Australia

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Modèle:Sprotected2 Modèle:Otheruses Modèle:Infobox Country

The Commonwealth of Australia is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the mainland of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and a number of other islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.^N4 The neighbouring countries are Indonesia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east.

The Australian mainland has been inhabited for more than 42,000 years by Indigenous Australians.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//news.softpedia.com/news/Both-Aborigines-and-Europeans-Rooted-in-Africa-54225.shtml Both Australian Aborigines and Europeans Rooted in Africa - 50,000 years ago]</ref> After sporadic visits by fishermen from the north and by Dutch explorers and merchants starting in the 17th century,<ref>MacKnight, CC (1976).The Voyage to Marege: Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia. Melbourne University Press</ref> the eastern half of Australia was claimed by the British in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation as part of the colony of New South Wales, commencing on 26 January 1788. As the population grew and new areas were explored, another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies were established during the 19th century.

On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a federation, and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a Commonwealth realm. The capital city is Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The population is 21 million, and is concentrated in the mainland state capitals of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.

Etymology

memory.loc.gov/service/rbc/rbdk/d0404/02951422.jpg] </ref> The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used by Dutch officials in Batavia to refer to the newly discovered land to the south in 1638. "Australia" was used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1692 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny under the pen name Jacques Sadeur.<ref>Sidney J. Baker, The Australian Language, second edition, 1966.</ref> Alexander Dalrymple then used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean (1771), to refer to the entire South Pacific region. In 1793, George Shaw and Sir James Smith published Zoology and Botany of New Holland, in which they wrote of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland."//memory.loc.gov/service/rbc/rbdk/d0404/02951422.jpg] </ref> The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used by Dutch officials in Batavia to refer to the newly discovered land to the south in 1638. "Australia" was used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1692 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny under the pen name Jacques Sadeur.<ref>Sidney J. Baker, The Australian Language, second edition, 1966.</ref> Alexander Dalrymple then used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean (1771), to refer to the entire South Pacific region. In 1793, George Shaw and Sir James Smith published Zoology and Botany of New Holland, in which they wrote of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland."

The name "Australia" was popularised by the 1814 work A Voyage to Terra Australis by the navigator Matthew Flinders, the first recorded person to circumnavigate Australia. Despite its title, which reflected the view of the British Admiralty, Flinders used the word "Australia" in the book, which was widely read and gave the term general currency. Governor Lachlan Macquarie of New South Wales subsequently used the word in his dispatches to England, and on 12 December 1817 recommended to the Colonial Office that it be officially adopted.<ref>Weekend Australian, 30-31 December 2000, p. 16</ref> In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as "Australia".

The word "Australia" in Australian English is Modèle:PronAusE.

History

Main article: History of Australia

The first human habitation of Australia is estimated to have occurred between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago.<ref>Gillespie, R. (2002). Dating the first Australians. Radiocarbon 44:455–72</ref> These first Australians were possibly the ancestors of the current Indigenous Australians; they may have arrived via land bridges and short sea-crossings from present-day South-East Asia. Most of these people were hunter-gatherers, with a complex oral culture and spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, inhabited the Torres Strait Islands and parts of far-north Queensland; their cultural practices were and remain distinct from those of the Aborigines.

The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland was made by the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, who sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in 1606. During the 17th century, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of what they called New Holland, but made no attempt at settlement. In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The expedition's discoveries provided impetus for the establishment of a penal colony there.

The British Crown Colony of New South Wales started with the establishment of a settlement at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip on 26 January 1788. This date was later to become Australia's national day, Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1829. Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. The Northern Territory (NT) was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia. South Australia was founded as a "free province" — that is, it was never a penal colony. Victoria and Western Australia were also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.access.prov.vic.gov.au/public/PROVguides/PROVguide057/PROVguide057.jsp Convict Records] Public Record office of Victoria</ref>www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.sro.wa.gov.au/collection/convict.asp State Records Office of Western Australia]</ref> The transportation of convicts to the colony of New South Wales ceased in 1848 after a campaign by the settlers.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/0/A890E87A9AB97424CA2569DE0025C18B?Open Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998 Special Article] - The State of New South Wales</ref>

