Microsoft Windows

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inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1|title=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> Microsoft Windows eventually came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. At the 2004 IDC Directions conference, IDC Vice President Avneesh Saxena stated that Windows had approximately 90% of the client operating system market.<ref name=linuxworld>IDC: Consolidation to Windows won't happen www.linuxworld.com.au</ref> The current client version of Windows is Windows Vista. The current server version of Windows is Windows Server 2003. The successor to Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 is currently being beta tested.//inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1|title=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> Microsoft Windows eventually came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. At the 2004 IDC Directions conference, IDC Vice President Avneesh Saxena stated that Windows had approximately 90% of the client operating system market.<ref name=linuxworld>IDC: Consolidation to Windows won't happen www.linuxworld.com.au</ref> The current client version of Windows is Windows Vista. The current server version of Windows is Windows Server 2003. The successor to Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 is currently being beta tested.

Sommaire

1 Versions
2 History
3 Timeline of releases
4 Security
- 4.1 Windows Defender
- 4.2 Third-party analysis
5 Windows Lifecycle Policy
6 Emulation software
7 See also
8 References
9 External links

Versions

Modèle:Seealso

marketshare.hitslink.com/report.aspx?qprid=10&qpmr=15&qpdt=1&qpct=3&qptimeframe=M&qpsp=106 Windows OS market share for November 2007]</ref>//marketshare.hitslink.com/report.aspx?qprid=10&qpmr=15&qpdt=1&qpct=3&qptimeframe=M&qpsp=106 Windows OS market share for November 2007]</ref>

Windows Version	Market share
All versions	92.42%
Windows XP	78.37%
Windows Vista	9.19%
Windows 2000	2.97%
Windows 98	0.76%
Windows NT	0.63%
Windows ME	0.43%
Windows CE	0.06%
Windows 95	0.02%

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft (MS) operating system (OS) products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

16-bit operating environments

Image:Windows 1.0.jpg

The box art of Windows 1.0, the first version that Microsoft released to the public.

The early versions of Windows were often thought of as just graphical user interfaces, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.^{[citation needed]} However even the earliest 16-bit Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions, notably having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound) for applications. Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Finally, Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme which allowed it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources were swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce, and data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control, typically waiting for user input.^{[citation needed]} 16-bit Windows versions include Windows 1.0 (1985), Windows 2.0 (1987) and its close relative Windows/286.

Hybrid 16/32-bit operating environments

Image:Microsoft Windows.svg

A classic Windows logo, used from 1992 to 2000

Windows/386 introduced a 32-bit protected mode kernel and virtual machine monitor. For the duration of a Windows session, it created one or more virtual 8086 environments and provided device virtualization for the video card, keyboard, mouse, timer and interrupt controller inside each of them. The user-visible consequence was that it became possible to preemptively multitask multiple MS-DOS environments in separate Windows (graphical applications required switching the window to full screen mode). Windows applications were still multi-tasked cooperatively inside one of such real-mode environments.

Windows 3.0 (1990) and Windows 3.1 (1992) improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) which allowed them to share arbitrary devices between multitasked DOS windows.^{[citation needed]} Because of this, Windows applications could now run in 16-bit protected mode (when Windows was running in Standard or 386 Enhanced Mode), which gave them access to several megabytes of memory and removed the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They still ran inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provided a degree of protection, and multi-tasked cooperatively. For Windows 3.0, Microsoft also rewrote critical operations from C into assembly, making this release faster and less memory-hungry than its predecessors.^{[citation needed]}

Hybrid 16/32-bit operating systems

Image:Wlogo.png

The Windows logo that was used from late 1999 to 2001.

With the introduction of 32-bit Windows for Workgroups 3.11, Windows was able to stop relying on DOS for file management.^{[citation needed]} Levering this, Windows 95 introduced Long File Names, reducing the 8.3 filename DOS environment to the role of a boot loader. MS-DOS was now bundled with Windows; this notably made it (partially) aware of long file names when its utilities were run from within Windows. The most important novelty was the possibility of running 32-bit multi-threaded preemptively multitasked graphical programs. However, the necessity of keeping compatibility with 16-bit programs meant the GUI components were still 16-bit only and not fully reentrant, which resulted in reduced performance and stability.

There were three releases of Windows 95 (the first in 1995, then subsequent bug-fix versions in 1996 and 1997, only released to OEMs, which added extra features such as FAT32 and primitive USB support). Microsoft's next OS was Windows 98; there were two versions of this (the first in 1998 and the second, named "Windows 98 Second Edition", in 1999). In 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Me standing for Millennium Edition), which used the same core as Windows 98 but adopted the visual appearance of Windows 2000, as well as a new feature called System Restore, allowing the user to set the computer's settings back to an earlier date.

32-bit operating systems

Image:Microsoft Windows.png

The Windows logo that was used from 2001 to November 2006.

This family of Windows systems was fashioned and marketed for higher reliability business use, and was unencumbered by any Microsoft DOS patrimony.^{[citation needed]} The first release was Windows NT 3.1 (1993, numbered "3.1" to match the Windows version and to one-up OS/2 2.1^{[citation needed]}, IBM's flagship OS co-developed by Microsoft and was Windows NT's main competitor at the time), which was followed by NT 3.5 (1994), NT 3.51 (1995), and NT 4.0 (1996); NT 4.0 was the first in this line to implement the "Windows 95" user interface. Microsoft then moved to combine their consumer and business operating systems. Their first attempt, Neptune was cancelled and replaced with a new project, Whistler, which later became Windows XP, which came in both home and professional versions and improved backwards compatibility. Then, Windows Server 2003 brought Windows Server up to date with Windows XP. Since then, a new version, Windows Vista was released and Windows Server 2008 will bring Windows Server up to date with Windows Vista. Windows CE, Microsoft's offering in the mobile and embedded markets, is also a true 32-bit operating system that offers various services for all sub-operating workstations.

64-bit operating systems

Image:Windows logo full.png

The current Windows logo

Windows NT included support for several different platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Versions of NT from 3.1 to 4.0 supported DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000, which were 64-bit processors, although the operating system treated them as 32-bit processors.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture, which is referred to as IA-64, Microsoft released new versions of Windows 2000 to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 (32-bit) counterparts. On April 25 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and x64 versions of Windows Server 2003 to support the AMD64/Intel64 (or x64 in Microsoft terminology) architecture. Microsoft dropped support for the Itanium version of Windows XP in 2005. Windows Vista is the first end-user version of Windows that Microsoft has released simultaneously in 32-bit and x64 editions. Windows Vista does not support the Itanium architecture. The modern 64-bit Windows family comprises AMD64/Intel64 versions of Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2003, in both Itanium and x64 editions.

History

Main article: History of Microsoft Windows

Microsoft has taken two parallel routes in its operating systems. One route has been for the home user and the other has been for the professional IT user. The dual routes have generally led to home versions having greater multimedia support and less functionality in networking and security, and professional versions having inferior multimedia support and better networking and security.

The first version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released in November 1985, lacked a degree of functionality and achieved little popularity, and was to compete with Apple's own operating system.^{[citation needed]} Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows version 2.0 was released in November, 1987 and was slightly more popular than its predecessor. Windows 2.03 (release date January 1988) had changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.^{[citation needed]}

Image:Windows 3.11 workspace.png

A Windows for Workgroups 3.11 desktop.

support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3078</ref>//support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3078</ref>

In July 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT based on a new kernel. NT was considered to be the professional OS and was the first Windows version to utilize preemptive multitasking.^{[citation needed]}. Windows NT would later be retooled to also function as a home operating system, with Windows XP.

support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=7864</ref>//support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=7864</ref>

support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=6513</ref>//support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=6513</ref>

www.pcworld.com/article/id,125772-page,2/article.html</ref>//www.pcworld.com/article/id,125772-page,2/article.html</ref>

review.zdnet.com/4520-6033_16-4206367.html</ref> It shipped in two distinct editions, "Home" and "Professional", the former lacking many of the superior security and networking features of the Professional edition. Additionally, the first "Media Center" edition was released in 2002,<ref>http://www.winsupersite.com/showcase/freestyle_preview.asp</ref> with an emphasis on support for DVD and TV functionality including program recording and a remote control. Mainstream support for Windows XP will continue until April 14, 2009 and extended support will continue until April 8, 2014.<ref>http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3223</ref>//review.zdnet.com/4520-6033_16-4206367.html</ref> It shipped in two distinct editions, "Home" and "Professional", the former lacking many of the superior security and networking features of the Professional edition. Additionally, the first "Media Center" edition was released in 2002,<ref>http://www.winsupersite.com/showcase/freestyle_preview.asp</ref> with an emphasis on support for DVD and TV functionality including program recording and a remote control. Mainstream support for Windows XP will continue until April 14, 2009 and extended support will continue until April 8, 2014.<ref>http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3223</ref>

In April 2003, Windows Server 2003 was introduced, replacing the Windows 2000 line of server products with a number of new features and a strong focus on security; this was followed in December 2005 by Windows Server 2003 R2.

