Blog

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A blog (a portmanteau of web log) is a website where entries are commonly displayed in reverse chronological order. "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.

Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (artlog), photographs (photoblog), sketchblog, videos (vlog), music (MP3 blog), audio (podcasting) and are part of a wider network of social media. Micro-blogging is another type of blogging which consists of blogs with very short posts.

technorati.com/about|title=Welcome to Technorati|date=unknown|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref>//technorati.com/about|title=Welcome to Technorati|date=unknown|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref>

Modèle:Journalism

History

Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including Usenet, commercial online services such as GEnie, BiX and the early CompuServe, e-mail lists<ref>The term "e-log" has been used to describe journal entries sent out via e-mail since as early as March 1996.« », You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}.

. University College London 
 
 (December 2003
 lists.drupal.org/archives/development/2005-07/msg00208.html//www.ucl.ac.uk/news-archive/archive/2003/december-2003/latest/newsitem.shtml?03120901)

. Retrieved on 2007-02-20. </ref> and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS). In the 1990s, Internet forum software, such as WebEx, created running conversations with "threads". Threads are topical connections between messages on a metaphorical "corkboard". Some have likened blogging to the Mass-Observation project of the mid-20th century.^{[citation needed]}

1983–1990 (Pre-HTTP)

Usenet was the primary serial medium included in the original definition of the World Wide Web.<ref>You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}.

  Berners-Lee , Tim

     (November 1990)
   
.

. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. </ref> It featured the Moderated Newsgroup which allowed all posting in a newsgroup to be under the control of an individual or small group. Most such newsgroups were simply moderated discussion forums, however, in 1983-84, one exception, named mod.ber, was created, named after and managed by an individual: Brian E. Redman. Regularly, Redman and a few associates posted summaries of interesting postings and threads taking place elsewhere on the net. With its serial journal publishing style, presence on the pre-HTTP web and strong similarity to the common blog form which features links to interesting and cool places on the net chosen by the blogger, mod.ber had many of the characteristics commonly associated with the term "blog".^{[citation needed]}Modèle:Or It ceased operation after approximately 8 months. Brad Templeton calls the newsgroup rec.humor.funny (which he founded) the world's oldest still existing blog.<ref>http://www.netfunny.com/rhf/oldest-blog.html</ref>

1994–2001

Main article: Online diary

Image:Brad Fitzpatrick.jpg

Brad Fitzpatrick, an early blogger.

www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/02/20/MNGBKBEJO01.DTL|title=Time to get a life — pioneer blogger Justin Hall bows out at 31|last=Harmanci|first=Reyhan|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=2005-02-20|accessdate=2006-06-09}}</ref> as is Jerry Pournelle.^{[citation needed]} Another early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site in 1994<ref>Modèle:Title=Wearable,Tetherless, Computer-Mediated Reality (with possible future applications to the disabled)</ref>. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text, was referred to as sousveillance, and such journals were also used as evidence in legal matters.//www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/02/20/MNGBKBEJO01.DTL|title=Time to get a life — pioneer blogger Justin Hall bows out at 31|last=Harmanci|first=Reyhan|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=2005-02-20|accessdate=2006-06-09}}</ref> as is Jerry Pournelle.^{[citation needed]} Another early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site in 1994<ref>Modèle:Title=Wearable,Tetherless, Computer-Mediated Reality (with possible future applications to the disabled)</ref>. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text, was referred to as sousveillance, and such journals were also used as evidence in legal matters.

www.shacknews.com/ Shacknews]) and Stephen Heaslip of Blue's News (still running since 1995 with online archives back to July 1996), evolved from the Quake scene and Carmack's .plan updates. Steve Gibson was hired to blog full-time by Ritual Entertainment on February 8, 1997 <ref> Giggling About sCary Times for Ritual!

. Ritual Entertainment 
 
 (1997-02-08)

.</ref>, possibly making him the first hired blogger.//www.shacknews.com/ Shacknews]) and Stephen Heaslip of Blue's News (still running since 1995 with online archives back to July 1996), evolved from the Quake scene and Carmack's .plan updates. Steve Gibson was hired to blog full-time by Ritual Entertainment on February 8, 1997 <ref> Giggling About sCary Times for Ritual!