The Indigenous Australian population, estimated at 350,000 at the time of European settlement,<ref>Smith, L. (1980) , The Aboriginal Population of Australia, Australian National University Press, Canberra</ref> declined steeply for 150 years following settlement, mainly because of infectious disease combined with forced re-settlement and cultural disintegration.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//encarta.msn.com/media_701508643/Smallpox_Through_History.html Smallpox Through History]</ref> The removal of children from their families, which some historians and Indigenous Australians have argued could be considered to constitute genocide by some definitions,<ref>{{cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm//www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm | title = Genocide in Australia | accessdate = 2007-09-13 | last = Tatz | first = Colin | year = 1999 | work = AIATSIS Research Discussion Papers No 8 | publisher = Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies web.archive.org/web/20050808002313/http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm//web.archive.org/web/20050808002313/http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm | archivedate = 2005-08-08 }} </ref> www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/sept01/keith.htm# The Fabrication of Aboriginal History], The New Criterion Vol. 20, No. 1, September 20.</ref> This debate is known within Australia as the History Wars. Following the 1967 referendum, the Federal government gained the power to implement policies and make laws with respect to Aborigines. Traditional ownership of land — native title — was not recognised until 1992, when the High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2) overturned the notion of Australia as terra nullius ("empty land") at the time of European occupation.//www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/sept01/keith.htm# The Fabrication of Aboriginal History], The New Criterion Vol. 20, No. 1, September 20.</ref> This debate is known within Australia as the History Wars. Following the 1967 referendum, the Federal government gained the power to implement policies and make laws with respect to Aborigines. Traditional ownership of land — native title — was not recognised until 1992, when the High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2) overturned the notion of Australia as terra nullius ("empty land") at the time of European occupation.

www.awm.gov.au/histories/ww1/1/index.asp Volume I - The Story of Anzac: the first phase], First World War Official Histories, Eleventh Edition.</ref> Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation — its first major military action. The Kokoda Track Campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.//www.awm.gov.au/histories/ww1/1/index.asp Volume I - The Story of Anzac: the first phase], First World War Official Histories, Eleventh Edition.</ref> Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation — its first major military action. The Kokoda Track Campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.

www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/aa1986114/index.html]</ref> In 1999, Australian voters rejected by a majority of less than 5% a move to become a republic with a president appointed by Parliament.<ref>Australian Electoral Commission (2000). | archivedate = 2005-08-08 }} </ref> www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/sept01/keith.htm# The Fabrication of Aboriginal History], The New Criterion Vol. 20, No. 1, September 20.</ref> This debate is known within Australia as the History Wars. Following the 1967 referendum, the Federal government gained the power to implement policies and make laws with respect to Aborigines. Traditional ownership of land — native title — was not recognised until 1992, when the High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2) overturned the notion of Australia as terra nullius ("empty land") at the time of European occupation.//www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/sept01/keith.htm# The Fabrication of Aboriginal History], The New Criterion Vol. 20, No. 1, September 20.</ref> This debate is known within Australia as the History Wars. Following the 1967 referendum, the Federal government gained the power to implement policies and make laws with respect to Aborigines. Traditional ownership of land — native title — was not recognised until 1992, when the High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2) overturned the notion of Australia as terra nullius ("empty land") at the time of European occupation.

www.awm.gov.au/histories/ww1/1/index.asp Volume I - The Story of Anzac: the first phase], First World War Official Histories, Eleventh Edition.</ref> Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation — its first major military action. The Kokoda Track Campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.//www.awm.gov.au/histories/ww1/1/index.asp Volume I - The Story of Anzac: the first phase], First World War Official Histories, Eleventh Edition.</ref> Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation — its first major military action. The Kokoda Track Campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.

www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/aa1986114/index.html]</ref> In 1999, Australian voters rejected by a majority of less than 5% a move to become a republic with a president appointed by Parliament.<ref>Australian Electoral Commission (2000).1999 Referendum Reports and Statistics, accessed 28 July 2007</ref> Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, there has been an increasing focus on the expansion of ties with other Pacific Rim nations.//www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/aa1986114/index.html]</ref> In 1999, Australian voters rejected by a majority of less than 5% a move to become a republic with a president appointed by Parliament.<ref>Australian Electoral Commission (2000).1999 Referendum Reports and Statistics, accessed 28 July 2007</ref> Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, there has been an increasing focus on the expansion of ties with other Pacific Rim nations.