On January 30, 2007 Microsoft released Windows Vista. It contains a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It is available in a number of different editions, more than any previous version of Windows.

Timeline of releases

Release date	Product name	Version	Notes
November 1985	Windows 1.01	1.01	Unsupported
November 1987	Windows 2.03	2.03	Unsupported
March 1989	Windows 2.11	2.11	Unsupported
May 1990	Windows 3.0	3.0	Unsupported
March 1992	Windows 3.1	3.1	Unsupported
October 1992	Windows For Workgroups 3.1	3.1	Unsupported
July 1993	Windows NT 3.1	3.1	Unsupported
December 1993	Windows For Workgroups 3.11	3.11	Unsupported
January 1994	Windows 3.2 (released in Simplified Chinese only)	3.2	Unsupported
September 1994	Windows NT 3.5	3.5	Unsupported
May 1995	Windows NT 3.51	3.51	Unsupported
August 1995	Windows 95	4.0.950	Unsupported
July 1996	Windows NT 4.0	4.0	Unsupported
June 1998	Windows 98	4.10.1998	Unsupported
May 1999	Windows 98 SE	4.10.2222	Unsupported
February 2000	Windows 2000	5.0.3700.6690 support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3071\|title=Microsoft Support Lifecycle\|year=May 4 2005\|accessdate=2007-03-25\|publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>//support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3071\|title=Microsoft Support Lifecycle\|year=May 4 2005\|accessdate=2007-03-25\|publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
September 2000	Windows Me	4.90.3000	Unsupported
October 2001	Windows XP	5.1.2600	Unsupported for RTM and Service Pack 1. Current for Service Pack 2.
March 2003	Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2003	5.2.3790	Unsupported
April 2003	Windows Server 2003	5.2.3790	Unsupported for RTM. Current for Service Pack 1, R2 and, Service Pack 2.
April 2005	Windows XP Professional x64 Edition	5.2.3790	Current
July 2006	Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs	5.1.2600	Current
November 2006 (volume licensing)/January 2007 (retail)	Windows Vista	6.0.6000	Current
July 2007	Windows Home Server	5.2.4500	Current
February 2008 (planned)	Windows Server 2008	6.0.6001	Future release
2010 or later (planned)	Windows 7 (Formerly codenamed Blackcomb, now Vienna)	7.0	Future release

Security

Image:XPsp2 SecurityCentre FirewallAlert.png

The Windows Security Center was introduced with Windows XP Service Pack 2.

Security has been a hot topic with Windows for many years, and even Microsoft itself has been the victim of security breaches. Consumer versions of Windows were originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection, and did not have security features built in from the outset. Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, but are not designed with Internet security in mind as much since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent. These design issues combined with flawed code (such as buffer overflows) and the popularity of Windows means that it is a frequent target of worm and virus writers. In June 2005, Bruce Schneier's Counterpane Internet Security reported that it had seen over 1,000 new viruses and worms in the previous six months.<ref>{{cite web www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html//www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html |title=Crypto-Gram Newsletter |last=Schneier |first=Bruce |authorlink=Bruce Schneier |date=June 15 2005 |accessdate=2007-04-22 |publisher=Counterpane Internet Security, Inc. }}</ref>

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.<ref>{{cite web www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html//www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1825805,00.asp |title=Microsoft's Security Response Center: How Little Patches Are Made |author=Ryan Naraine |date=June 8 2005 |accessdate=2007-04-22 |publisher=eWeek }}</ref> In Windows 2000 (SP3 and later), Windows XP and Windows Server 2003, updates can be automatically downloaded and installed if the user selects to do so. As a result, Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Service Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003, were installed by users more quickly than it otherwise might have been.<ref>{{cite web www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html//www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=50900297 |title=Windows XP SP2 Distribution Surpasses 100 Million |author=John Foley |date=October 20 2004 |accessdate=2007-04-22 |pubisher=InformationWeek }}</ref>

Windows Defender

Image:Windows Defender Vista.png

Windows Defender

On 6 January 2005, Microsoft released a beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware, based upon the previously released Giant AntiSpyware. On 14 February, 2006, Microsoft AntiSpyware became Windows Defender with the release of beta 2. Windows Defender is a freeware program designed to protect against spyware and other unwanted software. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 users who have genuine copies of Microsoft Windows can freely download the program from Microsoft's web site, and Windows Defender ships as part of Windows Vista.<ref name=defendervista>Modèle:Cite webwww.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html//www.Microsoft.com/Windowsvista/features/foreveryone/security.mspx</ref>

Third-party analysis

www.symantec.com/enterprise/theme.jsp?themeid=threatreport|title=Symantec 11th Internet Security Threat Report, Trends for July–December 06}}</ref> internetnews.com has described Microsoft Windows as having the "fewest number of patches and the shortest average patch development time of the five operating systems it monitored in the last six months of 2006."<ref>http://www.internetnews.com/security/article.php/3667201</ref> And the number of vulnerabilities found in Windows has significantly increased— Windows: 12+, Red Hat + Fedora: 2, Apple OS X: 1, HP-UX: 2, Solaris: 1.//www.symantec.com/enterprise/theme.jsp?themeid=threatreport|title=Symantec 11th Internet Security Threat Report, Trends for July–December 06}}</ref> internetnews.com has described Microsoft Windows as having the "fewest number of patches and the shortest average patch development time of the five operating systems it monitored in the last six months of 2006."<ref>http://www.internetnews.com/security/article.php/3667201</ref> And the number of vulnerabilities found in Windows has significantly increased— Windows: 12+, Red Hat + Fedora: 2, Apple OS X: 1, HP-UX: 2, Solaris: 1.

www.avantgarde.com/ttln113004.html Automated "Bots" Overtake PCs Without Firewalls Within 4 Minutes] www.avantgarde.com</ref> However, it is important to note that this study does not apply to Windows XP systems running the Service Pack 2 update (released in late 2004), which vastly improved the security of Windows XP. The computer that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was not compromised. The AOL National Cyber Security Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004 determined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at least one spyware/adware product.<ref name=adware>Safety Study www.staysafeonline.info (PDF)</ref> Much documentation is available describing how to increase the security of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions include deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update.^{[citation needed]}//www.avantgarde.com/ttln113004.html Automated "Bots" Overtake PCs Without Firewalls Within 4 Minutes] www.avantgarde.com</ref> However, it is important to note that this study does not apply to Windows XP systems running the Service Pack 2 update (released in late 2004), which vastly improved the security of Windows XP. The computer that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was not compromised. The AOL National Cyber Security Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004 determined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at least one spyware/adware product.<ref name=adware>Safety Study www.staysafeonline.info (PDF)</ref> Much documentation is available describing how to increase the security of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions include deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update.^{[citation needed]}

Windows Lifecycle Policy

Microsoft has stopped releasing updates and hotfixes for many old Windows operating systems, including all versions of Windows 9x and earlier versions of Windows NT. Windows versions prior to XP are no longer supported, with the exception of Windows 2000, which is currently in the Extended Support Period, that will end on July 13, 2010. Windows XP versions prior to SP2 are no longer supported as well. Also, support for Windows XP 64-bit Edition ended after the release of the more recent Windows XP Professional x64 Edition.^{[citation needed]} No new updates are created for unsupported versions of Windows. However, it is possible for users of older, now unsupported versions of Windows to download and install previously released updates, by going to the Windows Update catalog.^{[citation needed]}

Emulation software

Emulation allows the use of some Windows applications without using Microsoft Windows. These include:

Wine - (Stands for "Wine Is Not an Emulator") an almost-complete free software/open-source software implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run most Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including GNU/Linux. Wine is technically not an emulator; an emulator effectively 'pretends' to be a different CPU, while Wine makes use of Windows-style APIs to 'simulate' the Windows environment directly.

