V, Washington's personal secretary. Lear would record the account in his journal, writing that Washington's last words were Tis well.

Modern doctors believe that Washington died from either epiglottitis or, since he was bled as part of the treatment, a combination of shock from the loss of five pints of blood, as well as asphyxia and dehydration. Washington's remains were buried at Mount Vernon. To protect their privacy, Martha Washington burned the correspondence between her husband and herself following his death. Only three letters between the couple have survived.

After Washington's death, Mount Vernon was inherited by his nephew, Bushrod Washington, a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.

During the United States Bicentennial year George Washington was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 on January 19, 1976, approved by President Gerald Ford on October 11, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1776. This made him the highest ranking military officer in U.S. history.

Legacy

Main article: George Washington's legacy

Modèle:Further

Congressman Henry Lee, a Revolutionary War comrade and father of the Civil War general Robert E. Lee, famously eulogized Washington as:

First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen, he was second to none in humble and enduring scenes of private life. Pious, just, humane, temperate, and sincere; uniform, dignified, and commanding; his example was as edifying to all around him as were the effects of that example lasting…Correct throughout, vice shuddered in his presence and virtue always felt his fostering hand. The purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public virtues…Such was the man for whom our nation mourns.

Lee's words set the standard by which Washington's overwhelming reputation was impressed upon the American memory. Washington set many precedents for the national government and the presidency in particular.

As early as 1778, Washington was lauded as the "Father of His Country."<ref>He has gained fame around the world as a quintessential example of a benevolent national founder. Gordon Wood concludes that the greatest act in his life was his resignation as commander of the armies—an act that stunned aristocratic Europe. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (1992), pp 105-6; Edmund Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (1980), pp 12-13; Sarah J. Purcell, Sealed With Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America (2002) p. 97; Don Higginbotham, George Washington (2004); Ellis, 2004. The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as such is on the cover of the circa 1778 Pennsylvania German almanac (Lancaster: Gedruckt bey Francis Bailey).</ref>

He was upheld as a shining example in schoolbooks and lessons: as courageous and farsighted, holding the Continental Army together through eight hard years of war and numerous privations, sometimes by sheer force of will; and as restrained: at war's end taking affront at the notion he should be King; and after two terms as President, stepping aside.

www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/jefflett/let24.htm|title=Jefferson to Washington April 16, 1784|publisher=Avalon Project at Yale Law School|accessdate=2006-09-05}}</ref>//www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/jefflett/let24.htm|title=Jefferson to Washington April 16, 1784|publisher=Avalon Project at Yale Law School|accessdate=2006-09-05}}</ref>

Monuments and memorials

www.gwmemorial.org/|title=www.gwmemorial.org/}}</ref>//www.gwmemorial.org/|title=www.gwmemorial.org/}}</ref>

Many things have been named in honor of Washington. Washington's name became that of the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., and the State of Washington, the only state to be named after an American (Maryland, the Virginias, the Carolinas and Georgia are named in honor of British monarchs). George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis were named for him, as was Washington and Lee University (once Washington Academy), which was renamed due to Washington’s large endowment in 1796.

Washington and slavery

Main article: George Washington and slavery

For most of his life, Washington operated his plantations as a typical Virginia slave owner. In the 1760s, he dropped tobacco (which was prestigious but unprofitable) and shifted to hemp<ref>Modèle:Cite web gwpapers.virginia.edu/articles/stazesky.html//www.stanford.edu/~johnbrks/theCafe/substance/marijuana.html</ref> and wheat growing and diversified into milling flour, weaving cloth, and distilling brandy. By the time of his death, there were 317 slaves at Mount Vernon.

Before the American Revolution, Washington expressed no moral reservations about slavery, but, by 1778, he had stopped selling slaves without their consent because he did not want to break up slave families.

In 1778, while Washington was at war, he wrote to his manager at Mount Vernon that he wished to sell his slaves and "to get quit of negroes," since maintaining a large (and increasingly elderly) slave population was no longer economically efficient. Washington could not legally sell the "dower slaves," however, and because these slaves had long intermarried with his own slaves, he could not sell his slaves without breaking up families.<ref>Slave raffle linked to Washington's reassessment of slavery: Wiencek, pp. 135–36, 178–88. Washington's decision to stop selling slaves: Fritz Hirschfeld, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal, p. 16. Influence of war and Wheatley: Wiencek, ch 6. Dilemma of selling slaves: Wiencek, p. 230; Ellis, pp. 164–7; Hirschfeld, pp. 27–29.</ref>

After the war, Washington often privately expressed a dislike of the institution of slavery. Despite these privately expressed misgivings, Washington never criticized slavery in public. In fact, as President, Washington brought nine household slaves to the Executive Mansion in Philadelphia. By Pennsylvania law, slaves who resided in the state became legally free after six months. Washington rotated his household slaves between Mount Vernon and Philadelphia so that they did not earn their freedom, a scheme he attempted to keep hidden from his slaves and the public and one which was, in fact, against the law.<ref>Two slaves escaped while in Philadelphia: one of these, Oney Judge, was discovered in New Hampshire. Judge could have been captured and returned under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, which Washington had signed into law, but this was not done so as to avoid public controversy. See Wiencek, ch. 9; Hirschfeld, pp. 187–88; Ferling, p. 479.</ref>