Politics

Main articles: Government of Australia, Politics of Australia, and Monarchy in Australia

www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn25.htm The Reserve Powers of the Governor-General]</ref>//www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn25.htm The Reserve Powers of the Governor-General]</ref>

There are three branches of government:

• The legislature: the Commonwealth Parliament, comprising the Queen, the Senate, and the House of Representatives; the Queen is represented by the Governor-General, who by convention acts on the advice of his Ministers.
• The executive: the Federal Executive Council (the Governor-General as advised by the Executive Councillors); in practice, the councillors are the Prime Minister and Ministers of State.
• The judiciary: the High Court of Australia and other federal courts. The state courts became formally independent from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council when the Australia Act was passed in 1986.

The bicameral Commonwealth Parliament consists of the Queen, the Senate (the upper house) of 76 senators, and a House of Representatives (the lower house) of 150 members. Members of the lower house are elected from single-member constituencies, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats". Seats in the House of Representatives are allocated to states on the basis of population, with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats. In the Senate, each state is represented by 12 senators, and each of the territories (the ACT and the NT) by two. Elections for both chambers are held every three years; senators have overlapping six-year terms, and only half of the seats are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution. The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms government, and its leader becomes Prime Minister.

aec.gov.au/_content/What/voting/faq_general.htm#2 |title=What happens if I do not vote? |work=Voting within Australia - Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission |accessdate=2006-10-21}}</ref>//aec.gov.au/_content/What/voting/faq_general.htm#2 |title=What happens if I do not vote? |work=Voting within Australia - Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission |accessdate=2006-10-21}}</ref>

States and territories

Main article: States and territories of Australia

Modèle:Australia states imagemap Australia consists of six states, two major mainland territories, and other minor territories. The states are New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. The two major mainland territories are the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory. In most respects, the territories function similarly to the states, but the Commonwealth Parliament can override any legislation of their parliaments. By contrast, federal legislation overrides state legislation only with respect to certain areas as set out in Section 51 of the Constitution; all residual legislative powers are retained by the state parliaments, including powers over hospitals, education, police, the judiciary, roads, public transport, and local government.

Each state and territory has its own legislature: unicameral in the case of the Northern Territory, the ACT, and Queensland, and bicameral in the remaining states. The lower house is known as the Legislative Assembly (House of Assembly in South Australia and Tasmania) and the upper house is known as the Legislative Council. The head of the government in each state is the premier, and in each territory the chief minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a governor; an administrator in the Northern Territory, and the Australian Governor-General in the ACT, have analogous roles.

Australia also has several minor territories; the federal government administers a separate area within New South Wales, the Jervis Bay Territory, as a naval base and sea port for the national capital. In addition Australia has the following, inhabited, external territories: Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and several largely uninhabited external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the Australian Antarctic Territory.

Foreign relations and the military

Main articles: Foreign relations of Australia and Australian Defence Force

www.budget.gov.au/ Budget 2005–2006]</ref> as a percentage of GDP, this contribution is less than that of the UN Millennium Development Goals.//www.budget.gov.au/ Budget 2005–2006]</ref> as a percentage of GDP, this contribution is less than that of the UN Millennium Development Goals.

www.nationmaster.com/red/country/as-australia/mil-military&all=1]</ref> All branches of the ADF have been involved in UN and regional peacekeeping (most recently in East Timor, the Solomon Islands and Sudan), disaster relief, and armed conflict, including the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The government appoints the Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services; the current Chief of the Defence Force is Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston. In the 2006–07 budget, defence spending is A$22 bn.<ref>Australian Department of Defence (2006).Portfolio Budget Statements 2006–07.Page 19.</ref>//www.nationmaster.com/red/country/as-australia/mil-military&all=1]</ref> All branches of the ADF have been involved in UN and regional peacekeeping (most recently in East Timor, the Solomon Islands and Sudan), disaster relief, and armed conflict, including the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The government appoints the Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services; the current Chief of the Defence Force is Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston. In the 2006–07 budget, defence spending is A$22 bn.<ref>Australian Department of Defence (2006).Portfolio Budget Statements 2006–07.Page 19.</ref>