CrossOver - A Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine, and focus on Wine running officially supported applications.
Cedega - TransGaming Technologies' proprietary fork of Wine, designed specifically for running games written for Microsoft Windows under GNU/Linux.
Darwine - This project intends to port and develop Wine as well as other supporting tools that will allow Darwin and Mac OS X users to run Microsoft Windows applications, and to provide Win32 API compatibility at application source code level.

ReactOS - An open-source OS that is intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to imitate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows XP compatibility. It has been in alpha-stage since 1996.

References

External links

www.microsoft.com/Windows/ Official Microsoft Windows Website]//www.microsoft.com/Windows/ Official Microsoft Windows Website] www.microsoft.com/Windows/ Official Microsoft Windows Website]//www.microsoft.com/Windows/WinHistoryIntro.mspx Microsoft Windows History Timeline] www.microsoft.com/Windows/ Official Microsoft Windows Website]//www.msdn.com Microsoft Developer Network for Microsoft Windows programming]

Modèle:History of Windows Modèle:Microsoft Modèle:Windows Components af:Microsoft Windows ar:مايكروسوفت ويندوز an:Microsoft Windows ast:Microsoft Windows az:Microsoft Windows bn:মাইক্রোসফট উইন্ডোজ zh-min-nan:Microsoft Windows be:Windows bs:Microsoft Windows br:Windows bg:Microsoft Windows ca:Microsoft Windows ceb:Microsoft Windows cs:Microsoft Windows da:Microsoft Windows de:Microsoft Windows et:Microsoft Windows el:Microsoft Windows es:Microsoft Windows eo:Vindozo eu:Microsoft Windows fa:مایکروسافت ویندوز fr:Microsoft Windows gl:Windows ko:마이크로소프트 윈도 hr:Microsoft Windows ilo:Microsoft Windows id:Windows ia:Microsoft Windows is:Microsoft Windows it:Microsoft Windows he:Microsoft Windows ku:Microsoft Windows la:Microsoft Windows lv:Microsoft Windows lb:Microsoft Windows lt:Microsoft Windows li:Windows jbo:la canko hu:Microsoft Windows mk:Microsoft Windows ml:മൈക്രോസോഫ്റ്റ്‌ വിന്‍ഡോസ്‌ mr:मायक्रोसॉफ्ट विंडोज ms:Microsoft Windows nl:Microsoft Windows ja:Microsoft Windows no:Microsoft Windows nn:Microsoft Windows uz:Microsoft Windows nds:Microsoft Windows pl:Microsoft Windows pt:Microsoft Windows ksh:Microsoft Windows ro:Microsoft Windows qu:Windows ru:Microsoft Windows sq:Microsoft Windows simple:Microsoft Windows sk:Microsoft Windows sl:Microsoft Windows sr:Мајкрософт виндоуз sh:Microsoft Windows fi:Microsoft Windows sv:Microsoft Windows tl:Microsoft Windows ta:வின்டோஸ் th:ไมโครซอฟท์ วินโดวส์ vi:Microsoft Windows tr:Microsoft Windows uk:Microsoft Windows ur:MS Windows yi:ווינדאס zh-yue:Microsoft Windows diq:Microsoft Windows bat-smg:Microsoft Windows zh:Microsoft Windows

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Catégories de la page: Articles needing additional references from November 2007 | Articles with invalid date parameter in template | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since July 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since September 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since April 2007 | Microsoft Windows | Proprietary software

Microsoft Windows

Un article de Vev.

