New York City

Un article de Vev.

Modèle:Semiprotected Modèle:Featured article Modèle:Redirect4 Modèle:Infobox Settlement New York City (pronounced /nʲuːˈjɔɹk/) (officially The City of New York) is the largest city in the United States, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world. For more than a century, it has been one of the world's major centers of commerce and finance. New York City is rated as an alpha world city for its global influences in media, politics, education, entertainment and fashion. The city's cultural centers for arts are among the nation's most influential. The city is a major center for foreign affairs, hosting the headquarters of the United Nations. Residents of the city are known as New Yorkers. The current mayor of New York City is Michael Bloomberg.

New York City comprises five boroughs, each of which is coterminous with a county: The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens and Staten Island. With over 8.2 million residents within an area of 322 square miles (830 km²), New York City is the second most densely populated city in the United States, behind Union City, New Jersey, located across the Hudson River.<ref> 2000 Census: US Municipalities Over 50,000: Ranked by 2000 Density

. Demographia  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. </ref><ref> Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Metropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006

. U.S. Census Bureau  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. </ref>

Many of the city's neighborhoods and landmarks are known around the world. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, at Ellis Island. Wall Street, in Lower Manhattan, has been a dominant global financial center since World War II and is home to the New York Stock Exchange. The city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the Empire State Building and the former twin towers of the World Trade Center, which were destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

New York is the birthplace of many American cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art, abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting, and hip hop,<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> punk,<ref> Scaruffi , Piero

.    A timeline of the USA 

. Retrieved on 2007-10-06. </ref> salsa, and Tin Pan Alley in music. In 2005, nearly 170 languages were spoken in the city and 36 percent of its population was born outside the United States.<ref name="languages in NYC"> Queens: Economic Development and the State of the Borough Economy

 (PDF)
. New York State Office of the State Comptroller 
 
 (June 2006)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. </ref><ref name="NYC immigration"> The Newest New Yorkers: 2000

 (PDF)
. New York City Department of City Planning 
 
 (2005)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. </ref> With its 24-hour subway and constant bustling of traffic and people, New York is known as "The City That Never Sleeps;" it was first linked with "Gotham" by Washington Irving in 1807.<ref>Irving's mocking Salmagundi Papers, 1807, noted by Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York to 1898'' (Oxford) 1999:xii.</ref>

History

Main article: History of New York City

The region was inhabited by about 5,000 Lenape Native Americans at the time of its European discovery in 1524<ref>"Gotham Center for New York City History" Timeline 1500 - 1700</ref> by Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, who called it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (New Angoulême).<ref name="rodgers">Modèle:Cite book</ref> European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (New Amsterdam), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape in 1626 (legend, now disproved, says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads).<ref>Modèle:Cite journal</ref> In 1664, the English conquered the city and renamed it "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War the Dutch gained control of Run (a much more valuable asset at the time) in exchange for the English controlling New Amsterdam (New York) in North America. By 1700, the Lenape population was diminished to 200.<ref>"Gotham Center for New York City History" Timeline 1700-1800</ref>

New York City grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> The city emerged as the theater for a series of major battles known as the New York Campaign during the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress met in New York City and in 1789 the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated at Federal Hall on Wall Street.<ref> The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)

. U.S. News and World Report  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-05-28. </ref> New York City was the capital of the United States until 1790.

In the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration and development. A visionary development proposal, the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the 1819 opening of the Erie Canal connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior.<ref>Modèle:Cite book; Lankevich (199Image:Cool.gif, pp. 67–68.</ref> By 1835, New York City had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States. Local politics fell under the domination of Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish immigrants.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which became the first landscaped park in an American city in 1857. A significant free-black population also existed in Manhattan, as well as in Brooklyn. Slaves had been held in New York through 1827, but during the 1830s New York became the center of interracial abolitionist activism in the North.

Anger at military conscription during the American Civil War (1861–1865) led to the Draft Riots of 1863, one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan and municipalities in the other boroughs.<ref>The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City, New York City. Accessed June 29, 2007.</ref> The opening of the New York City Subway in 1904 helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. However, this development did not come without a price. In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.<ref name="cornell1"> Cornell University Library: Triangle Factory Fire

. Cornell University  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-03-12. </ref>

In the 1920s, New York City was a major destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South. By 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance flourished during the era of Prohibition, coincident with a larger economic boom that saw the skyline develop with the construction of competing skyscrapers. New York City became the most populous city in the world in 1948, overtaking London, which had reigned for over a century. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello LaGuardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>

Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom and the development of huge housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed and the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's ascendance as the world's dominant economic power, the United Nations headquarters (built in 1952) emphasizing New York's political influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitating New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.<ref> Burns, Ric

     (2003-08-22)
   
.    The Center of the World - New York: A Documentary  Film (Transcript) 
. PBS 
   

. Retrieved on 2006-07-20. </ref> In the 1960s, New York suffered from economic problems, rising crime rates and racial tension, which reached a peak in the 1970s.

