Nelson Mandela

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Modèle:Pp-semi-protected Modèle:Dablink Modèle:Infobox President Modèle:Apartheid Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Modèle:IPA2 (born 18 July 1918) is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative democratic elections. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist and leader of the African National Congress and its armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. He spent 27 years in prison, much of it in a cell on Robben Island, on convictions for crimes that included sabotage committed while he spearheaded the struggle against apartheid.

Among opponents of apartheid in South Africa and internationally, he became a symbol of freedom and equality, while the apartheid government and nations sympathetic to it condemned him and the ANC as communists and terrorists.

Following his release from prison in 1990, his switch to a policy of reconciliation and negotiation helped lead the transition to multi-racial democracy in South Africa. Since the end of apartheid, he has been widely praised, even by former opponents.

Mandela has received more than one hundred awards over four decades, most notably the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. He is currently a celebrated elder statesman who continues to voice his opinion on topical issues. In South Africa he is often known as Madiba, an honorary title adopted by elders of Mandela's clan. The title has come to be synonymous with Nelson Mandela.

Early life

Birth and lineage

Image:Young Mandela.jpg

A young Nelson Mandela

www.nextreads.com/display2.aspx?recid=126238&FC=1|title = Mandela: The Authorized Portrait|accessdate = 2007-08-31|authorlink = Nelson Mandela|date = 2006|isbn = 0-7407-5572-2}}</ref> His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (1880–1928), was nonetheless designated chief of the town of Mvezo. Upon alienating the colonial authorities, however, he was deprived of his position, and moved his family to Qunu.<ref name=port/> Gadla remained, however, a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council, and was instrumental in the ascension to the Thembu throne of Jongintaba Dalindyebo, who would later return this favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Gadla's death. Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered a total of thirteen children (four boys and nine girls). Mandela was born to Gadla's third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.<ref name=port/> His given name Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".<ref name=longwalk/>//www.nextreads.com/display2.aspx?recid=126238&FC=1|title = Mandela: The Authorized Portrait|accessdate = 2007-08-31|authorlink = Nelson Mandela|date = 2006|isbn = 0-7407-5572-2}}</ref> His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (1880–1928), was nonetheless designated chief of the town of Mvezo. Upon alienating the colonial authorities, however, he was deprived of his position, and moved his family to Qunu.<ref name=port/> Gadla remained, however, a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council, and was instrumental in the ascension to the Thembu throne of Jongintaba Dalindyebo, who would later return this favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Gadla's death. Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered a total of thirteen children (four boys and nine girls). Mandela was born to Gadla's third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.<ref name=port/> His given name Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".<ref name=longwalk/>

Education

At seven years of age, Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where he was given the name "Nelson," after the British admiral Horatio Nelson, by a Methodist teacher who found his native name difficult to pronounce.

His father died of tuberculosis when Rolihlahla was nine, and the Regent, Jongintaba, became his guardian. Mandela attended a Wesleyan mission school next door to the palace of the Regent. Following Thembu custom, he was initiated at age sixteen, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute. He completed his Junior Certificate in two years, instead of the usual three. Destined to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to Healdtown, the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort which most Thembu royalty attended. Aged nineteen, he took an interest in boxing and running.<ref name=port/>

After matriculating, he started to study for a B.A. at the Fort Hare University, where he met Oliver Tambo, and the two became lifelong friends and colleagues. He also became close friends with his kinsman, Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima who, however, as royal scion of the Thembu Right Hand House, was destined for the throne of Transkei, a role that later led him to embrace Bantustan policies which made he and Mandela political enemies.<ref name=port/> At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in a boycott by the Students' Representative Council against the university policies, and was asked to leave Fort Hare.

Later, while imprisoned, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London External Programme (see below).

Move to Johannesburg

Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the Regent's own son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. Both young men were displeased by this and rather than marry, they elected to flee the comforts of the Regent's estate to go to Johannesburg. Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine. However, this was quickly terminated after the employer learned that Mandela was the Regent's runaway adopted son. He later started work as an articled clerk at a law firm thanks to connections with his friend, lawyer Walter Sisulu. While working there, he completed his B.A. degree at the University of South Africa via correspondence, after which he started with his law studies at the University of Witwatersrand. During this time Mandela lived in Alexandra township, north of Johannesburg.

Political activity

After the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party with its apartheid policy of racial segregation, Mandela was prominent in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People, whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental program of the anti-apartheid cause. During this time, Mandela and fellow lawyer Oliver Tambo operated the law firm of Mandela and Tambo, providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who would otherwise have been without representation.

www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Indeed, Mandela took part in the 29 January – 30 January 2007 conference in New Delhi which marked the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's introduction of satyagraha in South Africa.<ref> Nita Bhalla

  . 
 "
   Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach 
     
 " , Reuters , 29 January 2007
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-08-27
 . </ref>//www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Indeed, Mandela took part in the 29 January – 30 January 2007 conference in New Delhi which marked the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's introduction of satyagraha in South Africa.<ref>   Nita Bhalla
     
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach 
     
 " , Reuters , 29 January 2007
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-08-27
 . </ref>

Initially committed to non-violent mass struggle, Mandela was arrested with 150 others on 5 December 1956 and charged with treason. The marathon Treason Trial of 1956–61 followed, and all were acquitted.^{[citation needed]} From 1952–59 the ANC experienced disruption as a new class of Black activists (Africanists) emerged in the townships demanding more drastic steps against the National Party regime. The ANC leadership of Albert Luthuli, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu felt not only that events were moving too fast, but also that their leadership was challenged. They consequently bolstered their position by alliances with small White, Coloured and Indian political parties in an attempt to appear to have a wider appeal than the Africanists. The 1955 Freedom Charter Kliptown Conference was ridiculed by the Africanists for allowing the 100,000-strong ANC to be relegated to a single vote in a Congress alliance, in which four secretaries-general of the five participating parties were members of the secretly reconstituted South African Communist Party (SACP), strongly adhering to the Moscow line.^{[citation needed]}

In 1959 the ANC lost its most militant support when most of the Africanists, with financial support from Ghana and significant political support from the Transvaal-based Basotho, broke away to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) under Robert Sobukwe and Potlako Leballo.^{[citation needed]}

Guerrilla activities

In 1961, Mandela became the leader of the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (translated as Spear of the Nation, also abbreviated as MK), which he co-founded. He coordinated a sabotage campaign against military and government targets, and made plans for a possible guerrilla war if sabotage failed to end apartheid. A few decades later, MK did wage a guerrilla war against the regime, especially during the 1980s, in which many civilians were killed. Mandela also raised funds for MK abroad, and arranged for paramilitary training, visiting various African governments.

www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1960s/rivonia.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref name="longwalk">Modèle:Cite book</ref>//www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1960s/rivonia.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref name="longwalk">Modèle:Cite book</ref>

www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19981102/ai_n10463122 Mandela admits ANC violated rights, too] (from findarticles.com, originally published in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 2 November 1998)</ref>//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19981102/ai_n10463122 Mandela admits ANC violated rights, too] (from findarticles.com, originally published in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 2 November 1998)</ref>

Arrest and Rivonia trial

Main article: Rivonia Trial

www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/CIAMandela_WBlum.html | title=How the CIA sent Nelson Mandela to prison for 28 years | first=William | last=Blum | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref name=salon> Stein , Jeff

     (1996-11-14)
   
.    Our Man in South Africa 
. Salon

. Retrieved on 2007-04-28. </ref> Three days later, the charges of leading workers to strike in 1961 and leaving the country illegally were read to him during a court appearance. On 25 October 1962, Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison. Two years later on 11 June 1964, a verdict had been reached concerning his previous engagement in the African National Congress (ANC).//www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/CIAMandela_WBlum.html | title=How the CIA sent Nelson Mandela to prison for 28 years | first=William | last=Blum | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref name=salon> Stein , Jeff

     (1996-11-14)
   
.    Our Man in South Africa 
. Salon

While Mandela was imprisoned, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on 11 July 1963, at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, north of Johannesburg. Mandela was brought in, and at the Rivonia Trial, Mandela, Ahmed Kathrada, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki, Andrew Mlangeni, Raymond Mhlaba, Elias Motsoaledi, Walter Mkwayi (who escaped during trial), Arthur Goldreich (who escaped from prison before trial), Denis Goldberg and Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein were charged by the chief prosecutor Dr. Percy Yutar, the deputy attorney-general of the Transvaal, with the capital crimes of sabotage (which Mandela admitted) and crimes which were equivalent to treason, but easier for the government to prove. The second charge accused the defendants of plotting a foreign invasion of South Africa, which Mandela denied.

www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html | title=Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe | publisher=African National Congress | date=1961-12-16 | accessdate=2006-12-30}}</ref> He closed his statement with these words://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html | title=Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe | publisher=African National Congress | date=1961-12-16 | accessdate=2006-12-30}}</ref> He closed his statement with these words:

Modèle:Cquote

Bram Fischer, Vernon Berrange, Harry Schwarz, Joel Joffe, Arthur Chaskalson and George Bizos were part of the defence team that represented the accused. Harold Hanson was brought in at the end of the case to plead mitigation. All except Rusty Bernstein were found guilty, but they escaped the gallows and were sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 June 1964. Charges included involvement in planning armed action, in particular four charges of sabotage, which Mandela admitted to, and a conspiracy to help other countries invade South Africa, which Mandela denied.

Imprisonment

Nelson Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island where he remained for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven years in prison. On the island, he and others performed hard labour in a lime quarry. Prison conditions were very basic. Prisoners were segregated by race, with black prisoners receiving the fewest rations. Political prisoners were kept separate from ordinary criminals and received fewer privileges. Mandela describes how, as a D-group prisoner (the lowest classification) he was allowed one visitor and one letter every six months. Letters, when they came, were often delayed for long periods and made unreadable by the prison censors.<ref name=longwalk/>

Whilst in prison Mandela undertook study with the University of London by correspondence through its External Programme and received the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He was subsequently nominated for the position of Chancellor of the University of London in the 1981 election, but lost to Princess Anne.

In his 1981 memoir Inside BOSS<ref>Winter, Gordon, Inside BOSS, Penguin 1981</ref> secret agent Gordon Winter describes his involvement in a plot to rescue Mandela from prison in 1969: this plot was infiltrated by Winter on behalf of South African intelligence, who wanted Mandela to escape so as to be able to shoot him during recapture. The plot was foiled by British Intelligence<ref>Lobster Magazine 18</ref>.

In March 1982 Mandela was transferred from Robben Island to Pollsmoor Prison, along with other senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada and Raymond Mhlaba. It was speculated that this was to remove the influence of these senior leaders on the new generation of young black activists imprisoned on Robben Island, the so-called "Mandela University". However, National Party minister Kobie Coetzee says that the move was to enable discreet contact between them and the South African government.^{[citation needed]}

In February 1985 President P.W. Botha offered Mandela conditional release in return for renouncing armed struggle. Coetzee and other ministers had advised Botha against this, saying that Mandela would never commit his organisation to giving up the armed struggle in exchange for personal freedom. Mandela indeed spurned the offer, releasing a statement via his daughter Zindzi saying "What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts."<ref name=sparks>Modèle:Cite book</ref>

The first meeting between Mandela and the National Party government came in November 1985 when Kobie Coetzee met Mandela in Volks Hospital in Cape Town where Mandela was being treated for prostate surgery. Over the next four years, a series of tentative meetings took place, laying the groundwork for further contact and future negotiations, but little real progress was made.<ref name=sparks/>

Throughout Mandela's imprisonment, local and international pressure mounted on the South African government to release him, under the resounding slogan Free Nelson Mandela! In 1989, South Africa reached a crossroads when Botha suffered a stroke and was replaced as president by Frederik Willem de Klerk. De Klerk announced Mandela's release in February 1990.

Release

On 2 February 1990, State President F.W. de Klerk reversed the ban on the ANC and other anti-apartheid organisations, and announced that Mandela would shortly be released from prison. Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison in Paarl on 11 February 1990. The event was broadcast live all over the world.

On the day of his release, Mandela made a speech to the nation. He declared his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the country's white minority, but made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not yet over:

Modèle:Cquote

He also said his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in both national and local elections.

Negotiations

Main article: Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa

Following his release from prison, Mandela returned to the leadership of the ANC and, between 1990 and 1994, led the party in the multi-party negotiations that led to the country's first multi-racial elections.

www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html|publisher=ANC|title=Profile of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela|accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref>//www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html|publisher=ANC|title=Profile of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela|accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref>

www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0618.html|title=Boipatong Massacre|date=18 June 1992|accessdate=2007-04-28|publisher=ANC}}</ref> However, talks resumed following the Bisho massacre in September 1992, when the spectre of violent confrontation made it clear that negotiations were the only way forward.<ref name=longwalk/>//www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0618.html|title=Boipatong Massacre|date=18 June 1992|accessdate=2007-04-28|publisher=ANC}}</ref> However, talks resumed following the Bisho massacre in September 1992, when the spectre of violent confrontation made it clear that negotiations were the only way forward.<ref name=longwalk/>

Following the assassination of senior ANC leader Chris Hani in April 1993, there were renewed fears that the country would erupt in violence. Mandela addressed the nation appealing for calm, in a speech regarded as 'presidential' even though he was not yet president of the country at that time: Modèle:Cquote While some riots did follow the assassination, the negotiators were galvanised into action, and soon agreed that democratic elections should take place on 27 April 1994, just over a year after Hani's assassination.<ref name=sparks/>

Autobiography

Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, was published in 1994. Mandela had begun work on it secretly while in prison. In that book Mandela did not reveal anything about the alleged complicity of F.W. de Klerk in the violence of the eighties and nineties, or the role of his ex-wife Winnie Mandela in that bloodshed. However, he later co-operated with his friend the journalist Anthony Sampson who discussed those issues in Mandela: The Authorised Biography. Another detail that Mandela omitted was the allegedly fraudulent book, Goodbye Bafana. Its author, Robben Island warder James Gregory, claimed to have been Mandela's confidante in prison and published details of the prisoner's family affairs. Sampson maintained that Mandela had not known Gregory well, but that Gregory censored the letters sent to the future president and thus discovered the details of Mandela's personal life. Sampson also averred that other warders suspected Gregory of spying for the government and that Mandela considered suing Gregory.<ref name=sampson>Modèle:Cite book</ref>

Presidency of South Africa

news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_2661000/2661503.stm | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_2661000/2661503.stm | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>

Policy of reconciliation

As President from May 1994 until June 1999, Mandela presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation.

