Ubuntu (Linux distribution)

Un article de Vev.

Modèle:Infobox OS www.ubuntu.com/aboutus/faq</ref>, Modèle:IPA2 in Zulu) is a predominantly desktop-oriented Linux distribution based on Debian GNU/Linux. Ubuntu aims to use only free software to provide an up-to-date yet stable operating system for the average user, and features a strong focus on usability, regular releases, and ease of installation at the expense of platform diversity. Ubuntu is sponsored by Canonical Ltd, owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. The name of the distribution comes from the southern African concept of ubuntu which may be rendered roughly as "humanity toward others", "we are people because of other people", or "I am who I am because of who we all are," though other meanings have been suggested.direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/ubuntu-african-word.html | title=Ubuntu's African Roots | accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref>//www.ubuntu.com/aboutus/faq</ref>, Modèle:IPA2 in Zulu) is a predominantly desktop-oriented Linux distribution based on Debian GNU/Linux. Ubuntu aims to use only free software to provide an up-to-date yet stable operating system for the average user, and features a strong focus on usability, regular releases, and ease of installation at the expense of platform diversity. Ubuntu is sponsored by Canonical Ltd, owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. The name of the distribution comes from the southern African concept of ubuntu which may be rendered roughly as "humanity toward others", "we are people because of other people", or "I am who I am because of who we all are," though other meanings have been suggested.direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/ubuntu-african-word.html | title=Ubuntu's African Roots | accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref>

www.edubuntu.org/faq |accessdate=2006-07-15}}</ref> Gobuntu is an official subproject that is aimed at adhering strictly to the Free Software Foundation's Four Freedoms.<ref> Gobuntu - What is Gobuntu

. Retrieved on 2007-10-26. </ref> The newest official subproject is JeOS. Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced "Juice") is an efficient variant of the popular desktop and server operating system, configured specifically for virtual appliances.//www.edubuntu.org/faq |accessdate=2006-07-15}}</ref> Gobuntu is an official subproject that is aimed at adhering strictly to the Free Software Foundation's Four Freedoms.<ref> Gobuntu - What is Gobuntu

. Retrieved on 2007-10-26. </ref> The newest official subproject is JeOS. Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced "Juice") is an efficient variant of the popular desktop and server operating system, configured specifically for virtual appliances.

Ubuntu releases new versions every six months, and supports those releases for 18 months with daily security fixes and patches to critical bugs. There are also Long Term Support (LTS) releases, which have three years support for the desktop version and five years for the server version. The most recent LTS version, Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake), was released on June 1 2006 (updated to Ubuntu 6.06.1 on August 10 2006); the next LTS version will be 8.04 (Hardy Heron), scheduled for release in April 2008. The most recent version, Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon), was released on 18 October 2007.

History and development process

www.ubuntu.com/community/ubuntustory | title=ubuntu/history "The Ubuntu Story" | accessdate=2007-10-21}}</ref> This was done so that a new version of Ubuntu could be released every six months<ref>Time Based Releases</ref>, resulting in a more frequently updated system. Ubuntu releases always include the most recent GNOME release, and are scheduled to be released about a month after GNOME.<ref>Releases</ref> In contrast with previous general-purpose forks of Debian—such as MEPIS, Xandros, Linspire, Progeny and Libranet, many of which relied on proprietary and closed source add-ons as part of their business model—Ubuntu has stayed closer to Debian's philosophy and uses free (libre) software most of the time.<ref> ubuntu/philosophy

. Retrieved on 2006-04-25. </ref>//www.ubuntu.com/community/ubuntustory | title=ubuntu/history "The Ubuntu Story" | accessdate=2007-10-21}}</ref> This was done so that a new version of Ubuntu could be released every six months<ref>Time Based Releases</ref>, resulting in a more frequently updated system. Ubuntu releases always include the most recent GNOME release, and are scheduled to be released about a month after GNOME.<ref>Releases</ref> In contrast with previous general-purpose forks of Debian—such as MEPIS, Xandros, Linspire, Progeny and Libranet, many of which relied on proprietary and closed source add-ons as part of their business model—Ubuntu has stayed closer to Debian's philosophy and uses free (libre) software most of the time.<ref> ubuntu/philosophy

