F-22 Raptor

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Modèle:Redirect Modèle:Infobox Aircraft Modèle:Edit-first-section The F-22 Raptor is an American fighter aircraft that utilizes stealth technology. It is an air superiority fighter, but is equipped for ground attack, electronic warfare and signals intelligence roles as well. The United States Air Force considers the F-22 a critical component of the US Global Strike Task Force.<ref name="F-22_factsh">"USAF F-22 Raptor fact sheet"</ref>

Faced with a protracted development period, the aircraft was variously designated F-22 and F/A-22 during the three years before formally entering United States Air Force service in December 2005, as the F-22A. Lockheed Martin Aeronautics is the prime contractor and is responsible for the majority of the airframe, weapon systems and final assembly of the F-22. Along with Lockheed Martin, partner Boeing Integrated Defense Systems provides the wings, aft fuselage, avionics integration, and all of the pilot and maintenance training systems.<ref>F-22 team, responsibilities</ref>

Sommaire 1 Development 1.1 Into production 1.2 Procurement 1.3 Proposed foreign sales 2 Design 2.1 Airframe 2.2 Characteristics 2.3 Avionics 2.4 Armament 2.5 Stealth 3 Operational history 3.1 YF-22 "Lightning II" 3.2 F-22 Raptor to F/A-22 and back again 3.3 Testing 3.4 Recent developments 4 Variants 5 Operators 6 Specifications (F-22 Raptor) 7 Popular culture 8 References 9 External links 10 Related content

Development

The Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) contract was a demonstration and validation program undertaken by the United States Air Force to develop a next-generation air superiority fighter to counter emerging worldwide threats, including development and proliferation of Soviet-era Su-27 "Flanker"-class fighter aircraft.

In 1981, USAF developed a requirement for a new air superiority fighter intended to replace the capability of the F-15 Eagle. It was envisaged that the ATF would incorporate emerging technologies including advanced alloys and composite materials, advanced fly-by-wire flight control systems, higher power propulsion systems, and low-observable/stealth technology.

A request for proposal (RFP) was issued in July 1986, and two contractor teams, Lockheed/Boeing/General Dynamics and Northrop/McDonnell Douglas were selected in October 1986 to undertake a 50-month demonstration/validation phase, culminating in the flight test of two prototypes, the YF-22 and the YF-23.

Following a hard-fought fly-off competition, in August 1991 the YF-22 was declared the winner and Lockheed was awarded the contract to develop and build the Advanced Tactical Fighter.

Into production

The first production F-22 was delivered to Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, on 14 January 2003 and "Dedicated Initial Operational Test and Evaluation" commenced on 27 October 2004. By 2004, 51 Raptors were in service.

The first crash of a production F-22 occurred during takeoff at Nellis Air Force Base on 20 December 2004, in which the pilot ejected safely moments before impact. The crash investigation revealed that a brief interruption in power during an engine shutdown prior to flight caused a malfunction in the flight-control system;<ref name="gs_f22_flight_tests">Pike, J. "F-22 Raptor Flight Test." GlobalSecurity.org.</ref> consequently the technical data for the aircraft has been amended to avoid a recurrence of this problem.

In August 2007, the United States Air Force signed a $5 billion, multi-year contract with Lockheed Martin that will extend production to 2011,<ref name="60_F-22s">"Lockheed Martin Awarded Additional $5 Billion in Multiyear Contract to Build 60 F-22 Raptors", Aviation Today, 31 July 2007.</ref> and as of 2007, F-22 Raptors are being procured at the rate of 20 per year.<ref name="usaf_fy2008_budget" />

In a ceremony on 29 August 2007, Lockheed Martin reached its "100th F-22 Raptor" milestone, delivering aircraft 05-4100.<ref name="100th">Shamim, Asif. "Lockheed Martin delivers 100th F-22 to the USAF." F-16.net, 29 August 2007. Access date: 26 October 2007.</ref>

Procurement

The United States Air Force originally planned to order 750 ATFs, with production beginning in 1994; however, the 1990 Major Aircraft Review altered the plan to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996. The goal changed again in 1994, when it became 442 aircraft entering service in 2003 or 2004, but a 1997 Department of Defense report put the purchase at 339. In 2003, the Air Force said that the existing congressional cost cap limited the purchase to 277. By 2006, the Pentagon said it will buy 183 aircraft, which would save $15 billion but raise the cost of each aircraft, and this plan has been de facto approved by Congress in the form of a multi-year procurement plan, which still holds open the possibility for new orders past that point. The total cost of the program by 2006 was $62 billion.<ref name="afpn_20060623_ad" />

In April 2006, the cost of the F-22A was assessed by the Government Accountability Office to be $361 million per aircraft. This cost reflects the F-22A total program cost, divided by the number of fighters the Air Force is programmed to buy; and which has so far invested $28 billion in the Raptor's research, development and testing. That money, referred to as a "sunk cost", is already spent and is separate from money used for future decision-making, including procuring a copy of the jet.