Version du 24 décembre 2007 à 15:23

Sommaire

Versions

16-bit operating environments

Hybrid 16/32-bit operating environments

Hybrid 16/32-bit operating systems

32-bit operating systems

64-bit operating systems

History

Timeline of releases

Security

Windows Defender

Third-party analysis

Windows Lifecycle Policy

Emulation software

See also

References

External links

Views

Outils personnels

sites

Navigation

Rechercher

Boîte à outils

-{{Redirect|Windows}}
+{{pp-semi-vandalism}}
-{{Système d'exploitation
+{{refimprove|date=November 2007}}
-|nom            = Microsoft Windows
+{{redirect6|Windows|the building material|Window}}
-|logo           = [[Image:Windows logo.png|center|Logo de Windows XP]]
-|image          =
+{{Infobox OS 2
-|description    = Capture d'écran de Windows XP
+<!-- Release version update? Don't edit this page, just click on the version number! -->
-|développeur    = [[Microsoft Corporation]]
+|name = Microsoft Windows
-|famille        = Win16, [[Microsoft Windows NT|Windows NT]], [[Microsoft Windows 9x|Windows 9x]], [[Microsoft Windows CE|Windows CE]]
+|logo = [[Image:Windows logo.png|225px|Windows logo]]
-|licence        = Microsoft [[EULA]]
+|screenshot = [[Image:Windows Vista Desktop.png|250px]]
-|état_des_sources = [[Source fermée]]
+<!-- Do not change unless you have read "Wikipedia:Software_screenshots"! -->
-|site_web       = [http://www.microsoft.com/france/windows/default.mspx microsoft.com]
+|caption = Screenshot of [[Windows Vista]] Ultimate, the latest version of Microsoft Windows (Build 6000).
+|developer = [[Microsoft Corporation]]
+|family = [[MS-DOS]]/[[Windows 9x|9x]]-based, [[Windows CE]], [[Windows NT]]
+|source_model = [[Closed source]] / [[Shared source]]
+|working_state = Current
+|kernel_type =
+|license = [[Microsoft|MS]]-[[EULA]]
+|website = [http://www.Microsoft.com/Windows/default.mspx Microsoft Windows]
 }}
-'''Windows''' est une gamme de [[système d'exploitation|systèmes d'exploitation]] produite par [[Microsoft]], principalement destinées aux machines [[compatible PC|compatibles PC]]. Depuis les [[années 1990]], avec la sortie de [[Windows 95]], son succès commercial pour équiper les [[ordinateur personnel|ordinateurs personnels]] est tel qu'il possède alors un statut de quasi-[[monopole]], qui commence petit à petit à s'effriter face à la concurrence [[Mac OS]].
-La gamme Windows est composée de plusieurs branches.
+'''Microsoft Windows''' is the name of several families of [[software]] [[operating system]]s by [[Microsoft]]. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named ''Windows'' in November 1985 as an add-on to [[MS-DOS]] in response to the growing interest in [[graphical user interface]]s (GUIs).<ref name=aboutcomnov>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1|title=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/Windows.htm?rd=1|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> Microsoft Windows eventually came to dominate the world's [[personal computer]] market, overtaking [[Mac OS]], which had been introduced previously. At the 2004 [[International Data Corporation|IDC]] Directions conference, IDC Vice President Avneesh Saxena stated that Windows had approximately 90% of the client operating system market.<ref name=linuxworld>[http://www.linuxworld.com.au/index.php/id;940707233;fp;2;fpid;1 IDC: Consolidation to Windows won't happen] www.linuxworld.com.au</ref> The current [[client]] version of Windows is [[Windows Vista]]. The current [[server]] version of Windows is [[Windows Server 2003]]. The successor to [[Windows Server 2003]], [[Windows Server 2008]] is currently being [[Software release life cycle#Beta|beta tested]].
-* La première (de Windows 1 à 3.11) est née en [[1985]]. Deux branches se sont suivies ensuite en parallèle :
+==Versions==
+{{seealso|List of Microsoft Windows versions}}
+{| class="wikitable sortable"  align="left" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"
+|+ Windows OS market share<ref>[http://marketshare.hitslink.com/report.aspx?qprid=10&qpmr=15&qpdt=1&qpct=3&qptimeframe=M&qpsp=106 Windows OS market share for November 2007]</ref>
+|-
+! abbr="Version"    | Windows Version
+! abbr="percentage" | Market share
+|-
+!All versions
+| 92.42%
+|-
+!Windows XP
+| 78.37%
+|-
+!Windows Vista
+| 9.19%
+|-
+!Windows 2000
+| 2.97%
+|-
+!Windows 98
+| 0.76%
+|-
+!Windows NT
+| 0.63%
+|-
+!Windows ME
+| 0.43%
+|-
+!Windows CE
+| 0.06%
+|-
+!Windows 95
+| 0.02%
+|}
+The term ''Windows'' collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft (MS) operating system (OS) products. These products are generally categorized as follows:
-* La seconde branche, dite branche NT (Windows NT, puis 2000) est apparue en [[1993]]. C'est une réécriture complète du système, destiné aux ordinateurs personnels comme aux [[serveur informatique|serveurs]]. Elle s'est principalement développée dans le milieu professionnel.
+===16-bit operating environments===
-* La troisième branche est apparue en [[1995]] avec Windows 95, puis 98 et ME. Elle était plus connue du grand public et avait pour vocation de remplacer la première, dont elle était une évolution 32 bits.
+[[Image:Windows 1.0.jpg|thumb|top|right|200px|The box art of Windows 1.0, the first version that Microsoft released to the public.]]
-[[Windows XP]], en [[2001]], continuait la branche [[Windows NT|NT]] en fusionnant avec la 3{{e}}. Il couvrait à la fois le grand public et les professionnels, avec 2 déclinaisons. Windows Vista en est une nouvelle évolution. Aujourd'hui, seule la branche NT subsiste pour les PC.
+The early versions of Windows were often thought of as just graphical user interfaces, mostly because they ran on top of [[MS-DOS]] and used it for [[file system]] services.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} However even the earliest 16-bit Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions, notably having their own [[executable file format]] and providing their own [[device driver]]s (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound) for applications. Unlike [[MS-DOS]], Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through [[computer multitasking|cooperative multitasking]]. Finally, Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme which allowed it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and [[resource (Windows)|resource]]s were swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce, and data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control, typically waiting for user input.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} 16-bit Windows versions include [[Windows 1.0]] (1985), [[Windows 2.0]] (1987) and its close relative ''[[Windows 2.1x|Windows/286]]''.
-Il existe enfin une quatrième branche ([[Windows Mobile]]) prévue pour être utilisée sur du matériel léger et portable ([[assistant personnel]], [[téléphone portable]]).
+===Hybrid 16/32-bit operating environments===
+[[Image:Microsoft Windows.svg|thumb|left|A classic Windows logo, used from 1992 to 2000]]
-== Versions ==
+[[Windows 2.1x|Windows/386]] introduced a 32-bit [[protected mode]] [[kernel (computer science)|kernel]] and [[virtual machine]] monitor. For the duration of a Windows session, it created one or more [[virtual 8086 mode|virtual 8086 environments]] and provided device virtualization for the video card, keyboard, mouse, timer and [[interrupt]] controller inside each of them. The user-visible consequence was that it became possible to preemptively multitask multiple MS-DOS environments in separate Windows (graphical applications required switching the window to full screen mode). Windows applications were still multi-tasked cooperatively inside one of such real-mode environments.
-[[Image:Windows family.svg|center|650px]]
-=== Branche 16 bits ===
-[[Image:Microsoft Windows.svg|right]]
-* [[Windows 1.0]] : {{date||Novembre|1985}}
-* [[Windows 2]] : {{date||Décembre|1987}}
-* [[Windows 2|Windows 2.10 pour 286]] : {{date||Décembre|1987}}
-* [[Windows 2|Windows 2.10 pour 386]] : {{date||Décembre|1987}}
-*   Windows 2.11   ...
-* [[Windows 3.0]] : {{date||Mai|1990}}
-* [[Windows 3.1]] (Janus) : {{date||Avril|1992}}
-* [[Windows for Workgroups 3.1]] (Sparta) : {{date||Octobre|1992}}
-* [[Windows for Workgroups 3.11]] (Snowball) : {{date||Novembre|1993}}
-* [[Windows for Workgroups 3.2]] (en chinois uniquement) :
-Les premières versions de Windows étaient lancées depuis [[DOS]] et utilisaient le [[système de fichiers]] de DOS, ce qui a donné à Windows la réputation de n'être qu'une [[interface graphique]] sur un [[noyau de système d'exploitation|noyau]] DOS. Cependant, Windows a immédiatement eu les fonctions d'un [[système d'exploitation]], notamment un format d'[[exécutable]] propre, la gestion des [[processus (informatique)|processus]] en [[multitâche]] coopératif, la gestion de [[mémoire virtuelle]], et des [[pilote (informatique)|pilote]]s pour gérer l'affichage, l'impression, le clavier, le son, etc. Windows 2.10 pour 386 tirait également parti des nouvelles capacités de l'[[Intel 80386]], telle le placement du noyau en [[mode protégé]] et l'exécution des programmes DOS dans une [[machine virtuelle]] en [[mode virtuel 8086]].