. Retrieved on 2006-04-25. </ref>

ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-23773.html Anyone know what font the Ubuntu Logo uses?]</ref>, lower case OpenType font used is called Ubuntu-Title and was created by Andy Fitzsimon.<ref name=ubuntutitle>UbuntuTitle</ref> The font is distributed under the Lesser General Public License and use with logos derived from the Ubuntu logo is encouraged.<ref name=ubuntutitle /> The font is available as a package for Ubuntu.<ref name=ubuntutitle />//ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-23773.html Anyone know what font the Ubuntu Logo uses?]</ref>, lower case OpenType font used is called Ubuntu-Title and was created by Andy Fitzsimon.<ref name=ubuntutitle>UbuntuTitle</ref> The font is distributed under the Lesser General Public License and use with logos derived from the Ubuntu logo is encouraged.<ref name=ubuntutitle /> The font is available as a package for Ubuntu.<ref name=ubuntutitle />

Ubuntu packages have generally been based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb package format and APT/Synaptic to manage installed packages.

bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-website/+bug/154274 | title=ubuntu/relationship "Website does not reference Debian visibly" | accessdate=2007-10-21}}</ref> although there has been criticism that this is not happening enough<ref name=forking>Modèle:Cite web www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//ianmurdock.com/?p=167</ref> and Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily 'binary compatible' with each other.<ref> Mark Shuttleworth on binary compatibility

. Retrieved on 2006-04-25. </ref> Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian itself. However, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, criticized Ubuntu for incompatibilities between its packages and those of Debian, saying that Ubuntu had diverged too far from Debian Sarge to remain compatible.<ref name=forking />//bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-website/+bug/154274 | title=ubuntu/relationship "Website does not reference Debian visibly" | accessdate=2007-10-21}}</ref> although there has been criticism that this is not happening enough<ref name=forking>Modèle:Cite web www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//ianmurdock.com/?p=167</ref> and Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily 'binary compatible' with each other.<ref> Mark Shuttleworth on binary compatibility

. Retrieved on 2006-04-25. </ref> Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian itself. However, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, criticized Ubuntu for incompatibilities between its packages and those of Debian, saying that Ubuntu had diverged too far from Debian Sarge to remain compatible.<ref name=forking />

wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuDownUnder/BOFs/GrumpyGroundhog | title=GrumpyGroundhog specification | accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref> It is intended that Grumpy Groundhog should merge with Debian Unstable every six months.<ref> MarkShuttleworth - Ubuntu Wiki

. Retrieved on 2006-07-13. </ref> Grumpy Groundhog has not been made available to the public yet.//wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuDownUnder/BOFs/GrumpyGroundhog | title=GrumpyGroundhog specification | accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref> It is intended that Grumpy Groundhog should merge with Debian Unstable every six months.<ref> MarkShuttleworth - Ubuntu Wiki

. Retrieved on 2006-07-13. </ref> Grumpy Groundhog has not been made available to the public yet.

lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2005-July/000025.html |title=Announcing Launch of ($10m) Ubuntu Foundation |accessdate=2007-04-21 |date=2005-07-08 }}</ref>//lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2005-July/000025.html |title=Announcing Launch of ($10m) Ubuntu Foundation |accessdate=2007-04-21 |date=2005-07-08 }}</ref>

www.dell.com/content/topics/segtopic.aspx/linux_3x?c=us&cs=19&l=en&s=dhs | title=Ubuntu Customers | accessdate=2007-05-26}}</ref> They also stated that customers would be able to buy support for Ubuntu through Dell, with the support coming from Canonical. On 8 August 2007 these computers went on sale in the UK, France and Germany as well.direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/08/07/23816.aspx | title=Dell's Blog | accessdate=2007-08-30}}</ref> In October, Tesco followed in Dell's footsteps and started to sell desktop computers with Ubuntu 6.06 LTS pre-installed on them//www.dell.com/content/topics/segtopic.aspx/linux_3x?c=us&cs=19&l=en&s=dhs | title=Ubuntu Customers | accessdate=2007-05-26}}</ref> They also stated that customers would be able to buy support for Ubuntu through Dell, with the support coming from Canonical. On 8 August 2007 these computers went on sale in the UK, France and Germany as well.direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//direct2dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/08/07/23816.aspx | title=Dell's Blog | accessdate=2007-08-30}}</ref> In October, Tesco followed in Dell's footsteps and started to sell desktop computers with Ubuntu 6.06 LTS pre-installed on them direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref> direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-6129.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys ePC}}</ref>. However unlike Dell, they do not offer Canonical's support program. Select Dell machines now include Ubuntu 7.10 with DVD playback using LinDVD software.<ref>http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS7924076658.html</ref>

During July 2007 at Ubuntu Live 2007, Mark Shuttleworth announced that Ubuntu 8.04 (out April 2008) would be the next LTS (Long Term Support) release. He also added that Canonical is committed to releasing a new LTS version every two years.

