Julius Caesar

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Gaius Julius Caesar <ref name="name">Official name after 42 BC, Gaius Iulius Caesar Divus (Latin script: GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR) (in inscriptions IMP•C•IVLIVS•CAESAR•DIVVS), in English, "Imperator [and] God Gaius Julius Caesar". Also in inscriptions, Gaius Iulius Gaii Filius Gaii Nepos Caesar, in English, "Gaius Julius Caesar, son of Gaius, grandson of Gaius".</ref> (Latin Modèle:Pronounced; English Modèle:PronEng; July 12 or July 13, 100 BC or 102 BC – March 15, 44 BC), was a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

A politician of the populares tradition, he formed an unofficial triumvirate with Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus which dominated Roman politics for several years, but was fiercely opposed by optimates like Marcus Porcius Cato and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. His conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, and he also conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC; the collapse of the triumvirate, however, led to a stand-off with Pompey and the Senate. Leading his legions across the Rubicon, Caesar began a civil war in 49 BC from which he became the undisputed master of the Roman world.

After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He was proclaimed dictator for life (dictator perpetuus), and he heavily centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic. These events provoked a hitherto friend of Caesar, Marcus Junius Brutus, and a group of other senators, to assassinate the dictator on the Ides of March (March 15) in 44 BC. The assassins hoped to restore the normal running of the Republic, but they provoked another Roman civil war, which led eventually to the establishment of the autocratic Roman Empire by Caesar's adopted heir, Gaius Octavianus. In 42 BC, two years after his assassination, the Roman Senate officially sanctified Caesar as one of the Roman deities.

Much of Caesar's life is known from his own Commentaries (Commentarii) on his military campaigns, and other contemporary sources such as the letters and speeches of his political rival Cicero, the historical writings of Sallust, and the poetry of Catullus. Many more details of his life are recorded by later historians, such as Appian, Suetonius, Plutarch, Cassius Dio and Strabo.

Life

Early life

Caesar was born in 100 BC or 102 BC into a patrician family, the gens Julia, which claimed descent from Iulus, son of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas, supposedly the son of the goddess Venus.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>//www.carlaz.com/phd/cea_phd_chap2.pdf Anderson, Carl Edlund. (1999). Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English). p. 44.]|308 KiB}}</ref>

Family

Parents

• Father Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
• Mother Aurelia (related to the Aurelia Cottae)

Sisters

• Julia Caesaris "Maior" (the elder)
• Julia Caesaris "Minor" (the younger)

Wives

• First marriage to Cornelia Cinnilla, from 83 BC until her death in childbirth in 69 or 68 BC
• Second marriage to Pompeia, from 67 BC until he divorced her around 61 BC
• Third marriage to Calpurnia Pisonis, from 59 BC until Caesar's death

Children

• Julia with Cornelia Cinnilla, born in 83 or 82 BC
• Caesarion, with Cleopatra VII, born 47 BC. He would become Pharaoh with the name Ptolemy Caesar and was killed at age 17 by Caesar's adopted son Octavian
• Adopted: son, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (his great-nephew by blood), who later became Emperor Augustus.

Grandchildren

• Grandson from Julia and Pompey, dead at several days, unnamed.

Lovers

• Cleopatra VII
• Servilia Caepionis mother of Brutus
• Eunoë, queen of Mauretania and wife of Bogudes

Notable relatives

• Gaius Marius (married to his Aunt Julia)
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla (possibly through Marriage)
• Julius Sabinus, a Gaul of the Lingones at the time of the Batavian rebellion of AD 69, claimed to be the great-grandson of Caesar on the grounds that his great-grandmother had been Caesar's lover during the Gallic war.<ref>Tacitus, Histories 4.55</ref>