By the time all 183 fighters have been purchased, $34 billion will have been spent on actual procurement, resulting in a total program cost of $62 billion or about $339 million per aircraft. The incremental cost for one additional F-22 is around $137 million; decreasing with larger volumes. If the Air Force were to buy 100 more F-22s today, the cost of each one would be less than $117 million and would continue to drop with additional aircraft purchases.<ref name="afpn_20060623_ad" />

The F-22 is not the most expensive aircraft aloft. That distinction likely belongs to the roughly $2.2 billion-per-unit B-2 Spirit, whose orders went from hundreds to a few dozen when the Cold War ended thus making the unit cost skyrocket, though the incremental cost was under US$1 billion. The F-22 uses fewer radar absorbent materials than the B-2 or F-117 Nighthawk, which is expected to translate into lower maintenance costs.

On 31 July 2007, Lockheed Martin received a multiyear contract for 60 F-22s worth a total of US$7.3 billion.<ref name="60_F-22s">"Lockheed Martin Awarded Additional $5 Billion in Multiyear Contract to Build 60 F-22 Raptors", Lockheed Martin press release, 31 July 2007.</ref><ref>U.S. Department of Defense contracts, 31 July 2007.</ref> The contract brings the number of F-22s on order to 183 and extends production through 2011.<ref name="60_F-22s" />

During the recent grounding of nearly 700 F-15s, some U.S. Senators demanded that Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon England release three government reports that support additional F-22 Raptors beyond the planned 183 jets.<ref>"Senators demand more F-22 fighters", Yahoo news, 9 November 2007.</ref> Forbes has reported that the USAF plans to extend the production of the F-22 past 2011. This is believed to a response to the recent grounding of F-15A-D.<ref>"Pentagon Plans for more F-22s", Forbes, 7 December 2007.</ref>

Proposed foreign sales

Unlike many other tactical fighters, the opportunity for export is currently non-existent because the export sale of the F-22 is barred by federal law. There was a time in the 1970s when the then-new F-16 also had many restrictions. However, regardless of restrictions, very few allies would even be considered for export sale because the F-22 is such a sensitive and expensive system. Most current customers for US fighters are either acquiring earlier designs like the F-15, or F-16 or are waiting to acquire the F-35, which contains much of the F-22's technology but is designed to be cheaper and more flexible.

More recently Japan reportedly showed some interest in buying F-22As in its Replacement-Fighter program for its Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).<ref name="id_20060218">Bennet, J.T. "Air Force Plans to Sell F-22As to Allies." InsideDefense.com, 18 February 2006.</ref> In such an event, it would most likely involve a "watered-down" export variant while still retaining most of its advanced avionics and stealth characteristics. However, such a proposal would still need approval from the Pentagon, State Department and Congress.

Some Australian defense commentators have proposed that Australia purchase F-22 aircraft instead of the F-35.<ref name="age_20061002">Carmen, G. "Rapped in the Raptor: why Australia must have the best." The Age, 2 October 2006.</ref> In 2006, the Australian Labor Party, Australia's main opposition party at the time, supported this proposal on the grounds that the F-22 is a proven, highly capable aircraft while the F-35 is still under development.<ref name="alp_20060626">Beazley, K.. "Media Statement." Australian Labor Party, 26 June 2006.</ref> The then-current Australian Government, however, ruled out the purchase of the F-22 on the grounds that it is unlikely to be released for export, and does not meet Australia's requirements for a strike aircraft.<ref name="abc_20060627">Landers, K. "Australia to buy 100 Lockheed jet fighters." The World Today, 27 June 2006.</ref> This assessment was supported by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, a non-partisan, government-funded think-tank, which claimed that the F-22 "has insufficient multi-role capability at too high a price" for Australia.<ref name="aspi_20040225">Brogo, A. "A Big Deal: Australia's future air combat capability." Australian Strategic Policy Institute (Canberra) , 25 February 2004. p. 62.</ref>

Israeli Air Force (IAF) chief procurement officer Brigadier-General Ze'ev Snir said that, "The IAF would be happy to equip itself with 24 F-22s, but the problem at this time is the US refusal to sell the aircraft, and its $200 million price tag."<ref>"Israel Plans to Buy Over 100 F-35s"</ref>