In the 1980s, a resurgence in the financial industry improved the city's fiscal health. By the 1990s, racial tensions had calmed, crime rates dropped dramatically, and waves of new immigrants arrived from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy and New York's population reached an all-time high in the 2000 census.

The city was one of the sites of the September 11, 2001 attacks, when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of the World Trade Center. The Freedom Tower will be built on the site and is scheduled for completion in 2012.<ref> Rebuilding the WTC

. Silverstein Properties  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-10-11. </ref>

Geography

Main articles: Geography of New York City and Geography of New York Harbor

New York City is located in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston.<ref>Washington, D.C. is Modèle:Convert/mi driving distance from New York City, and Boston is Modèle:Convert/mi driving distance from New York. - Google Maps</ref> The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. Much of New York is built on the three islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island, making land scarce and encouraging a high population density.

The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary.<ref>Information about the Hudson River estuary</ref> The Hudson separates the city from New Jersey. The East River, actually a tidal strait, flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates Manhattan from the Bronx.

The city's land has been altered considerably by human intervention, with substantial land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most notable in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="gillespie-p71">Modèle:Cite book</ref> Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out, particularly in Manhattan.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>

The city's land area is 322 sq mi (831.4 km²).<ref name="NYC land area"> Land Use Facts

. New York City Department of City Planning  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.

New York City's total area is Modèle:Convert/sqmi. Modèle:Convert/sqmi of this is water and Modèle:Convert/sqmi is land.</ref> The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which at 409.8 ft (124.9 m) above sea level is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>  The summit of the ridge is largely covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>

Climate

Although located at about the same latitude as the much warmer European cities of Naples and Madrid, New York has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification) resulting from prevailing wind patterns that bring cool air from the interior of the North American continent.<ref name="NYC climate"> The Climate of New York

. New York State Climate Office  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. </ref> New York City has cold winters but the city's coastal position keeps temperatures slightly warmer than inland regions, helping to moderate the amount of snow which averages 25 to 35 inches (63.5 to 88.9 cm) each year.<ref name="NYC climate"/> New York City has a frost-free period lasting an average of 199 days between seasonal freezes.<ref name="NYC climate" /> Spring and autumn in New York City are erratic, and can range from cold and snowy to hot and humid, although they can also be cold or cool and rainy. Summer in New York City is warm and humid, with temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher recorded on average 18 to 25 days each summer.<ref name="NYC climate" /> Though not usually associated with hurricanes, New York City is susceptible to them, notably the 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane which flooded southern Manhattan, and the New England Hurricane of 1938, which brushed the eastern end of the city. The city's long-term climate patterns have been affected by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, a 70-year-long warming and cooling cycle in the Atlantic that influences the frequency and severity of coastal storms in the region.<ref> Riley, Mary Elizabeth

       (2006)
     
   
 
.    Assessing the Impact of Interannual Climate Variability on New York City's Reservoir System 
 (PDF)
. Cornell University Graduate School for Atmospheric Science 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. </ref>

Environment

Main article: Environmental issues in New York City

Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in United States and gasoline consumption in the city is at the rate the national average was in the 1920s.<ref name="NYC energy consumption">Modèle:Cite book</ref> New York City's dense population and low automobile dependence help make New York among the most energy efficient in the United States.<ref> Owen, David

  . 
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   Green Manhattan
   
 " , The New Yorker
  , October 18 2004
 
 . </ref> The city's greenhouse gas emission levels are relatively low when measured per capita, at 7.1 metric tons per person, below the national average, 24.5.<ref name="NYC emissions"/>  New Yorkers are collectively responsible for one percent of the nation's total greenhouse gas emissions<ref name="NYC emissions">   Inventory of New York City Greenhouse Gas Emissions 
 (PDF)
. New York City Office of Long-term Planning and Sustainability 
 
 (April 2007)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. </ref> though comprising 2.7% of the nation's population. The average New Yorker consumes less than half the electricity used by a resident of San Francisco and nearly one-quarter the electricity consumed by a resident of Dallas.<ref> Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases

. PlaNYC / The City of New York 
 
 (2006-12-06)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-12-13. </ref>

In recent years the city has focused on reducing its environmental impact. Large amounts of concentrated pollution in New York City lead to high incidence of asthma and other respiratory conditions among the city's residents.<ref>Modèle:Cite journal</ref> The city government is required to purchase only the most energy-efficient equipment for use in city offices and public housing.<ref> DePalma, Anthony

  . 
 "
   It Never Sleeps, but It's Learned to Douse the Lights 
     
 " , The New York Times
  , December 11, 2005
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-07-19
 . </ref> New York has the largest clean air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country, and some of the first hybrid taxis.<ref>   A Century of Buses in New York City 
. Metropolitan Transportation Authority  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.