+[[Windows 3.0]] (1990) and [[Windows 3.1x|Windows 3.1]] (1992) improved the design, mostly because of [[virtual memory]] and loadable virtual device drivers ([[VxD]]s) which allowed them to share arbitrary devices between multitasked DOS windows.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Because of this, Windows applications could now run in 16-bit protected mode (when Windows was running in Standard or 386 Enhanced Mode), which gave them access to several megabytes of memory and removed the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They still ran inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provided a degree of protection, and multi-tasked cooperatively. For Windows 3.0, Microsoft also rewrote critical operations from [[C (programming language)|C]] into [[Assembly language|assembly]], making this release faster and less memory-hungry than its predecessors.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
-On pouvait utiliser Windows avec d'autre DOS que le [[MS-DOS]] de Microsoft, comme [[PC-DOS]] d'IBM ou [[DR-DOS]], sous réserve de passer outre les messages de dissuasion émis lors de l'installation. À partir de [[Windows 95]], l'interface graphique est devenue commercialement associée à MS-DOS. Cela a motivé un procès entre [[Caldera]], éditeur à l'époque de DR-DOS, qui permettait également de faire tourner Windows, et [[Microsoft]]. Caldera estimait en effet que Microsoft adoptait ainsi une pratique anticoncurrentielle de ''vente forcée'', sans fondement technique réel.
+===Hybrid 16/32-bit operating systems===
+[[Image:Wlogo.png|thumb|right|The Windows logo that was used from late 1999 to 2001.]]
-À partir de [[Windows XP]], on peut considérer que le DOS a bel et bien disparu des systèmes d'exploitation grand public de [[Microsoft]], bien qu'une émulation reste disponible.
+With the introduction of [[32-bit]] [[Windows for Workgroups 3.11]], Windows was able to stop relying on DOS for file management.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Levering this, [[Windows 95]] introduced [[Long filename|Long File Names]], reducing the [[8.3 filename]] DOS environment to the role of a [[boot loader]]. MS-DOS was now bundled with Windows; this notably made it (partially) aware of long file names when its utilities were run from within Windows. The most important novelty was the possibility of running 32-bit multi-threaded preemptively multitasked graphical programs. However, the necessity of keeping compatibility with 16-bit programs meant the GUI components were still 16-bit only and not fully reentrant, which resulted in reduced performance and stability.
-=== Branche 32 bits ===
+There were three releases of Windows 95 (the first in 1995, then subsequent bug-fix versions in 1996 and 1997, only released to OEMs, which added extra features such as [[File Allocation Table|FAT32]] and primitive USB support). Microsoft's next OS was [[Windows 98]]; there were two versions of this (the first in 1998 and the second, named "Windows 98 Second Edition", in 1999). In 2000, Microsoft released [[Windows Me]] (''Me'' standing for ''Millennium Edition''), which used the same core as Windows 98 but adopted the visual appearance of Windows 2000, as well as a new feature called System Restore, allowing the user to set the computer's settings back to an earlier date.
-[[Image:Wlogo.png|230px|right]]
-Noms de codes connus entre parenthèses
-* [[Windows 95]] (Chicago) : {{date||Août|1995}}
-* [[Windows 98]] (Memphis) : {{date||Juin|1998}}
-* [[Windows 98 SE]] : {{date||Mai|1999}}
-* [[Windows ME]] (Millennium Edition): {{date||Septembre|2000}}
-Parallèlement au développement de [[Windows NT]], [[Microsoft]] décida d'éditer un système d'exploitation à destination du grand public, qui reprendrait certains avantages de Windows NT tout en restant compatible avec les versions antérieures de Windows et [[MS-DOS]].
+===32-bit operating systems===
+[[Image:Microsoft Windows.png|thumb|left|The Windows logo that was used from 2001 to November 2006.]]
-Les systèmes [[Windows 95]] et suivants furent des évolutions en 32 bits des versions Windows 3.0 et 3.1. Ils sont tous construits sur le même modèle de [[pilote (informatique)|pilotes]] : les [[Vxd]]. En [[1995]], Windows 95 apporta plusieurs améliorations : le [[multitâche préemptif]], la couche réseau inspirée de celle de NT, une interface graphique nouvelle. Ce n'est pas un nouveau système d'exploitation, mais une évolution de Windows 3.1. [[Windows 95]] devait pouvoir fonctionner sur des configurations d'entrée de gamme avec 4 Mo de [[mémoire vive]].
+This family of Windows systems was fashioned and marketed for higher reliability business use, and was unencumbered by any Microsoft DOS patrimony.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The first release was [[Windows NT 3.1]] (1993, numbered "3.1" to match the Windows version and to one-up [[OS/2]] 2.1{{fact|date=September 2007}}, IBM's flagship OS co-developed by Microsoft and was Windows NT's main competitor at the time), which was followed by NT 3.5 (1994), NT 3.51 (1995), and [[Windows NT 4.0|NT 4.0]] (1996); NT 4.0 was the first in this line to implement the "Windows 95" user interface. Microsoft then moved to combine their consumer and business operating systems. Their first attempt, [[Windows Neptune|Neptune]] was cancelled and replaced with a new project, Whistler, which later became [[Windows XP]], which came in both home and professional versions and improved backwards compatibility. Then, [[Windows Server 2003]] brought [[Windows Server]] up to date with Windows XP. Since then, a new version, [[Windows Vista]] was released and [[Windows Server 2008]] will bring [[Windows Server]] up to date with [[Windows Vista]]. [[Windows CE]], Microsoft's offering in the mobile and embedded markets, is also a true 32-bit operating system that offers various services for all sub-operating workstations.
-Cette première mouture, connue durant son développement sous le nom de code « Chicago » et sortie sous le nom de [[Windows 95]], a connu plusieurs évolutions, dont [[Windows 98]] et [[Windows Me]] (Millennium Edition), qui ont permis de confirmer la popularité des systèmes d'exploitation de Microsoft. Ces différentes versions ont souffert d'une réputation d'instabilité et de vulnérabilité aux attaques par les réseaux. Le passage à la famille NT pour les versions grand public a eu lieu avec [[Windows XP]], plus stable et moins vulnérable.
+===64-bit operating systems===
+[[Image:Windows logo full.png|thumb|right|180px|The current Windows logo]]
-=== Branche Windows NT ===
+[[Windows NT]] included support for several different platforms before the [[X86 architecture|x86]]-based [[personal computer]] became dominant in the professional world. Versions of NT from 3.1 to 4.0 supported [[DEC Alpha]] and [[MIPS Technologies|MIPS]] R4000, which were 64-bit processors, although the operating system treated them as 32-bit processors.
-{{Article détaillé|Microsoft Windows NT}}
+With the introduction of the [[Intel]] [[Itanium]] architecture, which is referred to as [[IA-64]], Microsoft released new versions of Windows 2000 to support it. Itanium versions of [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Server 2003]] were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 (32-bit) counterparts. On [[April 25]] [[2005]], Microsoft released [[Windows XP Professional x64 Edition]] and x64 versions of Windows Server 2003 to support the [[x86-64|AMD64/Intel64]] (or ''x64'' in Microsoft terminology) architecture. Microsoft dropped support for the Itanium version of Windows XP in 2005. [[Windows Vista]] is the first end-user version of Windows that Microsoft has released simultaneously in 32-bit and x64 editions. Windows Vista does not support the Itanium architecture. The modern 64-bit Windows family comprises AMD64/Intel64 versions of [[Windows Vista]], and [[Windows Server 2003]], in both Itanium and x64 editions.
-Noms de codes connus entre parenthèses
+==History==
-[[Image:Windows logo.png|right|thumb]]
+{{main|History of Microsoft Windows}}
-[[Image:Vista-logo.jpg|right|190px|thumb]]
+<!-- [[Image:Windows Family Tree.png|thumb|right|300px|The Windows family tree.]] -->
-* [[Windows NT 3.1]] : {{date||Août|1993}}
-* [[Windows NT 3.5]] (Daytona) : {{date||Septembre|1994}}
-* [[Windows NT 3.51]] : {{date||Juin|1995}}
-* [[Windows NT 4.0]] : {{date||Août|1996}}
-* [[Windows 2000]] (Cairo): {{date||Février|2000}}
-* [[Windows 2000|Windows 2000 SP1]] : {{date||Août|2000}}
-* [[Windows 2000|Windows 2000 SP2]] : {{date||Mai|2001}}
-* [[Windows XP]] (Whistler, né de la fusion du projet grand public Neptune et du projet professionnel Odyssey) : {{date||Octobre|2001}}
-* [[Windows 2000|Windows 2000 SP3]] : {{date||Juillet|2002}}
-* [[Windows XP|Windows XP SP1]] : {{date||Septembre|2002}}
-* [[Windows XP Édition Media Center]] : [[2002]]
-* [[Windows Server 2003]] : {{date||Mai|2003}}
-* [[Windows 2000|Windows 2000 SP4]] : {{date||Juillet|2003}}
-* [[Windows XP Starter Edition]] : {{date||Août|2004}}
-* [[Windows XP|Windows XP SP2]] : {{date||Août|2004}}
-* [[Windows XP Home Edition N]] (Windows XP Edition familiale) : {{date||Avril|2005}}
-* [[Windows XP 64]] : {{date||Avril|2005}}
-* [[Windows XP Édition Media Center|Windows XP Édition Media Center 2005]] : {{date||Août|2005}}
-* [[Microsoft Windows Vista|Windows Vista]] (Longhorn) : {{date||novembre|2006|en informatique}} pour les entreprises ; {{date|30|janvier|2007}} pour le grand public.
-* [[Windows XP|Windows XP SP3]] : Attendu pour [[2008]]
-* [[Windows Vista SP1]] ([[Windows Fiji]] : Attendu pour juin 2008)
-* [[Windows Seven]] (Blackcomb / Vienna) : Attendu pour [[2010 en informatique|2010]]