The US Congress upheld the ban on F-22 Raptor foreign sales during a joint conference on 27 September 2006.<ref name="addr_20060927_fms">Bruno, M. "Appropriators Approve F-22A Multiyear, But Not Foreign Sales." Aerospace Daily & Defense Report. 27 September 2006.</ref> After talks in Washington in December 2006, the US DoD reported the F-22 would not be available for foreign sale.<ref>Stewart, C. "US rules out deal on F-22 Raptor fighter jets." News.com.au. Access date: 14 February 2007.</ref>

Design

Airframe

Several small design changes were made from the YF-22A prototype to the production F-22A. The swept-back angle on the wing's leading edge was decreased from 48 degrees to 42 degrees, while the vertical stabilizer area was decreased 20%. To improve pilot visibility, the canopy was moved forward 7 inches (178 mm) and the engine intakes were moved rearward 14 inches (356 mm). The shape of the wing and stabilator trailing edges was refined to improve aerodynamics, strength, and stealth characteristics.<ref>Pace, p. 12-13.</ref>

Characteristics

The F-22 is a fifth-generation fighter that is considered a fourth-generation stealth aircraft by the US Air Force.<ref>Carlson, Maj. Gen. Bruce. "Subject: Stealth Fighters." U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Transcript. Access date: 16 July 2007.</ref> Its dual afterburning Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 turbofans incorporate thrust vectoring, but in the pitch axis only, with a range of ±20 degrees. The maximum thrust is classified, though most sources place it at about 35,000 lbf (156 kN) per engine. Maximum speed, without external weapons, is estimated to be Mach 1.72 in supercruise mode; as demonstrated by General John P. Jumper, former U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff, when his Raptor exceeded Mach 1.7 without afterburners on 13 January 2005.<ref name="Gen_Jumper_Mach1.7">Powell, 2nd Lt. William "General Jumper qualifies in F/A-22 Raptor" Air Force Link, 13 January 2005.</ref> With afterburners, it is "greater than Mach 2.0" (1,317 mph, 2,120 km/h), according to Lockheed Martin; however, the Raptor can easily exceed its design speed limits, particularly at low altitudes, with max-speed alerts to help prevent the pilot from exceeding them. Former Lockheed Raptor chief test pilot Paul Metz stated that the Raptor has a fixed inlet; but while the absence of variable intake ramps may theoretically make speeds greater than Mach 2.0 unreachable, there is no evidence to prove this. Such ramps would be used to prevent engine surge, but the intake itself may be designed to prevent this. Metz has also stated that the F-22 has a top speed greater than 1,600 mph (Mach 2.42) and its climb rate is faster than the F-15 Eagle due to advances in engine technology, despite the F-15's thrust-to-weight ratio of about 1.2:1, with the F-22 having a ratio closer to 1:1.<ref name="avweek_20070107_tb">Fulghum, D.A. and Fabey, M.J. "Turn and Burn." Aviation Week & Space Technology. 8 January 2007.[1]. </ref> The US Air Force claims that the F-22A cannot be matched by any known or projected fighter.<ref name="F-22_factsh" />

The true top-speed of the F-22 is largely unknown to the general public, as engine power is only one factor. The ability of the airframe to withstand the stress and heat from friction is a further, key factor, especially in an aircraft using as many polymers as the F-22. However, while some aircraft are faster on paper, the internal carriage of its standard combat load allows the aircraft to reach comparatively higher performance with a heavy load over other modern aircraft due to its lack of drag from external stores. It is one of only a handful of aircraft that can sustain supersonic flight without the use of afterburner augmented thrust (and its associated high fuel usage). This ability is called supercruise.

The F-22 is highly maneuverable, at both supersonic and subsonic speeds. The F-22's thrust vectoring nozzles allow the aircraft to turn tightly, and perform extremely high alpha (angle of attack) maneuvers such as the Herbst maneuver (or J-turn), Pugachev's Cobra,<ref name="avweek_20070107_tb" /> and the Kulbit, though the J-Turn is more useful in combat.<ref name="avweek_20070107_tb" /> The F-22 is also capable of maintaining a constant angle of attack of over 60°, yet still having some control of roll.<ref name="avweek_20070107_tb" /><ref name="usaf_peron_aoa">Peron, L. R. "F-22 Initial High Angle-of-Attack Flight Results." Air Force Flight Test Center. (Abstract.)[2]. </ref> During June 2006 exercises in Alaska, F-22 pilots demonstrated that cruise altitude has a significant effect on combat performance, and routinely attributed their altitude advantage as a major factor in achieving an unblemished kill ratio.<ref name="avweek_20070107_ul">Fulghum, D.A and Fabey, M.J. "F-22: Unseen and Lethal." Aviation Week & Space Technology. 8 January 2007. "Raptor Scores in Alaskan Exercise" (online edition).</ref>