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Australia, Climate of Australia, and Drought in Australia

Australia's 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,299 sq. mi) landmass<ref name="Size">Modèle:Cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch dp/genocide.htm//www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/compare.htm</ref> is on the Indo-Australian Plate. Surrounded by the Indian^N4 and Pacific oceans, Australia is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas. Australia has a total 34,218 kilometres (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands)<ref name="Coast">Modèle:Cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch dp/genocide.htm//www.environment.gov.au/soe/2006/publications/drs/indicator/142/index.html</ref> and claims an extensive exclusive economic zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,057 sq. mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory.

sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/gbrmp.html|publisher=Department of the Environment and Heritage|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 kilometres (1,250 mi). Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith,<ref name="Monolith">Modèle:Cite web www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/about-biodiversity.html//www.smh.com.au/news/Western-Australia/Mount-Augustus/2005/02/17/1108500208314.html</ref> is located in Western Australia. At 2,228 metres (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland, although Mawson Peak on the remote Australian territory of Heard Island is taller at 2,745 metres (9,006 ft).//sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/gbrmp.html|publisher=Department of the Environment and Heritage|accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 kilometres (1,250 mi). Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith,<ref name="Monolith">Modèle:Cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch dp/genocide.htm//www.smh.com.au/news/Western-Australia/Mount-Augustus/2005/02/17/1108500208314.html</ref> is located in Western Australia. At 2,228 metres (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland, although Mawson Peak on the remote Australian territory of Heard Island is taller at 2,745 metres (9,006 ft).

By far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid. Australia is the flattest continent, has the oldest and least fertile soils, and is the driest inhabited continent. Only the south-east and south-west corners of the continent have a temperate climate. Most of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline. The landscapes of the northern part of the country, with a tropical climate, consist of rainforest, woodland, grassland, mangrove swamps, and desert. The climate is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the El Niño southern oscillation, which is correlated with periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.theage.com.au/news/climate-watch/no-more-drought-its-a-permanent-dry/2007/09/06/1188783415754.html No more drought: it's a "permanent dry"]</ref>www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//news.independent.co.uk/world/australasia/article2465960.ece Australia's epic drought: The situation is grim].</ref>

Environment

Flora and fauna

Main article: Environment in Australia

Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it includes a diverse range of habitats, from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests, and is recognised as a megadiverse country. Because of the continent's great age (and consequent low levels of fertility), its extremely variable weather patterns, and its long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique and diverse. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic.<ref>{{cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm//www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/about-biodiversity.html | title = About Biodiversity | accessdate = 2007-09-18 | publisher = Department of the Environment and Heritage web.archive.org/web/20050808002313/http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm//web.archive.org/web/20070205015628/www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/about-biodiversity.html | archivedate = 2007-02-05015628 }} </ref> Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced plant and animal species. The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is a legal framework for the protection of threatened species. Numerous protected areas have been created under the national Biodiversity Action Plan to protect and preserve unique ecosystems; 64 wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention, and 16 World Heritage Sites have been established. Australia was ranked 13th in the world on the 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index.<ref name="ESI">Modèle:Cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch dp/genocide.htm//www.yale.edu/esi/b countryprofiles.pdf</ref>

Most Australian woody plant species are evergreen and many are adapted to fire and drought, including many eucalypts and acacias. Australia has a rich variety of endemic legume species that thrive in nutrient-poor soils because of their symbiosis with Rhizobia bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. Among well-known Australian fauna are the monotremes (the platypus and the echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, the koala, the wombat; the saltwater and freshwater crocodiles; and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra. Australia is home to the largest number of venomous snakes in the world.<ref name="Sinha"> «  »//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1803026.cms }} www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/additional/persecution/image_6.htm|title=Additional Thylacine Topics: Persecution|publisher=The Thylacine Museum|date=2006|accessdaymonth=27 November |accessyear=2006}}</ref><ref name="TSD"> National Threatened Species Day

. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government 
 
 (2006)
   

. Retrieved on 21 November 2006. </ref>//www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/additional/persecution/image_6.htm|title=Additional Thylacine Topics: Persecution|publisher=The Thylacine Museum|date=2006|accessdaymonth=27 November |accessyear=2006}}</ref><ref name="TSD"> National Threatened Species Day

. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government 
 
 (2006)
   

. Retrieved on 21 November 2006. </ref>

Economy

Main article: Economy of Australia

www.theage.com.au/news/Tim-Colebatch/Were-on-a-long-and-slippery-slide-to-disaster/2005/03/01/1109546867448.html We're on a long and slippery slide to disaster], March 2 2005, The Age</ref>//www.theage.com.au/news/Tim-Colebatch/Were-on-a-long-and-slippery-slide-to-disaster/2005/03/01/1109546867448.html We're on a long and slippery slide to disaster], March 2 2005, The Age</ref>

www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Bulletin/bu_oct98/bu_1098_2.pdf Australian Monetary Policy in the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century]. Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin, October</ref> The Howard government continued the process of microeconomic reform, including a partial deregulation of the labour market and the privatisation of state-owned businesses, most notably in the telecommunications industry.<ref>Parham, D. (2002). Microeconomic reforms and the revival in Australia’s growth in productivity and living standards. Conference of Economists, Adelaide, 1 October</ref> The indirect tax system was substantially reformed in July 2000 with the introduction of a 10% Goods and Services Tax (GST), which has slightly reduced the heavy reliance on personal and company income tax that characterises Australia's tax system.//www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Bulletin/bu_oct98/bu_1098_2.pdf Australian Monetary Policy in the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century]. Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin, October</ref> The Howard government continued the process of microeconomic reform, including a partial deregulation of the labour market and the privatisation of state-owned businesses, most notably in the telecommunications industry.<ref>Parham, D. (2002). Microeconomic reforms and the revival in Australia’s growth in productivity and living standards. Conference of Economists, Adelaide, 1 October</ref> The indirect tax system was substantially reformed in July 2000 with the introduction of a 10% Goods and Services Tax (GST), which has slightly reduced the heavy reliance on personal and company income tax that characterises Australia's tax system.

www.dfat.gov.au/ani/appendix_one.pdf Appendix 1]</ref> Agriculture and natural resources constitute 3% and 5% of GDP but contribute substantially to export performance. Australia's largest export markets include Japan, China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand.<ref name = "Year Book 2005">Australian Bureau of Statistics. Year Book Australia 2005</ref>//www.dfat.gov.au/ani/appendix_one.pdf Appendix 1]</ref> Agriculture and natural resources constitute 3% and 5% of GDP but contribute substantially to export performance. Australia's largest export markets include Japan, China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand.<ref name = "Year Book 2005">Australian Bureau of Statistics. Year Book Australia 2005</ref>

Demography

Modèle:USCensusPop

Main articles: Demography of Australia and Immigration to Australia

Most of the estimated 21 million Australians are descended from colonial-era settlers and post-Federation immigrants from Europe, with around 90% of Australia's population being of European descent. For generations, the vast majority of both colonial-era settlers and post-Federation immigrants came almost exclusively from the British Isles.

