The Rolling Stones

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The Rolling Stones are an English band whose rhythm and blues and rock & roll- based music became popular during the "British Invasion" in the early 1960s.<ref name=rockhall> The Rolling Stones Biography

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. Retrieved on 2006-06-01. </ref> The band was formed in London in 1962 by original leader Brian Jones, but was eventually led by the songwriting partnership of singer Mick Jagger and guitarist Keith Richards. Pianist Ian Stewart, drummer Charlie Watts and bassist Bill Wyman completed the early lineup. Ian Stewart was removed from the official lineup in 1963 but continued to work with the band as road manager and keyboardist until his death in 1985. The band's early albums were mainly covers of American blues and R&B songs. The band's single, "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction," established the Stones as a premier rock and roll act.<ref>"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"allmusic, accessed 14 December 2007</ref> Starting with their 1966 album Aftermath, the songs of Jagger and Richards aided by the instrumental experimentation of Jones expanded an always present stylistic flexibilty. Jones died in 1969 shortly after being fired from the band and was replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor quit in 1974, former Faces guitarist Ron Wood took over. Wyman retired in 1993 being replaced by Darryl Jones, who is not an official member.

The band has released 55 albums of original work<ref> Rolling Stones Discography

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. Retrieved on 2006-12-21. </ref> and compilations, and have had 32 U.K & U.S top-10 singles.<ref> Paulson , John

.    Deep Cuts: The Essential Stones 
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. Retrieved on 2006-12-21. </ref> They have sold more than 200 million albums worldwide.<ref>"Everything is turning to gold", Record sales of the Rolling Stones.</ref> 1971's Sticky Fingers began a string of eight consecutive studio albums at number one in the United States. In 1989 the Rolling Stones were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 2004 they were ranked number 4 in Rolling Stone magazine's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.<ref> The Immortals: The First Fifty

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. Retrieved on 2006-12-21. </ref> They are also ranked as the number 2 artists of all time on Acclaimedmusic.net.<ref> The Top 1000 Artists of All Time

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. Retrieved on 2007-12-14. </ref> Their latest album, A Bigger Bang, was released in 2005 and accompanied by their highest-grossing tour, which lasted into late summer 2007. During the 1969 American tour, tour manager Sam Cutler introduced them as "The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World"<ref name=AMG />, a title which has remained. Their image of unkempt and surly youth is one that many musicians still emulate.<ref name=AMG> Erlewine , Stephen Thomas

.    Rolling Stones Biography 
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. Retrieved on 2006-12-21. </ref>

Sommaire 1 Band history 1.1 Founding: 1960-1962 1.2 1962-1964 1.3 1965-1969 1.4 1969-1974 1.5 1974-1982 1.6 1983-1991 1.7 1992-1999 1.8 2000-present 2 Musical evolution 2.1 Infusion of American Blues 2.2 Early songwriting 3 Band members 3.1 Line-ups 4 Discography 5 Tours 6 Videography 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

Band history

Founding: 1960-1962

In 1951 Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were classmates at Wentworth Primary School, which is still around today.<ref>"Biography of the Stones"</ref> They met again in 1960 while Richards was attending Sidcup Art College.<ref name=stonemag > The Rolling Stones Biography

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. Retrieved on 2006-06-06. </ref> Richards recalled "I was still going to school, and he was going up to the London School of Economics... So I get on this train one morning, and there's Jagger and under his arm he has four or five albums... He's got Chuck Berry and Little Walter, Muddy Waters"<ref name=RSkeith >Modèle:Cite book</ref> With mutual friend Dick Taylor (later of Pretty Things), they formed the band Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys.<ref name=stonemag /> Stones founders Brian Jones and pianist Ian Stewart were active in the London R&B scene fostered by Cyril Davies and Alexis Korner. Jagger and Richards met Jones while he was playing slide guitar sitting in with Korner's Blues Inc. Korner also had hired Jagger periodically and frequently future Stones drummer Charlie Watts.<ref name=rockhall /> Their first rehearsal was organized by Jones and included Stewart, Jagger and Richards - the latter came along at Jagger's invitation. In June 1962 the lineup was: Jagger, Richards, Stewart, Jones, Taylor, and drummer Tony Chapman. Taylor then left the group. Jones renamed the band The Rollin' Stones, after the song "Rollin' Stone" by Muddy Waters.<ref name=AMG /><ref> Muddy Waters:Rollin' Stone

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1962-1964

On 12 July 1962 the group played its first formal gig at the Marquee club in central London (the first had been an informal performance in Ealing, west London), billed as "The Rollin' Stones".<ref name=according >Modèle:Cite book</ref> The line-up was Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart on piano, Taylor on bass and Tony Chapman on drums. Jones intended for the band to play primarily Chicago blues, but Jagger and Richards brought the rock 'n roll of Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley to the band.^{[citation needed]} Bassist Bill Wyman joined in December and drummer Charlie Watts the following January to form the Stones' long standing rhythm section.<ref name=according /><ref name=stonemag />

The Stones' first manager Giorgio Gomelsky booked the band to play at his Crawdaddy Club <ref name=stonemag /> for what became an eight-month residency during which their fan base grew to include the The Beatles. The Beatles in turn recommended the Stones to their publicist Andrew Loog Oldham^{[citation needed]}, who promptly signed the band to a management deal with his partner and veteran booker Eric Easton. (Gromelsky -who had no written agreement with the band - was not consulted.) George Harrison likewise persuaded Dick Rowe of Decca Records (who came to regret turning down the Beatles) that he should sign the Stones.<ref>"Everything You Need to know about The Rolling Stones BBC.</ref> Their first EP, The Rolling Stones and album (also titled The Rolling Stones, titled in US England's Newest Hit Makers), were composed primarily of covers drawn from the band's live repertoire. A notable hit from the album was the band's first Top 40 single written by Jagger and Richards, "Tell Me (You're Coming Back)". After signing with Decca, the Stones began touring the UK and Europe. On their first tour of England, the Stones were packaged with American stars including Ike and Tina Turner, Bo Diddley, The Ronettes, The Everly Brothers and Little Richard.<ref name=according /> The first tour also cemented the Stones' shift from a rhythm and blues band to more of a pop band, resulting in a reduction in the number of blues songs the band played live. Following the release of the US only 12 X 5, The Rolling Stones No. 2 (The Rolling Stones, Now! in the United States) (UK #1; US #5) again contained mainly cover tunes, but was augmented by songs composed by Jagger and Richards. After the album's release, the band began to tour constantly. The Rolling Stones' first UK chart-topper was the cover of "It's All Over Now" in June 1964.