-La branche NT (''Nouvelle Technologie''), est une famille de systèmes d'exploitation redéveloppée à partir de zéro, bien qu'elle soit une évolution de l'API de Windows souvent appelée Win32. Windows NT est né du divorce de Microsoft et d'IBM sur le développement du système d'exploitation [[OS/2]]. Windows NT a été développé pour concurrencer les systèmes utilisés en entreprise.
+Microsoft has taken two parallel routes in its operating systems. One route has been for the home user and the other has been for the professional IT user. The dual routes have generally led to home versions having greater [[multimedia]] support and less functionality in networking and security, and professional versions having inferior multimedia support and better networking and security.
-Le noyau serait inspiré de [[VAX]] [[Virtual Memory System|VMS]] et d'[[Unix]] et apporte des concepts nouveaux, comme la notion d'objet permettant une utilisation uniforme. Conçue à l'origine pour les processeurs de famille [[x86]] (à partir de l'[[Intel 80386]]), [[architecture MIPS|MIPS]], [[DEC Alpha]] et [[PowerPC]]. Seuls des versions 32 [[bit]]s existaient pour ces processeurs, malgré le fait que certains soient 64 bits. Aujourd'hui, les familles [[x86]], [[x86-64]] et [[Itanium]] sont supportées, en 64 bits pour les deux dernières. L'arrêt successif du support des différents processeurs est dû à des raisons économiques.
+The first version of Microsoft Windows, [[Windows 1.0|version 1.0]], released in November 1985, lacked a degree of functionality and achieved little popularity, and was to compete with Apple's own operating system.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows version 2.0 was released in November, 1987 and was slightly more popular than its predecessor. Windows 2.03 (release date January 1988) had changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
-Elle permet le [[multitâche préemptif]], le [[Processus léger|multithreading]], un modèle d'exécution séparée (chaque [[Processus (informatique)|processus]] possède une zone de mémoire séparée, sans accès à celle des autres processus). Une anecdote existe sur le nom, VMS ⇒ V+1 M+1 S+1 ⇒ WNT.
+[[Image:Windows 3.11 workspace.png|thumb|right|300px|A [[Windows for Workgroups 3.11]] desktop.]]
-Sa disponibilité pour le grand public a eu lieu avec la sortie de [[Windows XP]], première version familiale à être fondée sur cette branche unifiée après le succès de [[Windows 2000]] dans sa version professionnelle.
+Microsoft Windows version 3.0, released in 1990, was the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} It featured improvements to the user interface and to multitasking capabilities. It received a facelift in Windows 3.1, made generally available on [[March 1]], [[1992]]. Windows 3.1 support ended on [[December 31]], [[2001]].<ref>http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3078</ref>
-=== Branche Windows CE ===
+In July 1993, Microsoft released [[Windows NT]] based on a new kernel. NT was considered to be the professional OS and was the first Windows version to utilize [[preemptive multitasking]].{{Fact|date=April 2007}}. Windows NT would later be retooled to also function as a home operating system, with Windows XP.
-{{Article détaillé|Microsoft Windows CE}}
+In August 1995, Microsoft released [[Windows 95]], a new consumer version that made further changes to the user interface, and also used [[preemptive multitasking]].   Mainstream support for [[Windows 95]] ended on [[December 31]], [[2000]] and extended support for [[Windows 95]] ended on [[December 31]], [[2001]].<ref>http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=7864</ref>
-* [[Windows CE|Windows CE 1]] : {{date||novembre|1996}}
+The next in the consumer line was Microsoft [[Windows 98]] released in June 1998. It was substantially criticized for its slowness and for its unreliability compared with [[Windows 95]], but many of its basic problems were later rectified with the release of [[Windows 98]] Second Edition in 1999.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Mainstream support for [[Windows 98]] ended on [[June 30]], [[2002]] and extended support for [[Windows 98]] ended on [[July 11]], [[2006]].<ref>http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=6513</ref>
-* [[Windows CE|Windows CE 2]] : {{date||novembre|1997}}
-* [[Windows CE|Windows CE 2.1]] : {{date||juillet|1998}}
-* [[Windows CE|Windows CE 3]] : [[1999]]
-* [[Windows CE|Windows CE .NET]] : [[2000]]
-* [[Pocket PC|Pocket PC 2000]] : [[2001]]
-* [[Pocket PC|Pocket PC 2002]] : [[2002]]
-* [[Microsoft Windows Mobile|Windows Mobile 2003]] : [[2003]]
-* [[Microsoft Windows Mobile|Windows Mobile 2003 SE (Second  Edition)]] : [[2004]]
-* [[Microsoft Windows Mobile|Windows Mobile 5.0 (nom de code : Magneto)]] : [[2005]]
-* [[Microsoft Windows Mobile|Windows Mobile 6.0]] : [[2007]]
-Cherchant à s'imposer sur le marché en pleine croissance des assistants personnels (PDA), Microsoft a développé une version légère de son système d'exploitation et s'est associé aux grands constructeurs d'ordinateurs personnels pour pénétrer ce marché jusque là dominé par [[Palm, Inc.|Palm]]. Les produits exploitant ce type de plateforme sont appelés [[Pocket PC]]. Adapté aux contraintes de ces machines (affichage, mémoire), Windows CE présente une interface similaire à celle de systèmes d'exploitation pour PC bien que son noyau soit différent.
+As part of its "professional" line, Microsoft released [[Windows 2000]] in February 2000. The consumer version following Windows 98 was [[Windows Me]] (Windows Millennium Edition). Released in September 2000, [[Windows Me]] attempted to implement a number of new technologies for Microsoft: most notably publicized was "[[Universal Plug and Play]]." However, the OS was heavily criticized for its lack of compatibility and stability and it was even rated by PC World as the fourth worst product of all time.<ref>http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,125772-page,2/article.html</ref>
-Avec la sophistication croissante des appareils ménagers, le but avoué de Microsoft est d'installer Windows CE (ou une version ultérieure) sur tous les appareils de la maison, créant ainsi un univers [[domotique]] intégré. Des versions de Windows CE sont d'ores et déjà disponibles pour les téléphones portables.
+In October 2001, Microsoft released [[Windows XP]], a version built on the Windows NT [[Kernel (computer science)|kernel]] that also retained the consumer-oriented usability of Windows 95 and its successors. This new version was widely praised in computer magazines.<ref>http://review.zdnet.com/4520-6033_16-4206367.html</ref> It shipped in two distinct editions, "Home" and "Professional", the former lacking many of the superior security and networking features of the Professional edition. Additionally, the first "Media Center" edition was released in 2002,<ref>http://www.winsupersite.com/showcase/freestyle_preview.asp</ref> with an emphasis on support for DVD and TV functionality including program recording and a remote control. Mainstream support for [[Windows XP]] will continue until [[April 14]], [[2009]] and extended support will continue until [[April 8]], [[2014]].<ref>http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3223</ref>
-Depuis 2003, l'appellation « Pocket PC » a été remplacée par « Windows Mobile ». Il existe donc Windows Mobile 2003 pour Pocket PC et Windows Mobile 2003 pour SmartPhone.
-Le binaire issu de la compilation d'un programme écrit en langage [[C sharp|C#]] de Microsoft est automatiquement compatible avec cette plate-forme, si l'on suit certaines restrictions (des ''libraries'' liées en particulier). Il faut néanmoins vérifier la présence du [[Dotnet|Framework .NET]] sur la machine cible afin de pouvoir l'exécuter.
+In April 2003, [[Windows Server 2003]] was introduced, replacing the [[Windows 2000]] line of server products with a number of new features and a strong focus on security; this was followed in December 2005 by Windows Server 2003 R2.
-=== Système de fichiers ===
+On [[January 30]], [[2007]] Microsoft released [[Windows Vista]]. It contains a number of [[Features new to Windows Vista|new features]], from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant [[Technical features new to Windows Vista|technical changes]], with a particular focus on [[Security and safety features new to Windows Vista|security features]]. It is available in a number of [[Windows Vista editions and pricing|different editions]], more than any previous version of Windows.
-Le [[système de fichiers]] [[File Allocation Table|FAT]] (ou [[FAT32]]) hérité de [[MS-DOS]] est le seul utilisable dans les branches 16 et 32 bits jusqu'à Windows Me.
+==Timeline of releases==
-C'est avec l'introduction de [[NTFS]] de Windows NT que Windows s'est doté d'un système de fichiers plus moderne et plus sécurisé (avec la journalisation des métadonnées, le support de plusieurs ''streams'' par fichier, la gestion des droits, etc.).
-Le système FAT 32 ne peut gérer les fichiers de plus de 4 gigaoctets et se fragmente énormément. Le système NTFS développé pour Windows XP gère les fichiers jusqu'à plus de 16 téra-octets et est moins sensible à la fragmentation.<!-- sur http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS il est question de 16 TiB voire même 16 EiB ! (et non de 16 Go) -->
+{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; "
+|-
+! abbr="release" | Release date
+! abbr="name"    | Product name
+! abbr="version" | Version
+! Notes
+|-
+! {{rh}} | November 1985