Australia's population has quadrupled since the end of World War I,<ref>{{cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm//www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3105.0.65.0012006?OpenDocument | title = 3105.0.65.001 - Australian Historical Population Statistics, 2006 | accessdate = 2007-09-18 | date = 2006-05-23 | format = Excel file | publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics | quote = Australian population: (1919) 5,080,912; (2006) 20,209,993 }} </ref> spurred by an ambitious immigration programme. Following World War II and through to 2000, almost 5.9 million of the total population settled in the country as new immigrants, meaning that nearly two out of every seven Australians were born overseas.<ref name="Immigration">Modèle:Cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch dp/genocide.htm//www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2698.htm</ref> Most immigrants are skilled,^{[citation needed]} but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and refugees.^{[citation needed]} In 2001, the five largest groups of the 23.1% of Australians who were born overseas were from the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, Vietnam, and China.<ref name = "Year Book 2005">Australian Bureau of Statistics. Year Book Australia 2005</ref>www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n4/v7n4_3price.pdf Australian Population: Ethnic Origins]</ref> Following the abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973, numerous government initiatives have been established to encourage and promote racial harmony based on a policy of multiculturalism.<ref>{{cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm//www.immi.gov.au/facts/06evolution.htm | title = The Evolution of Australia's Multicultural Policy | accessdate = 2007-09-18 | year = 2005 | publisher = Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs web.archive.org/web/20050808002313/http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm//web.archive.org/web/20060219130703/http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/06evolution.htm | archivedate = 2006-02-19 }} </ref> In 2005–06, more than 131,000 people emigrated to Australia, mainly from Asia and Oceania.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.minister.immi.gov.au/media/media-releases/2006/v06297.htm Settler numbers on the rise]</ref> Migration target for 2006–07 was 144,000.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/country.cfm Inflow of foreign-born population by country of birth, by year]</ref>www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/20planning.htm Australian Immigration Fact Sheet 20. Migration Program Planning Levels]</ref>

www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument Year Book Australia 2005]</ref>//www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument Year Book Australia 2005]</ref>

www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/expats03/ Inquiry into Australian Expatriates]</ref>) live outside their home country.//www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/expats03/ Inquiry into Australian Expatriates]</ref>) live outside their home country.

English is the national language,<ref>{{cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm//www.immi.gov.au/multicultural/_inc/publications/confer/04/speech18b.htm | title = Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies? | accessdate = 2007-09-18 | year = 1995 | publisher = Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs web.archive.org/web/20050808002313/ | archivedate = 2006-02-19 }} </ref> In 2005–06, more than 131,000 people emigrated to Australia, mainly from Asia and Oceania.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.minister.immi.gov.au/media/media-releases/2006/v06297.htm Settler numbers on the rise]</ref> Migration target for 2006–07 was 144,000.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/country.cfm Inflow of foreign-born population by country of birth, by year]</ref>www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/20planning.htm Australian Immigration Fact Sheet 20. Migration Program Planning Levels]</ref>

www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument Year Book Australia 2005]</ref>//www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument Year Book Australia 2005]</ref>

www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/expats03/ Inquiry into Australian Expatriates]</ref>) live outside their home country.//www.aph.gov.au/Senate/committee/legcon_ctte/expats03/ Inquiry into Australian Expatriates]</ref>) live outside their home country.

English is the national language,<ref>{{cite web www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm//www.immi.gov.au/multicultural/_inc/publications/confer/04/speech18b.htm | title = Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies? | accessdate = 2007-09-18 | year = 1995 | publisher = Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs web.archive.org/web/20050808002313/http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/genocide.htm//web.archive.org/web/20050717200122/http://www.immi.gov.au/multicultural/_inc/publications/confer/04/speech18b.htm | archivedate = 2005-07-17 }} </ref> and is spoken and written in a distinct variety known as Australian English. According to the 2001 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for around 80% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Chinese (2.1%), Italian (1.9%), and Greek (1.4%). A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. It is believed that there were between 200 and 300 Australian Aboriginal languages at the time of first European contact. Only about 70 of these languages have survived, and all but 20 of these are now endangered. An indigenous language remains the main language for about 50,000 (0.25%) people. Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 6,500 deaf people.