Avionics

The F-22's avionics include BAE Systems E&IS (formerly Sanders Associates) radar warning receiver (RWR) AN/ALR-94,<ref> Klass, Philip J. "Sanders Will Give BAE Systems Dominant Role in Airborne EW." Aviation Week & Space TechnologyVolume 153, issue 5, 31 July 2000. p. 74.</ref> and the Northrop Grumman AN/APG-77 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar. The AN/APG-77 is possibly the most capable radar in active service, with both long-range target acquisition and low probability of interception of its own signals by enemy aircraft.

The AN/ALR-94 is a passive receiver system capable of detecting the radar signals in the environment. Composed of more than 30 antennae smoothly blended into the wings and fuselage, it is described by the former head of the F-22 program at Lockheed Martin Tom Burbage as "the most technically complex piece of equipment on the aircraft." With greater range (250+ nmi) than the radar, it enables the F-22 to limit its own radar emission which might otherwise compromise its stealth. As the target approaches, AN/ALR-94 can cue the AN/APG-77 radar to keep track of its motion with a narrow beam, which can be as focused as 2° by 2° in azimuth and elevation.<ref name="fighter_EW_next">Sweetman, Bill. "Fighter EW: The next generation." Journal of Electronic Defense, Volume 23, issue 7, July 2000. p. 41-47.</ref>

The AN/APG-77 AESA radar, designed for air-superiority and strike operations, features a low-observable, active-aperture, electronically-scanned array that can track multiple targets in all kinds of weather. The AN/APG-77 changes frequencies more than 1,000 times per second to reduce the chance of being intercepted. The radar can also focus its emissions to overload enemy sensors, giving the aircraft an electronic-attack capability.<ref>JSF-Raptor Radar Can Fry Enemy Sensors</ref>

The radar’s information is processed by two Raytheon Common Integrated Processor (CIP)s. Each CIP operates at 10.5 billion instructions per second and has 300 megabytes of memory. Information can be gathered from the radar and other onboard and offboard systems, filtered by the CIP, and offered in easy-to-digest ways on several cockpit displays, enabling the pilot to remain on top of complicated situations. The Raptor’s software is composed of over 1.7 million lines of code, most of which concerns processing data from the radar.<ref name="gs_f22_avionics">Pike, J. "F-22 Avionics." GlobalSecurity.org.[3].</ref> The radar has an estimated range of 125-150 miles, though planned upgrades will allow a range of 250 miles or more in narrow beams.<ref name="avweek_20070107_ul" />

The F-22 has several unique functions for an aircraft of its size and role. For instance, it has threat detection and identification capability along the lines of that available on the RC-135 Rivet Joint.<ref name="avweek_20070107_ul" /> While the F-22's equipment isn't as powerful or sophisticated, because of its stealth, it can be typically hundreds of miles closer to the battlefield, which often compensates for the reduced capability.<ref name="avweek_20070107_ul" />

The F-22 is capable of functioning as a "mini-AWACS." Though reduced in capability compared to dedicated airframes such as the E-3 Sentry, as with its threat identification capability, the F-22's forward presence is often of benefit.<ref name="avweek_20070107_tb" /> The system allows the F-22 to designate targets for cooperating F-15s and F-16s, and even determine if two friendly aircraft are targeting the same enemy aircraft, thus enabling one of them to choose a different target.<ref name="avweek_20070107_ul" /><ref name="avweek_20070107_tb" /> It is often able to identify targets hundreds of times faster than accompanying dedicated AWACS.<ref name="avweek_20070107_ul" />

The F-22's low probability of intercept radar is being given a high-bandwidth data transmission capability, to allow it to be used in a "broadband" role to permit high-speed relaying of data between friendly transmitters and receivers in the area.<ref name="avweek_20070107_ul" /> The F-22 can already pass data to other F-22s, resulting in considerably reduced radio "chatter."<ref name="avweek_20070107_ul" />

The IEEE-1394B data bus, developed for the F-22, was derived from the commercial IEEE-1394 bus system,<ref name="avweek_20070205">Philips, E.H. "The Electric Jet." Aviation Week & Space Technology. 5 February 2007.</ref> often used on personal computers. The bus was subsequently deployed on the derivative F-35 Lightning II fighter.<ref name="avweek_20070205" />

