1913

Un article de Vev.

Modèle:Year nav Modèle:C20YearInTopicX Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). Modèle:C20YearTOC

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Events of 1913

Image:Ismail Enver.jpg

Jan.23: Enver Pasha

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January

January 13 - Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated, a Service Sorority, is founded on the campus of Howard University by twenty-two collegiate women.
January 23 - Military coup in Ottoman Empire lead by Enver Pasha, the CUP overthrew the Liberal Union coalition and introduced a military dictatorship (Coup of 1913).
January 30 - House of Lords rejects third Irish Home Rule Bill.

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February

Image:Grand Central Terminal Exterior 42nd St at Park Ave New York City.jpg

February 1: New York's Grand Central building as rebuilt (c.1911).

February 1 - New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, re-opens as the world's largest train station.
February 3
- The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income tax.
- Trial of the remnants of the Bonnot gang begins.
February 17 - The Armory Show opens in New York City. It displays works of artists who are to become some of the most influential painters of the early 20th century.
February 27 - Freezing weather stops everything in Balkans.

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Feb. 17: Armory Show

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March

March - Outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia when the House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of their succession to the throne.
March 4
- Woodrow Wilson succeeds William Howard Taft as the 28th President of the United States.
- The US Department of Commerce and US Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor.
- The first U.S. law regulating the shooting of migratory birds passed.

Image:President Woodrow Wilson portrait December 2 1912.jpg

March 4: Wilson now President.

March 10 - Civil Rights activist Harriet Tubman dies of pneumonia.
March 12 - Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra.
March 13 - Mexican Revolution - Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in USA.
March 18 - King George I of Greece is assassinated.
March 20 - Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (KMT) is wounded in an assassination attempt and dies 2 days after.
March 25
- Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadaloupe and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government as the head of "Constitutionals."
- 2 days of rain in the Miami Valley flood the region and mark the worst natural disaster in Ohio's recorded history. Dayton is especially devastated in this great flood.
March 26 - Balkan War: Bulgarian forces take Adrianople.

Image:Tuggeranong-Valley-lr-cropped.jpg

March 12: Canberra begins building the new capital of Australia.

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April

April 8 - Passing of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, dictating the direct election of senators.
April 24 - Woolworth Building opening ceremony.

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May

May - The painting September Morn creates a national sensation in the USA and results in a court case.
May 13 - Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a four engine aircraft.
May 14 - New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.
May 29 - Igor Stravinsky's ballet score The Rite of Spring is premiered in Paris.
May 30 - First Balkan War: A peace treaty is signed in London ending the war.

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June

June - First edition of the Christian Esoteric magazine Rays from the Rose Cross in the United States; still issued bimonthly till today.
June 4 - Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the king's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She was trampled and died four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.
June 13 - Great Gorge and International Railway trolley and passengers are buried under the contents of an overhead garbage chute that broke in Niagara Falls, New York.
June 15 - Bud Bagsak Massacre: US troops under General John 'Black Jack' Pershing kill at least 2,000 relatively defenceless men, women and children, Bud Bagsak, Philippines. (Disputed: First Battle of Bud Dajo)
June 24 - Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia.

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July

July 3 - Commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg draws thousands of United States Civil War veterans and their families to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
July 10 - Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C) which is the highest temperature recorded in the United States (as of 2004).

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August

August 4 - In China, province of Chungking declares independence. Chinese Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks
August 10 - Division of Macedonia after the second Balkan War, according to the Treaty of Bucharest
August 13 - Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in Sheffield.
August 15 - Start of Dublin Strike & Lockout, all trade union members dismissed
August 20 - 700 feet above Buc, France, parachutist Adolphe Pegond jumps from an airplane and lands safely.

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September

September 19 - Francis Ouimet wins the U.S. Open by five strokes to become the first amateur to ever win the event
September 23 - French aviator Roland Garros flies over the Mediterranean
September 29
- Rudolf Diesel disappears en route to Britain
- Pancho Villa is elected commander of the "Northern Division" of the Constitutionals

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October

October 1 - Villa's troops take Torreon after a three-day battle when government troops retreat
October 10 - US President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike thus ending construction on the Panama Canal.
October 19 - Founding of the DLRG (German Life Saving Society)

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November

November 1st - 56,654: Highest number of Panama Canal employees recorded since construction began in 1904.
November 5 - The insane king Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumed the title Ludwig III.
November 6 - Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
November 7-11 - The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills over 250.

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December

December 1
- Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12½ hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes (although Ford was not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one did spark an era of mass production).
- Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the first Balkan war, is annexed by Greece.
December 12
- Emperor of Ethiopia Menelik II dies and is succeeded by his grandson Iyasu V of Ethiopia.
- Vincenzo Perugia tries to sell Mona Lisa in Florence and is arrested.
December 21 - Arthur Wynne's "word-cross", the first crossword puzzle, is published in the New York World.
December 23 - The Federal Reserve is created by Woodrow Wilson.
December 30 - Italy returns Mona Lisa to France.
December - Bombay India Gateway of India constructed to commemorate first entry of Queen Victoria to India.

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Undated

Female suffrage in Norway
British steamship Calvadas disappears in the Marmara Sea with 200 hands on board.
de Sitter: shows speed of light is independent of speed of source.
Sagnac: shows speed of light depends on speed of rotating platform.
Camel cigarettes are introduced.
First publication of Journal of Ecology.
National Temperance Council founded to promote the temperance movement.
United States Soccer Federation is formed.
The modern zipper is invented.
The cities of Winston, North Carolina and Salem, North Carolina officially merged to become Winston-Salem.
End of Portuguese immigration to the Hawaiian Islands (1878-1913).
Schools founded: The Hockaday School, Crescent School.