Features

Ubuntu focuses on usability,direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ | title=About Ubuntu | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> including the widespread use of the sudo tool for administrative tasks.<ref> RootSudo - Ubuntu Wiki

. Retrieved on 2006-04-25. </ref> The Ubiquity installerdirect.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//kubuntu.org/~jriddell/espresso/screenshots/ | title=Screenshots of Ubiquity's KDE frontend | accessdate=2006-05-03}}</ref> allows installing Ubuntu to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu furthermore emphasizes accessibility and internationalization, to reach as many people as possible. As of version 5.04, UTF-8 is the default character encoding. The default appearance of the user interface in the current version is called Human and is characterized by shades of brown and orange.

Besides standard system tools and other small applications, Ubuntu comes installed with the following software: the OpenOffice.org productivity suite, the Internet browser Firefox, the instant messenger Pidgin (formerly known as Gaim), and the raster graphics editor GIMP. Several lightweight card and puzzle games are pre-installed, including Sudoku and Chess. Ubuntu has all ports closed by default adding to security, although some people choose to run a firewall in order to keep tabs of incoming and outgoing connections.

www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/ubuntu-installation-606-2.html | title=Installing Ubuntu from the Live CD | accessdate=2006-07-08}}</ref> CDs are mailed free to anyone who requests them, and CD images are available for download. The Ubuntu live CD requires 256 megabytes of RAM, and once installed on the hard disk, Ubuntu needs four gigabytes of hard-disk space.<ref name=hwreq>Modèle:Cite web www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/desktopedition</ref> An alternate install disc using the standard debian-installer in text mode is available for download only, and is aimed at people with lower system specifications, computer dealers selling systems already installed with Ubuntu, and for complex partitioning including the use of LVM.<ref>Modèle:Cite web www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//releases.ubuntu.com/6.06/</ref>//www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/ubuntu-installation-606-2.html | title=Installing Ubuntu from the Live CD | accessdate=2006-07-08}}</ref> CDs are mailed free to anyone who requests them, and CD images are available for download. The Ubuntu live CD requires 256 megabytes of RAM, and once installed on the hard disk, Ubuntu needs four gigabytes of hard-disk space.<ref name=hwreq>Modèle:Cite web www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/desktopedition</ref> An alternate install disc using the standard debian-installer in text mode is available for download only, and is aimed at people with lower system specifications, computer dealers selling systems already installed with Ubuntu, and for complex partitioning including the use of LVM.direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//releases.ubuntu.com/6.06/ | title=Ubuntu 6.06 LTS: Download | accessdate=2006-07-30}}</ref>

With the release of Ubuntu 7.04 in April 2007, the Ubuntu installation process changed slightly. It now supports migration from Windows.direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/ubuntu-feisty-installation.html | title=Ubuntu 7.04 Adds a Migration Tool | accessdate=2006-06-27}}</ref> The new migration tool imports Windows users' bookmarks, desktop background (wallpaper), and settings for immediate use in the Ubuntu installation.

For Ubuntu there are tools available to create a specific installation CD/DVD. With Wubi, it is possible to install Ubuntu on a Windows partition. It also makes use of the migration tool which imports Windows users' configurations.

Multilingual

www.gnome.org/start/2.20/notes/en/index.html#rni18 different languages].//www.gnome.org/start/2.20/notes/en/index.html#rni18 different languages].

Package classification and support

Ubuntu divides all software into four components,direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components | title=ubuntu/components | accessdate=2006-03-16}}</ref> to reflect differences in licensing and level of support available. Packages are assigned to components as follows:

"Free" software here includes only that which meets the Ubuntu license requirements,direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/licensing | title=ubuntu/licensing | accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref> which correspond roughly to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There is one caveat for Main however; it "also may contain binary firmware and selected fonts (which are used by free components of Main) that cannot be modified without permission from their authors" so long as their "redistribution is unencumbered."

Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for very important non-free software, such as non-free device drivers, without which users might be prevented from running Ubuntu on their system, particularly binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support is more limited than for main, since the developers may not have access to the source code.