. Ritual Entertainment 
 
 (1997-02-08)

.</ref>, possibly making him the first hired blogger.

Websites, including both corporate sites and personal homepages, had and still often have "What's New" or "News" sections, often on the index page and sorted by date. One example of a news based "weblog" is the Drudge Report founded by the self-styled maverick reporter Matt Drudge, though apparently Drudge dislikes this classification. Another is the Institute for Public Accuracy which began posting news releases featuring several news-pegged one-paragraph quotes several times a week beginning in 1998. One noteworthy early precursor to a blog was the tongue-in-cheek personal website that was frequently updated by Usenet legend Kibo.

Early weblogs were simply manually updated components of common websites. However, the evolution of tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the publishing process feasible to a much larger, less technical, population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by dedicated blog hosting services, or they can be run using blog software, such as WordPress, Movable Type, blogger or LiveJournal, or on regular web hosting services.

www.wired.com/entertainment/theweb/news/2007/12/blog_anniversary|title=After 10 Years of Blogs, the Future's Brighter Than Ever|accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref> on 17 December 1997. The short form, "blog," was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May of 1999.<ref>www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being//www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6794172|title=It's the links, stupid|publisher=The Economist|date=2006-4-20|accessdate=2006-07-21}}</ref><ref> Merholz , Peter

     (1999)
   
.    Peterme.com 
. The Internet Archive

. Retrieved on 2006-07-21. </ref><ref> Kottke , Jason

     (August 26, 2003)
   
.    kottke.org

. Retrieved on 2006-07-21. </ref> This was quickly adopted as both a noun and verb ("to blog," meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog").//www.wired.com/entertainment/theweb/news/2007/12/blog_anniversary|title=After 10 Years of Blogs, the Future's Brighter Than Ever|accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref> on 17 December 1997. The short form, "blog," was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May of 1999.<ref>www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being//www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6794172|title=It's the links, stupid|publisher=The Economist|date=2006-4-20|accessdate=2006-07-21}}</ref><ref> Merholz , Peter

     (1999)
   
.    Peterme.com 
. The Internet Archive

. Retrieved on 2006-07-21. </ref><ref> Kottke , Jason

     (August 26, 2003)
   
.    kottke.org

. Retrieved on 2006-07-21. </ref> This was quickly adopted as both a noun and verb ("to blog," meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog").

After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools:

Open Diary launched in October 1998, soon growing to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.
Brad Fitzpatrick, a well known blogger started LiveJournal in March 1999.

cjrarchives.org/issues/2003/5/blog-jensen.asp?printerfriendly=yes A Brief History of Weblogs]</ref>//cjrarchives.org/issues/2003/5/blog-jensen.asp?printerfriendly=yes A Brief History of Weblogs]</ref>

Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan (Pyra Labs) launched blogger.com in August 1999 (purchased by Google in February 2003)

Blogging combined the personal web page with tools to make linking to other pages easier — specifically permalinks, blogrolls and TrackBacks. This, together with weblog search engines enabled bloggers to track the threads that connected them to others with similar interests.

2001–2004

Several broadly popular American blogs emerged in 2001: Andrew Sullivan's AndrewSullivan.com, Ron Gunzburger's Politics1.com, Taegan Goddard's Political Wire, Glenn Reynolds' Instapundit, Charles Johnson's Little Green Footballs, and Jerome Armstrong's MyDD — all blogging primarily on politics (two earlier popular American political blogs were Bob Somerby's Daily Howler launched in 1998 and Mickey Kaus' Kausfiles launched in 1999).

By 2001, blogging was enough of a phenomenon that how-to manuals began to appear, primarily focusing on technique. The importance of the blogging community (and its relationship to larger society) increased rapidly. Established schools of journalism began researching blogging and noting the differences between journalism and blogging.

Also in 2002, many blogs focused on comments by U.S. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott. Senator Lott, at a party honoring U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president. Lott's critics saw these comments as a tacit approval of racial segregation, a policy advocated by Thurmond's 1948 presidential campaign. This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See Josh Marshall's Talking Points Memo.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story. Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader.