During the first American tour in June 1964, the Stones began years of recording exclusively at American studios Chess Studios in Chicago and RCA Studios in Los Angeles.<ref name=AMG /> The Stones' version of “Little Red Rooster,” which went to number 1 in the UK, was banned in the US because of its “objectionable” lyrics.Modèle:Vague Oldham crafted the band's image of long-haired tearaways "into the opposite of what the Beatles [were] doing" .<ref name=rockhall/> The Stones also appeared on American variety shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show. Sullivan reacted to the pandemonium the Stones caused and promised to never book them again, though he later did book them repeatedly .<ref name=rockhall />. On a TV variety show The Hollywood Palace the host, Dean Martins, mocked their hair during their appearance.<ref>"The Hollywood Palace"TV.com, accessed 1 June 2007</ref> In October the band immediately followed James Brown in the filmed theatrical release of The T.A.M.I. Show, which showcased American acts with British Invasion artists. According to Jagger in 2003, "We weren't actually following James Brown because there were hours in between the filming of each section. Nevertheless, he was still very annoyed about it..."<ref name=according />. The first American tour was not an overwhelming success: the band had not topped the charts and poor booking marred many live appearances.^{[citation needed]}

1965-1969

The first Jagger/Richards composition at number 1 in the UK was "The Last Time" in early 1965. The U.S. version of that year's Out of Our Heads LP contained seven original songs, including "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" which became the band's first number one in the US where it remained for four weeks in July, and established the Stones as a worldwide premier act. Shortly thereafter they released their second number one, "Get Off of My Cloud".<ref name=rockhall /> Out of Our Heads and the US-only released December's Children were also the last Stones albums to predominantly feature covers. The release Aftermath (UK number 1 ; US 2) in the late spring of 1966 was the first Stones album to be composed only of Jagger/Richards songs. Leadership of the band also shifted from Jones to the songwriting duo. The American version of the LP included the chart-topping, Middle Eastern-influenced "Paint It, Black", the ballad "Lady Jane", and the almost 12-minute long "Going Home", the first extended jam on a top selling Rock 'n' Roll album; later Jimi Hendrix, Cream and other sixties and seventies bands would release long jams routinely.

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Jagger, Richards and Jones began to be hounded by authorities over illegal drug use. In 1967 the Sussex police, tipped off by the News of the World, raided a party at Keith Richards' home, "Redlands". Jagger and Richards were charged with drug offences. Richards said in 2003, "When we got busted at Redlands, it suddenly made us realize that this was a whole different ball game and that was when the fun stopped. Up until then it had been as though London existed in a beautiful space where you could do anything you wanted."<ref name=according/>

Amid this, January saw the release of Between the Buttons (UK number 3;US 2). The US version included the double A-side singles of "Let's Spend the Night Together" and "Ruby Tuesday". The Stones performed the former on The Ed Sullivan Show in the USA, where Jagger was forced to mumble the song's lyrics and change the chorus to "Let's Spend Some Time Together" due to the threat of censorship.<ref name=stonemag/> The album was Oldham's last venture as the Stones' producer (and, effectively, manager as well). On his departure, Jagger said in 2003, "The reason Andrew left was because he thought that we weren't concentrating and that we were being childish. It was not a great moment really - and I would have thought it wasn't a great moment for Andrew either. There were a lot of distractions and you always need someone to focus you at that point, that was Andrew's job."<ref name=stonemag /> Oldham, in his biography, says it was because his shortage of money led to his surrendering his management contract to others.

In May 1967, shortly before the trials of Jagger and Richards, Brian Jones was arrested for possession of cannabis<ref name=stonemag /> He escaped with a fine and probation but was told to seek professional help. On 27 June Jagger and Richards were convicted and jailed.<ref name=stonemag /> Following an editorial critical of the convictions and sentences in The Times, entitled "Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?", Richards' conviction was quashed on appeal, and Jagger's sentence reduced to a conditional discharge. The band recorded a new single, "We Love You", as a thank-you for the loyalty shown by their fans during the trials.<ref>Janovitz, Bill. The Rolling Stones "We Love You". allmusic. 2007 (accessed 1 June 2007).</ref> It began with the sound of opening prison doors and in TV films to promote the record Jagger dressed in a style reminiscent of Oscar Wilde.

December 1967 saw the release of Their Satanic Majesties Request (UK number 3; US 2), released shortly after the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.<ref name=stonemag /> Satanic Majesties was recorded in difficult circumstances while Jagger, Richards and Jones were in and out of jail. (Bill Wyman wrote and sang a track on the album — "In Another Land" — and the front cover of the album had a kaleidoscope picture.) Jagger was a strong advocate of the psychedelic sound of the album, but rarely have any songs from the record been played live. Though the band has released psychedelic tracks, Satanic Majesties is an anomaly. It also marked the first time the Stones produced their own album.