Mandela encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated Springboks (the South African national rugby team) as South Africa hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup. After the Springboks won an epic final over New Zealand, Mandela, wearing a Springbok shirt, presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, an Afrikaner. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans.^{[citation needed]}

After assuming the presidency, one of Mandela's trademarks was his use of Batik shirts, known as "Madiba shirts", even on formal occasions.

Invasion of Lesotho

www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/lsno8.html | title=Lesotho to hold re-elections within 15 to 18 months | publisher=Lesotho News Online | author=Bethuel Thai | date=1998-10-04 | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>//www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/lsno8.html | title=Lesotho to hold re-elections within 15 to 18 months | publisher=Lesotho News Online | author=Bethuel Thai | date=1998-10-04 | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>

Criticism of AIDS response

observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,992092,00.html | title=Mandela at 85 | publisher=The Observer | first=Anthony | last=Sampson | authorlink=Anthony Sampson | date=2003-07-06}}</ref><ref> Robinson , Simon

     (2007-04-11)
   
.    The Lion In Winter 
. TIMEeurope Magazine

.</ref> After his retirement, Mandela admitted that he may have failed his country by not paying more attention to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.<ref> Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame?

. Peninsula Peace and Justice Center 
 
 (2005-01-09)

.</ref><ref> Quist-Arcton , Ofeibea

     (2003-07-19)
   
.    South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85 
. allAfrica.com

.</ref> He has since taken many opportunities to highlight this South African and international tragedy.//observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,992092,00.html | title=Mandela at 85 | publisher=The Observer | first=Anthony | last=Sampson | authorlink=Anthony Sampson | date=2003-07-06}}</ref><ref> Robinson , Simon

     (2007-04-11)
   
.    The Lion In Winter 
. TIMEeurope Magazine

.</ref> After his retirement, Mandela admitted that he may have failed his country by not paying more attention to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.<ref> Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame?

. Peninsula Peace and Justice Center 
 
 (2005-01-09)

.</ref><ref> Quist-Arcton , Ofeibea

     (2003-07-19)
   
.    South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85 
. allAfrica.com

.</ref> He has since taken many opportunities to highlight this South African and international tragedy.

Lockerbie trial

www.dispatch.co.za/1997/10/27/page%2013.htm Families say SA trial site acceptable]</ref>//www.dispatch.co.za/1997/10/27/page%2013.htm Families say SA trial site acceptable]</ref>

However, British Prime Minister, John Major, flatly rejected the idea saying the British government did not have confidence in foreign courts<ref>The Guardian 11 May 1999 page 13 "Mandela's parting shot at Major over Lockerbie"</ref>. A further three years elapsed until Mandela's offer was repeated to Major's successor, Tony Blair, when the president visited London in July 1997. Later the same year, at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) at Edinburgh in October 1997, Mandela warned:

"No one nation should be complainant, prosecutor and judge."

Image:MandelaGaddafi.jpg

President Mandela negotiated with Muammar Gaddafi the hand-over of two accused Libyans to stand trial

news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1144147.stm | title=Analysis: Lockerbie's long road | publisher=BBC | date=2001-01-31}}</ref> At the end of their nine-month trial, the verdict was announced on 31 January 2001. Fhimah was acquitted but Megrahi was convicted and sentenced to 27 years in a Scottish jail. Megrahi's initial appeal was turned down in March 2002, and former president Mandela went to visit him in Barlinnie prison on 10 June 2002.//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1144147.stm | title=Analysis: Lockerbie's long road | publisher=BBC | date=2001-01-31}}</ref> At the end of their nine-month trial, the verdict was announced on 31 January 2001. Fhimah was acquitted but Megrahi was convicted and sentenced to 27 years in a Scottish jail. Megrahi's initial appeal was turned down in March 2002, and former president Mandela went to visit him in Barlinnie prison on 10 June 2002. www.guardian.co.uk/Lockerbie/Story/0,2763,740130,00.html | title=Mandela appeals on behalf of Lockerbie bomber | date=2002-06-10 | publisher=Guardian Unlimited}}</ref>//www.guardian.co.uk/Lockerbie/Story/0,2763,740130,00.html | title=Mandela appeals on behalf of Lockerbie bomber | date=2002-06-10 | publisher=Guardian Unlimited}}</ref>

www.sccrc.org.uk/ViewFile.aspx?id=293 SCCRC refers Megrahi's case back for a second appeal] </ref>//www.sccrc.org.uk/ViewFile.aspx?id=293 SCCRC refers Megrahi's case back for a second appeal] </ref>

Marriage and family

www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/southafrica/thembu.html | title=Genealogical Gleanings | accessdate=2006-12-12 | author=Henry Soszynski | work=abaThembu (Tribe) | publisher=University of Queensland}}</ref>//www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/southafrica/thembu.html | title=Genealogical Gleanings | accessdate=2006-12-12 | author=Henry Soszynski | work=abaThembu (Tribe) | publisher=University of Queensland}}</ref>

First marriage

Mandela's first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase who, like Mandela, was also from what later became the Transkei area of South Africa, although they actually met in Johannesburg. The couple had two sons, Madiba Thembekile (Thembi) (born 1946) and Makgatho (born 1950), and two daughters, both named Makaziwe (known as Maki; born 1947 and 1953). Their first daughter died aged nine months, and they named their second daughter in her honor. The couple broke up in 1957 after 13 years, divorcing under the multiple strains of his constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion which requires political neutrality. Thembi was killed in a car crash in 1969 at the age of 25, while Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island. All their children were educated at the Waterford Kamhlaba. Evelyn Mase died in 2004.

Second marriage

Mandela's second wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, also came from the Transkei area, although they, too, met in Johannesburg, where she was the city's first black social worker. They had two daughters, Zenani (Zeni), born 4 February 1958, and Zindziswa (Zindzi), born 1960. Later, Winnie would be deeply torn by family discord which mirrored the country's political strife; while her husband was serving a life sentence on the Robben Island prison, her father became the agriculture minister in the Transkei. The marriage ended in separation (April 1992) and divorce (March 1996), fuelled by political estrangement.

Mandela still languished in prison when his daughter Zenani was married to Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini in 1973, elder brother of King Mswati III of Swaziland. As a member by marriage of a reigning foreign dynasty, she was able to visit her father during his South African imprisonment while other family members were denied access. The Dlamini couple live and run a business in Boston. One of their sons, Prince Cedza Dlamini (born 1976), educated in the United States, has followed in his grandfather's footsteps as an international advocate for human rights and humanitarian aid. Thumbumuzi and Mswati's sister, Princess Mantfombi Dlamini, is the chief consort to King Goodwill Zwelithini of KwaZulu-Natal, who "reigns but does not rule" over South Africa's largest ethnic group under the auspices of South Africa's government. One of Queen Mantfombi's sons is expected to eventually succeed Goodwill as monarch of the Zulus, whose Inkatha Party leader, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, was the rival of Mandela during much of his presidency.

Third marriage

Mandela himself was re-married in 1998, on his 80th birthday, to Graça Machel née Simbine, widow of Samora Machel, the former Mozambican president and ANC ally killed in an air crash 12 years earlier. The wedding followed months of international negotiations to set the unprecedented bride-price remitted to her clan, which were conducted on Mandela's behalf by his traditional sovereign, King Buyelekhaya Zwelibanzi Dalindyebo, born 1964. Ironically, it was this paramount chief's grandfather, the Regent Jongintaba, whose selection of a bride for him prompted Mandela to flee to Johannesburg as a young man.

www.see.org.za/xsite/workshop_report1.htm | title=Zuidelijk Afrika | accessdate=2006-12-12 | last=de Bruyne | first=Marnix | work=Tembu King Zwelibanzi has gained respect in exile | publisher=Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa}}</ref>//www.see.org.za/xsite/workshop_report1.htm | title=Zuidelijk Afrika | accessdate=2006-12-12 | last=de Bruyne | first=Marnix | work=Tembu King Zwelibanzi has gained respect in exile | publisher=Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa}}</ref>

Retirement

Mandela became the oldest elected President of South Africa when he took office at the age of 77 in 1994. He decided not to stand for a second term as President, and instead retired in 1999, to be succeeded by Thabo Mbeki.

Health

news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm | title=Mandela 'responding well to treatment' | date=2001-08-15}}</ref> In June 2004, at age 85, Mandela announced that he would be retiring from public life. His health had been declining, and he wanted to enjoy more time with his family. Mandela said that he did not intend to hide away totally from the public, but wanted to be in a position "of calling you to ask whether I would be welcome, rather than being called upon to do things and participate in events. My appeal therefore is: Don't call me, I will call you"<ref> "I'll call you"

. SouthAfrica.info
 (2004-06-02)

. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. </ref>. Since 2003, he has appeared in public less often and has been less vocal on topical issues.<ref name=retirement/> In his late 80s, he is white haired and walks slowly with the support of a stick.//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm | title=Mandela 'responding well to treatment' | date=2001-08-15}}</ref> In June 2004, at age 85, Mandela announced that he would be retiring from public life. His health had been declining, and he wanted to enjoy more time with his family. Mandela said that he did not intend to hide away totally from the public, but wanted to be in a position "of calling you to ask whether I would be welcome, rather than being called upon to do things and participate in events. My appeal therefore is: Don't call me, I will call you"<ref> "I'll call you"

. SouthAfrica.info
 (2004-06-02)

www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/cnnobit1.html | title=The Smoking Gun: Archive | year=2003 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref> In 2007 a fringe right-wing group distributed hoax emails and SMSs claiming that the authorities had covered up Mandela's death and that white South Africans would be massacred after his funeral. Mandela was on holiday in Mozambique at the time.<ref name=hoaxdeath> Yolandi Groenewald and Pearlie Joubert

  . 
 "
   Not yet uhuru 
     
 " , Mail & Guardian
  , 2007-03-02
 
 . </ref>//www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/cnnobit1.html | title=The Smoking Gun: Archive | year=2003 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref> In 2007 a fringe right-wing group distributed hoax emails and SMSs claiming that the authorities had covered up Mandela's death and that white South Africans would be massacred after his funeral. Mandela was on holiday in Mozambique at the time.<ref name=hoaxdeath>   Yolandi Groenewald and Pearlie Joubert
     
   
  . 
 "
   Not yet uhuru 
     
 " , Mail & Guardian
  , 2007-03-02
 
 . </ref>

Public activities

www.makepovertyhistory.org/theyearof | title=2005: The year of Make Poverty History | publisher=Make Poverty History | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>//www.makepovertyhistory.org/theyearof | title=2005: The year of Make Poverty History | publisher=Make Poverty History | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>

multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_902.pdf | publisher=International Olympic Committee | format=PDF | title=Celebrate Humanity 2004 | year=2004 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>//multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_902.pdf | publisher=International Olympic Committee | format=PDF | title=Celebrate Humanity 2004 | year=2004 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>

For seventeen days, they are roommates.

For seventeen days, they are soulmates.

And for twenty-two seconds, they are competitors.

Seventeen days as equals. Twenty-two seconds as adversaries.

What a wonderful world that would be.

That's the hope I see in the Olympic Games.

The Nelson Mandela Invitational charity golf tournament, hosted by Gary Player, has raised over R 20 million for children's charities since its inception in 2000. This annual special event has become South Africa's most successful charitable sports gathering and benefits both the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund and Gary Player Foundation equally for various children's causes around the world.

The Elders

www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19836050 | title=Mandela joins ‘Elders’ on turning 89 | work=MSNBC | date=2007-07-20}}</ref>//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19836050 | title=Mandela joins ‘Elders’ on turning 89 | work=MSNBC | date=2007-07-20}}</ref>

Archbishop Tutu will serve as the Chair of The Elders. The founding members of this group also include Graça Machel, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, Mary Robinson and Muhammad Yunus.

www.theelders.org/transcript.aspx Nelson Mandela announces The Elders] July 18, 2007</ref>//www.theelders.org/transcript.aspx Nelson Mandela announces The Elders] July 18, 2007</ref>

AIDS engagement

Since his retirement, one of Mandela's primary commitments has been to the fight against AIDS. In 2003, he had already lent his support to the 46664 AIDS fundraising campaign, named after his prison number. In July 2004, he flew to Bangkok to speak at the XV International AIDS Conference. His son, Makgatho Mandela, died of AIDS on 6 January 2005.