The impact of this story gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination. Though often seen as partisan gossips, bloggers sometimes lead the way in bringing key information to public light, with mainstream media having to follow their lead. More often, however, news blogs tend to react to material already published by the mainstream media.

Since 2002, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and spinning news stories. The Iraq war saw bloggers taking measured and passionate points of view that go beyond the traditional left-right divide of the political spectrum.

Blogging by established politicians and political candidates, to express opinions on war and other issues, cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See Howard Dean and Wesley Clark.) Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. (See Daniel Drezner and J. Bradford DeLong.)

The second Iraq war was the first "blog war"^{[citation needed]} in another way: Iraqi bloggers gained wide readership, and one, Salam Pax, published a book of his blog. Blogs were also created by soldiers serving in the Iraq war. Such "warblogs"^{[citation needed]} gave readers new perspectives on the realities of war, as well as often offering different viewpoints from those of official news sources.

Blogging was used to draw attention to obscure news sources. For example, bloggers posted links to traffic cameras in Madrid as a huge anti-terrorism demonstration filled the streets in the wake of the March 11 attacks.

Bloggers began to provide nearly-instant commentary on televised events, creating a secondary meaning of the word "blogging": to simultaneously transcribe and editorialize speeches and events shown on television. (For example, "I am blogging Rice's testimony" means "I am posting my reactions to Condoleezza Rice's testimony into my blog as I watch her on television.") Real-time commentary is sometimes referred to as "liveblogging."

2004–present

In 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as political consultants, news services and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the UK's Labour Party's MP Tom Watson, began to blog to bond with constituents.

en.wikinews.org/wiki/Blog_declared_Word_of_the_Year Wikinews|publisher=Wikinews|title=blog declared Word of the Year|date=2004-12-01|accessdate=2006-06-22}}</ref>//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Blog_declared_Word_of_the_Year Wikinews|publisher=Wikinews|title=blog declared Word of the Year|date=2004-12-01|accessdate=2006-06-22}}</ref>

In 2004, Global Voices Online, a site which "aggregates, curates, and amplifies the global conversation online – shining light on places and people other media often ignore" surfaced, bringing to light bloggers from around the world. Today, the site has a relationship with Reuters and is responsible for breaking many global news stories.

Blogs were among the driving forces behind the "Rathergate" scandal, to wit: (television journalist) Dan Rather presented documents (on the CBS show 60 Minutes) that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush's military service record. Bloggers declared the documents to be forgeries and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view, and CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see Little Green Footballs). Many bloggers view this scandal as the advent of blogs' acceptance by the mass media, both as a news source and opinion and as means of applying political pressure.

Some bloggers have moved over to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: Duncan Black (known widely by his pseudonym, Atrios), Glenn Reynolds (Instapundit), Markos Moulitsas Zúniga (Daily Kos), Alex Steffen (Worldchanging) and Ana Marie Cox (Wonkette). In counter-point, Hugh Hewitt exemplifies a mass media personality who has moved in the other direction, adding to his reach in "old media" by being an influential blogger.

Some blogs were an important news source during the December 2004 Tsunami such as Medecins Sans Frontieres, which used SMS text messaging to report from affected areas in Sri Lanka and Southern India. Similarly, during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005 and the aftermath a few blogs which were located in New Orleans, including the Interdictor and Gulfsails were able to maintain power and an Internet connection and disseminate information that was not covered by the Main Stream Media.

news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5116654.stm|title=Down with blogs... so here's another|first=Dawn|last=Wilson|date=2006-06-26|accessdate=2006-06-26|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5116654.stm|title=Down with blogs... so here's another|first=Dawn|last=Wilson|date=2006-06-26|accessdate=2006-06-26|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

www.fortune.com/fortune/technology/articles/0,15114,1011763-1,00.html -->//www.fortune.com/fortune/technology/articles/0,15114,1011763-1,00.html -->

In 2007, Tim O'Reilly proposed a Blogger's Code of Conduct.

Types

Image:Moblog.png

A photo of Joi Ito's moblog.