Armament

The Raptor is designed to carry air-to-air missiles in internal bays to avoid disrupting its stealth capability. Launching missiles requires opening the weapons bay doors for less than a second, while the missiles are pushed clear of the airframe by hydraulic arms. The aircraft can also carry bombs such as the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and the new Small-Diameter Bomb (SDB). The Raptor carries an M61A2 Vulcan 20 mm rotary cannon, also with a trap door, in the right wing root. The M61A2 is a last ditch weapon, and carries only 480 rounds; enough ammunition for approximately five seconds of sustained fire. Despite this, the F-22 has been able to use its gun in dogfighting without being detected, which can be necessary when missiles are depleted.<ref name="avweek_20070107_tb" />

As other air forces upgrade capabilities in the areas of air-to-air and air-to-ground munitions, one key aspect of the Raptor must be kept in mind. Its very high sustained cruise speeds, and operational altitude (something that is often ignored), add tremendously to the effective range of both air-to-air and air-to-ground munitions. Indeed, these factors could provide a strong rationale as to why the USAF has not pursued long-range, high-energy air-to-air missiles such as the MBDA Meteor. However the USAF plans to procure the AIM-120D AMRAAM, which will have a significant increase in range compared to the AIM-120C. The launch platform, in this case, provides the additional energy to the missile. This speed and altitude characteristic also helps improve the range of air-to-ground ordnance. While specific figures remain classified, it is expected that JDAMs employed by F-22s will have twice or more the effective range of munitions dropped by legacy platforms.<ref name="afm_200605">"USAF Almanac." Air Force Magazine. May 2006.</ref> In testing, a Raptor dropped a 1,000 lb (450 kg) JDAM from 50,000 feet (15,000 m), while cruising at Mach 1.5, striking a moving target 24 miles away.<ref name="upi_20061122">"U.S. orders two dozen raptors for 2010." United Press International. 22 November 2006.</ref> The SDB, as employed from the F-22, should see even greater increases in effective range, due to the improved lift to drag ratio of these weapons.

While in its air-superiority configuration, the F-22 carries its weapons internally, though it is not limited to this option. The wings are capable of supporting four detachable hardpoints. Each hardpoint is theoretically capable of handling 5,000 lb of ordnance. However, use of external stores greatly compromises the F-22's stealth, and has a detrimental effect on maneuverability, speed, and range. As many as two of these hardpoints are "plumbed", allowing the usage of external fuel tanks. The hardpoints are detachable in flight allowing the fighter to regain its stealth once these external stores are exhausted. Currently, there is research being conducted to develop a stealth ordnance pod and hardpoints for it. Such a pod would comprise a stealth shape and carry its weapons internally, then would split open when launching a missile or dropping a bomb. Both the pod and hardpoints could be detached when no longer needed. This system would allow the F-22 to carry its maximum ordnance load while remaining stealthy, albeit at a loss of maneuverability. However, there is concern over this program as external carriage of fuel tanks has shown more stress placed on the wings than originally anticipated.^{[citation needed]}

Stealth

Although several recent Western fighter aircraft are less detectable on radar than previous designs using techniques such as radar absorbent material-coated S-shaped intake ducts that shield the compressor fan from reflecting radar waves, the F-22A design placed a much higher degree of importance on low observance throughout the entire spectrum of sensors including radar signature, visual, infrared, acoustic, and radio frequency.

The stealth of the F-22 is due to a combination of factors, including the overall shape of the aircraft, the use of radar absorbent material (RAM), and attention to detail such as hinges and pilot helmets that could provide a radar return.<ref name="globalsecurity_f22_stealth">"F-22 Stealth." Globalsecurity.org. [4] |accessdate=2007-02-21 </ref> However, reduced radar cross section is only one of five facets that designers addressed to create a stealth design in the F-22. The F-22 has also been designed to disguise its infrared emissions to make it harder to detect by infrared homing ("heat seeking") surface-to-air or air-to-air missiles. Designers also addressed making the aircraft less visible to the naked eye, controlling radio transmissions, and noise abatement.<ref name="globalsecurity_f22_stealth" />

The F-22 apparently relies less on maintenance-intensive radar absorbent material and coatings than previous stealth designs like the F-117. These materials caused deployment problems due to their susceptibility to adverse weather conditions.<ref name="avweek_20070107_ag">Fulghum, D.A. "Away Game." Aviation Week & Space Technology. 8 January 2007.</ref> Unlike the B-2, which requires climate-controlled hangars, the F-22 can undergo repairs on the flight line or in a normal hangar.<ref name="avweek_20070107_ag" /> Furthermore, the F-22 has a warning system (called "Signature Assessment System" or "SAS") which presents warning indicators when routine wear-and-tear have degraded the aircraft's radar signature to the point of requiring more substantial repairs.<ref name="avweek_20070107_ag" /> The exact radar cross section of the F-22 remains classified.