By early 1968 the Stones had acquired Allen Klein as their new manager. The band spent the first few months of the year compiling material for their next album. Those sessions resulted in the song "Jumpin' Jack Flash", released as a single in May. The song, and later that year the resulting album, Beggars Banquet (UK number 3; US 5), marked the band's return to its blues roots with new producer Jimmy Miller. Featuring the album's lead single, "Street Fighting Man", and the opening track "Sympathy for the Devil", Beggars Banquet is another eclectic mix of country and blues-inspired tunes and was hailed as an achievement for the Stones at the time of its release. On the musical evolution between albums, Richards said, "There is a change between material on Satanic Majesties and Beggars Banquet. I'd grown sick to death of the whole Maharishi guru shit and the beads and bells. Who knows where these things come from, but I guess [the music] was a reaction to what we'd done in our time off and also that severe dose of reality. A spell in prison... will certainly give you room for thought... I was fucking pissed with being busted. So it was, 'Right we'll go and strip this thing down.' There's a lot of anger in the music from that period."<ref name=according /> During this time Richards started using open tunings, most prominently a 5-string open-G tuning (with the lower 6th string removed), as heard on the 1969 single "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar" (Sticky Fingers, 1971), "Tumbling Dice", "Happy", (Exile on Main St., 1972), and "Start Me Up" (Tattoo You, 1981). Open tunings lead to Stones' (and Richards') trademark guitar sound.

By the release of Beggars Banquet Brian Jones had contributed sporadically and was more troubled. Jagger said that Jones was "not psychologically suited to this way of life." <ref name=according/> His drug use had become a hindrance, and he was unable to obtain a U.S. visa. In a June meeting at Jones' house between Jagger, Richards, Watts, Richards said that Jones admitted that he couldn't "go on the road again." All agreed to let Jones, according to Richards, "...say I've left, and if I want to I can come back.'"<ref name=RSkeith /> His replacement was the 21-year-old guitarist Mick Taylor, of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, who started recording with the band immediately. On July 3, 1969, less than a month later, Jones drowned in the pool at his Cotchford Farm home in Sussex.

1969-1974

Despite the death of Brian Jones two days previously, a scheduled concert in London's Hyde Park went ahead in front of an estimated 250,000 fans.<ref name=stonemag /> The band had just released "Honky Tonk Women" on 3 July, coinciding with the death. The band's performance was captured by a Granada Television production team, later to be shown on British television as Stones in the Park. Jagger read an excerpt from Percy Bysshe Shelley's elegy Adonais and released thousands of butterflies in memory of Jones.<ref name=stonemag /> The concert was the first gig for the band in a little over a year .<ref name=rockhall />

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The release of Let It Bleed (UK number 1 ; US 3) came in December. Their last album of the Sixties, Let It Bleed featured "Gimme Shelter", "You Can't Always Get What You Want", "Midnight Rambler", as well as a cover of Robert Johnson's "Love in Vain". Jones is featured on two tracks and Taylor is also featured on two tracks. Most of these songs became part of the live show for the resulting tour of America, their first in three years. The tour culminated with the band's staging of the Altamont Free Concert, at the disused Altamont Speedway, about 60km east of San Francisco. With the Hell's Angels providing security, Meredith Hunter, was stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels.<ref>Burks, John, "Rock & Roll's Worst Day: The aftermath of Altamont", Rolling Stone, 1970-02-07, URL retrieved 2007-04-18.</ref> The tour and "Altamont" were documented in Albert and David Maysles' film Gimme Shelter. As a response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings, the live album Get Yer Ya-Yas Out! (UK #1; US #6) was released in 1970 and was considered by critic Lester Bangs the best live record ever.<ref>Bangs, Lester. "The Rolling Stones: Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out". Rolling Stone. November 12 1970 (accessed 28 April 2007).</ref>

By 1969, the band's 1963 contract with Decca Records ended, and the Stones formed their own record company, Rolling Stones Records. Sticky Fingers (UK number 1; US 1), released in March 1971, was the band's first album on their own label. The album contains one of their best known hits, "Brown Sugar", and the country-influenced "Wild Horses". Both were recorded at Alabama's Muscle Shoals Sound Studio during the 1969 American tour.

Sticky Fingers continued the band's immersion into heavily blues-influenced compositions. The album is noted for its "loose, ramshackle ambience"<ref>"Sticky Fingers" allmusic, accessed 30 August 2007</ref> and marked Mick Taylor's first full release with the band. Taylor collaborated on several songs with Jagger, like "Sway" and "Moonlight Mile", partially because of Richards' drug addictions and resulting unreliability. However, when released, all original songs were credited to "Jagger/Richards".

Following the release of Sticky Fingers, the Stones left England after allegations by the UK Inland Revenue service of unpaid income tax. The band moved to the South of France where Richards rented a chateau, Villa Nellcôte, and sublet rooms to band members and entourage. Using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio they continued recording sessions that stretched as far back as 1969. The subsequent recordings were finished at Sunset Sound in Los Angeles by the band. The resulting double album, Exile on Main St. (UK number 1 ; US 1), was released in May 1972. Given an A+ grade by critic Robert Christgau<ref>"Reviews - The Rolling Stones" Robert Christgau, accessed 30 August 2007</ref> and disparaged by Lester Bangs — who reversed his opinion within months —Exile is now accepted as one of the Stones' best albums.<ref>"Exile on Main St."AMG, 2007. accessed 16 October 2007</ref> The film Cocksucker Blues, never officially released, documents the subsequent, highly publicised 1972 North American ("STP") Tour, with its retinue of jet set hangers-on. The band's early 1973 Pacific Tour saw them banned from playing in Japan and almost banned from Australia.

In November 1972, the band began sessions in Kingston, Jamaica for their follow-up to Exile, Goats Head Soup (UK number 1 ; US 1) (1973). The album spawned the worldwide hit "Angie", but proved the first in a string of commercially successful but tepidly received studio albums.<ref>Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. The Rolling Stones "Goats Head Soup". allmusic. 2007 (accessed 17 June 2007).</ref> The sessions for Goats Head Soup led to a number of outtakes, most notably an early version of the popular ballad "Waiting on a Friend", not released until Tattoo You eight years later. The making of the record was hindered by another legal battle over drugs, this one dating back to their stay in France.