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Ongoing

First Balkan War.

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Births

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January-February

January 2 - Anna Lee, English actress (d. 2004)
January 6 - Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001)
January 6 - Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000)
January 9 - Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States (d. 1994)
January 10 - Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician (d. 1991)
January 15 - Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998)
January 18 - Danny Kaye, American actor (d. 1987)
January 18 - George Unwin, British fighter ace WWII (d. 2006)
January 22 - William Cardinal Conway, Irish clergyman (d. 1977)
January 22 - Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (d. 2003)
January 24 - Norman Dello Joio, American composer
January 25 - Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d. 1994)
January 26 - Jimmy Van Heusen, American composer (d. 1990)
January 29 - Peter von Zahn, German journalist and writer (d. 2001)
February 2 - Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985)
February 4 - Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
February 6 - Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d. 1996)
February 13 - George Barker, British poet (d. 1991)
February 14 - Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996)
February 14 - Jimmy Hoffa, American labor leader (disappeared 1975)
February 25 - Jim Backus, American actor (d. 1989)
February 25 - Gert Fröbe, German actor (d. 1988)
February 27 - Paul Ricoeur, French philosopher (d. 2005)
February 27 - Irwin Shaw, American writer (d. 1984)
February 27 - Kazimierz Sabbat, Polish president (d. 1989)

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March-April

March 1 - Richard S.R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005)
March 2 - Godfried Bomans, Dutch writer (d. 1971)
March 4 - John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952)
March 13 - William Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1987)
March 13 - Smoky Dawson, Australian singer
March 13 - Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian writer and lyricist
March 18 - René Clément, French film director (d. 1996)
March 21 - George Abecassis, English race car driver (d. 1991)
March 26 - Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1996)
March 26 - Jacqueline de Romilly, French philologist
March 29 - R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000)
March 30 - Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 2002)
March 30 - Frankie Laine, American singer (d. 2007)
March 30 - Ċensu Tabone, Maltese politician
March 31 - Etta Baker, American musician (d. 2006)
April 3 - Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005)
April 7 - Charles Vanik, American politician (d. 2007)
April 11 - Oleg Cassini, American fashion designer (d. 2006)
April 14 - Jean Fournet, French conductor
April 27 - Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, writer, and editor (d. 2004)

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May-June

May 1 - Louis Nye, American comedian and actor (d. 2005)
May 1 - Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980)
May 5 - Tyrone Power, American actor (d. 1958)
May 8 - Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (d. 1937)
May 11 - Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d. 1994)
May 13 - William R. Tolbert, Jr., President of Liberia (d. 1980)
May 16 - Woody Herman, American musician and band leader (d. 1987)
May 20 - William Hewlett, American businessman (d. 2001)
May 26 - Peter Cushing, English actor (d. 1994)
May 29 - Tony Zale, American boxer (d. 1997)
June 6 - Carlo L. Golino, American scholar (d. 1991)
June 10 - Tikhon Khrennikov, Russian composer
June 11 - Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d. 1970)
June 11 - Risë Stevens, American mezzosoprano
June 18 - Robert Mondavi, American winemaker
June 18 - Sylvia Field Porter, American economist and journalist (d. 1991)
June 25 - Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (d. 2005)
June 28 - Franz Antel, Austrian filmmaker
June 30 - Alfonso López Michelsen, President of Colombia (d. 2007)

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July-August

July 3 - Dorothy Kilgallen, American newspaper columnist (d. 1965)
July 12 - Philip Mayer Kaiser, American diplomat (d. 2007)
July 12 - Willis Lamb, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
July 14 - Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)
July 17 - Roger Garaudy, French Holocaust denier
July 18 - Red Skelton, American comedian (d. 1997)
July 22 - Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader and songwriter (d. 1995)
July 22 - Licia Albanese, Italian-born soprano
July 23 - Michael Foot, British politician
August 8 - John Facenda, American sports announcer (d. 1984)
August 8 - Robert Stafford, Governor of Vermont, U.S Representative and U.S. Senator. (d. 2006)
August 10 - Wolfgang Pauli, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)
August 13 - Fred Davis, English snooker and billiards player (d. 1998)
August 13 - Makarios III, Archbishop and first President of Cyprus (d.1977)
August 16 - Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)
August 17 - W. Mark Felt, American Federal Bureau of Investigation Associate Director and Deep Throat Watergate informant
August 17 - Rudy York, baseball player (d. 1970)
August 19 - Richard Simmons, American actor (d. 2003)
August 20 - Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
August 27 - Nina Schenk von Stauffenberg, German wife of freedom fighter Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg (d. 2006)
August 28 - Robertson Davies, Canadian novelist (d. 1995)
August 28 - Richard Tucker, American tenor (d. 1975)
August 29 - Jan Ekier, Polish pianist and composer
August 30 - Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
August 31 - Helen Levitt, American photographer

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September-October

September 2 - Israel Gelfand, Russian mathematician
September 4 - Stanford Moore, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)
September 12 - Jesse Owens, American athlete (d. 1980)
September 14 - Jacobo Arbenz, President of Guatemala (d. 1971)
September 15 - John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General and convicted Watergate criminal (d. 1988)
September 19 - Frances Farmer, American actress (d. 1970)
September 28 - Warja Honegger-Lavater, Swiss artist and illustrator (d. 2007)

•September 24 - Wilson Rawls, American Author (d. Dec 1984)

September 29
- Trevor Howard, English actor (d. 1988)
- Stanley Kramer, American film producer, director, and writer (d. 2001)
- Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (d. 1996)
September 30 - Bill Walsh, American movie producer and writer (d. 1975)
October 10 - Claude Simon, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
October 22 - Robert Capa, Hungarian-born photojournalist (d. 1954)