Iraq invasion views

www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml | accessdate=207-08-27}}</ref>//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml | accessdate=207-08-27}}</ref>

He urged the people of the U.S. to join massive protests against Bush and called on world leaders, especially those with vetoes in the UN Security Council, to oppose him. "What I am condemning is that one power, with a president who has no foresight, who cannot think properly, is now wanting to plunge the world into a holocaust." He attacked the United States for its record on human rights and for dropping atomic bombs on Japan during World War II. "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America. They don't care."<ref name="CBS30012003"/>

news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2251067.stm | title=US threatens world peace, says Mandela | publisher=BBC | date=2002-09-11 | accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2251067.stm | title=US threatens world peace, says Mandela | publisher=BBC | date=2002-09-11 | accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>

Ismail Ayob controversy

Modèle:See www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=237663}}</ref> Ayob denied any wrongdoing,<ref> Mabuza , Ernest

  . 
 "
   Ayob denies gain from Mandela art 
     
 " , Business Day
  , 2005-07-13
 
 . </ref> and claimed that he was the victim of a smear campaign orchestrated by Mandela's advisors, in particular, lawyer George Bizos.<ref name=poorismail>   Moya , Fikile-Notsikelelo 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Poor Ismail Ayob
   
 " , The Namibian
  , 8 May 2000
 
 . </ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=247331&area=/insight/insight__comment_and_analysis/}}</ref>//www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=237663}}</ref> Ayob denied any wrongdoing,<ref>   Mabuza , Ernest 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Ayob denies gain from Mandela art 
     
 " , Business Day
  , 2005-07-13
 
 . </ref> and claimed that he was the victim of a smear campaign orchestrated by Mandela's advisors, in particular, lawyer George Bizos.<ref name=poorismail>   Moya , Fikile-Notsikelelo 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Poor Ismail Ayob
   
 " , The Namibian
  , 8 May 2000
 
 . </ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=247331&area=/insight/insight__comment_and_analysis/}}</ref>

www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A71659|date=21 July 2005|title=//www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A71659|date=21 July 2005|title= www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A70054|date=18 July 2005|title=Bizos behind vicious campaign to discredit, defame me — Ayob|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza|publisher=Business Day}}</ref>//www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A70054|date=18 July 2005|title=Bizos behind vicious campaign to discredit, defame me — Ayob|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza|publisher=Business Day}}</ref>

www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,9294,2-7-1442_2075833,00.html|title=Ayob to pay back Mandela money|date=27 February 2007|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref name=whatcaused>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"

   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070304081421601C920210|title=What caused the Ayob, Mandela spat? |first=Jeremy|last=Gordin |date=4 March 2007|publisher=Sunday Independent}}</ref> although he later claimed that he was the victim of a "vendetta", by Mandela.<ref>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070303084618645C367333|title=Mandela waging a vendetta - Ayob |date=3 March 2007|first=Michael|last=Schmidt|publisher=Pretoria News}}</ref>  Some media commentators expressed sympathy for Ayob's position, pointing out that Mandela's iconic status would make it difficult for Ayob to be treated fairly.<ref>Template error: argument title is required. </ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=395267|title=Fawning over St Nelson is no way to do justice to Mandela |first=Bongani|last=Madondo|date=25 February 2007}}</ref><ref name=poorismail/>//www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,9294,2-7-1442_2075833,00.html|title=Ayob to pay back Mandela money|date=27 February 2007|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref name=whatcaused>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070304081421601C920210|title=What caused the Ayob, Mandela spat? |first=Jeremy|last=Gordin |date=4 March 2007|publisher=Sunday Independent}}</ref> although he later claimed that he was the victim of a "vendetta", by Mandela.<ref>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070303084618645C367333|title=Mandela waging a vendetta - Ayob |date=3 March 2007|first=Michael|last=Schmidt|publisher=Pretoria News}}</ref>  Some media commentators expressed sympathy for Ayob's position, pointing out that Mandela's iconic status would make it difficult for Ayob to be treated fairly.<ref>Template error: argument title is required. </ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=395267|title=Fawning over St Nelson is no way to do justice to Mandela |first=Bongani|last=Madondo|date=25 February 2007}}</ref><ref name=poorismail/>

Allegations

www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Article.aspx?id=395414|title=Dirty war over Mandela millions |author=Wisani wa ka Ngobeni, Dumisane Lubisi and Dominic Mahlangu|date=25 February 2007|publisher=Sunday Times}}</ref> Ayob later resigned from the Trust. In 2006, the two remaining trustees of the Nelson Mandela Trust launched an application against Ayob for disbursing money from the trust without their consent.<ref>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"

   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.news24.com/City_Press/News/0,7515,186-187_2078129,00.html|date=3 March 2007|title=Madiba set me up, says Ayob|author=Makhudu Sefara and Jackie Mapiloko|publisher=City Press}}</ref> Ayob claimed that this money was paid to the South African Revenue Service, to Mandela's children and grandchildren to Mandela himself and to an accounting company for four years of accounting work.<ref name=whatcaused/>//www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Article.aspx?id=395414|title=Dirty war over Mandela millions  |author=Wisani wa ka Ngobeni, Dumisane Lubisi and Dominic Mahlangu|date=25 February 2007|publisher=Sunday Times}}</ref> Ayob later resigned from the Trust. In 2006, the two remaining trustees of the Nelson Mandela Trust launched an application against Ayob for disbursing money from the trust without their consent.<ref>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.news24.com/City_Press/News/0,7515,186-187_2078129,00.html|date=3 March 2007|title=Madiba set me up, says Ayob|author=Makhudu Sefara and Jackie Mapiloko|publisher=City Press}}</ref> Ayob claimed that this money was paid to the South African Revenue Service, to Mandela's children and grandchildren to Mandela himself and to an accounting company for four years of accounting work.<ref name=whatcaused/>

allafrica.com/stories/200703100051.html|title=Ayob Runs Out of Cash But Accuses Mandela Again|publisher=Business Day|date=10 March 2007|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza}}</ref> It was alleged that Ayob made defamatory remarks about Mandela in his affidavit, for which the court order stated that Ayob should apologise. It was pointed out that these remarks, which centred on Nelson Mandela holding foreign bank accounts and not paying tax on these, had not originated from Ayob's affidavit but from Nelson Mandela's and George Bizos's own affidavits.<ref name=ismailnocash/>//allafrica.com/stories/200703100051.html|title=Ayob Runs Out of Cash But Accuses Mandela Again|publisher=Business Day|date=10 March 2007|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza}}</ref> It was alleged that Ayob made defamatory remarks about Mandela in his affidavit, for which the court order stated that Ayob should apologise. It was pointed out that these remarks, which centred on Nelson Mandela holding foreign bank accounts and not paying tax on these, had not originated from Ayob's affidavit but from Nelson Mandela's and George Bizos's own affidavits.<ref name=ismailnocash/>

Blood Diamond controversy

In a The New Republic article in December 2006, Nelson Mandela was criticised for a number of positive comments he had made about the diamond industry, specifically regarding blood diamonds. In a letter to Edward Zwick, the director of the motion picture Blood Diamond, Mandela had noted that:

www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20061218&s=chotiner121806 |title=Half Nelson - Mandela, diamond shill|publisher=The New Republic,|date=(online) post date Friday 08 December 2006, (print) issue date Monday 18 December 2006}}</ref>//www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20061218&s=chotiner121806 |title=Half Nelson - Mandela, diamond shill|publisher=The New Republic,|date=(online) post date Friday 08 December 2006, (print) issue date Monday 18 December 2006}}</ref>

The New Republic article claims that this comment, as well as various pro-diamond-industry initiatives and statements during his life and during his time as a president of South Africa, were influenced by both his friendship with Harry Oppenheimer, former chairman of De Beers, as well as an outlook for 'narrow national interests' of South Africa (which is a major diamond producer).

Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe

Robert Mugabe, the president of Zimbabwe who has led the country since independence in 1980, has been widely criticised internationally for the 1980s slaughter of 20,000 Matabele people as well as corruption, incompetent administration, political oppression and cronyism that has ultimately led to the economic collapse of the country.

Mandela criticised Mugabe's government in 2000,<ref name=mugabe>"

   Mandela expresses anger at Mugabe

www.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html

 " , The Namibian
  , 8 May 2000
 
 . </ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html|date=8 May 2000|publisher=The Namibian}}</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/09/29/safrica.mandela.reut/index.html|title=Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance|publisher=CNN|date=29 September, 2000}}</ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>Modèle:Cite newswww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"
   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.guardian.co.uk/southafrica/story/0,,1823060,00.html|publisher=The Guardian|title=Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date=18 July 2006}}</ref>

This has sometimes led to Mandela being criticised for not using his influence to more effect to persuade Mugabe to moderate his policies.<ref name=zim>Modèle:Cite webwww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"

   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.villagevoice.com/news/0322,hentoff,44393,6.html|publisher=Village Voice|title=Where is Nelson Mandela?|last=Hentoff|first=Matt|date=23 May 2003}}</ref>

Acclaim

Image:Soviet Union stamp 1988 CPA 5971.jpg

Fighter for liberation of South Africa Nelson Mandela on the 1988 USSR commemorative stamp

Orders and decorations

Main article: List of awards and honours bestowed on Nelson Mandela

Mandela has received many South African, foreign and international honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 (which was shared with Frederik Willem de Klerk), the Order of Merit and the Order of St. John from Queen Elizabeth II and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush. In July 2004, the city of Johannesburg bestowed its highest honour on Mandela by granting him the freedom of the city at a ceremony in Orlando, Soweto.

As an example of his popular foreign acclaim, during his tour of Canada in 1998, 45,000 school children greeted him with adulation at a speaking engagement in the SkyDome in the city of Toronto. In 2001, he was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen (the only previous recipient, Raoul Wallenberg, was awarded honorary citizenship posthumously). While in Canada, he was also made an honorary Companion of the Order of Canada, one of the few foreigners to receive Canada's highest honour.

In 1990 he received the Bharat Ratna Award from the government of India.

www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0412a.html | title=Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela | date=1992-04-12 | publisher=ANC | acdcessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>//www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0412a.html | title=Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela | date=1992-04-12 | publisher=ANC | acdcessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>

Musical tributes

query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E4DD1438F934A15750C0A963948260 | title=Stevie Wonder Music Banned in South Africa | date=1985-03-27 | publisher=New York Times}}</ref> In 1985, Youssou N'Dour's album Nelson Mandela was the Senegalese artist's first United States release.//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E4DD1438F934A15750C0A963948260 | title=Stevie Wonder Music Banned in South Africa | date=1985-03-27 | publisher=New York Times}}</ref> In 1985, Youssou N'Dour's album Nelson Mandela was the Senegalese artist's first United States release.

In 1988, the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert at London's Wembley Stadium was a focal point of the anti-apartheid movement, with many musicians voicing their support for Mandela. Jerry Dammers, the author of Nelson Mandela, was one of the organisers. Simple Minds recorded the song Mandela Day for the concert, Santana recorded the instrumental Mandela, and Tracy Chapman performed Freedom Now, dedicated to Mandela and released on her album Crossroads. Salif Keita from Mali, who played at the concert, later visited South Africa and in 1995 recorded the song Mandela on his album Folon.

www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/features/17724.shtml | title=Brenda Fassie dies | publisher=BBC | year=2004}}</ref>//www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/features/17724.shtml | title=Brenda Fassie dies | publisher=BBC | year=2004}}</ref>

www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501030623-458836,00.html | accessdate=2007-05-12 | date=2006-06-16}}</ref>//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501030623-458836,00.html | accessdate=2007-05-12 | date=2006-06-16}}</ref>

In 2003, Mandela lent his weight to the 46664 campaign against AIDS, named after his prison number. Many prominent musicians performed in concerts as part of this campaign.

A summary of Mandela's life story is featured in the 2006 music video If Everyone Cared by Nickelback.

Cinema

In 1997, the film Mandela and De Klerk told the story of Mandela's release from prison. Mandela was played by Sidney Poitier. Goodbye Bafana, a feature film that focuses on Mandela's life, had its world premiere at the Berlin film festival on 11 February 2007. The film starred Dennis Haysbert as Mandela and chronicled Mandela's relationship with prison guard James Gregory.

In the final scene of the 1992 movie Malcolm X, Mandela – recently released after 27 years of political imprisonment – appears as a schoolteacher in a Soweto classroom. He recites a portion of one of Malcolm X's most famous speeches, including the following sentence: "We declare our right on this earth to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence..." The final phrase of that sentence is "by any means necessary." Mandela informed director Spike Lee that he could not utter this phrase on camera, stating that the apartheid government would somehow use it against him if he did. Lee understandingly obliged, and the final seconds of the film feature black-and-white footage of the real Malcolm X speaking the words "by any means necessary".^{[citation needed]}

Image:MandelaStatue.jpg

The statue of Mandela in Parliament Square, London.

Statues

On 31 March, 2004, Sandton Square was renamed Nelson Mandela Square, after a 6-metre statue of Nelson Mandela was installed on the square to honour the famous South African statesman.

On 29 August, 2007, a statue of Nelson Mandela was unveiled at Parliament Square in London by Richard Attenborough, Ken Livingstone, Wendy Woods, and Gordon Brown. The campaign to erect the statue was started in 2000 by the late Donald Woods, a South African journalist driven into exile because of his anti-apartheid activities. Mandela stated that it represented not just him, but all those who have resisted oppression, especially those in South Africa. He also said, "The history of the struggle in South Africa is rich with the stories of heroes and heroines, some of them leaders, some of them followers. All of them deserve to be remembered."<ref name=News24>Modèle:Cite webwww.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>"

   Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance 
     
 " , CNN
  , 29 September, 2000
 
 . </ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>   Carroll , Rory 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday 
     
 " , The Guardian
  , 18 July 2006
 
 . </ref>//www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2173453,00.html|publisher=News24|title=Mandela salutes apartheid heroes|date=29 August 2007}}</ref>

Modèle:Nelson Mandela

References

External links

Modèle:Wikiquote

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Wikimedia Commons propose des documents multimédia libres sur Nelson Mandela.