The band went to Musicland studios in Munich to record their next album, 1974's It's Only Rock 'n Roll (UK 2; US 1), but Jimmy Miller, who had drug abuse issues, was no longer producer. Instead, Jagger and Richards assumed production duties and were credited as "the Glimmer Twins". Both the album and the single of the same name were hits, even without an immediate tour to promote them.

Nearing the end of 1974, Taylor began to get impatient because there had been no tours since October 1973.<ref>"Mick Taylor Biography" allmusic, accessed 25 June 2007</ref> The band found itself in a stalemate, with members opting to spend time abroad between recording sessions, while Jagger was getting exasperated with Richards, whose behaviour was becoming increasingly erratic and self-indulgent. The other members of the band ended up paying the fines and legal bills resulting from Richards' convictions, which led to the band being denied entry to certain countries and to missed income for all. Taylor spent his time helping Jagger compose and record songs in the studio, while Richards was often absent. Jagger promised Taylor recognition for his contributions in the form of official credits on tracks. When this did not happen, and with no tour in sight by the end of 1974 and a recording session already booked in Munich to record another album, Taylor quit The Rolling Stones.<ref>Smith, Curtis. "Why Mick Taylor Quit the Stones" micktaylor.net, accessed 25 June 2007</ref> Taylor said in 1980, "I was getting a bit fed up. I wanted to broaden my scope as a guitarist and do something else... I wasn't really composing songs or writing at that time. I was just beginning to write, and that influenced my decision... There are some people who can just ride along from crest to crest; they can ride along somebody else's success. And there are some people for whom that's not enough. It really wasn't enough for me."<ref>Obrecht, Jas: "Mick Taylor: Ex-Rolling Stones On His Own", page 20. Guitar World, Feb. 1980.</ref>

1974-1982

The Stones used the recording sessions in Munich to audition replacements for Taylor. Guitarists as stylistically far-flung as Humble Pie lead Peter Frampton and ex-Yardbirds virtuoso Jeff Beck were auditioned. Rory Gallagher and Shuggie Otis also dropped by the Munich sessions. American session players Wayne Perkins and Harvey Mandel also appeared on much of the album. Yet, Richards and Jagger also wanted the Stones to remain purely a British band. When Ron Wood walked in and jammed with the band, Richards and everyone else knew he was the one. Wood had already recorded and played live with Richards and already contributed to the recording and writing of It's Only Rock 'n Roll. The album, Black and Blue (UK 2; US 1) (1976), featured all their contributions. Though he initially declined Jaggers offer to become a full member of the Stones because of his ties to the The Faces, Wood committed to the Stones in 1975 for their upcoming Tour of the Americas. At the insistence of Wyman and Watts, Wood was eventually made a full member in the 80s. The 1975 Tour of the Americas kicked off with the band performing on a flatbed trailer being pulled down Broadway in New York City. The tour featured stage props including a giant phallus and a rope on which Jagger swung out over the audience.

Although The Rolling Stones remained popular through the first half of the 1970s, music critics had grown increasingly dismissive of the band's output, and record sales failed to meet expectations.<ref name= rockhall/> Jagger had booked a live recording session at the El Mocambo club in Toronto to balance a long-overdue live album, 1977's Love You Live (UK 3; US 5), the first Stones live album since 1970's Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!. Richards' addiction to heroin delayed his arrival in Toronto; the other members had already assembled, awaiting Richards, and sent him a telegram asking him where he was. On February 24, 1977, Richards and his family flew in from London on a direct BOAC flight and were detained by Canada Customs after being found in possession of a burnt spoon and hash residue. On March 4, Richards' common law wife Anita Pallenberg plead guilty to drug possession and was fined for the original airport event.<ref name=Sandford227>Sandford, Christopher. Keith Richards: Satisfaction, Caroll & Graf: New York, 2003, p. 227</ref> On Sunday, February 27th, after two days of Stones rehearsals, armed with legal arrest warrants for Pallenberg, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police discovered "22 grams of heroin"<ref name=rvr518>Greenspan, Edward (editor), Regina v. Richards 49 C.C.C. (2d), Canadian Criminal Cases (1980), Canada Law Book. p. 518</ref> in Richards' room. Richards was charged with importing narcotics into Canada, which carried a minimum seven-year sentence upon conviction.<ref name=Sandford225>Sandford, Christopher. Keith Richards: Satisfaction, Caroll & Graf: New York, 2003, p. 225</ref> Later the Crown prosecutor conceded that Richards had procured the drugs after arrival.<ref name=rvr>Greenspan, Edward (editor), Regina v. Richards 49 C.C.C. (2d), Canadian Criminal Cases (1980), Canada Law Book. p.517-527</ref> Despite the arrest, the band played two shows in Toronto, only to raise more controversy when Margaret Trudeau was seen partying with the band after the show. These two shows were kept secret from the public and the El Mocambo had been booked for the entire week by April Wine for a recording session. A local radio station ran a contest for free tickets to see April Wine and the winners were allowed to pick a night to see the band. The winners that picked tickets for the Friday or Saturday night were surprised to find that the Stones were playing <ref name=Sandford227 />

The drug case dragged on for over a year until Richards received a suspended sentence and was ordered to play two free concerts for the CNIB in Oshawa, Ontario.<ref name=rvr /> This sparked one of Richards' first musical projects outside the Stones (with more to come as Jagger's own solo interests dawned in the 1980s), as he and Wood formed a band, The New Barbarians, to perform at the shows. This motivated a final, concerted attempt to end his drug habit, which proved largely successful.<ref name=stonemag /> It also coincided with the end of his relationship with Pallenberg, which had become strained since the death of their third child (an infant son named Tara) and her inability to curb her heroin addiction while Keith struggled to get clean.<ref>Sandford, Christopher. Keith Richards: Satisfaction, Caroll & Graf: New York, 2003, p. 232-3, 248-250</ref>

