RSS
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RSS (formally "RDF Site Summary", known colloquially as "Really Simple Syndication") is a family of Web feed formats used to publish frequently updated content such as blog entries, news headlines or podcasts. An RSS document, which is called a "feed", "web feed", or "channel", contains either a summary of content from an associated web site or the full text. RSS makes it possible for people to keep up with their favorite web sites in an automated manner that's easier than checking them manually.
RSS content can be read using software called an "RSS reader", "feed reader" or an "aggregator". The user subscribes to a feed by entering the feed's link into the reader or by clicking an RSS icon in a browser that initiates the subscription process. The reader checks the user's subscribed feeds regularly for new content, downloading any updates that it finds.
The initials "RSS" are used to refer to the following formats:
- Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.0)
- RDF Site Summary (RSS 1.0 and RSS 0.90)
- Rich Site Summary (RSS 0.91)
RSS formats are specified using XML, a generic specification for the creation of data formats.
Sommaire[masquer] |
History
news.com.com/2100-1001-203893.html |title=W3C takes first step toward RDF spec |author=Lash, Alex |date=1997-10-03 |accessdate=2007-02-16 }}</ref> For a more detailed discussion of these early developments, see the history of web syndication technology.//news.com.com/2100-1001-203893.html |title=W3C takes first step toward RDF spec |author=Lash, Alex |date=1997-10-03 |accessdate=2007-02-16 }}</ref> For a more detailed discussion of these early developments, see the history of web syndication technology.
my.netscape.com/publish/help/quickstart.html |title=My Netscape Network: Quick Start |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20001208063100/http://my.netscape.com/publish/help/quickstart.html |archivedate=2000-12-08 |publisher=<!--LINK 17--> |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref> In July 1999, Dan Libby of Netscape produced a new version, RSS 0.91,<ref> Libby, Dan
(1999-07-10) . |archivedate=2000-12-08 |publisher=Netscape Communications |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref> In July 1999, Dan Libby of Netscape produced a new version, RSS 0.91,<ref> Libby, Dan
(1999-07-10) . RSS 0.91 Spec, revision 3 . Netscape Communications
. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. </ref> that simplified the format by removing RDF elements and incorporating elements from Dave Winer's scriptingNews syndication format.<ref> RSS Advisory Board
(June 7 2007) . RSS History
. Retrieved on 2007-09-04. </ref> Libby also renamed RSS to Rich Site Summary and outlined further development of the format in a "futures document".<ref>
MNN Future Directions . Netscape Communications
. Archived from the original on 2000-12-04.
Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
</ref>//my.netscape.com/publish/help/quickstart.html |title=My Netscape Network: Quick Start |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20001208063100/http://my.netscape.com/publish/help/quickstart.html |archivedate=2000-12-08 |publisher=<!--LINK 30--> |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref> In July 1999, Dan Libby of Netscape produced a new version, RSS 0.91,<ref> Libby, Dan
(1999-07-10) . |archivedate=2000-12-08 |publisher=Netscape Communications |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref> In July 1999, Dan Libby of Netscape produced a new version, RSS 0.91,<ref> Libby, Dan
(1999-07-10) . RSS 0.91 Spec, revision 3 . Netscape Communications
. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. </ref> that simplified the format by removing RDF elements and incorporating elements from Dave Winer's scriptingNews syndication format.<ref> RSS Advisory Board
(June 7 2007) . RSS History
. Retrieved on 2007-09-04. </ref> Libby also renamed RSS to Rich Site Summary and outlined further development of the format in a "futures document".<ref>
MNN Future Directions . Netscape Communications
. Archived from the original on 2000-12-04.
Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
</ref>
www.webreference.com/authoring/languages/xml/rss/1/ |title=The Evolution of RSS |author=Andrew King |date=2003-04-13 |accessdate=2007-01-17 }}</ref>//www.webreference.com/authoring/languages/xml/rss/1/ |title=The Evolution of RSS |author=Andrew King |date=2003-04-13 |accessdate=2007-01-17 }}</ref>
Two entities emerged to fill the void, neither with Netscape's help or approval: The RSS-DEV Working Group and Winer, whose UserLand Software had published some of the first publishing tools outside of Netscape that could read and write RSS.
