Wiktionary
Un article de Vev.
Modèle:Update Modèle:Infobox Website Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. Unlike standard dictionaries, it is written collaboratively by volunteers using wiki software, allowing articles to be changed by almost anyone with access to the Web site.
Like its sister project Wikipedia, Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation. Because Wiktionary is not limited by print space considerations, most of Wiktionary's language editions provide definitions and translations of words from many languages, and some editions offer additional information typically found in Thesauruses and lexicons. Additionally, the English Wiktionary now includes Wikisaurus, a category that serves as a thesaurus, including lists of slang words.<ref name="Wikisaurus">See "Creating a Wikisaurus entry" for information on the structure of Wikisaurus entries. An example of a well-formatted entry would be "Wikisaurus:insane".</ref>
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History and development
Wiktionary was brought online on December 12, 2002 following a proposal by Daniel Alston.[citation needed] On March 29, 2004 the first non-English Wiktionaries were initiated in French and Polish. Wiktionaries in numerous other languages have since been started. Wiktionary was hosted on a temporary URL (wiktionary.wikipedia.org) until May 1, 2004 when it switched to the current full URL.<ref> Wiktionary's current URL is www.wiktionary.org.</ref> As of November 2006, Wiktionary features over 1.5 million entries across its 171 language editions. The largest of the language editions is the English Wiktionary, with over 400,000 entries. It was surpassed in early 2006 by the French Wiktionary, only to regain the top position in September 2006. Eight Wiktionary language editions now contain over 100,000 entries each.
Despite Wiktionary's large number of entries, most of the entries and many of the definitions at the project's largest language editions were created by bots that found creative ways to generate entries or (rarely) automatically imported thousands of entries from previously-published dictionaries. Seven of the 18 bots registered at the English Wiktionary<ref name="Listusers">The user list at the English Wiktionary identifies accounts that have been given "bot status".</ref> created 163,000 of the entries there.<ref name="Edit counter">TheDaveBot, TheCheatBot, Websterbot, PastBot, NanshuBot</ref> Only 259 entries remain (each containing many definitions) on Wiktionary from the original import by Websterbot from public domain sources; the majority of those imports have been split out to thousands of proper entries manually. Another one of these bots, "ThirdPersBot," was responsible for the addition of a number of third-person conjugations that would not receive their own entries in standard dictionaries; for instance, it defined "smoulders" as the "third-person singular simple present form of smoulder." Excluding these 163,000 entries, the English Wiktionary would have about 137,000 entries, including terms unique to languages other than English, making it smaller than most monolingual print dictionaries. The Oxford English Dictionary, for instance, has 615,000 headwords, while Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged has 475,000 entries (with many additional embedded headwords). It should be noted, though, that more detailed statistics now exist to more clearly distinguish genuine entries from minor (small) entries.
The English Wiktionary, however does not rely on bots to the extent that somewhat smaller editions do. The French and Vietnamese Wiktionaries, for example, imported large sections of the Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project (FVDP), which provides free content bilingual dictionaries to and from Vietnamese.<ref name="FVDP">Hồ Ngọc Đức, Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project. Details at the Vietnamese Wiktionary.</ref> These imported entries make up virtually all of the Vietnamese edition's offering. Like the English edition, the French Wiktionary has imported the approximately 20,000 entries in the Unihan database of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters. The French Wiktionary grew rapidly in 2006 thanks in large part to bots copying many entries from old, freely-licensed dictionaries, such as the eighth edition of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1935, around 35,000 words), and using bots to add words from other Wiktionary editions with French translations. The Russian edition grew by nearly 80,000 entries as "LXbot" added boilerplate entries (with headings, but without definitions) for words in English and German.<ref name="LXbot">LXbot</ref>
Most of Wiktionary currently uses a textual logo designed by Brion Vibber, a MediaWiki developer.<ref name="Wiktionary logo">"Wiktionary talk:Wiktionary Logo", English Wiktionary, Wikimedia Foundation.</ref> Despite frequent discussion of modifying or replacing the logo, a four-phase contest held at the Wikimedia Meta-Wiki from September to October 2006<ref name="New logo contest">"Wiktionary/logo", Meta-Wiki, Wikimedia Foundation.</ref> did not see as much participation from the Wiktionary community as some community members had hoped. As of June 2007, the French, Vietnamese, Italian, Korean, Lithuanian, Arabic, Sicilian, and Simple English editions have switched to the contest-chosen logo; the remaining editions use either the textual logo or, in the case of the Galician Wiktionary, a logo that depicts a dictionary bearing the Galician coat of arms.