While Richards was settling his legal and personal problems, Jagger continued his jet-set lifestyle. He was a regular at New York's Studio 54 disco club, often in the company of model Jerry Hall. His marriage to Bianca ended in 1977. By this time, punk rock had become influential, and the Stones were criticised as decadent, aging millionaires,<ref name=stonemag /> and their music considered by many to be stagnant or irrelevant.<ref name=AMGsomegirls> Erlewine , Stephen Thomas

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In 1978, the band released Some Girls (UK #2; US #1), which included the hit single "Miss You", the country ballad "Far Away Eyes", "Beast of Burden", and "Shattered". In part a response to punk, many songs were fast, basic, guitar-driven rock and roll.<ref name=AMGsomegirls/> The album's success re-established the Stones' immense popularity among young people. After the US Tour 1978, the group did not tour Europe the following year, breaking the routine of touring Europe every three years that the band had followed since 1967.

Entering the 1980s on a renewed commercial high due to the success of Some Girls, the band released its next album Emotional Rescue (UK 1; US 1) in mid-1980. The recording of the album was reportedly plagued by turmoil, with Jagger and Richards' relationship reaching a new low. Richards, more sober than during the previous ten years, began to assert more control in the studio — more than Jagger had become used to — and a struggle ensued as Richards felt he was fighting for "his half of the Glimmer Twins."^{[citation needed]} Though Emotional Rescue hit the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic, it was panned as lackluster and inconsistent. Some felt it was a poor imitation of its predecessor.^{[citation needed]}

In early 1981, the group reconvened and decided to tour the US that year, leaving little time to write and record a new album, as well as rehearse for the tour. That year's resulting album, Tattoo You (UK 2; US 1) featured a number of outtakes, including lead single "Start Me Up". Two songs ("Waiting on a Friend" and "Tops") featured Mick Taylor's guitar playing, while jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins played on "Slave" and dubbed a part on "Waiting on a Friend". The Stones' American Tour 1981 was their biggest, longest and most colourful production to date, with the band playing from September 25th through December 19th. It was the highest grossing tour of that year. Some shows were recorded, resulting in the 1982 live album Still Life (American Concert 1981) (UK 4 / US 5), and the 1983 Hal Ashby concert film Let's Spend the Night Together which was filmed at Sun Devil Stadium in Phoenix, Arizona and the Brendan Byrne Arena in the Meadowlands, New Jersey.

In mid-1982, to commemorate their 20th anniversary, the Stones took their American stage show to Europe. European Tour 1982 was their first European tour in six years. The tour was essentially a carbon copy of the 1981 American tour. For the tour, the band was joined by former Allman Brothers Band piano player Chuck Leavell, who continues to play and record with the Stones. By the end of the year, the band had signed a new four-album, 28 million dollar recording deal with a new label, CBS Records.

1983-1991

Before leaving Atlantic the Stones released Undercover (UK 3; US 4) in late 1983. Despite good reviews the record sold below expectations and there was no tour to support it. Subsequently the Stones new marketer/distributor CBS Records which took over distributing the Stone's Atlantic catalogue.

By this time the Jagger/Richards split was growing. Jagger had signed a solo deal with CBS to be distributed by Columbia, much to the consternation of Richards. Jagger spent much of 1984 writing songs for his first solo effort and as he admitted, he began to feel stultified within the framework of the Stones. In 1985, co-founder, pianist, road manager and long-time friend Ian Stewart died of a heart attack. According to Richards, Stewart's death left the band without a moderating force that could have helped during a period which, according to Richards, he and Jagger waged "WW III". By 1985, Jagger was spending more time on solo recordings and much of the material on 1986's Dirty Work (UK 4; US 4) was by Keith Richards, with more contributions by Ron Wood than on previous Stones albums. Rumors surfaced of the two rarely, if ever, being in the studio at the same time and Richards trying to keep it all afloat. Jagger refused to tour in support of the record feeling that several band members — including Charlie Watts who was fighting a heroin addiction^{[citation needed]} — were in no shape to tour. Reviews were mixed although many fans at this time feel it was the nadir of the group. The Stones were awarded a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement. Jagger's solo records, She's the Boss (UK 6; US 13) (1985) and Primitive Cool (UK 26; US #41) (1987), met with moderate success, yet Richards disparaged both. With the Stones inactive due to Jagger's solo career and feeling he was backed into a corner, Richards released his first solo album in 1988, Talk Is Cheap (UK 37; US 24), which fans and critics received well, going Gold in U.S. Included on the Talk Is Cheap album was the song "You Don't Move Me", Richards' stab at his estranged songwriting partner.

In early 1989, The Rolling Stones, including Mick Taylor, Ronnie Wood and Ian Stewart (posthumously), were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Jagger and Richards appeared to have developed a new understanding and they recorded an album as The Rolling Stones, which became Steel Wheels (UK 2; US 3). Heralded as a return to form, it included the singles "Mixed Emotions", "Rock and a Hard Place" and "Almost Hear You Sigh". Additionally, the album included "Continental Drift" recorded with Bachir Attar and the Master Musicians of Jajouka in Tangier in 1989.

The subsequent U.S. Steel Wheels Tour saw the Stones touring for the first time in seven years (since Europe 1982), and it was their biggest stage production to date. The opening acts were Living Colour and Guns N' Roses. By the time the tour reached Europe in 1990, the name had been changed to the Urban Jungle Tour. Recordings from the tour produced the 1991 live album Flashpoint (UK 6; US 16). The live album included two songs recorded in 1991, the single "Highwire" and "Sex Drive". This tour was the last for Bill Wyman who, after years of deliberation and increasing unwillingness to tour any longer, left the band, although it was not made official until 1993. He then published Stone Alone, an autobiography, based on memoirs he had been writing since the early days in London. A few years later, he formed Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings and began recording and touring again.