It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a general-use Linux system. Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialised applications are placed in Universe and Multiverse.

Beyond the official repositories is Ubuntu Backports,direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//backports.ubuntuforums.org/ | title=UbuntuBackports | accessdate=2006-03-16}}</ref> which is an officially recognized project to backport newer versions of certain software that are available only in unstable versions of Ubuntu. The repository is not comprehensive; it mostly consists of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines.

Availability of proprietary software

Modèle:Further Ubuntu has a certification system for third party software.direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//ubuntu.com/partners/certification/software | title=partners/certification/software | accessdate=2006-03-16}}</ref> Ubuntu-certified proprietary software should work well in Ubuntu. However, many programs familiar to users of non-free operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, are incompatible and are not Ubuntu-certified. Some proprietary software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component.

Some examples of software not distributed by Ubuntu include:

• Software that enables the playback of region-locked video DVDs, due to the questionable legal status of the Libdvdcss open-source DVD-decoding library in some parts of the world. (Note: the library is needed even when watching a DVD in the target region.)
• Some popular proprietary web-browser plugins, such as Adobe's (formerly Macromedia's) Shockwave (there is no Linux version) and Flash. (One workaround to the specific prohibition against redistribution in the Flash EULA is the multiverse package "flashplugin-nonfree" which automatically downloads the Linux Flash plugin directly from Adobe's site and then installs it.)

Releases

lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2004-October/000003.html |title=Ubuntu 4.10 announcement |date=2004-10-20 |accessdate=2007-09-25 |mailinglist=ubuntu-announce |last=Shuttleworth |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Shuttleworth }}</ref>//lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2004-October/000003.html |title=Ubuntu 4.10 announcement |date=2004-10-20 |accessdate=2007-09-25 |mailinglist=ubuntu-announce |last=Shuttleworth |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Shuttleworth }}</ref>

 (2007-04-12)
   

 (2007-04-12)
   

distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu and its version table -->//distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu and its version table -->

Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases, which are in turn about one month after releases of X.org. Consequently, every Ubuntu release comes with a newer version of both GNOME and X.

lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2006-April/000065.html | title=Announcing Beta release of Ubuntu 6.06 LTS | accessdate=2006-04-26}}</ref>//lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2006-April/000065.html | title=Announcing Beta release of Ubuntu 6.06 LTS | accessdate=2006-04-26}}</ref>

ShipIt

shipit.ubuntu.com/ | title=Shipit - free shipment of Ubuntu CDs | accessdate=2006-04-26}}</ref>: after a request for CDs is made at shipit.ubuntu.com and approved, disks are sent to the user's postal address in the mail without charge. Delivery is estimated at six to ten weeks<ref name=shipit-faq>Modèle:Cite web www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/shipit-faq</ref>.//shipit.ubuntu.com/ | title=Shipit - free shipment of Ubuntu CDs | accessdate=2006-04-26}}</ref>: after a request for CDs is made at shipit.ubuntu.com and approved, disks are sent to the user's postal address in the mail without charge. Delivery is estimated at six to ten weeks<ref name=shipit-faq>Modèle:Cite web www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/shipit-faq</ref>.

All Ubuntu releases, except for 6.10 (which immediately followed a LTS release (6.06) and had less development time as a result; 6.06 was offered in its place), have been available via ShipIt. As of December 2007, the most recent release available for order via ShipIt is 7.10

Variants

Modèle:Further shipit.kubuntu.org/ | title=Shipit - free shipment of Kubuntu CDs | accessdate=2006-06-21}}</ref> and Edubuntu<ref name=edushipi> Shipit - free shipment of Edubuntu CDs

. Retrieved on 2006-06-21. </ref> are also available free of charge via mail order through Ubuntu's ShipIt service, but Xubuntu is not.<ref>No shipit for xubuntu</ref> These Ubuntu variants simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them. These different versions correspond to development efforts run by largely separate groups of people who try to bring different functionalities to the distribution. The official sister distributions are:<ref>Modèle:Cite web www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/other-ubuntus.html</ref>//shipit.kubuntu.org/ | title=Shipit - free shipment of Kubuntu CDs | accessdate=2006-06-21}}</ref> and Edubuntu<ref name=edushipi> Shipit - free shipment of Edubuntu CDs