See also Modèle:Cite press release</ref> The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others.<ref name="greenbuilding">   Pogrebin, Robin
     
   
  . 
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   7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers 
     
 " , The New York Times
  , April 16, 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-07-19
 . </ref> 

New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.<ref> Current Reservoir Levels

. New York City Department of Environmental Protection  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-04. </ref> As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration process, New York is one of only five major cities in the United States with drinking water pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants.<ref>Modèle:Cite conference; New York City 2005 Drinking Water Supply and Quality Report

 (PDF)
. New York City Department of Environmental Protection 
 
 (2005)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-07-17. </ref>

Cityscape

Architecture

Main article: Architecture in New York City

The building form most closely associated with New York City is the skyscraper that saw New York buildings shift from the low-scale European tradition to the vertical rise of business districts. New York City has about 4493 skyscrapers, more than any other city in the world. Surrounded mostly by water, the city's residential density and high real estate values in commercial districts saw the city amass the largest collection of individual, free-standing office and residential towers in the world.<ref> About New York City

. Emporis  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. </ref> New York has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles. These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing able to be read from street level several hundred feet below. The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setback in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below.<ref>Modèle:Cite journal</ref> The Art Deco design of the Chrysler Building (1930), with its tapered top and steel spire, reflected the zoning requirements. The building is considered by many historians and architects to be New York's finest building, with its distinctive ornamentation such as replicas at the corners of the 61st floor of the 1928 Chrysler eagle hood ornaments and V-shaped lighting inserts capped by a steel spire at the tower's crown.<ref> Favorites! 100 Experts Pick Their top 10 New York Towers

. The Skyscraper Museum 
 
 (January 22, 2006)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. </ref> A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its facade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is an important example of green design in American skyscrapers.<ref name="greenbuilding" />

The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.<ref name="lankevich-p82">Lankevich (199Image:Cool.gif, pp. 82–83; Modèle:Cite book</ref> Unlike Paris, which for centuries was built from its own limestone bedrock, New York has always drawn its building stone from a far-flung network of quarries and its stone buildings have a variety of textures and hues.<ref>Modèle:Cite book See also Modèle:Cite book</ref> A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the presence of wooden roof-mounted water towers. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could burst municipal water pipes.<ref> Elliot, Debbie

     (2006-12-02)
   
.    Wondering About Water Towers 
. National Public Radio 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. </ref> Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, including Jackson Heights in Queens, which became more accessible with expansion of the subway.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>

Parks

New York City has over 28,000 acres (113 km²) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (22 km) of public beaches.<ref> Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed Modèle:Convert/acre Mark

. New York City Mayor's Office 
 
 (February 3, 1999)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.

Beaches

. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. </ref> This parkland is augmented by thousands of acres of Gateway National Recreation Area, part of the US National Park System, that lie within city boundaries. The Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, the only wildife refuge in the National Park System, alone is over 9,000 acres of marsh islands and water taking up most of Jamaica Bay and included. Manhattan's Central Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, is the most visited city park in the United States.<ref> City Park Facts

. The Trust for Public Land, Center for City Park Excellence 
 
 (June 2006)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref> Prospect Park in Brooklyn, also designed by Olmsted and Vaux, has a 90 acre (36 hectare) meadow.<ref> General Information

. Prospect Park Alliance  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. </ref> Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, the city's third largest, was the setting for the 1939 World's Fair and 1964 World's Fair.

Boroughs

Main articles: Borough (New York City) and Neighborhoods of New York City

New York City is comprised of five boroughs, an unusual form of government used to administer the five constituent counties that make up the city.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States.

• The Bronx (pop. 1,364,566)<ref name="census" /> is New York City's northernmost borough. The site of Yankee Stadium, home of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City.<ref> Frazier, Ian

  . 
 "
   Utopia, the Bronx 
     
 " , The New Yorker
  , June 26, 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-03-26
 . </ref> Except for a small piece of Manhattan known as Marble Hill, the Bronx is the only section of the city that is part of the United States mainland. It is home to the Bronx Zoo, the largest metropolitan zoo in the United States, which spans 265 acres (107.2 hectares) and is home to over 6,000 animals.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>  The Bronx is the birthplace of rap and hip hop culture.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>

• Brooklyn (pop. 2,511,40Image:Cool.gif<ref name="census"> The Current Population of NYC (2005)

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. New York City Department of City Planning  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-03-13.