Operational history

Intended to be the leading American advanced tactical fighter in the early part of the 21st century, the Raptor is the world's most expensive fighter to date with an incremental cost of about US$138 million per unit.<ref name="usaf_fy2008_budget" /> The number of aircraft to be built has dropped to 183,<ref name="60_F-22s" /> down from the initial requirement of 750. Part of the reason for the decrease in the requirement is that the F-35 Lightning II uses much of the technology used on the F-22, but at a much more affordable price. To a large extent the cost of these technologies is only lower for the F-35 because they have already been developed for the F-22.

YF-22 "Lightning II"

The YF-22 was a developmental aircraft that led to the F-22; however, there are significant differences between the YF-22 and the F-22. Relocation of cockpit, structural changes, and many other smaller changes exist between the two types.<ref name="gs_yf22_diagram">"YF-22/F-22A comparison diagram". GlobalSecurity.org.</ref> The two are sometimes confused in pictures, often at angles where it is difficult to see certain features. For example, there are some F-22 with pitot booms which some think are only found on the YF-22 (such as pictured at end of article). The YF-22 was originally given the unofficial name "Lightning II" by Lockheed, which persisted until the mid-1990s when the USAF officially named the aircraft "Raptor". For a short while, the aircraft was also dubbed "SuperStar" and "Rapier".<ref>Military Aircraft Names</ref> The F-35 later received the Lightning II name on 7 July 2006.<ref name="jsf_name_announcement">"Lockheed Martin Joint Strike Fighter Officially Named 'Lightning II.'" Official Joint Strike Fighter program office press release. 7 July 2006.</ref>

The prototype YF-22 won a fly-off competition against the Northrop/McDonnell-Douglas YF-23 for the Advanced Tactical Fighter contract. In April 1992 during flight testing after contract award, test pilot Tom Morgenfeld escaped without injury when the first YF-22 prototype that he was flying crashed while landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The cause of the crash was found to be a flight control software error that failed to prevent a pilot-induced oscillation.<ref>F-22 Timeline</ref>

F-22 Raptor to F/A-22 and back again

The production model was formally named F-22 "Raptor" when the first production-representative aircraft was unveiled on 9 April 1997 at Lockheed-Georgia Co., Marietta, Georgia. First flight occurred on 7 September 1997.

In September 2002, Air Force leaders changed the Raptor’s designation to F/A-22. The new designation, which mimicked that of the Navy’s F/A-18 Hornet, was intended to highlight plans to give the Raptor a ground-attack capability amid intense debate over the relevance of the expensive air-superiority jet. This was later changed back to simply F-22 on 12 December 2005. On 15 December 2005, the F-22A entered service.<ref name="afp_20051205">"U.S. To Declare F-22 Fighter Operational." Agence France-Presse. 15 December 2005.[5].</ref>

Testing

Testing of the F-22 began in 1997 and has been curtailed to save program costs, but risks hiding flaws until a point at which fixing flaws becomes unaffordable.<ref name="gao_199504_tacac">"Tactical Aircraft: Concurrency in Development and Production of F-22 Aircraft Should Be Reduced." General Accounting Office. April, 1995.</ref> The U.S. General Accounting Office cautioned, "Moreover, engine and stealthiness problems already disclosed by the DoD, and the potential for avionics and software problems, underscore the need to demonstrate the weapon system’s performance through flight testing before significant commitments are made to production."<ref name="gao_199504_tacac" />

Raptor 4001 was retired and sent to Wright-Patterson AFB to be fired at for testing the fighter's survivability. Usable parts of 4001 would be used to make a new F-22. Another EMD F-22 was also retired and likely to be sent to be rebuilt. A testing aircraft was converted to a maintenance trainer at Tyndall AFB.<ref name="f22team_20060429">"Tyndall AFB receives F-22 maintenance trainer." 325th Fighter Wing Public Affairs. 29 April 2006.</ref>