There are various types of blogs, and each differs in the way content is delivered or written.

wiki.photoblogs.org/wiki/What_is_a_Photoblog|title=What is a photoblog|publisher=Photoblogs.org Wiki|accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref> Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called tumblelogs.//wiki.photoblogs.org/wiki/What_is_a_Photoblog|title=What is a photoblog|publisher=Photoblogs.org Wiki|accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref> Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called tumblelogs.

An Artlog is a form of art sharing and publishing in the format of a blog, but differentiated by the predominant use of and focus on Art work rather than text.

A rare type of blog hosted on the Gopher Protocol is known as a Phlog

news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/2783951.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Blogging goes mobile|date=2003-02-23|accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/2783951.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Blogging goes mobile|date=2003-02-23|accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref>

Genre: Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as political blogs, travel blogs, fashion blogs, project blogs, niche blogs, legal blogs (often referred to as a blawgs) or dreamlogs. While not a legitimate type of blog, one used for the sole purpose of spamming is known as a Splog. A Slog (Site or website log) is a section or 'slice' of a regular business website, which is seamlessly integrated within the regular website structure but is produced with blogging software.

Legal status of publishers: A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business purposes. Blogs, either used internally to enhance the communication and culture in a corporation or externally for marketing, branding or PR purposes are called corporate blogs.

Blog search engines: Several blog search engines are used to search blog contents (also known as the blogosphere), such as blogdigger, Feedster, and Technorati. Technorati provides current information on both popular searches and tags used to categorize blog postings.

Blogging Communities and Directories: Several online communities exist that connect people to blogs and bloggers to other bloggers, including BlogCatalog and MyBlogLog. A collection of local blogs is sometimes referred to as a Bloghood.

Popularity

alumni.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.pdf Audience, structure and authority in the weblog community]. Presented at the International Communication Association Conference, May, 2004, New Orleans, LA.</ref>//alumni.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.pdf Audience, structure and authority in the weblog community]. Presented at the International Communication Association Conference, May, 2004, New Orleans, LA.</ref>

eloquentia.forgottenmidnight.net| Sponsors and the revolution of the blogosphere].</ref>//eloquentia.forgottenmidnight.net| Sponsors and the revolution of the blogosphere].</ref>

The blogdex project was launched by researchers in the MIT Media Lab to crawl the Web and gather data from thousands of blogs in order to investigate their social properties. It gathered this information for over 4 years, and autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community, ranking it by recency and popularity. It can thus be considered the first instantiation of a memetracker. The project is no longer active, but a similar function is now served by tailrank.com.

blogs.guardian.co.uk/news/archives/2006/08/15/internet_killed_the_tv_star.html Internet killed the TV star], The Guardian NewsBlog, 15 August 2006</ref>//blogs.guardian.co.uk/news/archives/2006/08/15/internet_killed_the_tv_star.html Internet killed the TV star], The Guardian NewsBlog, 15 August 2006</ref>

Gartner forecasts that blogging will peak in 2007, leveling off when the number of writers who maintain a personal website reaches 100 million. Gartner analysts expect that the novelty value of the medium will wear off as most people who are interested in the phenomenon have checked it out, and new bloggers will offset the number of writers who abandon their creation out of boredom. The firm estimates that there are more than 200 million former bloggers who have ceased posting to their online diaries, creating an exponential rise in the amount of "dotsam" and "netsam" — that is to say, unwanted objects on the Web.

www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-08/24/content_672747.htm|title=Xu Jinglei most popular blogger in world|date=2006-08-24|accessdate=2006-11-18|publisher=China Daily}}</ref> In mid-2006, it also had the most incoming links of any blogs on the Internet.<ref name="Fickling"/>//www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-08/24/content_672747.htm|title=Xu Jinglei most popular blogger in world|date=2006-08-24|accessdate=2006-11-18|publisher=China Daily}}</ref> In mid-2006, it also had the most incoming links of any blogs on the Internet.<ref name="Fickling"/>

Blurring with the mass media

Many bloggers, particularly those engaged in participatory journalism, differentiate themselves from the mainstream media, while others are members of that media working through a different channel. Some institutions see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" and pushing messages directly to the public. Some critics worry that bloggers respect neither copyright nor the role of the mass media in presenting society with credible news. Bloggers and other contributors to user generated content are behind Time magazine naming their 2006 person of the year as "you".