These figures were adopted by the U.S. Census Bureau in September 2006.</ref> is the city's most populous borough and was an independent city until 1898. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods and a unique architectural heritage. It is also the only borough outside of Manhattan with a distinct downtown area. The borough features a long beachfront and Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>

• Manhattan (pop. 1,593,200)<ref name="census" /> is the most densely populated borough and home to most of the city's skyscrapers, as well as Central Park. The borough is the financial center of the city and contains the headquarters of many major corporations, the United Nations, as well as a number of important universities, and many cultural attractions, including numerous museums, the Broadway theatre district, Greenwich Village, and Madison Square Garden. Manhattan is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem.
• Queens (pop. 2,256,576)<ref name="census" /> is geographically the largest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States<ref name="queensdiverse"> O'Donnell, Michelle

  . 
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   In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th... 
     
 " , New York Times
  , July 4, 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-07-19
 . </ref>, and may overtake Brooklyn as the city's most populous borough due to its growth. Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, today the borough is largely residential and middle class. It is the only large county in the United States where the median income among blacks, approximately $52,000 a year, is higher than that of whites.<ref>   Roberts, Sam
     
   
  . 
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   Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens 
     
 " , The New York Times
  , January 10, 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-03-28
 . </ref> Queens is the site of Shea Stadium, the home of the New York Mets, and annually hosts the U.S. Open tennis tournament. Additionally, it is home to New York City's two major airports, LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport.

• Staten Island (pop. 475,014)<ref name="census" /> is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan via the free Staten Island Ferry. The Staten Island Ferry is one of the most popular tourist attractions in New York City as it provides unsurpassed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and lower Manhattan. Located in central Staten Island, the 2500-acre Greenbelt has some 35 miles of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city. Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt encompasses seven city parks. The F.D.R. Boardwalk along South Beach is two and one-half miles long, which is the fourth largest in the world.

Economy

Main articles: Economy of New York City and Tourism in New York City

New York City is a global hub of international business and commerce and is one of three "command centers" for the world economy (along with London and Tokyo).<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> The city is a major center for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts in the United States. The New York metropolitan area had an estimated gross metropolitan product of $952.6 billion in 2005, the largest regional economy in the United States.<ref name="NYC economy"> The role of metro areas in the U.S. economy

 (PDF)
. The United States Conference of Mayors 
 
 (January 13, 2006)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref> The city's economy accounts for the majority of the economic activity in the states of New York and New Jersey.<ref name="NYC economy" /> Many major corporations are headquartered in New York City, including 44 Fortune 500 companies.<ref> NYC Business Climate - Facts & Figures

. New York City Economic Development Corporation  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-08. </ref> New York is also unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.<ref> Wylde, Kathryn

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   Keeping the Economy Growing 
     
 " , Gotham Gazette
  , January 23, 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-07-19
 . </ref>

New York City is home to some of the nation's—and the world's—most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2 2007 for $510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m²), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m²) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue.<ref>Quirk, James. "Bergen offices have plenty of space", The Record (Bergen County), July 5 2007. Accessed July 5 2007. "On Monday, a 26-year-old, 33-story office building at 450 Park Ave. sold for a stunning $1,589 per square foot, or about $510 million. The price is believed to be the most ever paid for a U.S. office building on a per-square-foot basis. That broke the previous record—set four weeks earlier—when 660 Madison Ave. sold for $1,476 a square foot."</ref>

The New York Stock Exchange, located on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ are the world's first and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured by average daily trading volume and overall market capitalization.<ref> Electronic Finance: Reshaping the Financial Landscape Around the World

 (PDF)
. The World Bank 
 
 (September 2000)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. </ref> Financial services account for more than 35 percent of the city's employment income.<ref> Orr, James and Giorgio Topa

     (Volume 12, Number 1, January 2006)
   
.    Challenges Facing the New York Metropolitan Area Economy 
 (PDF)
. Current Issues in Economics and Finance - Second District Highlights
. New York Federal Reserve 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-05. </ref> Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was $802.4 billion in 2006.<ref name="NYC real estate"> Tentative Assessment Roll: Fiscal Year 2008

 (PDF)
. New York City Department of Finance 
 
 (January 15, 2007)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. </ref> The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at $1.1 billion in 2006.<ref name="NYC real estate" />

The city's television and film industry is the second largest in the country after Hollywood.<ref> NYC Film Statistics

. Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre, and Broadcasting  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-07. </ref> Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries.<ref>Modèle:Cite journal</ref> High-tech industries like bioscience, software development, game design, and Internet services are also growing, bolstered by the city's position at the terminus of several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines.<ref> Telecommunications and Economic Development in New York City: A Plan for Action

 (PDF)
. New York City Economic Development Corporation 
 
 (March 2005)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref> Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities.

Manufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment. Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products.<ref> Protecting and Growing New York City's Industrial Job Base

 (PDF)
. The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business 
 
 (January 2005)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref> The food-processing industry is the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city.<ref name="food manufacturing"> More Than a Link in the Food Chain

 (PDF)
. The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business 
 
 (February 2007)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. </ref> Food making is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents, many of them immigrants who speak little English. Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with $234 million worth of exports each year.<ref name="food manufacturing" />

Tourism is important to New York City, with about 40 million foreign and American tourists visiting each year.<ref> NYC Statistics

. NYC & Company  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2006-08-03. </ref> Major destinations include the Empire State Building, Ellis Island, Broadway theatre productions, museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and other tourist attractions including Central Park, Washington Square Park, Rockefeller Center, Times Square, the Bronx Zoo, New York Botanical Garden, luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues, and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village, the Tribeca Film Festival, and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. The Statue of Liberty is a major tourist attraction and one of the most recognizable icons of the United States.<ref> Statue of Liberty

. New York Magazine  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2006-06-20. </ref> Many of the city's ethnic enclaves, such as Jackson Heights, Flushing, and Brighton Beach are major shopping destinations for first and second generation Americans up and down the East Coast.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of New York City

New York is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 2005 population of 8,213,839 (up from 7.3 million in 1990).<ref name="census" /> This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. Over the last decade the city's population has been increasing and demographers estimate New York's population will reach between 9.2 and 9.5 million by 2030.<ref> New York City Population Projections by Age/Sex and Borough, 2000-2030

 (PDF)
. New York City Department of City Planning 
 
 (December 2006)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-27.

See also    Roberts, Sam
       
   
  . 
 "
   By 2025, Planners See a Million New Stories in the Crowded City 
     
 " , New York Times
  , February 19, 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-07-19
 . </ref>

New York's two key demographic features are its population density and cultural diversity. The city's population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km²) makes it the most densely populated American municipality with a population above 100,000.<ref>United States -- Places and (in selected states) County Subdivisions with 50,000 or More Population; and for Puerto Rico, United States Census Bureau United States Census, 2000. Accessed June 12, 2007.</ref> Manhattan's population density is 66,940 people per square mile (25,846/km²), highest of any county in the United States.<ref>"Population Density", Geographic Information Systems - GIS of Interest. Accessed May 17, 2007. "What I discovered is that out of the 3140 counties listed in the Census population data only 178 counties were calculated to have a population density over one person per acre. Not surprisingly, New York County (which contains Manhattan) had the highest population density with a calculated 104.218 persons per acre."</ref><ref name="census2000"> Census 2000 Data for the State of New York

. U.S. Census Bureau  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref> Modèle:USCensusPop New York City is exceptionally diverse. Throughout its history the city has been a major point of entry for immigrants; the term melting pot was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. Today, 36% of the city's population is foreign-born.<ref name="NYC immigration" /> Among American cities, this proportion is exceeded only by Los Angeles and Miami.<ref name="census2000" /> While the immigrant communities in those cities are dominated by a few nationalities, in New York no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest countries of origin for modern immigration are the Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, Guyana, Pakistan, Ecuador, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, and Russia.<ref> Appendix Table 5-4: Ten Largest Sources of the Foreign-Born by County New York Metropolitan Region, 2000

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. New York City Department of City Planning 
 
 (2005)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. </ref> About 170 languages are spoken in the city.<ref name="languages in NYC" />

The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish community outside Israel; Tel Aviv proper (non-metro/within municipal limits) has a smaller population than the Jewish population of New York City proper, making New York the largest Jewish community in the world. About 12% of New Yorkers are Jewish or of Jewish descent and roots.<ref> Jewish Community Study of New York

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. United Jewish Appeal-Federation of New York 
 
 (2002)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. </ref> It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's Indian Americans,<ref> Census Profile:New York City's Indian American Population

 (PDF)
. Asian American Federation of New York 
 
 (2004)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. </ref> and the largest African American community of any city in the United States.

The five largest ethnic groups as of the 2005 census estimates are: Puerto Ricans, Italians, West Indians, Dominicans and Chinese.<ref name="acs_socio_05"> NYC2005 — Results from the 2005 American Community Survey : Socioeconomic Characteristics by Race/Hispanic Origin and Ancestry Group

 (PDF)
. New York City Department of City Planning 
 
 (2005)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-08-14.