1992-1999

After the successes of Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle tours, the band took a break. Charlie Watts released two jazz albums; Ronnie Wood made his fifth solo album, the first in 11 years, called Slide On This; Keith Richards released his second solo album in late 1992, Main Offender (UK 45; US 99) and did a small tour including big concerts in Spain and Argentina. Mick Jagger got good reviews and sales with his third solo album Wandering Spirit (UK 12; US 11). The album sold more than two million copies worldwide, going Gold in U.S.

After Wyman's departure, the Stones' new distributor/record label, Virgin Records, remastered and repackaged the band's back catalogue from Sticky Fingers to Steel Wheels without the three live albums, and issued another hits compilation in 1993 entitled Jump Back (UK 16; US 30). By 1993 the Stones set upon their next studio album. Darryl Jones, former sideman of Miles Davis and Sting, was chosen by Charlie Watts as Wyman's replacement for 1994's Voodoo Lounge (UK 1; US 2). The album met strong reviews and sales, going double platinum in the US. Reviewers took note of the album's "traditionalist" sounds, which were credited to the Stones' new producer Don Was.<ref>"Voodoo Lounge"AMG, 2007. accessed 3 September 2007</ref> It would go on to win the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Rock Album.

1994 also brought the accompanying Voodoo Lounge Tour, which lasted into 1995. Various recorded shows and rehearsals (mostly acoustic) made up Stripped (UK 9; US 9), which featured a cover of Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone", as well as infrequently played songs like "Shine a Light", "Sweet Virginia" and "The Spider and the Fly". This album tour was the first to showcase the talents of Lisa Fischer singing alongside Jagger in "Gimme Shelter", and the appearance of Bernard Fowler, both strong backup singers who became regulars on the Stones tours.

The Rolling Stones ended the 1990s with the album Bridges to Babylon (UK 6; US 3), released in 1997 to mixed reviews. The video of the single "Anybody Seen My Baby?" featured Angelina Jolie as guest and met steady rotation on both MTV and VH1. Sales were reasonably equivalent to those of previous records (about 1.2 million copies sold in U.S), and the subsequent international tour Bridges to Babylon Tour that crossed Europe, North America and other destinations proved the band to be a strong live attraction. Once again, a live album was culled from the tour, No Security (UK 67; US 34), only this time all but two songs ("Live With Me" and "The Last Time") were previously unreleased on live albums. In 1999, the Stones staged the No Security Tour in the U.S and continued and finished the Babylon tour in Europe. The No Security Tour was a stripped down affair without all the pyrotechnics and mammoth stages.

2000-present

In late 2001, Mick Jagger released his fourth solo album Goddess in the Doorway (UK 44; US 39), which met mixed reviews. Keith Richards called the album "Dogshit in the Doorway."<ref>Alive and kicking</ref> Jagger and Richards took part in "The Concert for New York City", performing "Salt of the Earth" and "Miss You" with a backing band.

In 2002, the band released Forty Licks (UK 2; US 2), a greatest hits album to mark their forty years as a band. The collection contained four new songs recorded with the latter-day core band of Jagger, Richards, Watts, Wood, Leavell and Jones. The album has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide. The same year, Q magazine named The Rolling Stones as one of the "50 Bands To See Before You Die",<ref>"Q - 50 Bands You Must See Before You Die"rocklist.neyt, September 2002. accessed 7 June 2007</ref> and the 2002-2003 Licks Tour gave people that chance. On 30 July 2003, the band headlined the Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto concert in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to help the city — which they had frequently used for rehearsals — recover from the 2003 SARS epidemic. The concert was attended by an estimated 490,000 people.

On 9 November 2003, the band played its first concert in Hong Kong as part of the Harbour Fest celebration, also in support of the SARS-affected economy. In November of 2003, the band exclusively licensed the right to sell their new 4-DVD boxed set, Four Flicks, recorded on the band's most recent world tour, to the U.S. Best Buy chain of stores. In response, some Canadian and U.S. music retail chains (including HMV Canada and Circuit City) pulled Rolling Stones CDs and related merchandise from their shelves and replaced them with signs explaining the situation.<ref>"Some U.S. retailers join Stones boycott"CNN, November 2003. accessed 14 June 2007</ref> In 2004, a double live album of the Licks Tour, Live Licks (UK 38; US 50) was released, going Gold in U.S.

On July 26 2005, Jagger's birthday, the band announced the name of their new album, A Bigger Bang (UK 2; US 3), their first album in almost eight years. A Bigger Bang was released on September 6 to strong reviews, including a glowing write-up in Rolling Stone (noted for its consistent support of the group).<ref>"A Bigger Bang: Review" Rolling Stone, 22 September 2005. accessed 14 June 2007</ref> The album included the most controversial song from the Stones in years, "Sweet Neo Con", a criticism of American Neoconservatism from Jagger.<ref>"Stones 'slate Bush' in album song"BBC News, 2005. accessed 16 October 2007</ref> The song was reportedly almost dropped from the album due to objections from Richards. When asked if he was afraid of political backlash that the Dixie Chicks had endured for criticism of American involvement in the war in Iraq, Richards responded that the album came first, and that, "I don't want to be sidetracked by some little political "storm in a teacup".<ref>[2]CNN News, 2005. accessed 27 November 2007</ref> The subsequent A Bigger Bang Tour began in August 2005, and visited North America, South America and East Asia. In February 2006, the group played the half-time show of Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan. By the end of 2005, the Bigger Bang tour set a record of $162 million in gross receipts, breaking the North American mark also set by the Stones in 1994. Later that month, the band played to a claimed 1.5 million on the Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro in a free concert. After performances in New Zealand, Keith Richards went to hospital on May 2006 for brain surgery after a dubious "fall from a coconut tree"<ref>"KEITH RICHARDS AND THE FIJI FALL: THE MYSTERY DEEPENS"Uncut. accessed 5 October 2007</ref> on Fiji, causing a six-week postponement of the European leg of the tour.

