Football (soccer)
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encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572379/Soccer.html |title=Soccer |publisher=MSN |encyclopedia=Encarta |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> It is a ball game played on a rectangular grass or artificial turf field, with a goal at each of the short ends. The object of the game is to score by manoeuvring the ball into the opposing goal. In general play, the goalkeeper is the only player allowed to use their hands or arms to propel the ball; the rest of the team usually use their feet to kick the ball into position, occasionally using their torso or head to intercept a ball in mid air. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout, depending on the format of the competition.//encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572379/Soccer.html |title=Soccer |publisher=MSN |encyclopedia=Encarta |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> It is a ball game played on a rectangular grass or artificial turf field, with a goal at each of the short ends. The object of the game is to score by manoeuvring the ball into the opposing goal. In general play, the goalkeeper is the only player allowed to use their hands or arms to propel the ball; the rest of the team usually use their feet to kick the ball into position, occasionally using their torso or head to intercept a ball in mid air. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout, depending on the format of the competition.
www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |title=2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage |publisher=FIFA official website |accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |title=2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage |publisher=FIFA official website |accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref>
Sommaire |
Nature of the game
Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a single round ball, known as the football. Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw.
www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 12) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 12) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>
www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 8) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 8) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>
www.sportpress.com/stats/en/738_england_premiership_2005_2006/11_league_summary.html |accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref> The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper,<ref name=LAW301> Laws of the game (Law 3–Number of Players)
. FIFA
. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. </ref> but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball in order to pass it to the forwards. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, in order to discern them from the single goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time.<ref> Positions guide, Who is in a team?
. BBC
. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. </ref> The layout of a team's players is known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.<ref> Formations
. BBC Sport
. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. </ref>//www.sportpress.com/stats/en/738_england_premiership_2005_2006/11_league_summary.html |accessdate=2007-06-05}}</ref> The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper,<ref name=LAW301> Laws of the game (Law 3–Number of Players)
. FIFA
. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. </ref> but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball in order to pass it to the forwards. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, in order to discern them from the single goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time.<ref> Positions guide, Who is in a team?
. BBC
. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. </ref> The layout of a team's players is known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's manager.<ref> Formations
. BBC Sport
. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. </ref>
History and development
www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame1.html | accessdate =2006-11-20}}</ref> In addition, the Roman game Harpastum may be a distant ancestor of football. Various forms of football were played in medieval Europe, though rules varied greatly by both period and location.//www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame1.html | accessdate =2006-11-20}}</ref> In addition, the Roman game Harpastum may be a distant ancestor of football. Various forms of football were played in medieval Europe, though rules varied greatly by both period and location.
The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played at the public schools of England.
www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,27-1544006,00.html |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref>//www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,27-1544006,00.html |accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref>
www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm |accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref> The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby football clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, or subsequently left the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game.<ref name="FAhistory"/> These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.//www.thefa.com/TheFA/TheOrganisation/Postings/2004/03/HISTORY_OF_THE_FA.htm |accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref> The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby football clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, or subsequently left the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game.<ref name="FAhistory"/> These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.
access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |accessdate=2007-09-02 }}</ref> after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match took place in 1872 between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which was founded in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor.<ref> The History Of The Football League
. Football League website
. Retrieved on 2007-10-07. </ref> The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the North of England. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association.<ref> History of FIFA
. FIFA website
. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. </ref> The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.//access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |accessdate=2007-09-02 }}</ref> after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match took place in 1872 between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which was founded in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor.<ref> The History Of The Football League
. Football League website
. Retrieved on 2007-10-07. </ref> The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the North of England. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association.<ref> History of FIFA
. FIFA website
. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. </ref> The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.
football.guardian.co.uk/news/theknowledge/0,9204,1059366,00.html |title=Baseball or Football: which sport gets the higher attendance? | author = Ingle, Sean and Barry Glendenning | date = 2003-10-09 | publisher=Guardian Unlimited |accessdate=2006-06-05}}</ref> while billions more watch the game on television.<ref> TV Data
. FIFA website
. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. </ref> A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football.<ref> FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide
(PDF) . FIFA website
. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. </ref> Its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubt aided its spread and growth in popularity.//football.guardian.co.uk/news/theknowledge/0,9204,1059366,00.html |title=Baseball or Football: which sport gets the higher attendance? | author = Ingle, Sean and Barry Glendenning | date = 2003-10-09 | publisher=Guardian Unlimited |accessdate=2006-06-05}}</ref> while billions more watch the game on television.<ref> TV Data
. FIFA website
. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. </ref> A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football.<ref> FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide
(PDF) . FIFA website
. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. </ref> Its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubt aided its spread and growth in popularity.