Population Division American Community Survey, New York City Department of City Planning</ref> The Puerto Rican population of New York City is the largest outside of Puerto Rico.<ref>Archive of the Mayor's Press Office, Mayor Giuliani Proclaims Puerto Rican Week in New York City, Tuesday, June 9, 1998.</ref> Italians emigrated to the city in large numbers in the early twentieth century. The Irish, the sixth largest ethnic group, also have a notable presence; one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carry a distinctive genetic signature on their Y chromosomes inherited from Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish high king of the fifth century A.D.<ref>Modèle:Cite journal See also Wade , Nicholas

  . 
 "
   If Irish Claim Nobility, Science May Approve 
     
 " , The New York Times
  , 2006-01-18
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-07-16
 . </ref>

New York City has a high degree of income disparity. In 2005 the median household income in the wealthiest census tract was $188,697, while in the poorest it was $9,320.<ref> Roberts, Sam

  . 
 "
   In Manhattan, Poor Make 2 Cents for Each Dollar to the Rich 
     
 " , The New York Times
  , April 9, 2005
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-03-27
 . </ref>    The disparity is driven by wage growth in high income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower income brackets. In 2006 the average weekly wage in Manhattan was $1,453, the highest and fastest growing among the largest counties in the United States.<ref name=ManhattanLabor>   Average Weekly Wage in Manhattan at $1,453 in Second Quarter 2006 
 (PDF)
. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor 
 
 (February 20, 2007)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. </ref> The borough is also experiencing a baby boom that is unique among American cities. Since 2000, the number of children under age 5 living in Manhattan grew by more than 32%.<ref> Roberts, Sam

  . 
 "
   In Surge in Manhattan Toddlers, Rich White Families Lead Way 
     
 " , The New York Times
  , 2007-03-27
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-03-27
 . </ref>

Home ownership in New York City is about 33%, much lower than the national average of 69%.<ref>Homeownership</ref> Rental vacancy is usually between 3% and 4.5%, well below the 5% threshold defined to be a housing emergency and used to justify the continuation of rent control and rent stabilization. About 33% of rental units are rent-stabilized. Finding housing, particularly affordable housing, in New York City can be more than challenging. <ref>How to find a cheap apartment in New York City; Housing Vacancy Survey</ref>

Government

Main article: Government of New York City

Since its consolidation in 1898, New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a "strong" mayor-council form of government. The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities. In New York City, the central government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. The mayor and councillors are elected to four-year terms. The New York City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 Council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.<ref> About the Council

. New York City Council  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. </ref> The mayor and councilors are limited to two four-year terms.

The mayor is Michael Bloomberg, a former Democrat and current independent elected as a Republican in 2001 and re-elected in 2005 with 59% of the vote.<ref> Statement and Return Report for Certification: General Election 2005

 (PDF)
. New York City Board of Elections 
 
 (November 8, 2005)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref> He is known for taking control of the city's education system from the state, rezoning and economic development, sound fiscal management, and aggressive public health policy. In his second term he has made school reform, poverty reduction, and strict gun control central priorities of his administration.<ref> About Mike Bloomberg

. The Official Site of Mike Bloomberg  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-05-31. </ref> Together with Boston mayor Thomas Menino, in 2006 he founded the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization with the goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets."<ref> Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members

. Retrieved on June 20, 2007</ref> The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. 66% of registered voters in the city are Democrats.<ref> County Enrollment Totals

. New York State Board of Elections 
 
 (April 1, 2006)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref> New York City has not been won by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since 1924. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city.

New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and John Kerry.<ref> 2006 Election Overview: Top Zip Codes

. Opensecrets.org  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref> The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back.<ref> A Fair Share of State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?

. New York City Finance Division 
 
 (March 11, 2005)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref>

Located near City Hall are the courthouse for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and the Jacob K. Javits Federal Building. Manhattan also hosts the NY Appellate Division, First Department. Brooklyn hosts the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, and NY Appellate Division, Second Department. As with any county, each Borough has a branch of the New York Supreme Court and other New York State courts. As the host of the United Nations, New York City is home to the world's largest international consular corps, comprising 122 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulate offices.<ref> Foreign Consular Offices in the United States

 (PDF)
. U.S. Department of State 
 
 (August 4, 2006)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-01-21. </ref>

Crime

Main article: Crime in New York City

Out of 216 U.S. cities with populations of more than 100,000 in 2002, the city ranked 197th in overall crime (with about the same crime rate as Provo, Utah), and also had the lowest crime rate of among the 25 largest U.S. cities.<ref>"

   Don't tell New York, but crime is going up 
     
 "
 . </ref> Violent crime in New York city has decreased 75% in the last twelve years and the murder rate in 2005 was at its lowest level since 1963.<ref>Modèle:Cite paper</ref> Crime rates spiked in the 1980s and early 1990s as the crack epidemic hit the city. During the 1990s the New York City Police Department (NYPD) adopted CompStat, broken windows policing and other strategies in a major effort to reduce crime. The city's dramatic drop in crime has been attributed by criminologists to these policing tactics, the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes.<ref>Modèle:Cite book; Modèle:Cite book</ref> 

Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia dominated by the Five Families. Gangs including the Black Spades also grew in the late 20th century.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Numerous major riots have occurred in New York City since the mid 19th century, including the Draft Riots in 1863, multiple riots at Tompkins Square Park, and in Harlem.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> The serial killings by the "Son of Sam," which began on July 29, 1976, terrorized the city for the next year.<ref> Son of Sam, David Berkowitz, famous serial killer

. Crime Library / Court TV  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. </ref>

Education

Main article: Education in New York City

The city's public school system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest in the United States. About 1.1 million students are taught in more than 1,200 separate primary and secondary schools.<ref> School Enrollment by Level of School and Type of School for Population 3 Years and Over

 (MS Excel)
. New York City Department of City Planning 
 
 (2000)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. </ref> There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city, including some of the most prestigious private schools in the United States.<ref> Private School Universe Survey

. National Center for Education Statistics  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-05. </ref>

Though it is not often thought of as a college town, there are about 594,000 university students in New York City, the highest number of any city in the United States.<ref>Modèle:Cite paper</ref> In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city.<ref> McGeehan, Patrick

  . 
 "
   New York Area Is a Magnet For Graduates 
     
 " , The New York Times
  , August 16, 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-03-27
 . </ref> Public postsecondary education is provided by the City University of New York, the nation's third-largest public university system, and the Fashion Institute of Technology, part of the State University of New York. New York City is also home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, Pace University, The New School, St. John's University, and Yeshiva University. The city has dozens of other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as The Juilliard School and The School of Visual Arts.

Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions.<ref name="NYC science institutions">Modèle:Cite press release</ref> The city receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S. cities.<ref> NIH Domestic Institutions Awards Ranked by City, Fiscal Year 2003

. National Institutes of Health 
 
 (2003)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. </ref> Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Weill Cornell Medical College.

The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country, serves Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island.<ref name="libraryspot"> Nation's Largest Libraries

. LibrarySpot  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. </ref> Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, which is the nation's second largest public library system, and Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn.<ref name="libraryspot"/> The New York Public Library has several research libraries, including the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.

New York City also features some of the most elite and exclusive private schools in the country, many of which are located on the Upper East Side or in Riverdale, Bronx. These schools include The Dalton School, Brearley School, Nightingale-Bamford School, The Trinity School, and The Collegiate School. Renowned public secondary schools include Stuyvesant High School, The Bronx High School of Science, Brooklyn Technical High School, Townsend Harris High School, and LaGuardia High School.

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in New York City

Public transit is overwhelmingly the dominant form of travel for New Yorkers.<ref name=2001summary> NHTS 2001 Highlights Report, BTS03-05

 (PDF)
. U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics 
 
 (2001)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-05-21. </ref> About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs.<ref name="MTAinfo"> The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region

. Metropolitan Transportation Authority  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2006-05-17. </ref><ref> Pisarski, Alan

     (October 16, 2006)
   
.    Commuting in America III: Commuting Facts 
 (PDF)
. Transportation Research Board 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. </ref> This is in contrast to the rest of the country, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace.<ref name=2001summary /> New York is the only city in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car (in Manhattan, more than 75% of residents do not own a car; nationally, the percentage is 8%).<ref name=2001summary />

The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by the number of stations in operation, with 468. It is the fourth-largest when measured by annual ridership (1.4 billion passenger trips in 2005).<ref name=MTAinfo /> New York's subway is also remarkable because nearly all of the system remains open 24 hours per day (though in some cases with significant differences in routings from the daytime network), in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including London, Paris, Washington, D.C., and Tokyo. The transportation system in New York City is extensive and complex. It includes the longest suspension bridge in North America,<ref> Verrazano-Narrows Bridge

. Nycroads.com  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. </ref> the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel,<ref> Holland Tunnel

 (PDF)
. National Park Service 
 
 (November 4, 1993)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. </ref> more than 12,000 yellow cabs<ref> The State of the NYC Taxi

 (PDF)
. New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission 
 
 (2006-03-09)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. </ref> and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan.

New York City's public bus fleet and commuter rail network are the largest in North America.<ref name="MTAinfo" /> The rail network, which connects the suburbs in the tri-state region to the city, has more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.<ref name="MTAinfo" /><ref> About the MTA Long Island Rail Road

. Metropolitan Transportation Authority  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref><ref> Facts at a Glance

 (PDF)
. NJ Transit 
 
 (2005)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. </ref> The commuter rail system converges at the two busiest rail stations in the United States, Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station.<ref> Grand Central Demographics

. Metropolitan Transportation Authority  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-03-26.