www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=52&aid=48413/}}</ref>//www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=52&aid=48413/}}</ref>

Blogs have also had an influence on minority languages, bringing together scattered speakers and learners; this is particularly so with blogs in Gaelic languages, whose creators can be found as far away from traditional Gaelic areas as Kazakhstan and Alaska. Minority language publishing (which may lack economic feasibility) can find its audience through inexpensive blogging.

news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4326908.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=2005-10-11|accessdate=2007-04-04}}</ref> the Lulu Blooker Prize.<ref>"

   Blooker prize honours best blogs 
     
 " , BBC News
  , 2007-03-17
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-04-04
 . </ref> However success has been elusive offline, with many of these books not selling as well as their blogs. Only sex blogger Tucker Max cracked the New York Times Bestseller List. <ref>Dude, here's my book</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4326908.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=2005-10-11|accessdate=2007-04-04}}</ref> the Lulu Blooker Prize.<ref>"
   Blooker prize honours best blogs 
     
 " , BBC News
  , 2007-03-17
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-04-04
 . </ref> However success has been elusive offline, with many of these books not selling as well as their blogs. Only sex blogger Tucker Max cracked the New York Times Bestseller List. <ref>Dude, here's my book</ref>

Blogging consequences

The emergence of blogging has brought a range of legal liabilities and other often unforeseen consequences. One area of concern is the issue of bloggers releasing proprietary or confidential information. Another area of concern is blogging and defamation. A third area of concern is employees who write about aspects of their place of employment or their personal lives, and then face loss of employment or other adverse consequences. A number of examples of blogging and its sometimes negative or unforeseen consequences are cited here.

Defamation or liability

Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers concerning issues of defamation or liability. The courts have returned with mixed verdicts. Internet Service Providers (ISPs), in general, are immune from liability for information that originates with Third Parties (U.S. Communications Decency Act and the EU Directive 2000/31/EC).

caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data2/delawarestatecases/266-2005.pdf "John Doe No. 1 v. Patrick Cahill and Julia Cahill]</ref>//caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data2/delawarestatecases/266-2005.pdf "John Doe No. 1 v. Patrick Cahill and Julia Cahill]</ref>

www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20489|title=New Straits Times staffers sue two bloggers//www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20489|title=New Straits Times staffers sue two bloggers |work=Reporters Without Borders|date=2007-01-19|accessdate=2007-04-17}}</ref> www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=21606|title=Government plans to force bloggers to register|work=Reporters Without Borders|date=2007-04-06|accessdate=2007-04-17}}</ref>. This is the first such legal case against bloggers in the country.//www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=21606|title=Government plans to force bloggers to register|work=Reporters Without Borders|date=2007-04-06|accessdate=2007-04-17}}</ref>. This is the first such legal case against bloggers in the country.

www.guardian.co.uk/law/story/0,,1737445,00.html |title = Warning to chatroom users after libel award for man labelled a Nazi |work = The Guardian |date = 2006-03-23 |accessdate = 2006-05-17}}</ref>//www.guardian.co.uk/law/story/0,,1737445,00.html |title = Warning to chatroom users after libel award for man labelled a Nazi |work = The Guardian |date = 2006-03-23 |accessdate = 2006-05-17}}</ref>

online.wsj.com/public/article/SB112541909221726743-_vX2YpePQV7AOIl2Jeebz4FAfS4_20060831.html?mod=blogs Wall Street Journal |publisher=Wall Street Journal Online |date=2005-08-31 |accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref> According to Wired Magazine, Traffic Power had been "banned from Google for allegedly rigging search engine results."<ref>Wired Magazine, Legal Showdown in Search Fracas, Sept 8, 2005</ref> Wall and other "white hat" search engine optimization consultants had exposed Traffic Power in what they claim was an effort to protect the public. The case was watched by many bloggers because it addressed the murky legal question of who's liable for comments posted on blogs.<ref>Slashdot, Aug 31</ref>//online.wsj.com/public/article/SB112541909221726743-_vX2YpePQV7AOIl2Jeebz4FAfS4_20060831.html?mod=blogs Wall Street Journal |publisher=Wall Street Journal Online |date=2005-08-31 |accessdate=2006-11-18}}</ref> According to Wired Magazine, Traffic Power had been "banned from Google for allegedly rigging search engine results."<ref>Wired Magazine, Legal Showdown in Search Fracas, Sept 8, 2005</ref> Wall and other "white hat" search engine optimization consultants had exposed Traffic Power in what they claim was an effort to protect the public. The case was watched by many bloggers because it addressed the murky legal question of who's liable for comments posted on blogs.<ref>Slashdot, Aug 31</ref>