Washington was the only prominent, slaveholding Founding Father to emancipate his slaves. He did not free his slaves in his lifetime, however, but instead included a provision in his will to free his slaves upon the death of his wife. It is important to understand that not all the slaves at his estate at Mt. Vernon were owned by him. His wife Martha owned a large number of slaves and Washington did not feel that he could unilaterally free slaves that came to Mt. Vernon from his wife's estate. His actions were influenced by his close relationship with the Marquis de La Fayette. Martha Washington would free slaves to which she had title late in her own life. He did not speak out publicly against slavery, argues historian Dorothy Twohig, because he did not wish to risk splitting apart the young republic over what was already a sensitive and divisive issue.<ref>Twohig, "That Species of Property", pp. 127–28.</ref>

Religious beliefs

Main article: George Washington and religion

www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/26/hh26f.htm</ref><ref>Image of page from family Bible http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/faq/bible.html</ref> In 1765, when the Church of England was still the state religion,<ref>memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.history.org/Almanack/life/religion/religiondfn.cfm Colonial Williamsburg website] has several articles on religion in colonial Virginia</ref> he served on the vestry (lay council) for his local church. Throughout his life, he spoke of the value of righteousness, and of seeking and offering thanks for the "blessings of Heaven."//www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/26/hh26f.htm</ref><ref>Image of page from family Bible http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/faq/bible.html</ref> In 1765, when the Church of England was still the state religion,<ref>memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.history.org/Almanack/life/religion/religiondfn.cfm Colonial Williamsburg website] has several articles on religion in colonial Virginia</ref> he served on the vestry (lay council) for his local church. Throughout his life, he spoke of the value of righteousness, and of seeking and offering thanks for the "blessings of Heaven."

memory.loc.gov/mss/mgw/mgw2/012/2440242.jpg|title=George Washington to George Mason, 3 October 1785, LS|publisher=Library of Congress: American Memory|accessdate=2006-09-05}}</ref>//memory.loc.gov/mss/mgw/mgw2/012/2440242.jpg|title=George Washington to George Mason, 3 October 1785, LS|publisher=Library of Congress: American Memory|accessdate=2006-09-05}}</ref>

www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/youasked/060.htm ushistory.org] Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis' letter written to Jared Sparks, 1833</ref> After the revolution, Washington frequently accompanied his wife to Christian church services; however, there is no record of his ever taking communion, and he would regularly leave services before communion—with the other non-communicants (as was the custom of the day), until he ceased attending at all on communion Sundays. Prior to communion, believers are admonished to take stock of their spiritual lives and not to participate in the ceremony unless he finds himself in the will of God.<ref name=Steiner> The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents by Franklin Steiner

.</ref><ref>memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/youasked/060.htm] Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis' letter written to Jared Sparks, 1833</ref>//www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/youasked/060.htm ushistory.org] Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis' letter written to Jared Sparks, 1833</ref> After the revolution, Washington frequently accompanied his wife to Christian church services; however, there is no record of his ever taking communion, and he would regularly leave services before communion—with the other non-communicants (as was the custom of the day), until he ceased attending at all on communion Sundays. Prior to communion, believers are admonished to take stock of their spiritual lives and not to participate in the ceremony unless he finds himself in the will of God.<ref name=Steiner> The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents by Franklin Steiner

.</ref><ref>memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/youasked/060.htm] Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis' letter written to Jared Sparks, 1833</ref> Historians and biographers continue to debate the degree to which he can be counted as a Christian, and the degree to which he was a deist.

www.infidels.org/library/historical/franklin_steiner/presidents.html|title=www.infidels.org/library/historical/franklin_steiner/presidents.html}}</ref> In 1790, he wrote a response to a letter from the Touro Synagogue, in which he said that as long as people remain good citizens, their faith does not matter. This was a relief to the Jewish community of the United States, since the Jews had been either expelled from or prejudiced against in many European countries.//www.infidels.org/library/historical/franklin_steiner/presidents.html|title=www.infidels.org/library/historical/franklin_steiner/presidents.html}}</ref> In 1790, he wrote a response to a letter from the Touro Synagogue, in which he said that as long as people remain good citizens, their faith does not matter. This was a relief to the Jewish community of the United States, since the Jews had been either expelled from or prejudiced against in many European countries.