Amtrak Facts

. National Atlas  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref>

New York City is the top international air passenger gateway to the United States.<ref name=IntlTravel> U.S. International Travel and Transportation Trends, BTS02-03

. U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics 
 
 (2002)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. </ref> The area is served by three major airports, John F. Kennedy International, Newark Liberty International and LaGuardia, with plans for a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, NY, to be taken over and enlarged by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (which administers the other three airports), as a "reliever" airport to help cope with increasing passenger volume. 100 million travelers used the three airports in 2005 and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation.<ref> 2005 Annual Airport Traffic Report

 (PDF)
. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 
 
 (November 2, 2006)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. </ref> Outbound international travel from JFK and Newark accounted for about a quarter of all U.S. travelers who went overseas in 2004.<ref>Modèle:Cite press release</ref>

New York's high rate of public transit use, 120,000 daily cyclists<ref> Schaller, Bruce

  . 
 "
   Biking It 
     
 " , Gotham Gazette
  , June 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-07-20
 . </ref> and many pedestrian commuters makes it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.<ref name="NYC energy consumption" />  Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.<ref>   2001 National Household Travel Survey: Summary of Travel Trends 
 (PDF)
. U.S. Department of Transportation 
 
 (December 2004)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. </ref>

To complement New York's vast mass transit network, the city also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, that link New York City to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwest Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of suburban residents who commute into New York, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour. The George Washington Bridge is considered one of the world's busiest bridges in terms of vehicle traffic.<ref>George Washington Bridge turns 75 years old: Huge flag, cake part of celebration, Times Herald-Record, October 24, 2006. "The party, however, will be small in comparison to the one that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey organized for 5,000 people to open the bridge to traffic in 1931. And it won't even be on what is now the world's busiest bridge for fear of snarling traffic."</ref>

Despite New York's reliance on public transit, roads are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street and Madison Avenue are also used as shorthand in the American vernacular for national industries located there; those being the theater, finance, and advertising organizations, respectively.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of New York City and Music of New York City

"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather," the writer Tom Wolfe has said of New York City.<ref>Modèle:Cite press release</ref> Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The city was the epicenter of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s, and the city has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. Prominent indie rock bands coming out of New York in recent years include The Strokes, Interpol, The Bravery, Scissor Sisters, and They Might Be Giants. The city is also important in the American film industry. Manhatta (1920), the nation's first avant-garde film, was filmed in the city.<ref>Modèle:Cite video</ref> Today, New York City is the second largest center for the film industry in the United States. The city has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes.<ref name="NYC arts"> Creative New York

 (PDF)
. Center for an Urban Future 
 
 (December 2005)
   

. Retrieved on 2006-06-19. </ref> The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts.<ref name="NYC arts" /> Wealthy industrialists in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theatre productions, and in the 1880s New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began showcasing a new stage form that came to be known as the Broadway musical.

  . 
 "
   2 plays + 9 nominations = good odds for locals 
     
 " , San Diego Union-Tribune
  , June 6, 2004
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-06-08
 . </ref>

The Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, which includes Jazz at Lincoln Center, the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Opera, the New York Philharmonic, the New York City Ballet, the Vivian Beaumont Theatre, the Juilliard School and Alice Tully Hall, is the largest performing arts center in the United States. Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park and 1,200 free concerts, dance, and theater events across all five boroughs in the summer months.<ref> Summerstage: Our Mission

. Summerstage.org  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-05-31. </ref>

New York's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number of dining patrons, is diverse. Jewish and Italian immigrants have made the city famous for bagels, cheesecake, and New York-style pizza. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafels and kebabs standbys of contemporary New York street food, although hot dogs and pretzels are still the main street fare.<ref> Bleyer , Jennifer

  . 
 "
   Kebabs on the Night Shift 
     
 " , The New York Times
  , May 14, 2006
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-07-19
 . </ref> The city is also home to many of the finest haute cuisine restaurants in the United States.<ref>   Collins , Glenn 
       
   
  . 
 "
   Michelin Takes on the City, Giving Some a Bad Taste 
     
 " , The New York Times
  , November 3, 2005
 
  . Retrieved on 2006-07-19
 . </ref>

Media

Main article: Media of New York City

 (PDF)
. The Governors Island Preservation & Education Corporation 
 
 (2005)
   

. New York City Economic Development Corporation  
 

 

   Ethnic Press Booms In New York City 
     
 " , Editor & Publisher
  , July 10, 2002
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-03-26
 . </ref> El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.<ref>   el diario/La Prensa: The Nation's Oldest Spanish-Language Daily 
. New America Media 
 
 (July 27 2005)
   

 (PDF)
. Radio Research Consortium 
 
 (August 28, 2006)
   

. National Invitation Tournament  
 

 

. Sister City Program of the City of New York 
 
 (2006)
   

. Sister Cities International 
 
 (2007)
   

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