Modèle:Wikisource author nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.nelsonmandela.org Nelson Mandela Foundation] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.nelsonmandelachildrensfund.com.au Nelson Mandela Children's Fund] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.mandela-children.ca Nelson Mandela Children's Fund (Canada)] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/mandela.html Time 100 profile] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1851882 Mandela: An Audio History] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.palmpictures.com/film/palm-world-voices-mandela.php Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation Documentary & Soundtrack] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.sos-usa.org/cgi-bin/sos/jsp/retrieve.do?lang=en&site=US&hNav=show&nav=6.5&cat=/654_friends_worldwide&fn=6551_mandela_en.xml Nelson Mandela: Helping Orphans in South Africa] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.theelders.org/ The Elders] nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]//www.blogs.targetx.com/wildriverreview/penworldvoices/2007/09/nelson_mandela_holding_africa.html The Art of Nelson Mandela]

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-[[Image:ClintonMandela.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Nelson Mandela (à droite) et l'ancien Président américain [[Bill Clinton]], le [[4 juillet]] [[1993]] à [[Philadelphie]].]]
+{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
-'''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''', né le [[18 juillet]] [[1918]] à Mvezo dans l'ancien [[Bantoustan]] du [[Transkei]] à l'est de la  [[province du Cap]] (actuel [[Cap-Oriental]]), est un ancien président de l'[[Afrique du Sud]] et fut l'un des dirigeants de la lutte contre l'[[apartheid]].
+{{dablink|For other people named Mandela, or other uses, see [[Mandela]].}}
+{{Infobox_President
+|name=Nelson Mandela [[Image:Nobel Prize.png|20px]]
+|smallimage=Nelson Mandela 1998 cropped.JPG
+|order=11th [[President of South Africa]]
+|term_start=[[27 April]] [[1994]]
+|term_end=[[14 June]] [[1999]]
+|vicepresident=[[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]<br>[[Thabo Mbeki]]
+|predecessor=[[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] ([[State President of South Africa]])
+|successor=[[Thabo Mbeki]]
+|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1918|07|18|df=yes}}
+|birth_place= [[Mvezo]],  near [[Mthatha]], [[Eastern Cape]], [[Union of South Africa]]
+|party=[[African National Congress]]}}
+{{Apartheid}}
+'''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' {{IPA2|xolíɬaɬa mandéːla}} (born [[18 July]] [[1918]]) is a former [[President of South Africa|President]] of [[South Africa]], the first to be elected in [[universal suffrage|fully representative]] democratic elections. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-[[History of South Africa in the Apartheid era|apartheid]] activist and leader of the [[African National Congress]] and its armed wing [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]]. He spent 27 years in prison, much of it in a cell on [[Robben Island]], on convictions for crimes that included sabotage committed while he spearheaded the struggle against apartheid.
-En [[1993]], il reçoit avec le président sud-africain de l'époque, [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]], le [[Prix Nobel de la paix]] pour leurs actions en faveur de la fin de l'apartheid et l'établissement de la [[démocratie]] dans le pays.
+Among opponents of apartheid in South Africa and internationally, he became a symbol of freedom and equality, while the apartheid government and nations sympathetic to it condemned him and the [[African National Congress|ANC]] as [[communist]]s and [[terrorist]]s.
-Suite à ce combat et à celui qu'il mène actuellement contre le [[Syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise|Sida]], c'est une personnalité écoutée, particulièrement en [[Afrique]].
+Following his release from prison in 1990, his switch to a policy of reconciliation and negotiation helped lead the transition to multi-racial democracy in South Africa. Since the end of apartheid, he has been widely praised, even by former opponents.
-==Biographie==
+Mandela has received [[List of awards and honours bestowed on Nelson Mandela|more than one hundred awards]] over four decades, most notably the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993. He is currently a celebrated elder [[statesman]] who continues to voice his opinion on topical issues. In South Africa he is often known as '''Madiba''', an honorary title adopted by elders of Mandela's clan. The title has come to be synonymous with Nelson Mandela.
-===Famille et études  ===
-Fils d'une famille royale Thembu [[Xhosa]], Rolihlahla Mandela est né le [[18 juillet]] [[1918]] dans le  village de Qunu, au bord de la rivière Mbashe au [[Transkei]] ([[Cap-Oriental]]).
-Son père était Hendry Mphakanyiswa Gadla, chef de tribu Xhosa de Tembu. À l'âge de sept ans, Rolihlahla Mandela devint le premier membre de la famille à suivre une scolarité. C'est un professeur méthodiste qui lui donne le prénom occidental de Nelson.
+==Early life==
+===Birth and lineage===
+[[Image:Young Mandela.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A young Nelson Mandela]]
+Mandela belongs to a [[cadet branch]] of the [[Thembu]] dynasty which (nominally) [[reign]]s in the [[Transkei|Transkeian Territories]] of [[South Africa|the Union of South Africa]]'s [[Cape Province]]. He was born in the small village of [[Mvezo]] in the district of [[Umtata]], the Transkei capital. His great-grandfather was [[Ngubengcuka]] (died 1832), the ''Inkosi Enkhulu'' or [[Monarch|King]] of the Thembu people, who were eventually subjected to [[British Empire|British colonial]] rule. One of the king's sons, named ''Mandela'', became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his [[surname]]. However, being only the ''Inkosi's'' child by a wife of the Ixhiba [[clan]] (the so-called "Left-Hand House"), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to [[order of succession#Monarchies and nobility|succeed]] to the Thembu throne.<ref name = port>{{cite web|url = http://www.nextreads.com/display2.aspx?recid=126238&FC=1|title = Mandela: The Authorized Portrait|accessdate = 2007-08-31|authorlink = Nelson Mandela|date = 2006|isbn = 0-7407-5572-2}}</ref> His father, [[Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa]] (1880–1928), was nonetheless designated [[Tribal chief|chief]] of the town of Mvezo. Upon alienating the colonial authorities, however, he was deprived of his position, and moved his family to Qunu.<ref name=port/> Gadla remained, however, a member of the ''Inkosi's'' [[Privy Council]], and was instrumental in the ascension to the Thembu throne of [[Jongintaba Dalindyebo]], who would later return this favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Gadla's death. Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered a total of thirteen children (four boys and nine girls). Mandela was born to Gadla's third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), [[Nosekeni Fanny]], daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the [[dynasty|dynastic]] Right Hand House, in whose ''umzi'' or [[homestead (small African settlement)|homestead]] Mandela spent much of his childhood.<ref name=port/>  His [[given name]] ''Rolihlahla'' means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".<ref name=longwalk/>
-Son père décède d'une [[tuberculose]] alors qu'il n'a que neuf ans, sa mère l'accompagne à Mqhekezweni afin qu'il se fasse élever par un régent qui le considérera comme son propre fils.
+===Education===
+At seven years of age, Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where he was given the name "Nelson," after the British admiral [[Horatio Nelson]], by a [[Methodist]] teacher who found his native name difficult to pronounce.
-Selon la coutume Xhosa, il est initié à l'âge de seize ans et poursuit ses études avec succès à la Clarkebury Boarding Institute. Il obtient son certificat scolaire en deux ans (au lieu de trois habituellement).
+His father died of tuberculosis when Rolihlahla was nine, and the [[Regent]], Jongintaba, became his [[Legal guardian|guardian]].  Mandela attended a [[Methodism|Wesleyan]] mission school next door to the palace of the Regent. Following Thembu custom, he was [[initiation|initiated]] at age sixteen, and attended [[Clarkebury Boarding Institute]]. He completed his [[Junior Certificate]] in two years, instead of the usual three. Destined to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to [[Healdtown Comprehensive School|Healdtown]], the Wesleyan college in [[Fort Beaufort]] which most Thembu [[royal family|royalty]] attended. Aged nineteen, he took an interest in [[boxing]] and [[running]].<ref name=port/>
-En [[1934]], Mandela s'inscrit au Collège Wesleyan de [[Fort Beaufort]].
+After [[matriculation|matriculating]], he started to study for a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] at the [[Fort Hare University]], where he met [[Oliver Tambo]], and the two became lifelong friends and colleagues. He also became close friends with his [[Kinship and descent|kinsman]], [[Kaiser Matanzima|Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima]] who, however, as royal [[scion]] of the Thembu Right Hand House, was destined for the throne of Transkei, a role that later led him to embrace [[Bantustan]] policies which made he and Mandela political enemies.<ref name=port/> At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in a [[boycott]] by the [[Students' Representative Council]] against the university policies, and was asked to leave [[Fort Hare]].
-Diplômé, il rejoint l'[[université de Fort Hare]] où il fait la connaissance d'[[Oliver Tambo]], qui devient son ami et collègue.
+Later, while imprisoned, Mandela studied for a [[Bachelor of Laws]] from the [[University of London External Programme]] (see below).
-À la fin de sa première année, membre du conseil représentatif des étudiants, il est impliqué dans le boycott du règlement universitaire. Il est alors renvoyé de l'université.
-Suite à un mariage arrangé non souhaité, il s'enfuit à [[Johannesburg]] où il passe sa licence par correspondance à l'[[université d'Afrique du Sud]] (UNISA) puis débute des études de [[droit]] à l'[[université du Witwatersrand]].
+===Move to Johannesburg===
+Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the Regent's own son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them. Both young men were displeased by this and rather than marry, they elected to flee the comforts of the Regent's estate to go to [[Johannesburg]]. Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine. However, this was quickly terminated after the employer learned that Mandela was the Regent's runaway adopted son. He later started work as an articled [[clerk]] at a law firm thanks to connections with his friend, lawyer [[Walter Sisulu]]. While working there, he completed his B.A. degree at the [[University of South Africa]] via correspondence, after which he started with his law studies at the [[University of Witwatersrand]]. During this time Mandela lived in [[Alexandra]] township, north of Johannesburg.
-=== Activité politique ===
+==Political activity==
-C'est en [[1942]] que Nelson Mandela rejoint le [[Congrès national africain]] (ANC), membre de l'Internationale Socialiste, afin de lutter contre la domination politique de la minorité blanche. En [[1944]], avec [[Walter Sisulu]] et [[Oliver Tambo]], il fonde la plus dynamique ligue de jeunesse de l'ANC.
+After the 1948 election victory of the [[Afrikaner]]-dominated [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] with its [[apartheid]] policy of [[racial segregation]], Mandela was prominent in the ANC's 1952 [[Defiance Campaign]] and the 1955 [[Congress of the People]], whose adoption of the [[Freedom Charter]] provided the fundamental program of the anti-apartheid cause.  During this time, Mandela and fellow lawyer [[Oliver Tambo]] operated the law firm of [[Mandela and Tambo]], providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who would otherwise have been without representation.
+Mandela's approach was influenced by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who inspired him and succeeding generations of South African anti-apartheid activists.<ref>{{cite web | author= Nelson Mandela | title=The Sacred Warrior | work=TIME 100: Person of the Century | date=[[2000-01-03]] | url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893-1914, p. 149|author=Surendra Bhana and Goolam Vahed|date=2005|page=149}}</ref> Indeed, Mandela took part in the [[29 January]] – [[30 January]] [[2007]] conference in [[New Delhi]] which marked the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's introduction of [[satyagraha]] in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news | author=Nita Bhalla | title=Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach | work=Reuters | date=29 January 2007 | url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2007/01/29/mandela_calls_for_gandhis_non_violence_approach | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>
-Aux élections générales de [[1948]], la victoire du [[Parti national (Afrique du Sud)|Parti national]] [[Afrikaner (peuple)|Afrikaner]] entraîne la mise en place de sa nouvelle politique qui fut appelée [[apartheid]].
+Initially committed to [[nonviolent resistance|non-violent mass struggle]], Mandela was arrested with 150 others on [[5 December]] [[1956]] and charged with treason. The marathon [[Treason Trial]] of 1956–61 followed, and all were acquitted.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} From 1952–59 the ANC experienced disruption as a new class of Black activists (Africanists) emerged in the townships demanding more drastic steps against the National Party regime. The ANC leadership of [[Albert Luthuli]], [[Oliver Tambo]] and [[Walter Sisulu]] felt not only that events were moving too fast, but also that their leadership was challenged. They consequently bolstered their position by alliances with small White, Coloured and Indian political parties in an attempt to appear to have a wider appeal than the Africanists. The 1955 [[Freedom Charter]] Kliptown Conference was ridiculed by the Africanists for allowing the 100,000-strong ANC to be relegated to a single vote in a Congress alliance, in which four secretaries-general of the five participating parties were members of the secretly reconstituted [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP), strongly adhering to the Moscow line.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}
-En [[1952]], Mandela, par ailleurs avocat, monte la campagne de défiance contre le gouvernement de [[Daniel Malan]].
+In 1959 the ANC lost its most militant support when most of the Africanists, with financial support from [[Ghana]] and significant political support from the [[Transvaal]]-based [[Basotho]], broke away to form the [[Pan Africanist Congress]] (PAC) under [[Robert Sobukwe]] and [[Potlako Leballo]]. {{Fact|date=August 2007}}
-En [[1955]], alors que le Parti National semble appelé à durer au gouvernement, Mandela participe à la rédaction de la charte de la liberté dont le programme fondamental est la lutte contre la ségrégation raciale et l'apartheid.
+===Guerrilla activities===
-À cette époque, Mandela et Tambo se sont associés au sein de leur propre cabinet et prodiguent des conseils juridiques gratuits aux noirs les plus pauvres.
+In 1961, Mandela became the leader of the ANC's armed wing, [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] (translated as ''Spear of the Nation'', also abbreviated as ''MK''), which he co-founded. He coordinated a sabotage campaign against [[military]] and [[government]] targets, and made plans for a possible [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] if sabotage failed to end apartheid. A few decades later, MK did wage a guerrilla war against the regime, especially during the 1980s, in which many [[civilian]]s were killed. Mandela also raised funds for MK abroad, and arranged for [[paramilitary]] training, visiting various African governments.
-Le [[5 décembre]] [[1956]], Mandela et 150 autres personnes sont arrêtés et accusés de trahison. Ils sont au bout du compte tous acquittés, grâce aux plaidoiries des avocats et au légalisme pointilleux des tribunaux sud-africains en 1961.