Critical reception
Critical reception of Wiktionary has been mixed. Jill Lepore wrote in the article "Noah’s Ark" for The New Yorker, (November 6, 2006)<ref>The full article is not available on-line. Jill Lepore
. " Noah's Ark " (Abstract) , The New Yorker , 6 November 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-04-21 . </ref>
There’s no show of hands at Wiktionary. There’s not even an editorial staff. "Be your own lexicographer!" might be Wiktionary’s motto. Who needs experts? Why pay good money for a dictionary written by lexicographers when we can cobble one together ourselves?Wiktionary isn’t so much republican or democratic as Maoist. And it’s only as good as the copyright-expired books from which it pilfers. If you look up the word "Webster" in the Wiktionary, you will be redirected to this handy tip:
Noah Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language, 1911 (published by Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA) is a public domain dictionary, as is a 1913 edition, that can be used to empower Wiktionary with more definitions.But, hey, at least they got his first name right.</blockquote>Keir Graff’s review for Booklist was more neutral:
Is there a place for Wiktionary? Undoubtedly. The industry and enthusiasm of its many creators are proof that there’s a market. And it’s wonderful to have another strong source to use when searching the odd terms that pop up in today’s fast-changing world and the online environment. But as with so many Web sources (including this column), it’s best used by sophisticated users in conjunction with more reputable sources.References in other publications are fleeting and part of larger discussions of Wikipedia, not progressing beyond a definition, although David Brooks in The Telegraph described it as wild and woolly.<ref>David Brooks, "Online, interactive encyclopedia not just for geeks anymore, because everyone seems to need it now, more than ever!" The Telegraph (August 4, 2004)</ref> (Wooly is defined as "confused" and "unrestrained."<ref name="Wooly"> wooly
. Wiktionary.</ref>) One of the impediments to independent coverage of Wiktionary is the continuing confusion that it is merely an extension of Wikipedia.<ref>In this citation, the author refers to Wiktionary as part of the Wikipedia site: Adapted from an article by Naomi DeTullio
. " Wikis for Librarians " (PDF newsletter) , NETLS News #142 , Northeast Texas Library System , 2006 (1st Quarter) , p. 15 . Retrieved on 2007-04-21 . </ref>In 2005, PC Magazine rated Wiktionary as one of the Internet's "Top 101 Web Sites,"<ref name="PC Mag"> Wiktionary
. Top 101 Web Sites . PC Magazine (2005-04-06). Retrieved on 2005-12-16. </ref> although little information was given about the site.
Administrators at Wiktionary are considerably less tolerant of vandalism and misuse of the wiki than are administrators at larger projects such as Wikipedia.[citation needed] For instance, when an IP address adds something inappropriate, it is common to see an immediate block of that IP Address.
[modifier]Wiktionary statistics
Ten largest Wiktionary language editions<ref name="Top 10">List of Wiktionary editions, ranked by article count. Accessed June 25, 2007.</ref> No. Language Language (local) Wiki Entries Total Edits Admins Users Images Updated 1 English English en 532611 661224 2990719 57 45444 5 2007-09-18 00:31:18 2 French Français fr 464175 507697 2514317 15 4235 15 2007-09-18 00:31:44 3 Vietnamese Tiếng Việt vi 225014 230651 704913 3 1014 16 2007-09-18 00:30:45 4 Turkish Türkçe tr 163611 178301 304926 6 2158 86 2007-09-18 00:30:33 5 Greek Ελληνικά el 153744 167455 435360 5 360 23 2007-09-18 00:30:21 6 Russian Русский ru 127320 156052 462554 3 869 148 2007-09-18 00:30:23 7 Ido Ido io 119288 158014 543480 1 107 3 2007-09-18 00:31:47 8 Chinese 中文 zh 113891 131771 477072 6 2905 195 2007-09-18 00:31:32 9 Polish Polski pl 77292 110446 516929 16 1695 72 2007-09-18 00:31:33 10 Italian Italiano it 63936 73773 378379 15 1960 50 2007-09-18 00:31:35 [modifier]See also
[modifier]References
<references />[modifier]External links
- Wiktionary front page
- Wiktionary's Multilingual Statistics
- Wikimedia's page on Wiktionary (including list of all existing Wiktionaries)
- Pages about Wiktionary in Meta.
- The Wiktionary Widget for the Mac OS X Dashboard which pulls up Wiktionary articles.
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zh:维基词典