On 3 May 2006, a report was released detailing a problem with a forward titanium boom on the aircraft that was not properly heat treated. Officials are still investigating the problem which was caused by the boom portion not being subjected to high temperatures in the factory for long enough, causing the boom to be less ductile than specified and potentially shortening the lives of the first 80 or so F-22s. Work is underway to restore them to full life expectancy.<ref name="f22team_20060429">"Flaw Could Shorten Raptors' Lives." Military.com. 4 April 2006.</ref>

The F-22 fleet underwent modifications at Hill AFB,<ref>"Hill begins modifications on F-22A Raptor."</ref> and at Edwards AFB near Palmdale, California.^{[citation needed]}

Recent developments

In 2006, the Raptor's development team, composed of Lockheed Martin and over 1,000 other companies, plus the United States Air Force, won the Collier Trophy, American aviation's most prestigious award.<ref>"F-22 Raptor Wins 2006 Collier Trophy." National Aeronautic Association.</ref> The U.S Air Force will acquire 183 F-22s which will be divided among seven squadrons.<ref name="afpn_20060623_ad" />

During Exercise Northern Edge in Alaska in June 2006, the F-22 downed 108 adversaries with no losses in simulated combat exercises.<ref>"F-22 excels at establishing air dominance", U.S. Air Force, June 23, 2006.</ref>

While attempting its first overseas deployment to the Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, on 11 February 2007, a group of six Raptors flying from Hickam AFB experienced multiple computer crashes coincident with their crossing of the 180th meridian of longitude (the International Date Line). The computer failures included at least navigation (completely lost) and communication. The fighters were able to return to Hawaii by following their tankers in good weather. The error was fixed within 48 hours and the F-22s continued their journey to Kadena.<ref>"Lockheed's F-22 Raptor Gets Zapped by International Date Line." Daily Tech, 26 February 2007. [6].</ref><ref>Raptors arrive at Kadena</ref>

On 30 April 2007, the National Museum of the Air Force announced that EMD Raptor 91-4003 will be put on display in the space being occupied by the YF-22 sometime in July 2007 and prior to the USAF's 60th Anniversary celebration in October 2007.^{[citation needed]} That particular Raptor is being refurbished in the restoration area of the Museum.^{[citation needed]} There are plans to move the YF-22 to another museum and that will be decided in due time by the National Museum of the Air Force.^{[citation needed]}

In 2007, tests carried out by Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, and L-3 Communications enabled the AESA system of a Raptor to act like a WiFi access point, able to transmit data at 548 Megabit/sec and receive at Gigabit speed; far faster than the current Link 16 system used by US and allied aircraft, which transfers data at just over 1 Megabit/sec.<ref>"F-22 superjets could act as flying Wi-Fi hotspots." The Register. [7]</ref>

On 12 December 2007, the USAF officially declared the F-22 fully operational, three years after the first F-22 Raptor arrived at Langley Air Force Base.<ref>"US Air Force: Raptor Stealth Fighter Jet Fully Operational"</ref><ref>"F-22s at Langley receive FOC status"</ref>

Variants

Under the Navalized Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF) program, a carrier-borne variant of the F-22 with swing-wings was proposed for the U.S. Navy to replace the F-14 Tomcat, though the program was subsequently cancelled in 1993. A two-seat F-22B trainer variant was planned, but was cut in 1996 to save development costs.<ref>Pace 1999, p. 28.</ref>

Another more recent proposal is the FB-22, which would be used as a deep strike bomber for the USAF, but there has yet to be any word on whether the USAF plans further development of the program. Also, the X-44 MANTA, short for Multi-Axis, No-Tail Aircraft, is an experimental aircraft which itself is an F-22 with enhanced thrust vectoring controls and no aerodynamic backup (i.e. the aircraft is controlled solely by thrust vectoring, without rudders, ailerons, or elevators). It is scheduled to be tested some time in 2007.