+Mandela explains the move to embark on armed struggle as a last resort, when increasing repression and violence from the state convinced him that many years of [[non-violence|non-violent]] protest against apartheid had achieved nothing and could not succeed.<ref name="rivonia">{{cite web | author=Nelson Mandela | title="I am Prepared to Die" - Nelson Mandela's statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the Rivonia Trial | work=African National Congress | |date=April 20, 1964 | url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1960s/rivonia.html | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref name="longwalk">{{cite book|first=Nelson|last=Mandela|title=[[Long Walk to Freedom]]|year=1994|publisher=Little Brown and Company}}</ref>
-Après le [[massacre de Sharpeville]] où il y a eu 79 morts et 178 blessés en [[1960]], les appels à la lutte armée sont plus pressants d'autant plus que l'ANC et le [[Congrès panafricain]] sont interdits, ses leaders emprisonnés ou assignés à résidence. La stratégie non-violente de l'ANC est abandonnée par Nelson Mandela qui fonde [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]], réseau prônant l'action armée.
+Mandela later admitted that the ANC, in its struggle against apartheid, also violated human rights, and has sharply criticised attempts by parts of his party to remove statements supporting this fact from the reports of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]].<ref>''[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_19981102/ai_n10463122 Mandela admits ANC violated rights, too]'' (from findarticles.com, originally published in the ''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]'', [[2 November]] [[1998]])</ref>
-=== Prisonnier politique ===
+===Arrest and Rivonia trial===
-Il fut emprisonné en [[1962]] puis condamné à cinq ans de prison en [[1963]], et, après un procès où il contesta la justice d'[[apartheid]], condamné à la détention à perpétuité en [[1964]] en raison de ses activités politiques clandestines, devenant au fil des années, le plus célèbre et l'un des plus anciens [[prisonnier politique|prisonniers politiques]].
+{{main|Rivonia Trial}}
+On [[5 August]] [[1962]] Mandela was arrested after living on the run for seventeen months, and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort.  The arrest was allegedly made possible because the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] tipped off the police as to Mandela's whereabouts and disguise.<ref name=blum>{{cite web | url=http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/CIAMandela_WBlum.html | title=How the CIA sent Nelson Mandela to prison for 28 years | first=William | last=Blum | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref name=salon>{{cite web | url=http://www.salon.com/news/news961114.html | publisher=Salon | first=Jeff | last=Stein | title=Our Man in South Africa | date=[[1996-11-14]] | accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref> Three days later, the charges of leading workers to strike in 1961 and leaving the country illegally were read to him during a court appearance. On [[25 October]] [[1962]], Mandela was sentenced to five years in [[prison]].  Two years later on [[11 June]] [[1964]], a verdict had been reached concerning his previous engagement in the [[African National Congress]] (ANC).
-Il fut en partie libéré le {{date|7|décembre|1988}} et mis en [[résidence surveillée]]. Le {{date|5|juillet|1989}}, il rencontre au [[Le Cap|Cap]] le président [[Pieter Botha]]. Il fut définitivement libéré le {{date|11|février|1990}} sur ordre de [[Frederik de Klerk]] qui, pour des raisons politiques, mit fin à la clandestinité de l'ANC, et le sollicita pour maintenir la paix civile en [[Afrique du Sud]]. Les deux hommes ont travaillé ensemble pour instaurer la fin de l'[[apartheid]] et un régime de transition.
+While Mandela was imprisoned, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on [[11 July]] [[1963]], at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, north of Johannesburg. Mandela was brought in, and at the [[Rivonia Trial]], Mandela, [[Ahmed Kathrada]], [[Walter Sisulu]], [[Govan Mbeki]], [[Andrew Mlangeni]], [[Raymond Mhlaba]], [[Elias Motsoaledi]], [[Walter Mkwayi]] (who escaped during trial), [[Arthur Goldreich]] (who escaped from prison before trial), [[Denis Goldberg]] and [[Lionel Bernstein|Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein]] were charged by the chief prosecutor Dr. [[Percy Yutar]], the deputy [[attorney-general]] of the [[Transvaal]], with the capital crimes of sabotage (which Mandela admitted) and crimes which were equivalent to [[treason]], but easier for the government to prove. The second charge accused the defendants of plotting a foreign invasion of South Africa, which Mandela denied.
-===Combat pour la paix et la non-violence===
+In his statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the trial on [[20 April]] [[1964]] at [[Pretoria]] Supreme Court, Mandela laid out the clarity of reasoning in the ANC's choice to use violence as a tactic. His statement revealed how the ANC had used peaceful means to resist apartheid for years until the [[Sharpeville Massacre]]. That event coupled with the referendum establishing the Republic of South Africa and the declaration of a state of emergency along with the banning of the ANC made it clear that their only choice was to resist through acts of sabotage. Doing otherwise would have been tantamount to unconditional surrender. Mandela went on to explain how they developed the Manifesto of [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] on [[16 December]] [[1961]] intent on exposing the failure of the National Party's policies after the economy would be threatened by foreigners' unwillingness to risk investing in the country.<ref name=mk>{{cite web | url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html | title=Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe | publisher=African National Congress | date=[[1961-12-16]] | accessdate=2006-12-30}}</ref> He closed his statement with these words:
-Il se vit décerner le [[Prix Nobel de la paix]] avec le président [[Frederik de Klerk]] en [[1993]]. En [[1979]], il avait reçu le [[Prix Nehru pour la Paix]] et en [[1989]], le [[Prix Kadhafi des droits de l'Homme]].
-=== Président d'Afrique du Sud ===
+{{cquote|During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.<ref name="rivonia"/>}}
-[[Image:Nelson Mandela portrait.jpg|220px|thumb|Nelson Mandela]]
-À la suite des premières élections démocratiques du [[27 avril]] [[1994]], remportées largement par l'ANC, Nelson Mandela est élu [[Présidents d'Afrique du Sud|Président de la république d'Afrique du Sud]] et prête serment à [[Pretoria]] le [[10 mai]] [[1994]] devant tout le gotha politique international, d'[[Al Gore]] à [[Fidel Castro]].
-Il préside au premier gouvernement non racial du pays, en l'occurrence un gouvernement d'union nationale entre l'ANC, le Parti National et le parti zoulou Inkhata.
+[[Bram Fischer]], [[Vernon Berrange]], [[Harry Schwarz]], [[Joel Joffe]], [[Arthur Chaskalson]] and [[George Bizos]] were part of the defence team that represented the accused. [[Harold Hanson]] was brought in at the end of the case to plead mitigation. All except Rusty Bernstein were found guilty, but they escaped the gallows and were sentenced to life imprisonment on [[12 June]] [[1964]]. Charges included involvement in planning armed action, in particular four charges of [[sabotage]], which Mandela admitted to, and a [[conspiracy (political)|conspiracy]] to help other countries invade South Africa, which Mandela denied.
-Ses deux vice-présidents sont alors [[Thabo Mbeki]] et [[Frederik de Klerk]].
+==Imprisonment==
-[[Image:Nelson mandela.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Statue de Nelson Mandela à [[Johannesburg]]]]
+Nelson Mandela was imprisoned on [[Robben Island]] where he remained for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven years in prison. On the island, he and others performed hard labour in a lime quarry. Prison conditions were very basic. Prisoners were segregated by race, with black prisoners receiving the fewest rations. Political prisoners were kept separate from ordinary criminals and received fewer privileges. Mandela describes how, as a D-group prisoner (the lowest classification) he was allowed one visitor and one letter every six months. Letters, when they came, were often delayed for long periods and made unreadable by the prison censors.<ref name=longwalk/>
-Conformément aux négociations de la période de transition, une commission « vérité et réconciliation » est créée pour entendre des exactions et des crimes commis sous l'apartheid par le gouvernement, les forces de sécurité mais également par les mouvements de libération. Il s'agit de confronter le passé afin de tourner la page historique douloureuse et non de juger les crimes ou exactions constatées qui, le cas échéant, en l'absence de regrets des protagonistes, seront toujours du ressort des tribunaux pénaux.
-Président, Nelson Mandela est davantage un chef d'état qu'un chef de gouvernement: il confie ce rôle à Thabo Mbeki.
+Whilst in prison Mandela undertook study with the [[University of London]] by correspondence through its [[University of London External Programme|External Programme]] and received the degree of [[Bachelor of Laws]]. He was subsequently nominated for the position of [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the University of London in the [[University of London Chancellor election, 1981|1981 election]], but lost to [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]].
-Prônant la réconciliation nationale, il se rend même à [[Orania]] pour rencontrer Madame [[Hendrik Verwoerd]] et organise une tea party à Pretoria réunissant les épouses des anciens premiers ministres et présidents du pays avec les épouses des anciens prisonniers de [[Robben Island]].
+In his 1981 memoir ''Inside BOSS''<ref>Winter, Gordon, ''Inside BOSS'', Penguin 1981</ref> secret agent Gordon Winter describes his involvement in a plot to rescue Mandela from prison in 1969: this plot was infiltrated by Winter on behalf of South African intelligence, who wanted Mandela to escape so as to be able to shoot him during recapture. The plot was foiled by British Intelligence<ref>[[Lobster Magazine]] 18</ref>.
-Internationalement, il redonne une légitimité à l'Afrique du Sud qu'il donne en exemple en matière de réconciliation nationale.
+In March 1982 Mandela was transferred from Robben Island to [[Pollsmoor Prison]], along with other senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, Ahmed Kathrada and Raymond Mhlaba. It was speculated that this was to remove the influence of these senior leaders on the new generation of young black activists imprisoned on Robben Island, the so-called "Mandela University". However, [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] minister [[Kobie Coetzee]] says that the move was to enable discreet contact between them and the South African government.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}
-Son autobiographie ''[[Un long chemin vers la liberté]]'' est publiée en 1995 et raconte son enfance, son engagement politique, ses longues années de prison et son accession au pouvoir.
+In February 1985 President [[P.W. Botha]] offered Mandela conditional release in return for renouncing armed struggle. Coetzee and other ministers had advised Botha against this, saying that Mandela would never commit his organisation to giving up the armed struggle in exchange for personal freedom. Mandela indeed spurned the offer, releasing a statement via his daughter Zindzi saying "What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people remains banned? Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts."<ref name=sparks>{{cite book | title=Tomorrow is Another Country | first=Allister | last=Sparks | authorlink=Allister Sparks | year=1994 | publisher=Struik}}</ref>
-En [[1996]], le Parti National quitte le gouvernement peu après l'adoption d'une nouvelle constitution.
+The first meeting between Mandela and the National Party government came in November 1985 when Kobie Coetzee met Mandela in Volks Hospital in Cape Town where Mandela was being treated for prostate surgery. Over the next four years, a series of tentative meetings took place, laying the groundwork for further contact and future negotiations, but little real progress was made.<ref name=sparks/>
-Il accepte d'être médiateur de plusieurs négociations de paix, notamment dans l'[[Afrique des grands lacs]].
+Throughout Mandela's imprisonment, local and international pressure mounted on the South African government to release him, under the resounding slogan ''Free Nelson Mandela!''  In 1989, South Africa reached a crossroads when Botha suffered a stroke and was replaced as president by [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]].  De Klerk announced Mandela's release in February 1990.
-En [[1997]], Mandela quitte la présidence de l'ANC qui échoit à Thabo Mbeki.
+==Release==
+On [[2 February]] [[1990]], [[State President of South Africa|State President]] F.W. de Klerk reversed the ban on the ANC and other anti-apartheid organisations, and announced that Mandela would shortly be released from prison.  Mandela was released from [[Victor Verster Prison]] in [[Paarl]] on [[11 February]] [[1990]]. The event was broadcast live all over the world.
-À la fin de son mandat, certains radicaux critiquent l'absence d'efficacité de la politique de son gouvernement dans la lutte contre le [[Syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise|SIDA]], dans la lutte contre les inégalités raciales ou encore la lenteur des procédures d'indemnisations des noirs spoliés sous l'apartheid.
+On the day of his release, Mandela made a speech to the nation.  He declared his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the country's white minority, but made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not yet over:
-En [[1999]], Thabo Mbeki lui succède à la présidence de la république. Comme il s'y était engagé lors de son élection, Nelson Mandela n'est pas candidat à un second mandat et quitte la vie politique. Pour continuer de lutter pour les valeurs qui lui tiennent à cœur, il fonde la [[Fondation Nelson Mandela]].
+{{cquote|Our resort to the armed struggle in 1960 with the formation of the military wing of the ANC ([[Umkhonto we Sizwe]]) was a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid. The factors which necessitated the armed struggle still exist today. We have no option but to continue. We express the hope that a climate conducive to a negotiated settlement would be created soon, so that there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle.}}
-===Après sa présidence===
+He also said his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in both national and local elections.
-Après son divorce avec [[Winnie Mandela]], Nelson Mandela s'est remarié avec Graça Machel, veuve de l'ancien président du [[Mozambique]], [[Samora Machel]].
-En janvier [[2003]], lors d'un discours au ''International Women's Forum'', Mandela s'oppose fermement à l'attaque des [[États-Unis]] et du [[Royaume-Uni]] contre l'[[Irak]] sans l'aval des [[Organisation des Nations unies|Nations unies]]. Il accuse le président [[George Walker Bush|George W. Bush]] de vouloir {{citation|plonger le monde dans l'holocauste}} <ref>{{en}} {{Lien web
+==Negotiations==
-   |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/01/30/sprj.irq.mandela/
+{{main|Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa}}
-   |titre=Mandela: U.S. wants holocaust
+Following his release from prison, Mandela returned to the leadership of the ANC and, between 1990 and 1994, led the party in the [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|multi-party negotiations]] that led to the country's first multi-racial elections.
-   |auteur=CNN
-   |date=30 janvier 2003
-   |consulté le=23 août 2007
- }}</ref>.
-En septembre [[2004]], il fut plébiscité en tant que [[Liste des personnalités sud-africaines|première personnalité sud-africaine]].
+In 1991, the ANC held its first national conference in South Africa after its unbanning, electing Mandela as President of the organisation. His old friend and colleague Oliver Tambo, who had led the organisation in exile during Mandela's imprisonment, became National Chairperson.<ref name=ancprofile>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html|publisher=ANC|title=Profile of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela|accessdate=2007-05-08}}</ref>