The following month, it was reported that Ron Wood was entering rehabilitation for alcohol abuse. The Stones returned to North America for concerts in September 2006, and returned to Europe on June 5, 2007. By November 2006, the Bigger Bang tour had been declared the highest-grossing tour of all time, earning $437 million. The North American leg brought in the third-highest receipts ever ($138.5 million), trailing their own 2005 tour ($162 million) and the U2 tour of that same year ($138.9 million).<ref>"Stones Roll Over U2 To Claim Highest Grossing Concert Tour"All Headline News, 29 November 2006</ref> The Stones show in Horsens, Denmark, drew 85,000 people, the largest audience at any show on the scheduled part of the tour.

In late October 2006, filmmaker Martin Scorsese filmed the Stones at New York City's Beacon Theater, featuring an audience that included several world leaders, for release in 2008 titled Shine a Light<ref>"Shine A Light"Internet Movie Database, 16 January 2007</ref> which includes performances with Jack White and Christina Aguilera. On March 24, 2007, the band announced a tour of Europe called the "Bigger Bang 2007" tour. June 12, 2007 saw the release of the Stones' second four-disc DVD set entitled The Biggest Bang, a seven-hour document featuring the band's shows in Austin, Rio de Janeiro, Saitama, Japan, Shanghai, and Buenos Aires, as well as extras. As with their first DVD set, the collection will be sold exclusively through Best Buy.<ref>"Best Buy Brings The Biggest Bang to Life for Rolling Stones Fans"Yahoo!, 30 May 2007</ref>

On June 10, 2007, the band performed their first gig at a festival in 30 years, at the Isle of Wight Festival, to a crowd of 50,000. On August 26, 2007 they played their last concert of the A Bigger Bang Tour. Mick Jagger released a compilation of his solo work called The Very Best Of Mick Jagger (UK 57; US 77) including 3 unreleased songs on October 2, 2007. Rumours for a new tour in 2008 were confirmed by Ronnie Wood in a recent interview.^{[citation needed]}

On September 26, 2007, it was announced The Rolling Stones had made $437 million on the A Bigger Bang Tour to list them in the latest edition of Guinness World Record.<ref>MSNBC< Another Stones record — this one in Guinness</ref>

On November 12, 2007, the double compilation [[Rolled Gold+: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones]] (UK 26) was re-released for the Christmas season.

Musical evolution

The Rolling Stones are extremely notable in modern popular music for assimilating various musical genres into their recording and performance; ultimately making the styles their very own. The band's career is marked by a continual reference and reliance on musical styles like American blues, country, folk, reggae, dance; world music exemplified by the Master Musicians of Jajouka; as well as traditional English styles that use stringed instrumentation like harps. The band cut their musical teeth by covering early rock and roll and blues songs, and have never stopped playing live or recording cover songs.

Infusion of American Blues

Often the first instances of this come through the Stones' use of a blues-based R&B sound. Jagger and Richards' shared interest in the Americans Jimmy Reed, Muddy Waters, and Little Walter, were influential on the band's leader, Brian Jones, of whom Richards says, "He was more into T-Bone Walker and jazz-blues stuff. We'd turn him onto Chuck Berry and say, 'Look, it's all the same shit, man, and you can do it.'"<ref name=RSkeith /> Charlie Watts, a traditional jazz drummer, was also turned onto the blues after his introduction to the Stones. "Keith and Brian turned me on to Jimmy Reed and people like that. I learned that Earl Phillips was playing on those records like a jazz drummer, playing swing, with a straight four..."<ref name=according />

Jagger, recalling when he first heard the likes of Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Muddy Waters, Fats Domino and other heavies of the American blues scene, said it "seemed the most real thing"<ref>Davin SeayMick Jagger:The Story Behind the Rolling Stone. York: Birch Lane Press, 1993. </ref> he had heard up to that point. Similarly, Keith Richards, describing the first time he listened to Muddy Waters, said it was the "most powerful music [he had] ever heard...the most expressive."<ref>Robert Gordon. Can't Be Satisfied New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2002.</ref> These strong early impressions helped fuse the music of the American Blues into the foundation of the Rolling Stones.

Early songwriting

Despite the Stones' prevalance for blues and R&B numbers on their early live setlists, the first original compositions by the band reflected a more wide-ranging interest. The first Jagger/Richards single, "Tell Me (You're Coming Back)," is called by critic Richie Unterberger a "pop/rock ballad... When [Jagger and Richards] began to write songs, they were usually not derived from the blues, but were often surprisingly fey, slow, Mersey-type pop numbers."<ref>"Tell Me"allmusic, accessed 14 December 2007</ref> "As Tears Go By," the ballad originally written for Marianne Faithfull, was one of the first songs written by Jagger and Richards and also one of many written by the duo for other artists. Jagger said of the song, "It's a relatively mature song considering the rest of the output at the time. And we didn't think of [recording] it, because the Rolling Stones were a butch blues group."<ref name=jaggerremembers> Wenner , Janner

.    Jagger Remembers 
. Rolling Stone
. Rolling Stone 
   

. Retrieved on 2006-12-14. </ref> The Stones did record a version which became a top five hit in the U.S.<ref>"As Tears Go By"allmusic, accessed 14 December 2007</ref>

On the early experience, Richards said, "The amazing thing is that alothough Mick and I thought these songs were really puerile and kindergarten-time, every one that got put out made a decent showing in the charts. That gave us extraordinary confidence to carry on, because at the beginning songwriting was something we were going to do in order to say to Andrew [Loog Oldham], 'Well, at least we gave it a try...'"<ref name=according /> Jagger said, "We were very pop-oriented. We didn't sit around listening to Muddy Waters; we listened to everything. In some ways it's easy to write to order... Keith and I got into the groove of writing those kind of tunes; they were done in ten minutes. I think we thought it was a bit of a laugh, and it turned out to be something or an apprenticeship for us." <ref name=according />