. Retrieved on 2006-06-21. </ref> are also available free of charge via mail order through Ubuntu's ShipIt service, but Xubuntu is not.<ref>No shipit for xubuntu</ref> These Ubuntu variants simply install a set of packages different from the original Ubuntu, but since they draw additional packages and updates from the same repositories as Ubuntu, all of the same software is available for each of them. These different versions correspond to development efforts run by largely separate groups of people who try to bring different functionalities to the distribution. The official sister distributions are:direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/other-ubuntus.html | title=Other Ubuntus | accessdate=2007-06-07}}</ref>

• Edubuntu, a distribution designed for classrooms using GNOME
• Gobuntu, a free software distribution
• Kubuntu, a desktop distribution using KDE rather than GNOME
• Xubuntu, a "lightweight" distribution based on the Xfce desktop environment instead of GNOME
• Ubuntu Studio, a multimedia-creation flavor of Ubuntu.

lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2007-November/000106.html }}</ref>//lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2007-November/000106.html }}</ref>

Unofficial variants and derivatives are not controlled or guided by Canonical and are generally forks with different goals in mind.

System requirements

releases.ubuntu.com/7.04/</ref><ref>Ubuntu to Support Sun 'Niagara' Platform</ref>//releases.ubuntu.com/7.04/</ref><ref>Ubuntu to Support Sun 'Niagara' Platform</ref>

lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2007-February/000098.html | title=Technical Board Decision - February 2007}}</ref>IA-64 (Itanium) and the PlayStation 3.<ref>Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)</ref>//lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2007-February/000098.html | title=Technical Board Decision - February 2007}}</ref>IA-64 (Itanium) and the PlayStation 3.<ref>Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)</ref>

For older computers which do not meet the system requirements listed below, there is also Xubuntu, based on Xfce, which requires roughly half of the RAM and disk space.

Server Edition

help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/LowMemorySystems Installation/LowMemorySystems]</ref> the "minimum requirements"<ref name="SystemRequirements">Ubuntu System Requirements</ref> for good performance are://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/LowMemorySystems Installation/LowMemorySystems]</ref> the "minimum requirements"<ref name="SystemRequirements">Ubuntu System Requirements</ref> for good performance are:

• 300 MHz x86 processor

help.ubuntu.com/7.10/server/C/preparing-to-install.html#id2581089]</ref>//help.ubuntu.com/7.10/server/C/preparing-to-install.html#id2581089]</ref>

• 500MB of disk space <ref name="ServerGuide710" />
• VGA graphics card capable of 640x480 resolution
• CD-ROM drive

Desktop Edition

For the Desktop release, the "recommended minimum requirements"<ref name="SystemRequirements"/> for good performance are:

• 500 MHz x86 processor
• 384 MB of system memory (RAM)

www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/desktopedition Ubuntu Desktop Edition]</ref>//www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/desktopedition Ubuntu Desktop Edition]</ref>

• Graphics card capable of 1024x768 resolution
• Sound card (optional)
• A network or Internet connection

Install and Live CDs

releases.ubuntu.com/7.10/</ref>//releases.ubuntu.com/7.10/</ref>

• Desktop CD (a Live CD)

"The desktop CD allows you to try Ubuntu without changing your computer at all, and at your option to install it permanently later. This type of CD is what most people will want to use. You will need at least 320MB of RAM to install from this CD."

• Alternate Install CD

"The alternate install CD allows you to perform certain specialist installations of Ubuntu. It provides for the following situations: creating pre-configured OEM systems; setting up automated deployments; upgrading from older installations without network access; LVM and/or RAID partitioning; installs on systems with less than about 320MB of RAM (although note that low-memory systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably). It can also install on systems with a graphics environment not suitable to Ubuntu (which needs to be changed later) i.e. virtual PC"

• Server CD

"The Server Install CD allows you to install Ubuntu permanently on a computer for use as a server. It will not install a graphical user interface."