-===Lutte contre le Sida===
+Mandela's leadership through the negotiations, as well as his relationship with President F.W. de Klerk, was recognised when they were jointly awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993. However, the relationship was sometimes strained, particularly so in a sharp exchange in 1991 when he furiously referred to De Klerk as the head of "an illegitimate, discredited, minority regime". The talks broke down following the [[Boipatong massacre]] in June 1992 when Mandela took the ANC out of the negotiations, accusing De Klerk's government of complicity in the killings.<ref name=boipatong>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0618.html|title=Boipatong Massacre|date=18 June 1992|accessdate=2007-04-28|publisher=ANC}}</ref> However, talks resumed following the [[Bisho massacre]] in September 1992, when the spectre of violent confrontation made it clear that negotiations were the only way forward.<ref name=longwalk/>
-Nelson Mandela se consacre aujourd'hui à la lutte contre le [[Syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise|Sida]].
-Le [[6 janvier]] [[2005]], il annonce publiquement le décès de son fils, Makgatho Mandela âgé de 54 ans, des suites du Sida. Par ce geste, il veut montrer qu'il est temps de briser le [[tabou]] qui entoure cette maladie dans de nombreux pays. Il déclare à ce sujet : {{citation|Nous ne devons pas dissimuler la cause de la mort des membres de nos familles, que nous respectons, car c'est le seul moyen de pouvoir faire comprendre à la population que le Sida est une maladie ordinaire. C'est pourquoi nous vous avons aujourd'hui fait venir pour annoncer que mon fils était mort du Sida}}.
+Following the assassination of senior ANC leader [[Chris Hani]] in April 1993, there were renewed fears that the country would erupt in violence. Mandela addressed the nation appealing for calm, in a speech regarded as 'presidential' even though he was not yet president of the country at that time: {{cquote|Tonight I am reaching out to every single South African, black and white, from the very depths of my being. A white man, full of prejudice and hate, came to our country and committed a deed so foul that our whole nation now teeters on the brink of disaster. A white woman, of Afrikaner origin, risked her life so that we may know, and bring to justice, this assassin. The cold-blooded murder of Chris Hani has sent shock waves throughout the country and the world. …Now is the time for all South Africans to stand together against those who, from any quarter, wish to destroy what Chris Hani gave his life for – the freedom of all of us.}} While some riots did follow the assassination, the negotiators were galvanised into action, and soon agreed that democratic elections should take place on [[27 April]] [[1994]], just over a year after Hani's assassination.<ref name=sparks/>
-De nombreuses personnalités et hommes politiques ont vu des membres de leur famille mourir du Sida, mais ils l'ont caché, car cette maladie est considérée comme une honte. Parmi les citoyens ''lambda'', il arrive très souvent que les personnes atteintes soient rejetées par leur entourage, condamnées à mourir seules et isolées.
+==Autobiography==
+Mandela's autobiography, ''[[Long Walk to Freedom (book)|Long Walk to Freedom]]'', was published in 1994. Mandela had begun work on it secretly while in prison. In that book Mandela did not reveal anything about the alleged complicity of [[Frederik Willem de Klerk|F.W. de Klerk]] in the violence of the eighties and nineties, or the role of his ex-wife [[Winnie Mandela]] in that bloodshed. However, he later co-operated with his friend the journalist [[Anthony Sampson]] who discussed those issues in ''[[Mandela: The Authorised Biography]]''. Another detail that Mandela omitted was the allegedly fraudulent book, ''[[Goodbye Bafana]]''. Its author, Robben Island warder [[James Gregory]], claimed to have been Mandela's confidante in prison and published details of the prisoner's family affairs. Sampson maintained that Mandela had not known Gregory well, but that Gregory censored the letters sent to the future president and thus discovered the details of Mandela's personal life. Sampson also averred that other warders suspected Gregory of spying for the government and that Mandela considered suing Gregory.<ref name=sampson>{{cite book | title=[[Mandela: The Authorised Biography]] | first=Anthony | last=Sampson | authorlink=Anthony Sampson | pages=217 | year=1999 | publisher=HarperCollins}}</ref>
-==Mandela inspirateur de musiciens==
+==Presidency of South Africa==
-* [[Johnny Clegg]] lui a dédié sa chanson ''Asimbonanga''
+South Africa's [[South African general election, 1994|first democratic elections]] in which full enfranchisement was granted were held on [[27 April]] [[1994]]. The ANC won 62% of the votes in the election, and Mandela, as leader of the ANC, was inaugurated on [[10 May]] [[1994]] as the country's first black [[President of South Africa|President]], with the National Party's de Klerk as his first [[Deputy President of South Africa|deputy]] and [[Thabo Mbeki]] as the second in the [[Government of National Unity (South Africa)|Government of National Unity]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Mandela becomes SA's first black president | work=BBC On This Day | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/10/newsid_2661000/2661503.stm  | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>
-* Le groupe [[Simple Minds]] lui a dédié sa chanson ''Mandela Day''
-* [[Juan Luis Guerra]] dans sa chanson ''[[Carta de amor]]'' s'écrie (en espagnol) "Libérez Mandela"
-* Plusieurs personnalités de la musique se sont joints à lui pour les [[46664 (concerts)|"concerts 46664"]] (numéro de matricule de prisonnier de Mandela) afin de sensibiliser la communauté internationale aux problèmes africains.
-* [[Michel Fugain]]  évoque la captivité  de Nelson Mandela dans sa chanson ''La liberté demandez-la''
-==Références==
+===Policy of reconciliation===
-<references />
+As President from May 1994 until June 1999, Mandela presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation.
-==Voir aussi==
+Mandela encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated [[South African national rugby union team|''Springboks'']] (the South African national rugby team) as South Africa hosted the [[1995 Rugby World Cup]]. After the Springboks won an epic final over New Zealand, Mandela, wearing a Springbok shirt, presented the trophy to captain [[Francois Pienaar]], an Afrikaner. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}
-===Liens internes===
-{{Commons | Category:Nelson_Mandela | Nelson_Mandela}}
-{{Wikiquote|Nelson Mandela}}
-* [[Personnalités et SIDA]]
-* [[46664 (concerts)|"concerts 46664"]]
-* [[Fondation Nelson Mandela]]
-* [[Métropole Nelson Mandela]]
-* le film ''[[Goodbye Bafana]]'' sur la vie du geôlier de Nelson Mandela de 1960 à 1990.
-===Discours et prises de position===
+After assuming the presidency, one of Mandela's trademarks was his use of [[Batik]] shirts, known as "[[Madiba shirt]]s", even on formal occasions.
-* "Vaincre la pauvreté n'est pas un geste de charité. C'est un acte de justice." Discours de Nelson Mandela pour la réception du prix Ambassadeur de la conscience remis par Amnesty International [http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/FRAACT100082006]
-===Liens externes===
+===Invasion of Lesotho===
-* '''(en)''' [http://46664.com 46664.com] - Site officiel de la [[Fondation Nelson Mandela]]
+In [[South African intervention in Lesotho|South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation]], Mandela ordered troops into [[Lesotho]] in September 1998 to protect the government of [[Prime Minister]] [[Pakalitha Mosisili]]. This came after a disputed election prompted fierce opposition threatening the unstable government.<ref name=Lesotho>{{cite web | url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/lsno8.html | title=Lesotho to hold re-elections within 15 to 18 months | publisher=Lesotho News Online | author=Bethuel Thai | date=[[1998-10-04]] | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>
-{{dynastie|couleur1=|couleur2=lightblue|avant=[[Frederik de Klerk]]|après=[[Thabo Mbeki]]|nom=[[Image:Safricaarms.png|60px]] <br /> [[Présidents d'Afrique du Sud|Président de l'Afrique du Sud]] <br /> 1994 à 1999}}
+===Criticism of AIDS response===
-{{Présidents d'Afrique du Sud}}
+Commentators and critics including [[AIDS]] activists such as [[Edwin Cameron]] have criticised Mandela for his government's ineffectiveness in stemming the [[AIDS]] crisis.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,992092,00.html | title=Mandela at 85 | publisher=The Observer | first=Anthony | last=Sampson | authorlink=Anthony Sampson | date=[[2003-07-06]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/html/040419/mandela.html | title=The Lion In Winter | first=Simon | last=Robinson | publisher=TIMEeurope Magazine | date=[[2007-04-11]]}}</ref> After his [[retirement]], Mandela admitted that he may have failed his country by not paying more attention to the [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] epidemic.<ref>{{cite web | title=Can Mandela's AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame? | publisher=Peninsula Peace and Justice Center | date=[[2005-01-09]] | url=http://peaceandjustice.org/article.php?story=20050109125126110&mode=print}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85 | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200307190001.html | publisher=allAfrica.com | first=Ofeibea | last=Quist-Arcton | date=[[2003-07-19]]}}</ref> He has since taken many opportunities to highlight this South African and international tragedy.
-{{Prix Nobel de la paix}}
-{{Portail Afrique}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandela, Nelson}}
+===Lockerbie trial===
-[[Catégorie:Personnalité politique sud-africaine]]
+President Mandela took a particular interest in helping to resolve the long-running dispute between [[Muammar al-Qaddafi|Gaddafi]]'s Libya, on the one hand, and the United States and Britain on the other, over bringing to trial the two Libyans who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging [[Pan Am Flight 103]], which crashed at the Scottish town of [[Lockerbie]] on [[21 December]] [[1988]], with the loss of 270 lives. As early as 1992, Mandela informally approached President George Bush with a proposal to have the two indicted Libyans tried in a third country. Bush reacted favourably to the proposal, as did President [[François Mitterrand|Mitterrand]] of France and King [[Juan Carlos]] of Spain. In November 1994 – six months after his election as president – Mandela formally proposed that South Africa should be the venue for the [[Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial]].<ref>[http://www.dispatch.co.za/1997/10/27/page%2013.htm Families say SA trial site acceptable]</ref>
-[[Catégorie:Apartheid]]
-[[Catégorie:Non-violence]]
-[[Catégorie:Militant pacifiste]]
-[[Catégorie:Lauréat du Prix Nobel de la Paix]]
-[[Catégorie:Membre de l'Ordre du Canada]]
-[[Catégorie:Personnalité engagée dans la lutte contre le SIDA]]
-[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1918]]
-[[Catégorie:Prix Sakharov]]
-[[Catégorie:Lauréat du prix Lénine pour la paix]]
-{{Lien BA|sv}}
+However, British Prime Minister, [[John Major]], flatly rejected the idea saying the British government did not have confidence in foreign courts<ref>''The Guardian'' [[11 May]] [[1999]] page 13 "Mandela's parting shot at Major over Lockerbie"</ref>. A further three years elapsed until Mandela's offer was repeated to Major's successor, [[Tony Blair]], when the president visited London in July 1997. Later the same year, at the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] (CHOGM) at [[Edinburgh]] in October 1997, Mandela warned:
+:"No one nation should be [[complainant]], [[prosecutor]] and [[judge]]."
+[[Image:MandelaGaddafi.jpg|right|thumb|300px|President Mandela negotiated with [[Muammar Gaddafi]] the hand-over of two accused Libyans to stand [[Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial|trial]] ]]
+A compromise solution was then agreed for a trial to be held at [[Camp Zeist, Netherlands|Camp Zeist]] in the [[Netherlands]], governed by [[Scots law]], and President Mandela began negotiations with Colonel [[Muammar al-Qaddafi|Gaddafi]] for the handover of the two accused ([[Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi|Megrahi]] and [[Lamin Khalifah Fhimah|Fhimah]]) in April 1999.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/1144147.stm | title=Analysis: Lockerbie's long road | publisher=BBC | date=[[2001-01-31]]}}</ref> At the end of their nine-month trial, the verdict was announced on [[31 January]] [[2001]]. Fhimah was acquitted but Megrahi was convicted and sentenced to 27 years in a Scottish jail. Megrahi's initial appeal was turned down in March 2002, and former president Mandela went to visit him in Barlinnie prison on [[10 June]] [[2002]].
+:"Megrahi is all alone", Mandela told a packed press conference in the prison's visitors room. "He has nobody he can talk to. It is psychological persecution that a man must stay for the length of his long sentence all alone. It would be fair if he were transferred to a Muslim country — and there are Muslim countries which are trusted by the West. It will make it easier for his family to visit him if he is in a place like the kingdom of Morocco, Tunisia or Egypt."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/Lockerbie/Story/0,2763,740130,00.html | title=Mandela appeals on behalf of Lockerbie bomber | date=[[2002-06-10]] | publisher=Guardian Unlimited}}</ref>
-{{Lien BA|no}}
+Megrahi was subsequently moved to Greenock jail and is no longer in solitary confinement. On [[June 28]], [[2007]], the [[Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission]] concluded its three-year review of Megrahi's conviction and, believing that a [[miscarriage of justice]] may have occurred, referred the case to the [[Court of Criminal Appeal]] for a second appeal.<ref>[http://www.sccrc.org.uk/ViewFile.aspx?id=293  SCCRC refers Megrahi's case back for a second appeal] </ref>
+==Marriage and family==
+Mandela has been married three times, has fathered six children, has twenty grandchildren, and a growing number of great-grandchildren. His grandson is [[Tribal chief|Chief]] [[Mandla Mandela]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/southafrica/thembu.html | title=Genealogical Gleanings | accessdate=2006-12-12 | author=Henry Soszynski | work=abaThembu (Tribe) | publisher=University of Queensland}}</ref>
+===First marriage===
+Mandela's first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase who, like Mandela, was also from what later became the [[Transkei]] area of South Africa, although they actually met in Johannesburg. The couple had two sons, Madiba Thembekile (Thembi) (born 1946) and Makgatho (born 1950), and two daughters, both named [[Makaziwe Mandela|Makaziwe]] (known as Maki; born 1947 and 1953). Their first daughter died aged nine months, and they named their second daughter in her honor. The couple broke up in 1957 after 13 years, divorcing under the multiple strains of his constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact she was a [[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's Witness]], a religion which requires political neutrality. Thembi was killed in a car crash in 1969 at the age of 25, while Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island. All their children were educated at the [[Waterford Kamhlaba]]. Evelyn Mase died in 2004.
+===Second marriage===
+Mandela's second wife, [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]], also came from the Transkei area, although they, too, met in Johannesburg, where she was the city's first black social worker. They had two daughters, Zenani (Zeni), born [[4 February]] [[1958]], and Zindziswa (Zindzi), born 1960. Later, Winnie would be deeply torn by family discord which mirrored the country's political strife; while her husband was serving a life sentence on the Robben Island prison, her father became the agriculture minister in the Transkei. The marriage ended in separation (April 1992) and divorce (March 1996), fuelled by political estrangement.