backend.userland.com/rss091#copyrightAndDisclaimer |title=RSS 0.91: Copyright and Disclaimer |author=Winer, Dave |date=2000-06-04 |publisher=UserLand Software |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref> A few months later, UserLand filed a U.S. trademark registration for RSS, but failed to respond to a USPTO trademark examiner's request and the request was rejected in December 2001.<ref> U.S. Patent & Trademark Office
. 'RSS' Trademark Latest Status Info
.</ref>//backend.userland.com/rss091#copyrightAndDisclaimer |title=RSS 0.91: Copyright and Disclaimer |author=Winer, Dave |date=2000-06-04 |publisher=UserLand Software |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref> A few months later, UserLand filed a U.S. trademark registration for RSS, but failed to respond to a USPTO trademark examiner's request and the request was rejected in December 2001.<ref> U.S. Patent & Trademark Office
. 'RSS' Trademark Latest Status Info
.</ref>
web.resource.org/rss/1.0/spec |title=RDF Site Summary (RSS) 1.0 |author=RSS-DEV Working Group |date=2000-12-09 |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref> This new version, which reclaimed the name RDF Site Summary from RSS 0.9, reintroduced support for RDF and added XML namespaces support, adopting elements from standard metadata vocabularies such as Dublin Core.//web.resource.org/rss/1.0/spec |title=RDF Site Summary (RSS) 1.0 |author=RSS-DEV Working Group |date=2000-12-09 |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref> This new version, which reclaimed the name RDF Site Summary from RSS 0.9, reintroduced support for RDF and added XML namespaces support, adopting elements from standard metadata vocabularies such as Dublin Core.
backend.userland.com/rss092 |title=RSS 0.92 Specification |author=Winer, Dave |date=2000-12-25 |publisher=UserLand Software |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref>//backend.userland.com/rss092 |title=RSS 0.92 Specification |author=Winer, Dave |date=2000-12-25 |publisher=UserLand Software |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref> backend.userland.com/rss093 |title=RSS 0.93 Specification |author=Winer, Dave |date=2001-04-20 |publisher=UserLand Software |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref>//backend.userland.com/rss093 |title=RSS 0.93 Specification |author=Winer, Dave |date=2001-04-20 |publisher=UserLand Software |accessdate=2006-10-31 }}</ref>
In September 2002, Winer released a major new version of the format, RSS 2.0, that redubbed its initials Really Simple Syndication. RSS 2.0 removed the type attribute added in the RSS 0.94 draft and added support for namespaces.
Because neither Winer nor the RSS-DEV Working Group had Netscape's involvement, they could not make an official claim on the RSS name or format. This has fueled ongoing controversy in the syndication development community as to which entity was the proper publisher of RSS.
One product of that contentious debate was the creation of a rival syndication format, Atom, that began in June 2003. The Atom syndication format, whose creation was in part motivated by a desire to get a clean start free of the issues surrounding RSS, has been adopted as an IETF standard.
www.rssboard.org/advisory-board-notes |title=Advisory Board Notes |date=2003-07-18 |publisher=RSS Advisory Board |accessdate=2007-09-04 }}</ref> At the same time, Winer launched the RSS Advisory Board with Brent Simmons and Jon Udell, a group whose purpose was to maintain and publish the specification and answer questions about the format.<ref> RSS 2.0 News
. Dave Winer
. Retrieved on 2007-09-04. </ref>//www.rssboard.org/advisory-board-notes |title=Advisory Board Notes |date=2003-07-18 |publisher=RSS Advisory Board |accessdate=2007-09-04 }}</ref> At the same time, Winer launched the RSS Advisory Board with Brent Simmons and Jon Udell, a group whose purpose was to maintain and publish the specification and answer questions about the format.<ref> RSS 2.0 News
. Dave Winer
. Retrieved on 2007-09-04. </ref>
blogs.msdn.com/rssteam/archive/2005/12/14/503778.aspx Icons: It’s still orange], Microsoft RSS Blog, 14 December 2005</ref> and//blogs.msdn.com/rssteam/archive/2005/12/14/503778.aspx Icons: It’s still orange], Microsoft RSS Blog, 14 December 2005</ref> and blogs.msdn.com/michael_affronti/archive/2005/12/15/504316.aspx RSS icon goodness], blog post by Michael A. Affronti of Microsoft (Outlook Program Manager), 15 December 2005</ref> announced on their blogs that they were adopting the feed icon first used in the Mozilla Firefox browser Image:Feed-icon.svg. A few months later, Opera Software followed suit. This effectively made the orange square with white radio waves the industry standard for RSS and Atom feeds, replacing the large variety of icons and text that had been used previously to identify syndication data.//blogs.msdn.com/michael_affronti/archive/2005/12/15/504316.aspx RSS icon goodness], blog post by Michael A. Affronti of Microsoft (Outlook Program Manager), 15 December 2005</ref> announced on their blogs that they were adopting the feed icon first used in the Mozilla Firefox browser Image:Feed-icon.svg. A few months later, Opera Software followed suit. This effectively made the orange square with white radio waves the industry standard for RSS and Atom feeds, replacing the large variety of icons and text that had been used previously to identify syndication data.