+| [[Windows 1.0|Windows 1.01]]
+| 1.01
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | November 1987
+| [[Windows 2.0|Windows 2.03]]
+| 2.03
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | March 1989
+| [[Windows 2.1|Windows 2.11]]
+| 2.11
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | May 1990
+| [[Windows 3.0]]
+| 3.0
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | March 1992
+| [[Windows 3.1]]
+| 3.1
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | October 1992
+| [[Windows 3.1|Windows For Workgroups 3.1]]
+| 3.1
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | July 1993
+| [[Windows NT 3.1]]
+| 3.1
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | December 1993
+| [[Windows 3.1|Windows For Workgroups 3.11]]
+| 3.11
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | January 1994
+| [[Windows 3.2]] (released in [[Simplified Chinese]] only)
+| 3.2
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | September 1994
+| [[Windows NT 3.5]]
+| 3.5
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | May 1995
+| [[Windows NT 3.51]]
+| 3.51
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | August 1995
+| [[Windows 95]]
+| 4.0.950
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | July 1996
+| [[Windows NT 4.0]]
+| 4.0
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | June 1998
+| [[Windows 98]]
+| 4.10.1998
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | May 1999
+| [[Windows 98|Windows 98 SE]]
+| 4.10.2222
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | February 2000
+| [[Windows 2000]]
+| 5.0.3700.6690
+| Extended Support until [[July 13]], [[2010]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.microsoft.com/lifecycle/?p1=3071|title=Microsoft Support Lifecycle|year=[[May 4]] [[2005]]|accessdate=2007-03-25|publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
+|-
+! {{rh}} | September 2000
+| [[Windows Me]]
+| 4.90.3000
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | October 2001
+| [[Windows XP]]
+| 5.1.2600
+| Unsupported for [[RTM]] and Service Pack 1. Current for Service Pack 2.
+|-
+! {{rh}} | March 2003
+| [[Windows XP 64-bit Edition]] 2003
+| 5.2.3790
+| Unsupported
+|-
+! {{rh}} | April 2003
+| [[Windows Server 2003]]
+| 5.2.3790
+| Unsupported for RTM. Current for Service Pack 1, R2 and, Service Pack 2.
+|-
+! {{rh}} | April 2005
+| [[Windows XP Professional x64 Edition]]
+| 5.2.3790
+| Current
+|-
+! {{rh}} | July 2006
+| [[Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs]]
+| 5.1.2600
+| Current
+|-
+! {{rh}} | November 2006 (volume licensing)/January 2007 (retail)
+| [[Windows Vista]]
+| 6.0.6000
+| Current
+|-
+! {{rh}} | July 2007
+| [[Windows Home Server]]
+| 5.2.4500
+| Current
+|-
+! {{rh}} | February 2008 (planned)
+| [[Windows Server 2008]]
+| 6.0.6001
+| Future release
+|-
+! {{rh}} | 2010 or later (planned)
+| [[Windows 7]] (Formerly codenamed Blackcomb, now Vienna)
+| 7.0
+| Future release
+|-
+|}
-=== Systèmes abandonnés par [[Microsoft]] ===
+==Security==
+[[Image:XPsp2 SecurityCentre FirewallAlert.png|thumbnail|right|225px|The [[Windows Security Center]] was introduced with Windows XP Service Pack 2.]]
-Microsoft a développés d'autres systèmes que ceux que l'on connaît, cependant ces derniers ont été abandonnés pour des raisons diverses
+[[Computer security|Security]] has been a hot topic with Windows for many years, and even Microsoft itself has been the victim of security breaches. Consumer versions of Windows were originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection, and did not have security features built in from the outset. [[Windows NT]] and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, but are not designed with Internet security in mind as much since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent. These design issues combined with flawed code (such as [[buffer overflow]]s) and the popularity of Windows means that it is a frequent target of [[computer worm|worm]] and [[computer virus|virus]] writers. In June 2005, [[Bruce Schneier]]'s ''Counterpane Internet Security'' reported that it had seen over 1,000 new viruses and worms in the previous six months.<ref>{{cite web
-* [[Windows Neptune]] conçu à la base pour donner une version familiale de Windows 2000, est en quelque sorte le projet embryonnaire de Windows XP.
+|url=http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0506.html
+|title=Crypto-Gram Newsletter
+|last=Schneier
+|first=Bruce
+|authorlink=Bruce Schneier
+|date=[[June 15]] [[2005]]
+|accessdate=2007-04-22
+|publisher=[[BT Counterpane|Counterpane Internet Security, Inc.]]
+}}</ref>
-=== Systèmes non distribués par [[Microsoft]] ===
+Microsoft releases security patches through its [[Windows Update]] service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.<ref>{{cite web
+|url=http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1825805,00.asp
+|title=Microsoft's Security Response Center: How Little Patches Are Made
+|author=Ryan Naraine
+|date=[[June 8]] [[2005]]
+|accessdate=2007-04-22
+|publisher=[[eWeek]]
+}}</ref> In Windows 2000 (SP3 and later), Windows XP and Windows Server 2003, updates can be automatically downloaded and installed if the user selects to do so. As a result, Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Service Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003, were installed by users more quickly than it otherwise might have been.<ref>{{cite web
+|url=http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=50900297
+|title=Windows XP SP2 Distribution Surpasses 100 Million
+|author=John Foley
+|date=[[October 20]] [[2004]]
+|accessdate=2007-04-22
+|pubisher=[[InformationWeek]]
+}}</ref>
-Certains autres systèmes assurent une compatibilité plus ou moins complète avec Windows :
+===Windows Defender===
-* [[ReactOS]] est un système d'exploitation en développement visant à être compatible avec NT 5<ref>[http://reactos.org/ « ReactOS® est un projet avancé gratuit et libre visant à créer un système d'exploitation disponible et compatible avec Microsoft Windows® XP. »]</ref>.
+[[Image:Windows Defender Vista.png|thumbnail|right|225px|[[Windows Defender]]]]
-* [[WINE]] est un ensemble de bibliothèques permettant d'exécuter certains logiciels conçus pour Windows sur les systèmes [[Unix]], plus les fichiers hcl qui se trouvent dans le dossier support du CD d'installation de Windows 2000.
+On [[6 January]] [[2005]], Microsoft released a beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware, based upon the previously released [[GIANT Company Software|Giant]] AntiSpyware. On [[14 February]], [[2006]], Microsoft AntiSpyware became [[Windows Defender]] with the release of beta 2. Windows Defender is a freeware program designed to protect against spyware and other unwanted software.  [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Server 2003]] users who have [[Windows Genuine Advantage|genuine]] copies of Microsoft Windows can freely download the program from Microsoft's web site, and Windows Defender ships as part of [[Windows Vista]].<ref name=defendervista>{{cite web|url=http://www.Microsoft.com/Windowsvista/features/foreveryone/security.mspx|title=Windows Vista: Features|accessdate=2006-07-20}}</ref>
-== Un système d'exploitation controversé ==
+===Third-party analysis===
+In an article based on a report by Symantec,<ref name=thereg>{{cite web|url= http://www.symantec.com/enterprise/theme.jsp?themeid=threatreport|title=Symantec 11th Internet Security Threat Report, Trends for July–December 06}}</ref> internetnews.com has described Microsoft Windows as having the "fewest number of patches and the shortest average patch development time of the five operating systems it monitored in the last six months of 2006."<ref>http://www.internetnews.com/security/article.php/3667201</ref> And the number of vulnerabilities found in Windows has significantly increased— Windows: 12+, Red Hat + Fedora: 2, Apple OS X: 1, HP-UX: 2, Solaris: 1.
-Au cours des [[années 1990]], en particulier avec la version 95, Windows s'est acquis les neuf dixièmes du marché des systèmes d'exploitation et des applications bureautiques pour PC. Il est actuellement installé sur 95 % des ordinateurs personnels<ref>
+A study conducted by [[Kevin Mitnick]] and marketing communications firm Avantgarde in 2004 found that an unprotected and unpatched Windows XP system with Service Pack 1 lasted only 4 minutes on the Internet before it was compromised, and an unprotected and also unpatched [[Windows Server 2003]] system was compromised after being connected to the internet for 8 hours.<ref name=hackXP>[http://www.avantgarde.com/ttln113004.html Automated "Bots" Overtake PCs Without Firewalls Within 4 Minutes] www.avantgarde.com</ref> However, it is important to note that this study does not apply to Windows XP systems running the Service Pack 2 update (released in late 2004), which vastly improved the security of Windows XP. The computer that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was not compromised. The [[AOL]] National Cyber Security Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004 determined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at least one [[spyware]]/[[adware]] product.<ref name=adware>[http://www.staysafeonline.info/pdf/safety_study_v04.pdf Safety Study] www.staysafeonline.info (PDF)</ref> Much documentation is available describing how to increase the security of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions include deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware or software [[firewall]], running [[anti-virus]] and [[anti-spyware]] software, and installing patches as they become available through [[Windows Update]].{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