Employment

commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/catherine_sanderson/2007/04/blogger_beware.html|last=Sanderson|//commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/catherine_sanderson/2007/04/blogger_beware.html|last=Sanderson| first=Cathrine|title=Blogger beware!|publisher=Guardian Unlimited|date=2007-04-02|accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref> Employees who blog about elements of their place of employment raise the issue of employee branding, since their activities can begin to affect the brand recognition of their employer.

news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3974081.stm|last=Twist|first=Jo|title=US Blogger Fired by her Airline|work=BBC News|date=2004-11-03|accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref><ref>www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being//www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2005-09-08-delta-blog_x.htm|title=Delta employee fired for blogging sues airline|work=USA Today|date=2005-09-08|accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref> This case highlighted the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression vs. employer rights and responsibilities, and so it received wide media attention. Simonetti took legal action against the airline for "wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages".<ref>www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being//www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/03/airline_blogger_sacked/|title=Queen of the Sky gets marching orders|publisher=The Register|date=2004-11-03|accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref> The suit is postponed while Delta is in bankruptcy proceedings (court docket).//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3974081.stm|last=Twist|first=Jo|title=US Blogger Fired by her Airline|work=BBC News|date=2004-11-03|accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref><ref>www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being//www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2005-09-08-delta-blog_x.htm|title=Delta employee fired for blogging sues airline|work=USA Today|date=2005-09-08|accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref> This case highlighted the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression vs. employer rights and responsibilities, and so it received wide media attention. Simonetti took legal action against the airline for "wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages".<ref>www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being//www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/03/airline_blogger_sacked/|title=Queen of the Sky gets marching orders|publisher=The Register|date=2004-11-03|accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref> The suit is postponed while Delta is in bankruptcy proceedings (court docket).

education.guardian.co.uk/higher/news/story/0,,1766663,00.html|publisher=The Guardian|title=Lecturer's Blog Sparks Free Speech Row|date=2006-05-03|accessdate=2006-10-15}} See also Forget the Footnotes</ref>.//education.guardian.co.uk/higher/news/story/0,,1766663,00.html|publisher=The Guardian|title=Lecturer's Blog Sparks Free Speech Row|date=2006-05-03|accessdate=2006-10-15}} See also Forget the Footnotes</ref>.

sports.espn.go.com/nba/playoffs2006/news/story?id=2440355|publisher=ESPN|title=NBA fines Cuban $200K for antics on, off court|date=2006-05-11|accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref>//sports.espn.go.com/nba/playoffs2006/news/story?id=2440355|publisher=ESPN|title=NBA fines Cuban $200K for antics on, off court|date=2006-05-11|accessdate=2006-06-23}}</ref>

news.com.com/Google+blogger+has+left+the+building/2100-1038_3-5567863.html| last=Hansen|first=Evan|publisher=CNET News|title=Google blogger has left the building|date=2005-02-08|accessdate=2007-04-04}}</ref>//news.com.com/Google+blogger+has+left+the+building/2100-1038_3-5567863.html| last=Hansen|first=Evan|publisher=CNET News|title=Google blogger has left the building|date=2005-02-08|accessdate=2007-04-04}}</ref>

cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=152721</ref>//cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=152721</ref>