Personal life

Though Washington had no children, he did have two nephews. Bushrod Washington became an Associate Justice, and Burwell Bassett was a long-time congressman in both Virginia and the United States government.

www.americanrevolution.org/dental.html | title=George Washington - A Dental Victim | accessdate=2006-06-30|author=Barbara Glover}}</ref> The hippo ivory was used for the plate, into which real human teeth and also bits of horses and donkeys teeth were inserted.<ref name="teeth" /> Dental problems left Washington in constant discomfort, for which he took laudanum, and this distress may be apparent in many of the portraits painted while he was still in office, including the one still used on the $1 bill.<ref name="teeth" />//www.americanrevolution.org/dental.html | title=George Washington - A Dental Victim | accessdate=2006-06-30|author=Barbara Glover}}</ref> The hippo ivory was used for the plate, into which real human teeth and also bits of horses and donkeys teeth were inserted.<ref name="teeth" /> Dental problems left Washington in constant discomfort, for which he took laudanum, and this distress may be apparent in many of the portraits painted while he was still in office, including the one still used on the $1 bill.<ref name="teeth" />

gwpapers.virginia.edu/articles/news/chicago.html |title=Taking a New Look at George Washington |accessdate=2007-09-28 |last=Homans |first=Charles |date=2004-10-06 |work=The Papers of George Washington: Washington in the News |publisher=Alderman Library, University of Virginia }}</ref><ref>«  »</ref> A popular myth is that he wore a wig, as was the fashion among some at the time. Washington did not wear a wig; instead he powdered his hair,<ref>Modèle:Cite web www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/305/foundfathers.htm//www.mountvernon.org/visit/plan/index.cfm/pid/446/</ref> as represented in several portraits, including the well-known unfinished Gilbert Stuart depiction.<ref>Modèle:Cite web www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/305/foundfathers.htm//www.npg.si.edu/cexh/stuart/athen1.htm</ref>//gwpapers.virginia.edu/articles/news/chicago.html |title=Taking a New Look at George Washington |accessdate=2007-09-28 |last=Homans |first=Charles |date=2004-10-06 |work=The Papers of George Washington: Washington in the News |publisher=Alderman Library, University of Virginia }}</ref><ref>«  »</ref> A popular myth is that he wore a wig, as was the fashion among some at the time. Washington did not wear a wig; instead he powdered his hair,<ref>Modèle:Cite web www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/305/foundfathers.htm//www.mountvernon.org/visit/plan/index.cfm/pid/446/</ref> as represented in several portraits, including the well-known unfinished Gilbert Stuart depiction.<ref>Modèle:Cite web www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/305/foundfathers.htm//www.npg.si.edu/cexh/stuart/athen1.htm</ref>

One of the most enduring myths about George Washington involves him as a young boy chopping down his father's cherry tree and, when asked about it, using the famous line "I cannot tell a lie, I did it with my little hatchet." In fact, there is no evidence that this ever occurred.<ref>{{cite web

www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/305/foundfathers.htm//www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/305/foundfathers.htm 
| title=RELIGIOUS LIBERALISM AND THE FOUNDING FATHERS 
| author=Nicholas F. Gier, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| date=1980 and 2005
|accessdate=2007-12-11}}

</ref> It, along with the story of Washington throwing a dollar across a river was part of a book of stories authored by Mason Weems that made Washington a kind of legendary figure.

Famous quotations

• "Ninety-nine percent of the failures come from people who have the habit of making excuses."
• "Few men have virtue to withstand the highest bidder."
• "I hope I shall always possess firmness and virtue enough to maintain what I consider the most enviable of all titles, the character of an 'Honest Man.'"
• "The preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the republican model of government are justly considered... deeply, ...finally, staked on the experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people."
• "Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire, called conscience."
• "Be courteous to all, but intimate with few, and let those few be well tried before you give them your confidence. True friendship is a plant of slow grow, and must undergo and withstand the shocks of adversity before it is entitled to the appellation."
• "Government is not reason, it is not eloquence, it is force; like fire, a troublesome servant and a fearful master. Never for a moment should it be left to irresponsible action."

See also

• American Revolution
• Military career of George Washington
• Town Destroyer, a nickname given Washington by the Iroquois
• List of statues in London
• Betty Washington, his sister

References: biographies

Further reading

Notes

External links

Modèle:Sisterlinks

• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.american-presidents.com/presidents/george-washington George Washington Biography] from HistoryEmpire as well as gallery, quotes and speeches
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.libraryreference.org/washington.html Biography of George Washington]
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/randall-washington.html?_r=1&oref=slogin George Washington: A Life] — first chapter of the biography by Willard Sterne Randall
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.pocanticohills.org/washington/washington.htm George Washington for Kids]
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://etext.lib.virginia.edu/washington/fitzpatrick/ 39 Volume Collection of the Works of George Washington]
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/commission.html Library of Congress: Washington's Commission as Commander in Chief]
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/washington Extensive essay on George Washington and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs]
• Modèle:Gutenberg author
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.virginia.org/site/features.asp?FeatureID=200 George Washington historic sites in Virginia - Official Tourism Website]
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.wallbuilders.com/LIBissuesArticles.asp?ID=127 George Washington and Christianity]
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=0000B05E-576C-13CD-976C83414B7F0000 Scientific American Magazine (February 2006 Issue) Putting a Face on the First President]
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.mountvernon.org/ George Washington's Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens]
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/ President's House in Philadelphia] with first person accounts. Washington's presidential years (1790-96) in Philadelphia when it was the national capital.
• memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwbib.html online], as well as online scans of diaries, letterbooks, financial papers and military papers. Notable works not listed above include://nps.gov/gewa/ George Washington Birthplace National Monument]
• Modèle:Find A Grave
• Modèle:WiredForBooks