Australia has no state religion. The 2006 census shows that 64% of Australians call themselves Christian: 26% identifying themselves as Roman Catholic and 19% as Anglican. Australians who identify themselves as followers of non-Christian religions number 5%. A total of 19% were categorised as having "No Religion" (which includes non-theistic beliefs such as humanism, atheism, agnosticism, and rationalism); and a further 12% declined to answer or did not give a response adequate for interpretation. As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is much lower than this; weekly attendance at church services is about 1.5 million: about 7.5% of the population.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.ncls.org.au/default.aspx?docid=2250&track=82083 NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance], National Church Life Survey, Media release, 28 February 2004</ref>

www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf]. Government grants have supported the establishment of Australia's 38 universities, and although several private universities have been established, the majority receive government funding. There is a state-based system of vocational traini higher than colleges, known as TAFE Institutes, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople. Approximately 58% of Australians between the ages of 25 and 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications,<ref name = "Year Book 2005">Australian Bureau of Statistics. | archivedate = 2005-07-17 }} </ref> and is spoken and written in a distinct variety known as Australian English. According to the 2001 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for around 80% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Chinese (2.1%), Italian (1.9%), and Greek (1.4%). A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. It is believed that there were between 200 and 300 Australian Aboriginal languages at the time of first European contact. Only about 70 of these languages have survived, and all but 20 of these are now endangered. An indigenous language remains the main language for about 50,000 (0.25%) people. Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 6,500 deaf people.

Australia has no state religion. The 2006 census shows that 64% of Australians call themselves Christian: 26% identifying themselves as Roman Catholic and 19% as Anglican. Australians who identify themselves as followers of non-Christian religions number 5%. A total of 19% were categorised as having "No Religion" (which includes non-theistic beliefs such as humanism, atheism, agnosticism, and rationalism); and a further 12% declined to answer or did not give a response adequate for interpretation. As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is much lower than this; weekly attendance at church services is about 1.5 million: about 7.5% of the population.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.ncls.org.au/default.aspx?docid=2250&track=82083 NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance], National Church Life Survey, Media release, 28 February 2004</ref>

www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf]. Government grants have supported the establishment of Australia's 38 universities, and although several private universities have been established, the majority receive government funding. There is a state-based system of vocational traini higher than colleges, known as TAFE Institutes, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople. Approximately 58% of Australians between the ages of 25 and 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications,<ref name = "Year Book 2005">Australian Bureau of Statistics. Year Book Australia 2005</ref> and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. The ratio of international to local students in tertiary education in Australia is the highest in the OECD countries.<ref>Education at Glance 2005 by OECD: Percentage of foreign students in tertiary education.</ref>//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf]. Government grants have supported the establishment of Australia's 38 universities, and although several private universities have been established, the majority receive government funding. There is a state-based system of vocational traini higher than colleges, known as TAFE Institutes, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople. Approximately 58% of Australians between the ages of 25 and 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications,<ref name = "Year Book 2005">Australian Bureau of Statistics. Year Book Australia 2005</ref> and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. The ratio of international to local students in tertiary education in Australia is the highest in the OECD countries.www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official Population Clock]</ref>//www.ecs.org/html/offsite.asp?document=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eoecd%2Eorg%2Fdataoecd%2F20%2F25%2F35345692%2Epdf Education at Glance 2005] by OECD: Percentage of foreign students in tertiary education.</ref>

Culture

Main article: Culture of Australia

Since 1788, the primary basis of Australian culture has been Anglo-Celtic, although distinctive Australian features soon arose from the country's unique environment and the pre-existing indigenous culture. Over the past 50 years, Australian culture has been strongly influenced by American popular culture (particularly television and cinema), large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking countries, and Australia's Asian neighbours. The vigour and originality of the arts in Australia — literature, cinema, opera, music, painting, theatre, dance, and crafts — have achieved international recognition.

Australian visual arts have a long history, starting with the cave and bark paintings of its indigenous peoples. From the time of European settlement, a common theme in Australian art has been the Australian landscape, seen for example in the works of Arthur Streeton, Arthur Boyd, and Albert Namatjira. The traditions of indigenous Australians are largely transmitted orally, and are closely tied to ceremony and the telling of the stories of the Dreamtime. Australian Aboriginal music, dance, and art have a palpable influence on contemporary Australian visual and performing arts. Australia has an active tradition of music, ballet, and theatre; many of its performing arts companies receive public funding through the federal government's Australia Council. There is a symphony orchestra in each state's capital city, and a national opera company, Opera Australia, first made prominent by the renowned diva Dame Joan Sutherland. Australian music includes classical, jazz, and many popular genres.