www.rssboard.org/news/15/rss-advisory-board-goes-public announced] that eight new members had joined the group, continuing the development of the RSS format and resolving ambiguities in the RSS 2.0 specification. Netscape developer Chris Finke joined the board in March 2007, the company's first involvement in RSS since the publication of RSS 0.91. In June 2007, the board revised its version of the specification to confirm that namespaces may extend core elements with namespace attributes, as Microsoft has done in Internet Explorer 7. In its view, a difference of interpretation left publishers unsure of whether this was permitted or forbidden.//www.rssboard.org/news/15/rss-advisory-board-goes-public announced] that eight new members had joined the group, continuing the development of the RSS format and resolving ambiguities in the RSS 2.0 specification. Netscape developer Chris Finke joined the board in March 2007, the company's first involvement in RSS since the publication of RSS 0.91. In June 2007, the board revised its version of the specification to confirm that namespaces may extend core elements with namespace attributes, as Microsoft has done in Internet Explorer 7. In its view, a difference of interpretation left publishers unsure of whether this was permitted or forbidden.
Incompatibilities
As noted above, there are several different versions of RSS, falling into two major branches (RDF and 2.*). The RDF, or RSS 1.* branch includes the following versions:
- RSS 0.90 was the original Netscape RSS version. This RSS was called RDF Site Summary, but was based on an early working draft of the RDF standard, and was not compatible with the final RDF Recommendation.
- RSS 1.0 is an open format by the RSS-DEV Working Group, again standing for RDF Site Summary. RSS 1.0 is an RDF format like RSS 0.90, but not fully compatible with it, since 1.0 is based on the final RDF 1.0 Recommendation.
- RSS 1.1 is also an open format and is intended to update and replace RSS 1.0. The specification is an independent draft not supported or endorsed in any way by the RSS-Dev Working Group or any other organization.
The RSS 2.* branch (initially UserLand, now Harvard) includes the following versions:
- RSS 0.91 is the simplified RSS version released by Netscape, and also the version number of the simplified version championed by Dave Winer from Userland Software. The Netscape version was now called Rich Site Summary; this was no longer an RDF format, but was relatively easy to use. It remains the most common RSS variant.
- RSS 0.92 through 0.94 are expansions of the RSS 0.91 format, which are mostly compatible with each other and with Winer's version of RSS 0.91, but are not compatible with RSS 0.90. In all Userland RSS 0.9x specifications, RSS was no longer an acronym.
- RSS 2.0.1 has the internal version number 2.0. RSS 2.0.1 was proclaimed to be "frozen", but still updated shortly after release without changing the version number. RSS now stood for Really Simple Syndication. The major change in this version is an explicit extension mechanism using XML Namespaces.
diveintomark.org/archives/2004/02/04/incompatible-rss "The Myth of RSS Compatibility"] discusses RSS version compatibility in more detail.//diveintomark.org/archives/2004/02/04/incompatible-rss "The Myth of RSS Compatibility"] discusses RSS version compatibility in more detail.
www.xs4all.nl/~foz/mod_enclosure.html mod_enclosure]. Likewise, the RSS 2.* core specification does not support providing full-text in addition to a synopsis, but the RSS 1.* markup can be (and often is) used as an extension. There are also several common outside extension packages available, including a new proposal from Microsoft for use in Internet Explorer 7.//www.xs4all.nl/~foz/mod_enclosure.html mod_enclosure]. Likewise, the RSS 2.* core specification does not support providing full-text in addition to a synopsis, but the RSS 1.* markup can be (and often is) used as an extension. There are also several common outside extension packages available, including a new proposal from Microsoft for use in Internet Explorer 7.