washingtoniennearchive.blogspot.com/ The Washingtonienne]", blogged about her sex life while employed as a congressional assistant. After the blog was discovered and she was fired,<ref>//washingtoniennearchive.blogspot.com/ The Washingtonienne]", blogged about her sex life while employed as a congressional assistant. After the blog was discovered and she was fired,<ref> www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16366256/|title= Steamy D.C. Sex Blog Scandal Heads to Court| work=The Associated Press ,MSNBC| date=2006-12-27 | accessdate=2007-03-28 }}</ref>//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16366256/|title= Steamy D.C. Sex Blog Scandal Heads to Court| work=The Associated Press ,MSNBC| date=2006-12-27 | accessdate=2007-03-28 }}</ref>

edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/07/19/france.blog/index.html?section=cnn_tech |//edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/07/19/france.blog/index.html?section=cnn_tech | title=Bridget Jones Blogger Fire Fury |work=CNN|date=2006-07-19|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> Although given in the blog in a fairly anonymous manner, some of the descriptions of the firm and some of its people were less than flattering. Sanderson later won a compensation claim case against the British firm, however.<ref>www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being//news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20070330/tc_afp/lifestyleinternet_070330205230|publisher=Yahoo News| title=Sacked "petite anglaise" blogger wins compensation claim|date=2007-03-30|accessdate=2007-04-04}}Modèle:Dead link</ref>

www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2006/04/16/blogs_essential_to_a_good_career/ Globe] in 2006, was one of the first to point out that a large portion of bloggers are professionals, and a well written blog can actually help attract employers.//www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2006/04/16/blogs_essential_to_a_good_career/ Globe] in 2006, was one of the first to point out that a large portion of bloggers are professionals, and a well written blog can actually help attract employers.

Political dangers

Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas.

www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VB3-4JH47F6-5&_user=1004260&_handle=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSWYWW-UUA-U-AACUCWYVWU-AAVYAUEWWU-YDDYCBWVV-AB-U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2006&_rdoc=5&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235915%232006%23999779997%23619171!&_cdi=5915&view=c&_acct=C000050178&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1004260&md5=9278207a80ea3ebbe2c672944a3fb67a|title=Blogs, lies and the doocing: The next hotbed of litigation?|journal=Computer Law & Security Report}}</ref>//www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VB3-4JH47F6-5&_user=1004260&_handle=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSWYWW-UUA-U-AACUCWYVWU-AAVYAUEWWU-YDDYCBWVV-AB-U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2006&_rdoc=5&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235915%232006%23999779997%23619171!&_cdi=5915&view=c&_acct=C000050178&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1004260&md5=9278207a80ea3ebbe2c672944a3fb67a|title=Blogs, lies and the doocing: The next hotbed of litigation?|journal=Computer Law & Security Report}}</ref>

Egyptian blogger Kareem Amer was charged of insulting the Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and an Islamic institution through his online blog. It is the first time in the history of Egypt that a blogger was prosecuted. After a brief trial session that took place in Alexandria, the blogger was found guilty and sentenced to prison terms of three years for insulting Islam and inciting sedition, and one year for insulting Mubarak.<ref>www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6385849.stm|title=Egypt blogger jailed for "insult"|work=BBC News|date=2007-02-22|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref>

www.ana-ikhwan.blogspot.com/ blog]. Monem, for whom a campaign has been taken up at [1] is a member of the Muslim Brotherhood.//www.ana-ikhwan.blogspot.com/ blog]. Monem, for whom a campaign has been taken up at [2] is a member of the Muslim Brotherhood.

After expressing opinions in his personal weblog about the state of the Sudanese armed forces, Jan Pronk, United Nations Special Representative for the Sudan, was given three days notice to leave Sudan. The Sudanese army had demanded his deportation.<ref>www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48909-2004May22.html|title=The Hill's Sex Diarist Reveals All (Well, Some)|work=The Washington Post|date=2004-05-23|accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being//www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/10/22/sudan.darfur.un/index.html|title=Sudan expels U.N. envoy for blog|work=CNN|date=2006-10-22|accessdate=2007-03-14}}</ref><ref>"

   UN envoy leaves after Sudan row lists.drupal.org/archives/development/2005-07/msg00208.html//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6076022.stm
   
 " , BBC NEWS , BBC
  , October 23, 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-10-24
 . </ref><ref>"
   Annan confirms Pronk will serve out his term as top envoy for Sudan 
     