Band members

Line-ups

(1962)	Mick Jagger - lead vocals, harmonica, percussion Keith Richards - guitars, backing vocals Brian Jones - guitars, backing vocals, harmonica, percussion Ian Stewart (musician) - piano, keyboards, percussion with Trevor Whittaker - rhythm guitar, percussion Dick Taylor - bass Tony Chapman - drums Carlo Little - drums Mick Avory - drums
(1962-1963)	Mick Jagger - lead vocals, harmonica, percussion Keith Richards - guitars, backing vocals Brian Jones - guitars, backing vocals, harmonica, percussion Bill Wyman - bass Ian Stewart - piano, keyboards, percussion
(1963-1969)	Mick Jagger - lead vocals, harmonica, percussion Keith Richards - guitars, vocals, bass, keyboards Brian Jones - guitars, backing vocals, harmonica, keyboards, bass, sitar, reeds, percussion, dulcimer, woodwind, tamboura, recorder, clarinet, autoharp Charlie Watts - drums, percussion Bill Wyman - bass, backing vocals, percussion, keyboards
(1969-1974)	Mick Jagger - lead vocals, harmonica, keyboards, percussion, guitar Keith Richards - guitars, vocals, bass, keyboards Mick Taylor - guitars, bass, synthesizer, percussion, backing vocals Charlie Watts - drums, percussion Bill Wyman - bass, synthesizer
(1974-1993)	Mick Jagger - lead vocals, harmonica, keyboards, guitar Keith Richards - guitars, vocals, bass Ron Wood - guitars, backing vocals, percussion, bass Charlie Watts - drums, percussion Bill Wyman - bass, synthesizer
(1993-present)	Mick Jagger - lead vocals, harmonica, percussion, guitar, bass, keyboards Keith Richards - guitars, vocals, bass, keyboards Ron Wood - guitars, backing vocals, bass Charlie Watts - drums, percussion

Discography

Modèle:See

Tours

• 2005-2007 - A Bigger Bang Tour
• 2002/2003 - Licks Tour
• 1999 - No Security Tour
• 1997/1998 - Bridges To Babylon Tour
• 1994/1995 - Voodoo Lounge Tour
• 1989/1990 - Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour
• 1982 - European Tour 1982
• 1981 - American Tour 1981
• 1978 - US Tour 1978
• 1976 - Tour of Europe '76
• 1975 - Tour of the Americas '75
• 1973 - European Tour 1973
• 1973 - Pacific Tour 1973
• 1972 - American Tour 1972 (also known as S.T.P. Tour)
• 1971 - UK Tour 1971 (also known as the Goodbye Britain Tour)
• 1970 - European Tour 1970
• 1969 - American Tour 1969 (famous but didn't seem to have a name)
• 1967 - European Tour
• 1966 - Australia and New Zealand Tour, European Tour, North American Tour, British Tour
• 1965 - 1 Far East tour, 4 European tours, 3 British tours, 2 North American tours
• 1964 - 4 British tours, 2 US tours, 1 concert on European Continent (The Netherlands)
• 1963 - British Tour (as an opening act)

Videography

• 1968: One Plus One (also titled Sympathy for the Devil), film by Jean-Luc Godard (DVD)
• 1969: Stones in the Park (DVD)
• 1970: Gimme Shelter (DVD)
• 1972: Cocksucker Blues
• 1974: Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones
• 1982: Let's Spend the Night Together (DVD)
• 1984: Video Rewind (VHS)
• 1989: 25x5 - The continuing adventures of the Rolling Stones (VHS)
• 1990: Stones at the Max (VHS)
• 1995: The Rolling Stones: Voodoo Lounge Live (DVD)
• 1996: The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (DVD - concert from 196Image:Cool.gif
• 1998: Bridges To Babylon Tour '97-98 (DVD)
• 2003: Four Flicks (DVD)
• 2007: The Biggest Bang (DVD)
• 2008: Shine a Light directed by Martin Scorcese

See also

• List of best-selling music artists
• List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart

References

Further reading

• Gered Mankowitz: The Rolling Stones - Out of Their Heads. Photographs 1965-67 and 1982. [ISBN 3-89602-664-X]
• [[Stanley Booth, The True Adventures of the Rolling Stones, Chicago Review Press (2000), ISBN 1-55652-400-5
• Stanley Booth, Dance With the Devil: The Rolling Stones and Their Times, Random House (1984), ISBN 0-394-53488-3
• Roy Carr, The Rolling Stones: An Illustrated Record, Harmony Books (1976), ISBN 0-517-52641-7
• Robert Greenfield, S.T.P.: A Journey Through America With The Rolling Stones (1974), Reissued De Capo Press, 2002. ISBN 0-306-81199-5
• Greil Marcus, "Myth and Misquotation", The Dustbin Of History, Harvard University Press (1997), ISBN 0-674-21858-2
• James Phelge, "Nankering with the Rolling Stones", 2000. ISBN 1556523734
• The Rolling Stones, According to The Rolling Stones, Chronicle Books (2003), ISBN 0-8118-4060-3
• The Gram Parsons Homepage FAQ
• CBC Digital Archives - The Rolling Stones: Canada gets Satisfaction
• T.O.T.A '75 The official illustrated account of The Rolling Stones Tour of The Americas '75
• Stanley Booth, "Keith:Standing In The Shadows", St. Martin's Press (1995), ISBN 0-312-11841-4

External links

Modèle:Commoncat

• Official website
• IORR The Rolling Stones Fan Club of Europe
• Modèle:MusicBrainz artist
• The Rolling Stones at Rolling Stone
• The Rolling Stones at Discogs
• The Rolling Stones songs in the charts
• The Rolling Stones recording their Steel Wheels album with Bachir Attar and The Master Musicians of Jajouka in 1989
• Modèle:Imdb name

Modèle:The Rolling Stones

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