Operators

• Air Education and Training Command
  • 325th Fighter Wing
    • 43d Fighter Squadron - The only USAF squadron to operate F-22As at Tyndall AFB, Florida. The 43d was re-established at Tyndall in 2002, and, in 2003, with a corps of 15 Raptor Instructor Pilots, began training student Raptor pilots. The 43d continues to produce new Raptor pilots and serves as the focal point for all F-22 training of pilots and maintainers.
• Air Combat Command
  • 1st Fighter Wing Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.
    • 27th Fighter Squadron - The first deployable F-22 unit in December 2005 after receiving sufficient numbers of trained Raptor pilots and flew the first F-22A operational mission (January 2006 in support of Operation Noble Eagle). They deployed to Kadena Air Base with a complement of 250 Airmen and 12 F-22s.<ref name="Langley">"Langley receives last Raptor, completes fleet." [8]. Access date: 20 January 2007.</ref>
    • 94th Fighter Squadron - Full complement as of 19 January 2007.<ref name="Langley" />
  • 53d Wing Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.
    • 422d Test and Evaluation Squadron - The "Green Bats" are responsible for operational testing, tactics development and evaluation for the F-22.
• Air Force Material Command
  • 412th Flight Test Squadron - Conducts developmental tests of F-22 enhancements and modernization.
• Pacific Air Forces
  • 3d Wing Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska.
    • 90th Fighter Squadron - Conversion from F-15Es to F-22s begun; first F-22A arrived 8 August 2007.<ref>"Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor Air Dominance Fighters Begin Operational Service In Alaska", Lockheed Martin, 8 August 2007</ref><ref>"Elmendorf welcomes F-22 Raptor ", USAF Press, 8 August 2007</ref>
    • 525th Fighter Squadron - Not activated yet.
    • 302d Fighter Squadron - An Air Force Reserve Command squadron that will convert from F-16s at Luke Air Force Base and move to Elmendorf AFB.
• Air National Guard
  • 192nd Fighter Wing - Virginia Air National Guard. Transitioned from F-16s based in Richmond International Airport, Richmond, VA to F-22s based at Langley AFB, Virginia.

Future bases and units will include:

• 199th Fighter Squadron, Hickam AFB, Hawaii.
• 531st Fighter Squadron, Hickam AFB, Hawaii.
• 49th Fighter Wing, Holloman AFB, New Mexico.

Specifications (F-22 Raptor)

Modèle:Aircraft specifications

Popular culture

The F-22 has been featured in numerous books, such as Tom Clancy's Debt of Honor (1994) <ref>Clancy, Tom. Debt of Honor. Thorndike, Maine: Thorndike Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7862-0335-8. A lengthy mission by F-22s dominates the last part of the book.</ref> and Fighter Wing (1995)<ref> Clancy, Tom. Fighter Wing: A Guided Tour of an Air Force Combat Wing. New York: Berkley Books, 1995. ISBN 0-425-14957-9. The F-22 features as a major new combat aircraft in the non-fiction book.</ref> as well as Clive Cussler's Dark Watch (2005).<ref> Cussler, Clive. Dark Watch. New York: Berkley Books, 2005. ISBN 0-425-20559-2. In the book, an F-22 embarks on a secret mission to take out a Syrian foe.</ref> The F-22 made its first major Hollywood debut in the 2007 film Transformers<ref> Donna Miles for American Forces Press Service

     (21 June 2007)
   
.    Movie makers team with military to create realism 

.</ref> as the form taken by the Decepticon character Starscream.<ref> Transformers Movie Buzz

     (18 June 2007)
   
.    Transformers Bio: Starscream (Decepticon) (blog) 

.</ref> The film was allowed to film actual Raptors in flight, unlike previous computer generated appearances, because of the military's support of director Michael Bay. The Raptors were filmed at Edwards Air Force Base.<ref>Michael Bay's DVD audio commentary for Transformers, 2007, Paramount/DreamWorks</ref>

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Crosby, Francis. Fighter Aircraft. London: Lorenz Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7548-0990-0.
• Miller, Jay. Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works: The Official History... (updated edition). Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 1995. ISBN 1-85780-037-0.
• Pace, Steve. F-22 Raptor. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. ISBN 0-07-134271-0.
• Pace, Steve. X-Fighters: USAF Experimental and Prototype Fighters, XP-59 to YF-23. Oscela, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International, 1991. ISBN 0-87938-540-5.
• Williams, Mel, ed. Superfighters: The Next Generation of Combat Aircraft. London: AIRtime Publishing Inc., 2002. ISBN 1-880588-53-6.

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External links

• F-22 official team web site
• F-22 page on NASA Langley site
• F-22 page on GlobalSecurity.org
• F-22 Raptor site f22fighter.com
• F-22 Raptor site f-22raptor.com
• F-22 Raptor page on fighter-planes.com includes comparison between the YF-22 and F-22
• F-22 Raptor Congressional Research Service report, 5 January 2005
• F-22 Raptor on ausairpower.net
• History of the F-22 program
• Stealth fighter crashes December 2004 article from the Las Vegas Review-Journal
• Interview - F-22 Chief Test Pilot, Paul Metz, 1998
• Unique Flight Demonstration video - 2007 Capital Airshow in Sacramento - with narrative by F-22 pilot Paul "Max" Moga

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