Australian literature has also been influenced by the landscape; the works of writers such as Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson captured the experience of the Australian bush. The character of colonial Australia, as embodied in early literature, resonates with modern Australia and its perceived emphasis on egalitarianism, mateship, and anti-authoritarianism. In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the only Australian to have achieved this; he is recognised as one of the great English-language writers of the 20th century. Australian English is a major variety of the language; its grammar and spelling are largely based on those of British English, overlaid with a rich vernacular of unique lexical items and phrases, some of which have found their way into standard English. Australian English has much less internal dialectal variation than either British or American English.

Australia has two public broadcasters (the ABC and the multicultural SBS), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services, and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations. Australia's film industry has achieved many critical and commercial successes. Each major city has daily newspapers, and there are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review. According to Reporters Without Borders in 2007, Australia was in 28th position on a list of countries ranked by press freedom, behind New Zealand (15th) and the United Kingdom (24th) but ahead of the United States (48th). This low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia;^{[citation needed]} in particular, most Australian print media are under the control of News Corporation and John Fairfax Holdings.

www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument Year Book Australia 2005]</ref> At an international level, Australia has particularly strong teams in cricket, hockey (called "field hockey" in North America), netball, rugby league, and rugby union, and it performs well in cycling, rowing, and swimming. Nationally, other popular sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, soccer, and motor racing. Australia has participated in every summer Olympic Games of the modern era, and every Commonwealth Games. Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and has ranked among the top five medal-takers since 2000. Australia has also hosted the 1938, 1962, 1982, and 2006 Commonwealth Games. Other major international events held regularly in Australia include the Australian Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments), annual international cricket matches, and the Formula One Australian Grand Prix. Corporate and government sponsorship of many sports and elite athletes is common in Australia. Televised sport is popular; some of the highest rating television programs include the summer Olympic Games and the grand finals of local and international football (various codes) competitions.<ref>Australian Film Commission. What are Australians Watching?, Free-to-Air, 1999–2004 TV</ref>//www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument Year Book Australia 2005]</ref> At an international level, Australia has particularly strong teams in cricket, hockey (called "field hockey" in North America), netball, rugby league, and rugby union, and it performs well in cycling, rowing, and swimming. Nationally, other popular sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, soccer, and motor racing. Australia has participated in every summer Olympic Games of the modern era, and every Commonwealth Games. Australia hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and has ranked among the top five medal-takers since 2000. Australia has also hosted the 1938, 1962, 1982, and 2006 Commonwealth Games. Other major international events held regularly in Australia include the Australian Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments), annual international cricket matches, and the Formula One Australian Grand Prix. Corporate and government sponsorship of many sports and elite athletes is common in Australia. Televised sport is popular; some of the highest rating television programs include the summer Olympic Games and the grand finals of local and international football (various codes) competitions.<ref>Australian Film Commission. What are Australians Watching?, Free-to-Air, 1999–2004 TV</ref>

See also

Modèle:Topics in Australia

Notes

References

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/) > tags-->//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/) > tags-->

External links

Modèle:Portal Modèle:Sisterlinks Modèle:Spoken Wikipedia-2 Modèle:Wikiatlas Modèle:Wikimapia www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

• Modèle:CIA World Factbook link

www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade//www.gov.au/ Governments of Australia Entry Point] (Federal, State & Territory) www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade//www.australia.gov.au/ Australian Government Entry Portal] www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade//www.abs.gov.au/ Australian Bureau of Statistics] www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade//www.community.gov.au/ Community organisations portal] www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade//www.australia.gov.au/44 Cultural Institutions] www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade//www.australia.com/ Tourism Australia]

• Modèle:Wikitravel

www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/ About Australia] from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade//maps.google.com/maps?ll=-27.000000,133.000000&spn=38.871300,61.703613&t=h&hl=en Satellite image of Australia] (Google Maps)

• [{{{2}}} Catégorie Regional/Oceania/Australia/] de l’annuaire dmoz.

Modèle:Countries and territories of Oceania

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