The most serious compatibility problem is with HTML markup. Userland's RSS reader—generally considered as the reference implementation—did not originally filter out HTML markup from feeds. As a result, publishers began placing HTML markup into the titles and descriptions of items in their RSS feeds. This behavior has become expected of readers, to the point of becoming a de facto standard, though there is still some inconsistency in how software handles this markup, particularly in titles. The RSS 2.0 specification was later updated to include examples of entity-encoded HTML; however, all prior plain text usages remain valid.
Modules
The primary objective of all RSS modules is to extend the basic XML schema established for more robust syndication of content. This inherently allows for more diverse, yet standardized, transactions without modifying the core RSS specification.
To accomplish this extension, a tightly controlled vocabulary (in the RSS world, "module"; in the XML world, "schema") is declared through an XML namespace to give names to concepts and relationships between those concepts.
Some RSS 2.0 modules with established namespaces: shopping.discovery.com/erss/ Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module]//shopping.discovery.com/erss/ Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module] shopping.discovery.com/erss/ Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module]//search.yahoo.com/mrss Media RSS 2.0 Module] shopping.discovery.com/erss/ Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module]//www.opensearch.org/Specifications/OpenSearch/1.1 OpenSearch RSS 2.0 Module]
BitTorrent and RSS
The peer-to-peer application BitTorrent has also announced support for RSS. Such feeds (also known as Torrent/RSS-es or Torrentcasts) will allow client applications to download files automatically from the moment the RSS reader detects them (also known as Broadcatching). Most common BitTorrent clients already offer RSS support.
Examples
RSS 1.0
The following is an example of an RSS 1.0 file.
<source lang="xml"><?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF
www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
purl.org/rss/1.0/">//purl.org/rss/1.0/">
www.xml.com/xml/news.rss">//www.xml.com/xml/news.rss">
<title>XML.com</title>
xml.com/pub</link>//xml.com/pub</link>
<description>
XML.com features a rich mix of information and services
for the XML community.
</description>
xml.com/universal/images/xml_tiny.gif" />//xml.com/universal/images/xml_tiny.gif" />
<items>
<rdf:Seq>
xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/xslt/xslt.html" />//xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/xslt/xslt.html" />
xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/xslt/xslt.html" />//xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/rdfdb/index.html" />
</rdf:Seq>
</items>
search.xml.com" />//search.xml.com" />
</channel>
xml.com/universal/images/xml_tiny.gif">//xml.com/universal/images/xml_tiny.gif"> <title>XML.com</title> xml.com/pub</link>//www.xml.com</link> xml.com/universal/images/xml_tiny.gif</url>//xml.com/universal/images/xml_tiny.gif</url> </image> xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/xslt/xslt.html">//xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/xslt/xslt.html"> <title>Processing Inclusions with XSLT</title> xml.com/pub</link>//xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/xslt/xslt.html</link> <description> Processing document inclusions with general XML tools can be problematic. This article proposes a way of preserving inclusion information through SAX-based processing. </description> </item> xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/xslt/xslt.html">//xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/rdfdb/index.html"> <title>Putting RDF to Work</title> xml.com/pub</link>//xml.com/pub/2000/08/09/rdfdb/index.html</link> <description> Tool and API support for the Resource Description Framework is slowly coming of age. Edd Dumbill takes a look at RDFDB, one of the most exciting new RDF toolkits. </description> </item> search.xml.com">//search.xml.com"> <title>Search XML.com</title> <description>Search XML.com's XML collection</description> <name>s</name> xml.com/pub</link>//search.xml.com</link> </textinput>
</rdf:RDF></source>
RSS 2.0
The following is an example of an RSS 2.0 file.