Response

distrowatch.com/], and was the most accessed on the site in 2005<ref>DistroWatch 2005</ref> and 2006.<ref>DistroWatch</ref> This popularity is borne out by a rise in Google searches for "Ubuntu" since 2004 as compared to a shrinking or plateauing number for terms related to other major desktop Linux distributions such as "Fedora", "Debian" or "SUSE" over the same period<ref>Google Trends, comparing Fedora|RHEL|Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, SUSE|OpenSUSE, Mandrake|Mandriva</ref>. In a 2007 survey of 38,500 visitors on DesktopLinux.com, Ubuntu was the most popular distribution with 30.3 percent of respondents using it.[1]//distrowatch.com/], and was the most accessed on the site in 2005<ref>DistroWatch 2005</ref> and 2006.<ref>DistroWatch</ref> This popularity is borne out by a rise in Google searches for "Ubuntu" since 2004 as compared to a shrinking or plateauing number for terms related to other major desktop Linux distributions such as "Fedora", "Debian" or "SUSE" over the same period<ref>Google Trends, comparing Fedora|RHEL|Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu, SUSE|OpenSUSE, Mandrake|Mandriva</ref>. In a 2007 survey of 38,500 visitors on DesktopLinux.com, Ubuntu was the most popular distribution with 30.3 percent of respondents using it.[2]

Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London.direct.tesco.com/q/R.200-3224.aspx | title=Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys | }}</ref>//www.linux-magazine.com/issue/61/Linuxworld_London_UK_2005.pdf| title=LinuxWorld Expo UK 2005 | format=PDF | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> It has been favorably reviewed in online and print publications.<ref>Modèle:Cite webwww.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//www.reviewlinux.com/index.php/?m=show&id=39</ref><ref>Modèle:Cite web www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//www.linuxjournal.com/article/8253</ref><ref>{{Citation

| last=McAllister
| first=Neil
| publication-date=January 2008
| title=Gutsy Gibbon: Desktop Linux OS Made Easy
| periodical=PC World
| volume=26
| issue=1
| pages=84
www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html//www.pcworld.com/article/id,138884/article.html
| accessdate=22nd December 2007

www.infoworld.com/article/07/09/10/37FE-boss-platforms_1.html Best of open source in platforms and middleware]</ref>//www.infoworld.com/article/07/09/10/37FE-boss-platforms_1.html Best of open source in platforms and middleware]</ref>

www.redherring.com/Home/20497 Linux: Ubuntu Founder On Desktop Innovation]</ref>//www.redherring.com/Home/20497 Linux: Ubuntu Founder On Desktop Innovation]</ref>

References

www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005//www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005 www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005//www.ubuntu.com/support/faq#head-5d258da97e700cf78c82c09dcd0c6a401ee51ca5 Once I have installed Ubuntu, will I be able to upgrade to the next release?] by Viktorija, April 10, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005. www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005//www.communitymx.com/content/article.cfm?page=2&cid=C5776 Ubuntu & You, Part 1: Trying Today's Most Popular Linux Distribution] by Thomas Pletcher, CommunityMX, August 15, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005 help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats Restricted Formats] last edited 2005-12-16 02:24:00 by RichRudnick, Ubuntu Wiki, retrieved December 21, 2005//help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats Restricted Formats] last edited 2005-12-16 02:24:00 by RichRudnick, Ubuntu Wiki, retrieved December 21, 2005

• Modèle:Cite book
• Modèle:Cite book

www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005//vig.prenhall.com:8081/catalog/academic/product/0,1144,0132435942-FDOC,00.html The Official Ubuntu Book] </div>

See also

Modèle:Portal

• List of Ubuntu-based distributions
• List of Linux distributions
• Comparison of Linux distributions
• System 76

External links

www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005//www.ubuntu.com/ Official website of Ubuntu] www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005//www.ubuntuforums.org/ Ubuntu Forums] - Official web forums

• [Ubuntu Catégorie Computers/Software/Operating_Systems/Linux/Distributions/Debian/Flavours/Ubuntu/] de l’annuaire dmoz.
• Modèle:Distrowatch

www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005//interviews.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/04/1859255 Interview with Mark Shuttleworth about Ubuntu] www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005//www.cio.com/article/155753 Mark Shuttleworth explains the Top Ten Reasons Why Ubuntu Is Best for Enterprise Use (CIO.com article)] www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005//www.ubuntutips.net Ubuntu Tips] - A site maintaining a collection of tips and tricks for Ubuntu www.xyzcomputing.com/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=492&Itemid=0&limit=1&limitstart=0 What is it About Ubuntu?] - by Sal Cangeloso, XYZ Computing, Monday, December 5, 2005, retrieved December 21, 2005//www.defeatingthehacker.com/securitysavvy/ubuntu_server_howto.htm Ubuntu Server 7.10 Howto] - How to turn a legacy PC into a Web server running Ubuntu Server 7.10 Modèle:Linux-distro Modèle:Ubuntu-distro

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