+Mandela still languished in prison when his daughter Zenani was married to Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini in 1973, elder brother of King [[Mswati III of Swaziland|Mswati III]] of [[Swaziland]]. As a member by marriage of a reigning foreign dynasty, she was able to visit her father during his South African imprisonment while other family members were denied access. The Dlamini couple live and run a business in [[Boston]]. One of their sons, Prince [[Cedza Dlamini]] (born 1976), educated in the [[United States]], has followed in his grandfather's footsteps as an international advocate for human rights and humanitarian aid. Thumbumuzi and Mswati's sister, Princess Mantfombi Dlamini, is the chief [[Queen consort|consort]] to King [[Goodwill Zwelithini]] of [[KwaZulu-Natal]], who "reigns but does not rule" over South Africa's largest ethnic group under the auspices of South Africa's government. One of Queen Mantfombi's sons is expected to eventually succeed Goodwill as monarch of the [[Zulu]]s, whose [[Inkatha]] Party leader, [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]], was the rival of Mandela during much of his presidency.
+===Third marriage===
+Mandela himself was re-married in 1998, on his 80th birthday, to [[Graça Machel]] ''née'' Simbine, widow of [[Samora Machel]], the former [[Mozambique|Mozambican]] president and ANC ally killed in an air crash 12 years earlier. The wedding followed months of international negotiations to set the unprecedented bride-price remitted to her clan, which were conducted on Mandela's behalf by his traditional sovereign, King [[Buyelekhaya Zwelibanzi Dalindyebo]], born 1964. Ironically, it was this [[paramount chief]]'s grandfather, the  Regent Jongintaba, whose selection of a bride for him prompted Mandela to flee to Johannesburg as a young man.
+Mandela still maintains a home at Qunu in the realm of his royal nephew (second cousin thrice-removed in [[Western world|Western]] reckoning), whose university expenses he defrayed and whose privy councillor he remains.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.see.org.za/xsite/workshop_report1.htm | title=Zuidelijk Afrika | accessdate=2006-12-12 | last=de Bruyne | first=Marnix | work=Tembu King Zwelibanzi has gained respect in exile | publisher=Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa}}</ref>
+==Retirement==
+Mandela became the oldest elected President of South Africa when he took office at the age of 77 in 1994. He decided not to stand for a second term as President, and instead retired in 1999, to be succeeded by [[Thabo Mbeki]].
+===Health===
+In July 2001 Mandela was diagnosed and treated for [[prostate cancer]]. He was treated with a seven week course of radiation.<ref>{{cite news | publisher=BBC News | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1492865.stm | title=Mandela 'responding well to treatment' | date=[[2001-08-15]]}}</ref> In June 2004, at age 85, Mandela announced that he would be retiring from public life. His health had been declining, and he wanted to enjoy more time with his family. Mandela said that he did not intend to hide away totally from the public, but wanted to be in a position "of calling you to ask whether I would be welcome, rather than being called upon to do things and participate in events. My appeal therefore is: Don't call me, I will call you"<ref>{{cite web | title="I'll call you" | work=SouthAfrica.info | date=[[2004-06-02]] | url=http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/mandela-retirement.htm | accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref>. Since 2003, he has appeared in public less often and has been less vocal on topical issues.<ref name=retirement/> In his late 80s, he is white haired and walks slowly with the support of a stick.
+In 2003 Mandela's death was [[List of premature obituaries|incorrectly announced]] by [[CNN]] when his pre-written obituary (along with those of several other famous figures) was inadvertently published on CNN's web site due to a fault in password protection.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/cnnobit1.html | title=The Smoking Gun: Archive | year=2003 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref> In 2007 a fringe right-wing group distributed hoax emails and SMSs claiming that the authorities had covered up Mandela's death and that white South Africans would be massacred after his funeral. Mandela was on holiday in Mozambique at the time.<ref name=hoaxdeath>{{cite news | url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=300707&area=/insight/insight__national | title=Not yet uhuru | author=Yolandi Groenewald and Pearlie Joubert | publisher=Mail & Guardian | date=[[2007-03-02]]}}</ref>
+===Public activities===
+After his retirement as President, Mandela went on to become an advocate for a variety of social and human rights organisations. He has expressed his support for the international [[Make Poverty History]] movement of which the [[ONE Campaign]] is a part.<ref name=povertyhistory>{{cite web | url=http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/theyearof | title=2005: The year of Make Poverty History | publisher=Make Poverty History | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>
+Mandela appeared in a televised advertisement for the [[2006 Winter Olympics]], and was quoted for the [[International Olympic Committee]]'s ''Celebrate Humanity'' campaign:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web | url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_902.pdf | publisher=International Olympic Committee | format=PDF | title=Celebrate Humanity 2004 | year=2004 | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>
+:''For seventeen days, they are roommates.
+:''For seventeen days, they are soulmates.
+:''And for twenty-two seconds, they are competitors.
+:''Seventeen days as equals. Twenty-two seconds as adversaries.
+:''What a wonderful world that would be.
+:''That's the hope I see in the Olympic Games.
+The Nelson Mandela Invitational charity golf tournament, hosted by [[Gary Player]], has raised over [[South African rand|R]] 20 million for children's charities since its inception in 2000.
+This annual special event has become South Africa's most successful charitable sports gathering and benefits both the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund and Gary Player Foundation equally for various children's causes around the world.
+===The Elders===
+On [[18 July]] [[2007]], Nelson Mandela, [[Graça Machel]], and [[Desmond Tutu]] convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and independent leadership to address the world's toughest problems.  Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, [[Global Elders|The Elders]], in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19836050 | title=Mandela joins ‘Elders’ on turning 89 | work=MSNBC | date=[[2007-07-20]]}}</ref>
+Archbishop Tutu will serve as the Chair of The Elders.  The founding members of this group also include [[Graça Machel]], [[Kofi Annan]], [[Ela Bhatt]], [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]], [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Li Zhaoxing]], [[Mary Robinson]] and [[Muhammad Yunus]].
+"This group can speak freely and boldly, working both publicly and behind the scenes on whatever actions need to be taken," Mandela commented.  "Together we will work to support courage where there is fear, foster agreement where there is conflict, and inspire hope where there is despair."<ref>[http://www.theelders.org/transcript.aspx Nelson Mandela announces The Elders] July 18, 2007</ref>
+===AIDS engagement===
+Since his retirement, one of Mandela's primary commitments has been to the fight against [[AIDS]]. In 2003, he had already lent his support to the [[46664 (concerts)|46664]] [[AIDS]] fundraising campaign, named after his prison number. In July 2004, he flew to [[Bangkok]] to speak at the [[XV International AIDS Conference, 2004|XV International AIDS Conference]]. His son, [[Makgatho Mandela]], died of AIDS on [[6 January]] [[2005]].
+===Iraq invasion views===
+In 2003 Mandela criticised the foreign policy of the [[George W. Bush]] [[George W. Bush administration|administration]] in a number of speeches. Criticising the lack of [[UN]] involvement in the decision to begin the [[War in Iraq]], he said, "It is a tragedy, what is happening, what Bush is doing. But Bush is now undermining the [[United Nations]]". Mandela stated he would support action against [[Iraq]] only if it is ordered by the [[UN]]. Mandela also insinuated that Bush may have been motivated by [[racism]] in not following the [[UN]] and its secretary-general [[Kofi Annan]] on the issue of the war. "Is it because the secretary-general of the United Nations is now a black man? They never did that when secretary-generals were white".<ref name="CBS30012003">{{cite web | author=Tom Fenton | work=CBS News | title=Mandela Slams Bush On Iraq | date=[[2003-01-30]] | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/30/iraq/main538607.shtml | accessdate=207-08-27}}</ref>
+He urged the people of the [[U.S.]] to join massive protests against Bush and called on world leaders, especially those with vetoes in the [[UN Security Council]], to oppose him. "What I am condemning is that one power, with a president who has no foresight, who cannot think properly, is now wanting to plunge the world into a holocaust." He attacked the United States for its record on [[human rights]] and for dropping [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombs on Japan]] during [[World War II]]. "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America. They don't care."<ref name="CBS30012003"/>
+As a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 1986, [[Dick Cheney]] had voted against a congressional resolution calling for Mandela's release from prison. In 2002, Mandela called Cheney a "dinosaur".<ref name=cheney>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2251067.stm | title=US threatens world peace, says Mandela | publisher=BBC | date=[[2002-09-11]] | accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>
+===Ismail Ayob controversy===
+{{see|Ismail Ayob}}
+Ismail Ayob was a trusted friend and personal attorney of Mandela for over 30 years. In May 2005, Ayob was asked by Mandela to stop selling [[printmaking|prints]] signed by Mandela and to account for the proceeds of their sale. This bitter dispute led to an extensive application to the [[High Court of South Africa]] by Mandela that year.<ref>{{cite news | publisher=Mail & Guardian | title=Mandela sues over forged sketches | author=Abhik Kumar Chanda | date=[[2005-05-10]] | url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=237663}}</ref> Ayob denied any wrongdoing,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A67853 | publisher=Business Day | date=[[2005-07-13]] | title=Ayob denies gain from Mandela art | first=Ernest | last=Mabuza}}</ref> and claimed that he was the victim of a smear campaign orchestrated by Mandela's advisors, in particular, lawyer [[George Bizos]].<ref name=poorismail>{{cite news|title=Poor Ismail Ayob|first=Fikile-Notsikelelo|last=Moya|date=5 August 2005|publisher=Mail & Guardian|url=http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=247331&area=/insight/insight__comment_and_analysis/}}</ref>
+In 2005, and 2006 Ayob, his wife, and son were subject to an attack by Mandela's advisors. The dispute was widely reported in the media, with Ayob being portrayed in a negative light, culminating in the action by Mandela to the High Court. There were public meetings at which Mandela associates attacked Ayob and there were calls for Ayob and his family to be ostracised by society.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A71659|date=21 July 2005|title=
+Courts ’have final word on Mandela-Ayob clash’|first=Jacques|last=Keet|publisher=Business Day}}</ref> The defence of Ismail and Zamila Ayob (his wife, and a fellow [[respondent]]) included documents signed by Mandela and witnessed by his secretaries, that, they claimed, refuted many of the allegations made by Nelson Mandela and his advisors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/specialreports.aspx?ID=BD4A70054|date=18 July 2005|title=Bizos behind vicious campaign to discredit, defame me — Ayob|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza|publisher=Business Day}}</ref>
+The dispute again made headlines in February 2007 when, during a hearing in the [[Johannesburg High Court]], Ayob promised to pay R700 000 to Mandela, which Ayob had transferred into trusts for Mandela's children, and apologised,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,9294,2-7-1442_2075833,00.html|title=Ayob to pay back Mandela money|date=27 February 2007|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref name=whatcaused>{{cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070304081421601C920210|title=What caused the Ayob, Mandela spat? |first=Jeremy|last=Gordin |date=4 March 2007|publisher=Sunday Independent}}</ref> although he later claimed that he was the victim of a "[[vendetta]]", by Mandela.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=vn20070303084618645C367333|title=Mandela waging a vendetta - Ayob |date=3 March 2007|first=Michael|last=Schmidt|publisher=Pretoria News}}</ref>  Some media commentators expressed sympathy for Ayob's position, pointing out that Mandela's iconic status would make it difficult for Ayob to be treated fairly.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Sunday Times|url=http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Insight/Article.aspx?id=395267|title=Fawning over St Nelson is no way to do justice to Mandela |first=Bongani|last=Madondo|date=25 February 2007}}</ref><ref name=poorismail/>
+====Allegations====
+Ayob, George Bizos and [[Wim Trengrove]] were trustees of the Nelson Mandela Trust, which was set up to hold millions of rands donated to Nelson Mandela by prominent business figures, including the [[Nicky Oppenheimer|Oppenheimer]] family, for the benefit of his children and grandchildren.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/PrintEdition/Article.aspx?id=395414|title=Dirty war over Mandela millions  |author=Wisani wa ka Ngobeni, Dumisane Lubisi and Dominic Mahlangu|date=25 February 2007|publisher=Sunday Times}}</ref> Ayob later resigned from the Trust. In 2006, the two remaining trustees of the Nelson Mandela Trust launched an application against Ayob for disbursing money from the trust without their consent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/City_Press/News/0,7515,186-187_2078129,00.html|date=3 March 2007|title=Madiba set me up, says Ayob|author=Makhudu Sefara and Jackie Mapiloko|publisher=City Press}}</ref> Ayob claimed that this money was paid to the [[South African Revenue Service]], to Mandela's children and grandchildren to Mandela himself and to an accounting company for four years of accounting work.<ref name=whatcaused/>
+Bizos and Trengrove refused to ratify the payments to the children and grandchildren of Nelson Mandela and the payments to the accounting firm. A court settlement was reached in which this money, totalling over R700,000 was paid by Ismail Ayob to the trust on the grounds that Ayob had not sought the express consent of the other two trustees before disbursing the money.<ref name=ismailnocash>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200703100051.html|title=Ayob Runs Out of Cash But Accuses Mandela Again|publisher=Business Day|date=10 March 2007|first=Ernest|last=Mabuza}}</ref> It was alleged that Ayob made defamatory remarks about Mandela in his affidavit, for which the court order stated that Ayob should apologise. It was pointed out that these remarks, which centred on Nelson Mandela holding foreign bank accounts and not paying tax on these, had not originated from Ayob's affidavit but from Nelson Mandela's and George Bizos's own affidavits.<ref name=ismailnocash/>
+===Blood Diamond controversy===
+In a ''[[The New Republic]]'' article in December 2006, Nelson Mandela was criticised for a number of positive comments he had made about the diamond industry, specifically regarding [[blood diamond]]s. In a letter to [[Edward Zwick]], the director of the motion picture ''[[Blood Diamond (film)|Blood Diamond]]'', Mandela had noted that:
+:''"...it would be deeply regrettable if the making of the film inadvertently obscured the truth, and, as a result, led the world to believe that an appropriate response might be to cease buying mined diamonds from Africa. ... We hope that the desire to tell a gripping and important real life historical story will not result in the destabilization of African diamond producing countries, and ultimately their peoples."''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20061218&s=chotiner121806 |title=Half Nelson - Mandela, diamond shill|publisher=[[The New Republic]],|date=(online) post date Friday 08 December 2006, (print) issue date Monday 18 December 2006}}</ref>
+The ''New Republic'' article claims that this comment, as well as various pro-diamond-industry initiatives and statements during his life and during his time as a president of South Africa, were influenced by both his friendship with [[Harry Oppenheimer]], former chairman of [[De Beers]], as well as an outlook for 'narrow national interests' of South Africa (which is a major diamond producer).
+=== Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe ===
+[[Robert Mugabe]], the president of [[Zimbabwe]] who has led the country since independence in 1980, has been widely criticised internationally for the 1980s [[Gukurahundi|slaughter of 20,000 Matabele people]] as well as corruption, incompetent administration, political oppression and cronyism that has ultimately led to the economic collapse of the country.
+Mandela criticised Mugabe's government in 2000,<ref name=mugabe>{{cite news|title=Mandela expresses anger at Mugabe
+|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/Netstories/2000/May/Africa/007A98DA73.html|date=8 May 2000|publisher=The Namibian}}</ref><ref name=mbeki-aids>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/09/29/safrica.mandela.reut/index.html|title=Mandela repudiates Mbeki on AIDS stance|publisher=CNN|date=29 September, 2000}}</ref> but since around 2003, in his retirement, Mandela has been silent on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues.<ref name=retirement>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/southafrica/story/0,,1823060,00.html|publisher=The Guardian|title=Mandela keeps his opinions to himself as a nation marks its idol's birthday|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date=18 July 2006}}</ref>
+This has sometimes led to Mandela being criticised for not using his influence to more effect to persuade Mugabe to moderate his policies.<ref name=zim>{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0322,hentoff,44393,6.html|publisher=Village Voice|title=Where is Nelson Mandela?|last=Hentoff|first=Matt|date=23 May 2003}}</ref>
+==Acclaim==
+[[Image:Soviet Union stamp 1988 CPA 5971.jpg|thumb|right|Fighter for liberation of South Africa Nelson Mandela on the 1988 [[USSR]] commemorative stamp]]
+===Orders and decorations===
+{{main|List of awards and honours bestowed on Nelson Mandela}}
+Mandela has received many South African, foreign and international honours, including the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993 (which was shared with [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]), the  [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|Order of Merit]] and the [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Order of St. John]] from [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] from [[George W. Bush]]. In July 2004, the city of [[Johannesburg]] bestowed its highest honour on Mandela by granting him the [[freedom of the city]] at a ceremony in [[Orlando, Soweto|Orlando]], [[Soweto]].
+As an example of his popular foreign acclaim, during his tour of [[Canada]] in 1998, 45,000 school children greeted him with adulation at a speaking engagement in the [[Rogers Centre|SkyDome]] in the city of [[Toronto]]. In 2001, he was the first living person to be made an [[Honorary Citizenship of Canada|honorary Canadian citizen]] (the only previous recipient, [[Raoul Wallenberg]], was awarded honorary citizenship posthumously). While in Canada, he was also made an honorary Companion of the  [[Order of Canada]], one of the few foreigners to receive Canada's highest honour.
+In 1990 he received the [[Bharat Ratna]] Award from the government of India.
+In 1992 he was awarded the [[Atatürk Peace Award]] by [[Turkey]]. He refused the award citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999.<ref name=ataturk>{{cite web | url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/pr/1992/pr0412a.html | title=Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela | date=[[1992-04-12]] | publisher=ANC | acdcessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref>
+<!--
+NOTE:
+Rather than expanding this section, please add information about awards to [[List of awards and honours bestowed on Nelson Mandela]].
+-->
+===Musical tributes===
+Many artists have dedicated songs to Mandela. One of the most popular was from the [[The Specials]] who recorded the song ''Nelson Mandela'' in 1983. [[Stevie Wonder]] dedicated his 1985 [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Oscar]] for the song ''[[I Just Called to Say I Love You]]'' to Mandela, resulting in his music being banned by the [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]].<ref name=wonder>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E4DD1438F934A15750C0A963948260 | title=Stevie Wonder Music Banned in South Africa | date=[[1985-03-27]] | publisher=New York Times}}</ref>  In 1985, [[Youssou N'Dour]]'s album ''Nelson Mandela'' was the [[Senegal]]ese artist's first United States release.
+In 1988, the [[Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute]] concert at London's [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] was a focal point of the anti-apartheid movement, with many musicians voicing their support for Mandela. [[Jerry Dammers]], the author of ''Nelson Mandela'', was one of the organisers.
+[[Simple Minds]] recorded the song ''Mandela Day'' for the concert, [[Santana (band)|Santana]] recorded the instrumental ''Mandela'', and [[Tracy Chapman]] performed ''Freedom Now'', dedicated to Mandela and released on her album ''[[Crossroads (album)|Crossroads]]''. [[Salif Keita]] from [[Mali]], who played at the concert, later visited South Africa and in 1995 recorded the song ''Mandela'' on his album ''[[Folon]]''.
+In South Africa, ''Asimbonanga (Mandela)'' (we have not seen him) became one of [[Johnny Clegg]]'s most famous songs, appearing on his ''[[Third World Child]]'' album in 1987. [[Hugh Masekela]], in exile in the UK, sang ''Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)'' in 1987. [[Brenda Fassie]]'s 1989 song ''Black President'', a tribute to Mandela, was hugely popular even though it was banned in South Africa.<ref name=fassie>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/africabeyond/africaonyourstreet/features/17724.shtml | title=Brenda Fassie dies | publisher=BBC | year=2004}}</ref>
+In 1990, [[Hong Kong]] [[Cantopop]] band [[Beyond (band)|Beyond]] released a popular Cantonese song, "Days of Glory". The anti-apartheid song featured lyrics referring to Mandela's heroic struggle for racial equality.<ref name="beyond">{{cite web | last=Lee | first=Carmen | work=TIME.com | title=20 Years Ago Today | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501030623-458836,00.html | accessdate=2007-05-12 | date=[[2006-06-16]]}}</ref>
+In 2003, Mandela lent his weight to the [[46664 (concerts)|46664]] campaign against [[AIDS]], named after his prison number. Many prominent musicians performed in concerts as part of this campaign.
+A summary of Mandela's life story is featured in the 2006 music video ''[[If Everyone Cared]]'' by [[Nickelback]].
+===Cinema===
+In 1997, the film ''[[Mandela and De Klerk]]'' told the story of Mandela's release from prison. Mandela was played by [[Sidney Poitier]]. ''[[Goodbye Bafana]]'', a feature film that focuses on Mandela's life, had its world premiere at the Berlin film festival on [[11 February]] [[2007]]. The film starred [[Dennis Haysbert]] as Mandela and chronicled Mandela's relationship with prison guard [[James Gregory]].
+In the final scene of the 1992 movie ''[[Malcolm X (film)|Malcolm X]]'', Mandela – recently released after 27 years of political imprisonment – appears as a schoolteacher in a [[Soweto]] classroom. He recites a portion of one of [[Malcolm X]]'s most famous speeches, including the following sentence: ''"We declare our right on this earth to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence..."''  The final phrase of that sentence is  "''by any means necessary''."  Mandela informed director [[Spike Lee]] that he could not utter this phrase on camera, stating that the apartheid government would somehow use it against him if he did.  Lee understandingly obliged, and the final seconds of the film feature black-and-white footage of the real Malcolm X speaking the words "by any means necessary".{{Fact|date=May 2007}}
+[[Image:MandelaStatue.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The statue of Mandela in Parliament Square, London.]]
+===Statues===
+On  [[31 March]], [[2004]], Sandton Square was renamed [[Nelson Mandela Square]], after a 6-metre statue of Nelson Mandela was installed on the square to honour the famous South African statesman.
+On  [[29 August]], [[2007]], a statue of Nelson Mandela was unveiled at [[Parliament Square]] in [[London]] by [[Richard Attenborough]], [[Ken Livingstone]], Wendy Woods, and [[Gordon Brown]]. The campaign to erect the statue was started in 2000 by the late [[Donald Woods]], a South African journalist driven into exile because of his anti-apartheid activities. Mandela stated that it represented not just him, but all those who have resisted oppression, especially those in South Africa. He also said, "''The history of the struggle in South Africa is rich with the stories of heroes and heroines, some of them leaders, some of them followers. All of them deserve to be remembered.''"<ref name=News24>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2173453,00.html|publisher=News24|title=Mandela salutes apartheid heroes|date=29 August 2007}}</ref>
+{{Nelson Mandela}}
+== Further reading ==
+* [[Anthony Sampson]]; <cite>[[Mandela: The Authorised Biography]]</cite>; ISBN 0-679-78178-1 (1999)
+* Nelson Mandela; <cite>[[Long Walk to Freedom (book)|Long Walk to Freedom]]: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela</cite>; Little Brown & Co; ISBN 0-316-54818-9 (paperback, 1995)
+* Mary Benson; ''Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement''
+* Martin Meredith; ''Nelson Mandela: A Biography''
+* Barry Denenberg; ''Nelson Mandela: No Easy Walk To Freedom''
+* Charlene Smith; ''Mandela: In Celebration of a Great Life''
+* Juckes, Tim. ''Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko.'' Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1995.
+* Villa-Vicencio, Charles. ''The Spirit of Freedom.'' Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1996.
+* Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler; ''Mandela: The Man, The Struggle, The Triumph''
+* ''A Prisoner in the Garder'' Penguin Books  ISBN 0-143-02495-7
+* Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob. ''The Nelson Mandela Story'' Samoja Books  ISBN 0-620-36570-6
+==References==
+{{reflist|2}}
+== External links ==
+{{wikiquote}}
+{{commons|Nelson Mandela}}
+{{wikisource author|Nelson Mandela}}
+* [http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html Nelson Mandela – Biography at Nobelprize.org]
+* [http://www.nelsonmandela.org Nelson Mandela Foundation]
+* [http://www.nelsonmandelachildrensfund.com.au Nelson Mandela Children's Fund]
+* [http://www.mandela-children.ca Nelson Mandela Children's Fund (Canada)]
+* [http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/mandela.html Time 100 profile]
+* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1851882 Mandela: An Audio History]
+* [http://www.palmpictures.com/film/palm-world-voices-mandela.php Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation Documentary & Soundtrack]
+* [http://www.sos-usa.org/cgi-bin/sos/jsp/retrieve.do?lang=en&site=US&hNav=show&nav=6.5&cat=/654_friends_worldwide&fn=6551_mandela_en.xml Nelson Mandela: Helping Orphans in South Africa]
+* [http://www.theelders.org/ The Elders]
+* [http://www.blogs.targetx.com/wildriverreview/penworldvoices/2007/09/nelson_mandela_holding_africa.html The Art of Nelson Mandela]
+{{start box}}
+{{succession box|title=[[President of South Africa]]|before=[[Frederik Willem de Klerk]]<br>''([[State President of South Africa]])''|after=[[Thabo Mbeki]]|years=1994-1999}}
+{{succession box|
+ title=[[Person of the Year|Time's Men of the Year]] (The [[Peacemaker]]s, alongside [[Frederik Willem de Klerk|F.W. de Klerk]], [[Yasser Arafat]] and [[Yitzhak Rabin]]|
+ before=[[Bill Clinton]]|
+ after=[[Pope John Paul II]]|
+ years=[[1993]]|
+}}
+{{end box}}
+{{SAPresidents}}
+{{ANCpresidents}}
+{{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1976-2000}}
+{{Persondata
+|NAME=Mandela, Nelson
+|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela
+|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[South Africa]]n [[politician]] and anti-[[Apartheid]] fighter, [[President]] of [[South Africa]] (1994-1999)
+|DATE OF BIRTH=[[18 July]] [[1918]]
+|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Transkei]], [[South Africa]]
+|DATE OF DEATH=
+|PLACE OF DEATH=
+}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandela, Nelson}}
+[[Category:1918 births]]
+[[Category:Alumni of the University of London External System]]
+[[Category:Anti-apartheid activists]]
+[[Category:Presidents of the African National Congress]]
+[[Category:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John]]
+[[Category:Bharat Ratna recipients]]
+[[Category:Companions of the Order of Australia]]
+[[Category:Companions of the Order of Canada]]
+[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
+[[Category:Gandhi Peace Prize recipients]]
+[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav]]
+[[Category:Knights of the Elephant]]
+[[Category:Living people]]
+[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
+[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
+[[Category:People from the Eastern Cape Province]]
+[[Category:Political prisoners and victims]]
+[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
+[[Category:Presidents of South Africa]]
+[[Category:Recipients of the Sakharov Prize]]
+[[Category:South African activists]]
+[[Category:South African adoptees]]
+[[Category:South African humanitarians]]
+[[Category:South African lawyers]]
+[[Category:South African memoirists]]
+[[Category:South African Methodists]]
+[[Category:South African revolutionaries]]
+[[Category:The Global Elders]]
+[[Category:Time magazine Persons of the Year]]
+[[Category:Xhosa people]]
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 [[lb:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[lt:Nelsonas Mandela]]
+[[hu:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[mk:Нелсон Мандела]]
 [[mr:नेल्सन मंडेला]]
 [[ms:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[nl:Nelson Mandela]]
-[[nn:Nelson Mandela]]
+[[ja:ネルソン・マンデラ]]
 [[no:Nelson Mandela]]
+[[nn:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[oc:Nelson Mandela]]
-[[pl:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[pms:Nelson Mandela]]
+[[pl:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[pt:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[ro:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[ru:Мандела, Нельсон Ролихлахла]]
+[[sq:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[scn:Nelson Mandela]]
-[[sh:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[simple:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[sk:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[sl:Nelson Mandela]]
-[[sq:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[sr:Нелсон Мандела]]
+[[sh:Nelson Mandela]]
+[[fi:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[sv:Nelson Mandela]]
-[[sw:Nelson Mandela]]
+[[tl:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[ta:நெல்சன் மண்டேலா]]
 [[th:เนลสัน มันเดลา]]
-[[tl:Nelson Mandela]]
+[[vi:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[tpi:Mandela]]
 [[tr:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[uk:Мандела Нельсон]]
 [[vec:Nelson Mandela]]
-[[vi:Nelson Mandela]]
-[[xh:Nelson Mandela]]
 [[yo:Nelson Mandela]]
-[[zh:纳尔逊·曼德拉]]
 [[zh-yue:曼德拉]]
+[[bat-smg:Nelsons Mandela]]
+[[zh:纳尔逊·曼德拉]]