<source lang="xml"><?xml version="1.0"?> <rss version="2.0">
<channel>
<title>Liftoff News</title>
xml.com/pub</link>//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/</link>
<description>Liftoff to Space Exploration.</description>
<language>en-us</language>
<pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2003 04:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
<lastBuildDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2003 09:41:01 GMT</lastBuildDate>
blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>//blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
<generator>Weblog Editor 2.0</generator>
<managingEditor>editor@example.com</managingEditor>
<webMaster>webmaster@example.com</webMaster>
<item>
<title>Star City</title>
xml.com/pub</link>//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2003/news-starcity.asp</link>
<description>How do Americans get ready to work with Russians aboard the
International Space Station? They take a crash course in culture, language
and protocol at Russia's Star City.</description>
<pubDate>Tue, 03 Jun 2003 09:39:21 GMT</pubDate>
liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/06/03.html#item573</guid>//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/06/03.html#item573</guid>
</item>
<item>
<title>Space Exploration</title>
xml.com/pub</link>//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/</link>
<description>Sky watchers in Europe, Asia, and parts of Alaska and Canada
will experience a partial eclipse of the Sun on Saturday, May 31st.</description>
<pubDate>Fri, 30 May 2003 11:06:42 GMT</pubDate>
liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/06/03.html#item573</guid>//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/05/30.html#item572</guid>
</item>
<item>
<title>The Engine That Does More</title>
xml.com/pub</link>//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2003/news-VASIMR.asp</link>
<description>Before man travels to Mars, NASA hopes to design new engines
that will let us fly through the Solar System more quickly. The proposed
VASIMR engine would do that.</description>
<pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2003 08:37:32 GMT</pubDate>
liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/06/03.html#item573</guid>//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/05/27.html#item571</guid>
</item>
<item>
<title>Astronauts' Dirty Laundry</title>
xml.com/pub</link>//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2003/news-laundry.asp</link>
<description>Compared to earlier spacecraft, the International Space
Station has many luxuries, but laundry facilities are not one of them.
Instead, astronauts have other options.</description>
<pubDate>Tue, 20 May 2003 08:56:02 GMT</pubDate>
liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/06/03.html#item573</guid>//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/2003/05/20.html#item570</guid>
</item>
</channel>
</rss></source>
See also
Mashup creators
References
External links
Specifications
shopping.discovery.com/erss/ Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module]//web.archive.org/web/20001208063100/http://my.netscape.com/publish/help/quickstart.html RSS 0.90 Specification] shopping.discovery.com/erss/ Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module]//web.archive.org/web/20001204093600/http://my.netscape.com/publish/formats/rss-spec-0.91.html RSS 0.91 Spec, revision 3] shopping.discovery.com/erss/ Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module]//web.resource.org/rss/1.0/ RSS 1.0 Specifications] (RDF Site Summary 1.0) Modules shopping.discovery.com/erss/ Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module]//cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html RSS 2.0 Specification by Dave Winer] shopping.discovery.com/erss/ Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module]//www.rssboard.org/rss-specification RSS 2.0 (2.0.10) specification by the RSS Advisory Board] shopping.discovery.com/erss/ Ecommerce RSS 2.0 Module]//msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/xml/bb190613.aspx Draft Microsoft specification for Simple Sharing Extensions to RSS] (See Wikipedia article)
Articles
backend.userland.com/davesRss2PoliticalFaq RSS Political Faq] (Dave Winer)//backend.userland.com/davesRss2PoliticalFaq RSS Political Faq] (Dave Winer) backend.userland.com/davesRss2PoliticalFaq RSS Political Faq] (Dave Winer)//diveintomark.org/archives/2002/09/06/history_of_the_rss_fork History of the RSS Fork] (Mark Pilgrim) backend.userland.com/davesRss2PoliticalFaq RSS Political Faq] (Dave Winer)//www.xul.fr/en-xml-rss.html Building an RSS feed] Tutorial with example.ar:آر إس إس ast:RSS zh-min-nan:RSS be-x-old:RSS ca:RSS cs:RSS da:RSS de:RSS et:RSS es:RSS eo:RSS eu:RSS fa:آراساس fr:RSS (format) gl:RSS ko:RSS id:RSS it:Really simple syndication he:RSS ka:RSS kk:RSS lv:RSS protokols lt:RSS hu:Really Simple Syndication nl:Really Simple Syndication ja:RSS no:RSS nn:RSS uz:RSS pl:Really Simple Syndication pt:RSS ro:RSS ru:RSS simple:RSS sq:RSS sl:RSS (protokol) fi:RSS sv:RSS th:อาร์เอสเอส vi:RSS (định dạng tập tin) tr:RSS uk:RSS yi:אר עס עס zh:RSS
