Condom

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Modèle:Dablink Modèle:BirthControl infobox A condom is a device that is most commonly used during sexual intercourse. It is put on a man's erect penis and physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of a sexual partner. Condoms are used to prevent pregnancy and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs—such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV). Because condoms are waterproof, elastic, and durable, they are also used in a variety of secondary applications. These range from creating waterproof microphones to protecting rifle barrels from clogging.

Condoms are most commonly made from latex, but some are made from other materials. A female condom is also available. As a method of contraception, male condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, having few side-effects, and of offering protection against sexually transmitted diseases.<ref>Modèle:Cite journal</ref>

William E. Kruck wrote an article in 1981 concluding that, "As for the word 'condom', I need state only that its origin remains completely unknown, and there ends this search for an etymology."<ref>Modèle:Cite journal</ref> Modern dictionaries may also list the etymology as "unknown". Other terms are also commonly used to describe condoms. In North America condoms are also commonly known as prophylactics, or rubbers. In Britain they may be called French letters.<ref>Modèle:Cite journal</ref> In 1990 the ISO set standards for condom production (ISO 4074, Natural latex rubber condoms), and the EU followed suit with its CEN standard (Directive 93/42/EEC concerning medical devices). Every latex condom is tested for holes with an electrical current. If the condom passes, it is rolled and packaged. In addition, a portion of each batch of condoms is subject to water leak and air burst testing.<ref>Modèle:Cite journal</ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<ref>Modèle:Cite press release</ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<ref>You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}.

. ClinicalTrials.gov
. U.S. National Institutes of Health 
 
 (August 2005 www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/08/2/gr080204.html)

. Retrieved on 2007-04-08. </ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>

The typical use pregnancy rate among condom users varies depending on the population being studied, ranging from 10–18% per year.<ref>Kippley (1996), p.146, which cites:

Modèle:Cite journal</ref> The perfect use pregnancy rate of condoms is 2% per year.<ref name="hatcher" /> Condoms may be combined with other forms of contraception (such as spermicide) for greater protection.<ref name="simultaneous">Modèle:Cite journal</ref>

Several factors account for typical use effectiveness being lower than perfect use effectiveness:

mistakes on the part of those providing instructions on how to use the method
mistakes on the part of the user
conscious user non-compliance with instructions.

For instance, someone using condoms might be given incorrect information on what lubricants are safe to use with condoms, or by mistake put the condom on improperly, or simply not bother to use a condom.

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In preventing STDs

Image:Condom on Obelisk, Buenos Aires.jpg

A 67 m long "condom" on the Obelisk of Buenos Aires, Argentina, part of an awareness campaign for the 2005 World AIDS Day

Modèle:Seealso Condoms are widely recommended for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). They have been shown to be effective in reducing infection rates in both men and women. While not perfect, the condom is effective at reducing the transmission of HIV, genital herpes, genital warts, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and other diseases.<ref>You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}.

. Planned Parenthood 
 
 (2004-01-04 www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/08/2/gr080204.html)

. Retrieved on 2007-04-08. </ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<ref>Modèle:Cite conference</ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<ref>Modèle:Cite paper</ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<ref>Modèle:Cite press release</ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<ref>Modèle:Cite paper</ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<ref>You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}.

  Sex & Censorship Committee, National Coalition Against Censorship
     
 
 ; Reviewed by Deborah Golub

     (2007-06-14 www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/08/2/gr080204.html)
   
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. Planned Parenthood
. Katharine Dexter McCormick Library

. Retrieved on 2007-04-08. </ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<ref>Modèle:Cite paper</ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<ref>Modèle:Cite journal
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Other uses

Condoms excel as multipurpose containers because they are waterproof, elastic, durable, and will not arouse suspicion if found. Ongoing military utilization begun during World War II includes:

Tying a non-lubricated condom around the muzzle of the rifle barrel in order to prevent barrel fouling by keeping out detritus.<ref>Ambrose, Stephen. D-Day</ref>
The OSS used condoms for a plethora of applications, from storing corrosive fuel additives and wire garrotes (with the T-handles removed) to holding the acid component of a self-destructing film canister, to finding use in improvised explosives.<ref>OSS Product Catalog, 1944</ref>
Navy SEALs have used doubled condoms, sealed with neoprene cement, to protect non-electric firing assemblies for underwater demolitions—leading to the term "Dual Waterproof Firing Assemblies."<ref>Couch, D (2001). The Warrior Elite: The forging of SEAL Class 228. ISBN 0-609-60710-3</ref>

Other uses of condoms include: photo.net/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=00542b&tag=</ref>//photo.net/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=00542b&tag=</ref> www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=2671&date=20051212 Smuggler hospitalised as cocaine condom bursts]</ref>//www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=2671&date=20051212 Smuggler hospitalised as cocaine condom bursts]</ref>

In Soviet gulags, condoms were used to smuggle alcohol into the camps by prisoners who worked outside during daylight. While outside, the prisoner would ingest an empty condom attached to a thin piece of rubber tubing, the end of which was wedged between his teeth. The smuggler would then use a syringe to fill the tubing and condom with up to three litres of raw alcohol, which the prisoner would then smuggle back into the camp. When back in the barracks, the other prisoners would suspend him upside down until all the spirit had been drained out. Alexander Solzhenitsyn records that the three litres of raw fluid would be diluted to make seven litres of crude vodka, and that although such prisoners risked an extremely painful and unpleasant death if the condom burst inside them, the rewards granted them by other prisoners encouraged them to run the risk.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>
In his book entitled Last Chance to See, Douglas Adams reported having used a condom to protect a microphone he used to make an underwater recording. According to one of his travelling companions, this is standard BBC practice when a waterproof microphone is needed but cannot be procured.
Condoms are used by engineers to keep soil samples dry during soil tests.<ref> Kestenbaum , David

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  , May 19, 2006 www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/08/2/gr080204.html
 
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   Condoms and the church: a well-intentioned but deadly myth
   
 " , Daily Princetonian , October 21 2003 www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/08/2/gr080204.html
 
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   Vatican cardinal who prepared study on condoms says main weapon in AIDS fight is chastity
   
 " , International Herald Tribune (Europe)
  , 2006-12-20 www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/08/2/gr080204.html
 
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   German Study Says Condoms Contain Cancer-causing Chemical
   
 " , Deutsche Welle
  , 2004-05-29 www.guttmacher.org/pubs/tgr/08/2/gr080204.html
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-04-08
 . </ref> and the Food and Drug Administration has proposed a warning regarding this issue.<!--//www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1220847,00.html | accessdate = 2007-04-08 }}</ref> A 2001 review stated that humans regularly receive 1,000 to 10,000 times greater nitrosamine exposure from food and tobacco than from condom use and concluded that the risk of cancer from condom use is very low.<ref>Modèle:Cite journal</ref> However, a 2004 study in Germany detected nitrosamines in 29 out of 32 condom brands tested, and concluded that exposure from condoms might exceed the exposure from food by 1.5- to 3-fold.<ref name="dw" /><ref>Modèle:Cite journal</ref>