Political rivals and rumours of homosexual activity

penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#49 49]</ref> According to Cicero, Bibulus, Gaius Memmius (whose account may be from firsthand knowledge), and others (mainly Caesar's enemies), he had an affair with Nicomedes IV of Bithynia early in his career. The tales were repeated, referring to Caesar as the Queen of Bithynia, by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate and degrade him. It is possible that the rumors were spread only as a form of character assassination. Caesar himself, according to Cassius Dio, denied the accusations under oath.<ref name="Seut.1.2">Suetonius, Julius 49; Cassius Dio, Roman History 43.20</ref> This form of slander was popular during this time in the Roman Republic to demean and discredit political opponents. A favorite tactic used by the opposition was to accuse a popular political rival as living a Hellenistic lifestyle based on Greek & Eastern culture, where homosexuality and a lavish lifestyle were more acceptable than the conservative traditions of the Romans.//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#49 49]</ref> According to Cicero, Bibulus, Gaius Memmius (whose account may be from firsthand knowledge), and others (mainly Caesar's enemies), he had an affair with Nicomedes IV of Bithynia early in his career. The tales were repeated, referring to Caesar as the Queen of Bithynia, by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate and degrade him. It is possible that the rumors were spread only as a form of character assassination. Caesar himself, according to Cassius Dio, denied the accusations under oath.<ref name="Seut.1.2">Suetonius, Julius 49; Cassius Dio, Roman History 43.20</ref> This form of slander was popular during this time in the Roman Republic to demean and discredit political opponents. A favorite tactic used by the opposition was to accuse a popular political rival as living a Hellenistic lifestyle based on Greek & Eastern culture, where homosexuality and a lavish lifestyle were more acceptable than the conservative traditions of the Romans.

www.vroma.org/~hwalker/VRomaCatullus/029x.html 29], 57</ref> but later apologised.<ref>Suetonius, Julius 73</ref>//www.vroma.org/~hwalker/VRomaCatullus/029x.html 29], 57</ref> but later apologised.<ref>Suetonius, Julius 73</ref>

penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#68 68], 71</ref>//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#68 68], 71</ref>

Chronology

Modèle:Timeline Julius Caesar

Honours

Julius Caesar was voted the title Divus ("god") after his death.

During his life, he received many honours, including titles such as Pater Patriae (Father of the Fatherland), Pontifex Maximus (Highest Priest), and Dictator. The many titles bestowed on him by the Senate are sometimes cited as a cause of his assassination, as it seemed inappropriate to many contemporaries for a mortal man to be awarded so many honours.

As a young man he was awarded the Corona Civica (civic crown) for valour while fighting in Asia Minor.

Caesar's cognomen would eventualy become a title. The title became the German Kaiser and Slavic Tsar/Czar. As the last tsar in nominal power was Simeon II of Bulgaria whose reign ended in 1946; for two thousand years after Julius Caesar's assassination, there was at least one head of state bearing his name. This title was greatly promulgated by the Bible, for its famous verse "Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar’s, and unto God the things that are God’s".

See also

• Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar
• Nine Worthies
• Caesar cipher
• Julio-Claudian family tree

References

Primary sources

Own writings

Ancient historians' writings

Secondary sources

External links

Modèle:Spoken Wikipedia-3 Modèle:Wikisource author

Modèle:Wikiquote www.forumromanum.org/literature/caesarx.html Forum Romanum Index to Caesar's works online] in Latin and translation//heraklia.fws1.com/ Julius Caesar] Suzanne Cross's site with in‑depth history of Caesar, plus a timeline and links. www.forumromanum.org/literature/caesarx.html Forum Romanum Index to Caesar's works online] in Latin and translation//www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar00.html C. Julius Caesar] Jona Lendering's in‑depth history of Caesar (Livius. Org) www.forumromanum.org/literature/caesarx.html Forum Romanum Index to Caesar's works online] in Latin and translation//virgil.org/caesar/ Julius Caesar — virgil.org] An Annotated Guide to Online Resources categorised into Primary Sources, Background & Images, Modern Essays & Historical Fiction. www.forumromanum.org/literature/caesarx.html Forum Romanum Index to Caesar's works online] in Latin and translation//digilander.iol.it/jackdanielspl/Cesare/english.html Julius Caesar], page with many links in several languages, including English www.forumromanum.org/literature/caesarx.html Forum Romanum Index to Caesar's works online] in Latin and translation//www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html History of Julius Caesar] www.forumromanum.org/literature/caesarx.html Forum Romanum Index to Caesar's works online] in Latin and translation//www.caius-ebook.com/RomanPolitics.htm Julius Caesar: An alternative view of his motives] www.forumromanum.org/literature/caesarx.html Forum Romanum Index to Caesar's works online] in Latin and translation//www.michaellorenzen.com/caesar.html The Heart of Change: Julius Caesar and the End of the Roman Republic] www.forumromanum.org/literature/caesarx.html Forum Romanum Index to Caesar's works online] in Latin and translation//www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/caesar_julius.shtml Julius Caesar] at BBC History

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