In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations; it is therefore often claimed to be the most popular sport in the world. ESPN has spread the claim that the Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2005. By contrast, football is widely considered to be the final proximate cause in the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras.<ref>You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}.
Dart, James and Paolo Bandini
(2007-02-21) .
. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. </ref> The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade devolved into rioting in March 1990.<ref> Daniel W. Drezner
. " The Soccer Wars " , The Washington Post , 2006-06-04 , p. B01 . </ref>//football.guardian.co.uk/theknowledge/story/0,,2017161,00.html |author = Dart, James and Paolo Bandini | date = 2007-02-21 | accessdate = 2007-09-24 }}</ref> The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade devolved into rioting in March 1990.<ref> Daniel W. Drezner . " The Soccer Wars " , The Washington Post , 2006-06-04 , p. B01 . </ref>
Laws of the game
www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html| title=Laws Of The Game |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-09-02}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html| title=Laws Of The Game |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-09-02}}</ref>
Players, equipment and officials
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team; this is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.<ref name=LAW301/>
www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 4–Players' Equipment) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 4–Players' Equipment) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>
www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 3–Substitution procedure) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 3–Substitution procedure) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>
www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 5–The referee) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 5–The referee) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>
Pitch
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3934353.stm | date = 2004-09-02 | author = Summers, Chris | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3934353.stm | date = 2004-09-02 | author = Summers, Chris | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>
www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.1–The field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref> The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be Modèle:Formatnum:8 yards ({{formatnum:{{rnd/+|8*0.9144/1|1|Modèle:Rnd/01}}}} m) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be Modèle:Formatnum:8 feet ({{formatnum:{{rnd/+|8*0.3048/1|2|Modèle:Rnd/01}}}} m) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.<ref> Laws of the game (Law 1.4–The Field of play)
. FIFA
. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. </ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.1–The field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref> The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be Modèle:Formatnum:8 yards ({{formatnum:{{rnd/+|8*0.9144/1|1|Modèle:Rnd/01}}}} m) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be Modèle:Formatnum:8 feet ({{formatnum:{{rnd/+|8*0.3048/1|2|Modèle:Rnd/01}}}} m) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.<ref> Laws of the game (Law 1.4–The Field of play)
. FIFA
. Retrieved on 2007-09-24. </ref>
www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_03.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.3–The field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_03.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.3–The field of play) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>
Duration and tie-breaking methods
A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute "half-time" break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time.
www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 7.2–The duration of the match) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 7.2–The duration of the match) |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>
In league competitions games may end in a draw, but in some knockout competitions if a game is tied at the end of regulation time it may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).
Competitions held over two legs (in which each team plays at home once) may use the away goals rule to determine which team progresses in the event of equal aggregate scores. If the result is still equal, kicks from the penalty mark are usually required, though some competitions may require a tied game to be replayed.
www.rediff.com/sports/2004/jul/02silver.htm | author = Collett, Mike | date = 2004-07-02 | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>//www.rediff.com/sports/2004/jul/02silver.htm | author = Collett, Mike | date = 2004-07-02 | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>
Ball in and out of play
Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball out of play. From the beginning of each playing period with a kick-off (a set kick from the centre-spot by one team) until the end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by the referee. When the ball becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play:
- Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play.<ref name="restart"/>
www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 15–The Throw-in) |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 15–The Throw-in) |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref> www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 16–The Goal Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 16–The Goal Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref> www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 17–The Corner Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 17–The Corner Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref> www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 13–Free Kicks) |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 13–Free Kicks) |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref>
- Direct free kick: awarded to fouled team following certain listed "penal" fouls.<ref name="freekick"/>
www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 14–The Penalty Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 14–The Penalty Kick) |accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref>
- Dropped-ball: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason, such as a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective. This restart is uncommon in adult games.<ref name="restart"/>
Fouls and misconduct
Modèle:Double image A foul occurs when a player commits an offence listed in the Laws of the Game while the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball deliberately, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of "penal fouls", punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an indirect free kick.<ref name="fouls"/>
The referee may punish a player or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or sending-off (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a sending-off. If a player has been sent-off, no substitute can be brought on in their place. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff cannot be shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.<ref name="fouls"/>
Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to continue if doing so will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed. This is known as "playing an advantage". The referee may "call back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within a short period of time, typically taken to be four to five seconds. Even if an offence is not penalised due to advantage being played, the offender may still be sanctioned for misconduct at the next stoppage of play.
mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/corshamref/sub/offhist.htm | accessdate =2006-06-03}}</ref>//mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/corshamref/sub/offhist.htm | accessdate =2006-06-03}}</ref>
Governing bodies
Modèle:Seealso The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The FIFA headquarters are located in Zürich.
Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:
- Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
- Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)
- Central/North America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF; also known as The Football Confederation)
- Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
- Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
- South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)
National associations oversee football within individual countries. These are affiliated both with FIFA and their respective continental confederations.
Major international competitions
www.fifa.com/worldcup/index.html | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/worldcup/index.html | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>
access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |title=Where it all began |publisher=FIFA official website |accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref> however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team;<ref> Football - An Olympic Sport since 1900
. IOC website
. Retrieved on 2007-10-07. </ref> but that practice will cease in the 2008 Olympics. The Olympic competition is not generally considered to carry the same international significance and prestige as the World Cup. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, the women's Olympic tournament is played by full international sides without age restrictions. It thus carries international prestige considered comparable to that of the FIFA Women's World Cup.//access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |title=Where it all began |publisher=FIFA official website |accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref> however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team;<ref> Football - An Olympic Sport since 1900
. IOC website
. Retrieved on 2007-10-07. </ref> but that practice will cease in the 2008 Olympics. The Olympic competition is not generally considered to carry the same international significance and prestige as the World Cup. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, the women's Olympic tournament is played by full international sides without age restrictions. It thus carries international prestige considered comparable to that of the FIFA Women's World Cup.
www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/organisation/media/newsid=570740.html|date=2007-08-24 | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>//www.fifa.com/clubworldcup/organisation/media/newsid=570740.html|date=2007-08-24 | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>
Domestic competitions
The governing bodies in each country operate league systems, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team are declared the champions. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division. The teams finishing at the top of a country's league may be eligible also to play in international club competitions in the following season. The main exceptions to this system occur in some Latin American leagues, which divide football championships into two sections named Apertura and Clausura, awarding a champion for each.
The majority of countries supplement the league system with one or more cup competitions. These are organised on a knock-out basis, the winner of each match proceeding to the next round; the loser takes no further part in the competition.
Some countries' top divisions feature highly-paid star players; in smaller countries and lower divisions, players may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs. The five top European leagues—the Premier League (England), the Bundesliga (Germany), La Liga (Spain), Ligue 1 (France) and Serie A (Italy)—attract most of the world's best players.
Names of the game
Modèle:Seealso germany2006.fussballportal.de/history.php | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>//germany2006.fussballportal.de/history.php | accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref>
www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/federation/fifa_statutes_0719_en_14479.pdf | format=PDF |accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref> but the term most commonly used by FIFA and the International Olympic Committee is football.//www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/federation/fifa_statutes_0719_en_14479.pdf | format=PDF |accessdate =2007-10-07}}</ref> but the term most commonly used by FIFA and the International Olympic Committee is football.
References
See also
- List of national football teams
- List of club/sub-national football teams
- List of football players
- Ranking of all-time top goalscorers in football
- Football culture
- Paralympic football
Modèle:Football (soccer) chronology
External links
www.fifa.com/ Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)]//www.fifa.com/ Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)] www.fifa.com/ Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)]//www.fifa.com/en/regulations/index.html The Current Laws of the Game (LOTG)] www.fifa.com/ Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)]//www.rsssf.com/ The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF)] www.fifa.com/ Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)]//www.11v11.co.uk/ Association of Football Statisticians (AFS)]
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