-{{Lien web|url=http://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/informatique/0,39040745,39370727,00.htm|titre=Systèmes d'exploitation: Windows en léger recul face à Mac OS et Linux|auteur=Rédaction ZDnet|année=2007|consulté le=25 octobre 2007}}</ref>. La plupart des ordinateurs vendus ont un système Windows préinstallé par le constructeur ([[licence OEM]]). En conséquence ses concurrents l'accusent de monopole et de pratiques commerciales déloyales, et ont inspiré des poursuites antitrust à son encontre, dans de nombreux pays et notamment aux États-Unis et en Europe.
-Windows est aussi un produit techniquement très critiqué par certains. Il est notamment reproché à ce système son instabilité (voir les « [[écran bleu|écrans bleus]] ») et sa vulnérabilité. Pourtant, sa popularité n'a jamais été menacée, principalement parce que les clients particuliers ne peuvent pas refuser à l'achat ces logiciels en vente subordonnée. Cet avantage concurrentiel a amené Microsoft à détenir une incontestable suprématie d'ordre culturel, le grand public n'imaginant même pas qu'un ordinateur personnel puisse fonctionner sans Windows alors qu'il existe des alternatives, commerciales ou non, pouvant répondre à ses besoins comme [[Mac OS]], les nombreuses [[Distribution Linux|distributions Linux]] et les systèmes [[FreeBSD]] ou [[AmigaOS]] par exemple.
+==Windows Lifecycle Policy==
+Microsoft has stopped releasing updates and hotfixes for many old Windows operating systems, including all versions of Windows 9x and earlier versions of Windows NT. Windows versions prior to [[Windows XP|XP]] are no longer supported, with the exception of [[Windows 2000]], which is currently in the Extended Support Period, that will end on [[July 13]], [[2010]]. Windows XP versions prior to SP2 are no longer supported as well. Also, support for [[Windows XP 64-bit Edition]] ended after the release of the more recent [[Windows XP Professional x64 Edition]].{{Fact|date=April 2007}} No new updates are created for unsupported versions of Windows. However, it is possible for users of older, now unsupported versions of Windows to download and install previously released updates, by going to the Windows Update catalog.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
-Ces pratiques de [[vente liée|vente subordonnée]] des systèmes d'exploitation Microsoft lors de l'achat d'ordinateurs neufs font que des utilisateurs considèrent ces logiciels Windows, quels que soient leurs défauts et qualités, comme des « racketiciels ».<ref>Voir par exemple à ce sujet le site [http://www.racketiciel.info http://www.racketiciel.info] qui propose une pétition contre cette pratique de vente liée, illégale en France selon l'article L122-1 du Code de la consommation.</ref>
+==Emulation software==
+<!-- Please do not put generic IBM PC emulators here. This section is for software that emulates Windows API. -->
+Emulation allows the use of some Windows applications without using Microsoft Windows. These include:
+*[[Wine (software)|Wine]] - (Stands for "Wine Is Not an Emulator") an almost-complete [[free software]]/[[open-source software]] implementation of the [[Windows API]], allowing one to run most Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including [[GNU]]/[[Linux kernel|Linux]]. Wine is technically not an emulator; an emulator effectively 'pretends' to be a different CPU, while Wine makes use of Windows-style APIs to 'simulate' the Windows environment directly.
+:*[[CrossOver]] - A Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine, and focus on Wine running officially supported applications.
+:*[[Cedega]] - [[TransGaming Technologies]]' proprietary [[Fork (software development)|fork]] of Wine, designed specifically for running games written for Microsoft Windows under GNU/Linux.
+:*[[Darwine]] - This project intends to port and develop Wine as well as other supporting tools that will allow [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]] and [[Mac OS X]] users to run Microsoft Windows applications, and to provide [[Win32]] [[Application Programming Interface|API]] compatibility at application source code level.
+*[[ReactOS]] - An open-source OS that is intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to imitate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows XP compatibility. It has been in [[Development stage|alpha-stage]] since 1996.
-En {{date||janvier|2004}}, le Commissaire européen à la concurrence Mario Monti a ordonné à Microsoft de remédier à la fourniture systématique de son lecteur multimédia ''Windows Media Player'' dans Windows XP. Se pliant à cette exigence, Microsoft a voulu mettre en vente ''Windows Limited Media Edition'' au même prix que la version normale avec [[Windows Media Player|WMP]]. Cette décision n'a pas plu à la Commission, laquelle prétendait à la fois que l'entreprise fournisse ce produit pour "améliorer la situation du marché" mais ne voulait pas qu'elle le fît savoir. Se pliant à cette dernière exigence, Microsoft a donc offert, à partir du {{date|14|juin|2004}}, le logiciel amputé à grands frais sous la dénomination de Windows XP "N", et comme on pouvait s'y attendre, personne ne l'a acheté. Il s'avère que non seulement Real Player, qui avait inspiré ces poursuites pour concurrence déloyale, reste compétitif, mais qu'il se sert lui-même des ressources de Windows Media Player pour fonctionner.
+==See also==
+{{Portal|Microsoft}}
+{{Wikibooks|Basic Computing Using Windows}}
-Certains considèrent que sa position dominante sur le marché des particuliers est due à la volonté présumée de Microsoft de le rendre incompatible avec les autres systèmes d'exploitation (notamment en ne respectant que très peu les normes permettant l'interopérabilité entre programmes) et au fait qu'il est le plus souvent fourni avec les ordinateurs à l'achat. Le quasi-monopole de Microsoft dans le domaine des systèmes d'exploitation pour PC encourage les développeurs d'applications à offrir leur logiciel pour la plate-forme Windows, car c'est le moyen le plus sûr de toucher de nombreux clients, ce qui est pour eux une source importante d'économie dans leur développement et leur commercialisation. Microsoft leur rend donc le service de standardiser leur marché, mieux que ne pourrait le faire une autorité règlementaire, toujours moins bien informée. L'avantage est réciproque, puisque cela rend Microsoft Windows plus intéressant pour leur clients. Une autre caractéristique des systèmes d'exploitation est que les programmes qui fonctionnent avec l'un ne fonctionnent pas forcément avec l'autre.  Ainsi, alors que Microsoft s'arrange pour que les anciens programmes fonctionnent avec ses nouveaux systèmes Windows, une personne qui désire quitter Windows doit renouveler ses logiciels. En outre, il est difficile pour un programmeur de porter son programme fait pour Windows vers un autre [[système d'exploitation]].
+'''General:'''
+*[[Comparison of operating systems]]
+*[[List of operating systems]]
+*[[Comparison of Windows versions]]
+*[[Comparison of Windows and Linux]]
+*[[Ammunition_LLC#Microsoft_Windows_PCs|Microsoft computers made for Windows]]
-Il existe pour remédier à ces problèmes des bibliothèques facilitant la [[Portabilité (informatique)|portabilité]] ([[OpenGL]], [[OpenAL]], [[GTK]], [[Qt]], [[Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]]…). D'autres bibliothèques permettent de faire fonctionner des applications Windows ([[Windows API|Win32]]) sur des systèmes de type [[Unix]] (comme [[GNU/Linux]] ou [[FreeBSD]]), par exemple [[WINE]]. L'utilisation de ces bibliothèques se fait de manière transparente pour l'utilisateur.
+'''Further reading:'''
+*[[Architecture of the Windows NT operating system line]]
+*[[Criticism of Microsoft Windows]]
+*[[List of Microsoft Windows components]]
+*[[:Category:Microsoft Windows|Microsoft Windows topics]]
+*[[Windows Explorer]]
+*[[Windows Genuine Advantage]]
+*[[Windows Media]]
+*[[Windows Startup Process]]
-== Notes et références ==
+==References==
 {{reflist}}
-== Voir aussi ==
-=== Articles connexes ===
-* [[Microsoft]]
-=== Liens externes ===
+==External links==
-<!-- Dans le but de limiter les liens externes puisque wikipédia n'a pas vocation à être un annuaire, les liens externes sont limités aux catégories équivalentes de DMOZ qui est un annuaire régit par un même esprit que celui de wikipédia et où vous êtes invités à enregistrer votre site plutôt que de l'ajouter ici -->
+*[http://www.microsoft.com/Windows/ Official Microsoft Windows Website]
-* [http://www.microsoft.com/france/windows Le site web officiel de MS Windows]
+*[http://www.microsoft.com/Windows/WinHistoryIntro.mspx Microsoft Windows History Timeline]
-* {{dmoz|Windows|http://www.dmoz.org/World/Fran%c3%a7ais/Informatique/Logiciels/Syst%c3%a8mes_d%27exploitation/MS-Windows/}}
+*[http://www.msdn.com Microsoft Developer Network for Microsoft Windows programming]
-{{portail informatique}}
+{{History of Windows}}
+{{Microsoft}}
+{{Windows Components}}
-{{Lien BA|en}}
+[[Category:Microsoft Windows| Microsoft Windows]]
+[[Category:Proprietary software]]
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-[[Catégorie:Système d'exploitation]]
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