 " , UN News Centre , UN
  , October 27, 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-10-28
 . </ref>

Other consequences

headrush.typepad.com/ Creating Passionate Users], was the target of such vicious threats and misogynistic insults that she canceled her keynote speech at a technology conference in San Diego, fearing for her safety.//headrush.typepad.com/ Creating Passionate Users], was the target of such vicious threats and misogynistic insults that she canceled her keynote speech at a technology conference in San Diego, fearing for her safety. www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-internet31mar31,0,4064392.story?coll=la-home-headlines | title=Abuse, threats quiet bloggers' keyboards|last=Pham | first= Alex |publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=2007-03-31|accessdate=2007-04-04}}Modèle:Dead link</ref> While a blogger's anonymity is often tenuous, internet trolls who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by anonymity. Sierra and supporters initiated an online discussion aimed at countering abusive online behavior,<ref>"

   Blog death threats spark debate 
     
 " , BBC News
  , 2007-03-27
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-04-04
 . </ref> and developed a blogger's code of conduct.//www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-internet31mar31,0,4064392.story?coll=la-home-headlines | title=Abuse, threats quiet bloggers' keyboards|last=Pham | first= Alex |publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=2007-03-31|accessdate=2007-04-04}}Modèle:Dead link</ref>  While a blogger's anonymity is often tenuous, internet trolls who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by anonymity. Sierra and supporters initiated an online discussion aimed at countering abusive online behavior,www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-internet31mar31,0,4064392.story?coll=la-home-headlines | title=Abuse, threats quiet bloggers' keyboards|last=Pham | first= Alex |publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=2007-03-31|accessdate=2007-04-04}}Modèle:Dead link</ref>  While a blogger's anonymity is often tenuous, internet trolls who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by anonymity. Sierra and supporters initiated an online discussion aimed at countering abusive online behavior,<ref>"
   Blog death threats spark debate 
     
 " , BBC News
  , 2007-03-27
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-04-04
 . </ref> and developed a blogger's code of conduct.//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6499095.stm | title=Blog death threats spark debate |publisher=BBC News|date=2007-03-27|accessdate=2007-04-04}}</ref> and developed a blogger's code of conduct.

References

External links

Modèle:Wiktionary Modèle:External links www.ojr.org/ojr/images/blog_software_comparison.cfm blog software comparison chart] by Online Journalism Review, USC Annenberg//www.ojr.org/ojr/images/blog_software_comparison.cfm blog software comparison chart] by Online Journalism Review, USC Annenberg www.ojr.org/ojr/images/blog_software_comparison.cfm blog software comparison chart] by Online Journalism Review, USC Annenberg//www.essex.ac.uk/chimera/content/pubs/wps/CWP-2005-02-blogging-in-the-Knowledge-Society-MB.pdf blogging, personal participation in public knowledge-building on the web] (PDF file) by Mark Brady, Chimera Working Paper 2005-02 Colchester: University of Essex www.ojr.org/ojr/images/blog_software_comparison.cfm blog software comparison chart] by Online Journalism Review, USC Annenberg//www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VB3-4JH47F6-5&_user=10&_handle=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUA-U-AAVYYUUEZC-AAVZBYADZC-YBADCWEZW-AB-U&_fmt=summary&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2006&_rdoc=5&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235915%232006%23999779997%23619171!&_cdi=5915&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&;_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3a78d26b9ff73d0a9c37060c8bed6dbc Computer Law and Security Report Volume 22 Issue 2, Pages 127-136] blogs, Lies and the Doocing by Sylvia Kierkegaard (2006) www.ojr.org/ojr/images/blog_software_comparison.cfm blog software comparison chart] by Online Journalism Review, USC Annenberg//www.eff.org/bloggers/lg/ Legal Guide for bloggers] by the Electronic Frontier Foundation www.ringmar.net/bloggersmanifesto/ A Blogger's Manifesto: Free Speech and Censorship in the Age of the Internet</em>] (London: Anthem Press, 2007).//www.ringmar.net/bloggersmanifesto/ A Blogger's Manifesto: Free Speech and Censorship in the Age of the Internet</em>] (London: Anthem Press, 2007).Modèle:Link FA

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