Charles Manson
Un article de Vev.
Charles Milles Manson (b. November 12, 1934) is a convict who led the "Manson Family," a quasi-commune that arose in the U.S. state of California in the later 1960s.<ref>Linder, Doug. The Charles Manson (Tate-LaBianca Murder) Trial. UMKC Law. 2002. Retrieved 7 April 2007.</ref><ref name="bugliosi313">Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. Helter Skelter — The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. ISBN 0-393-08700-X. Pages 163-4, 313.</ref><ref>Smith, David E. and Rose, Alan J. A Case Study of the Charles Manson Group Marriage Commune. Journal of the American Society of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine, 1970. 17(3):99-106.</ref> He was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the Tate-LaBianca murders, which members of the group carried out at his instruction. Through the joint-responsibility rule of conspiracy,<ref>Prosecution's closing argument. Page 1 of multi-page transcript, 2violent.com. Retrieved 16 April 2007.</ref> he was convicted of the murders themselves.
Manson is forever associated with "Helter Skelter," an imagined racial cataclysm that he convinced his followers was impending and that the crimes were intended to precipitate. This conception's connection with rock music linked him, from the beginning of his notoriety, with pop culture, in which he has become a symbol of transgression, rebelliousness, evilness, ghoulishness, bloody violence, homicidal psychosis, and the macabre.
At the time the Family began to form, Manson was an unemployed ex-convict, who had spent half his life in correctional institutions for a variety of offenses. In the subsequent period before the murders, he situated himself on the periphery of the Los Angeles music industry, chiefly through a chance association with Beach Boy Dennis Wilson. After Manson was charged with the crimes, recordings of songs written and performed by him were released commercially; a number of artists have covered his songs in the decades since.
Manson's death sentence was automatically reduced to life imprisonment when a decision by the Supreme Court of California temporarily eliminated the state's death penalty.<ref>History of California's Death Penalty deathpenalty.org. Retrieved 5 December 2007.</ref> California's eventual reestablishment of capital punishment did not affect Manson, who is an inmate at Corcoran State Prison.
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Early life
Childhood
First known as "no name Maddox,"<ref name="bugliosi136">Bugliosi 1994, p. 136-7.</ref><ref name="emmons">Emmons, Nuel. Manson in His Own Words. Grove Press, New York; 1988. ISBN 0-8021-3024-0</ref><ref name="mom">Smith, Dave. Mother Tells Life of Manson as Boy. 1971 article copy on Manson Family Today.info. Retrieved June 5, 2007</ref> Manson was born to the unmarried Kathleen Maddox in Cincinnati General Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; no more than three weeks after his birth, he was Charles Milles Maddox.<ref name="bugliosi136"/><ref>Reitwiesner, William Addams. Provisional ancestry of Charles Manson. Retrieved 26 April 2007.</ref><ref name="birthcert">Photocopy of Manson birth certifcate MansonDirect.com. Retrieved 26 April 2007.</ref> For a period, after her son's birth, Kathleen Maddox was married to a laborer named William Manson,<ref name="birthcert"/> whose last name the boy was given. Charles Manson's biological father appears to have been a "Colonel Scott," against whom Maddox filed a bastardy suit that resulted in an agreed judgment in 1937.<ref name="bugliosi136"/> Possibly, Charles never really knew him.<ref name="bugliosi136"/><ref name="mom"/>
Young Manson's mother, allegedly a drinker,<ref name="bugliosi136"/> once sold him for a pitcher of beer to a childless waitress, from whom his uncle retrieved him some days later.<ref name="emmons"/> When his mother and her brother were sentenced to five years imprisonment for robbing a service station in 1939, Manson was placed in the West Virginia home of an aunt and uncle who were very religious. Upon his mother's 1942 parole, Manson was returned to his mother and lived with her in run-down hotel rooms.<ref name="bugliosi136"/>
In 1947, Kathleen Maddox tried to have her son placed in a foster home but failed because no such home was available.<ref name="bugliosi136"/> The court placed Manson in Gibault School for Boys, Terre Haute, Indiana. After ten months, he fled from there to his mother, who rejected him.<ref name="bugliosi136"/>
First offenses
By burglarizing a grocery store, Manson obtained cash that enabled him to rent a room.<ref name="bugliosi136"/> A string of burglaries of other stores, from one of which he stole a bicycle, ended when he was caught in the act and sent to an Indianapolis juvenile center. His escape after one day led to his recapture and his placement in Boys Town, from which he escaped with another boy four days after his arrival. The pair committed two armed robberies on their way to the home of the other boy's uncle.<ref name="bugliosi137">Bugliosi, p. 137-146</ref>
Caught during the second of two subsequent break-ins of grocery stores, Manson was sent to the Indiana School for Boys at age thirteen. After many failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in 1951. In Utah, having burglarized gas stations all along the way, the three were caught driving to California in cars they had stolen. For the federal crime of taking a stolen car across a state line, Manson was sent to the Washington, D.C., National Training School for Boys. Despite four years of schooling and an average IQ of 109 (later tested at 121),<ref name="bugliosi137"/> he was illiterate. A caseworker concluded he was aggressively antisocial.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
First imprisonment
Less than a month before a scheduled February 1952 parole hearing at Natural Bridge Honor Camp, a minimum security institution to which he had been transferred the previous October on a psychiatrist's recommendation, Manson "took a razor blade and held it against another boy's throat while he sodomized him."<ref name="bugliosi137"/><ref name="emmons"/> He was transferred to the Federal Reformatory, Petersburg, Virginia, where he was considered "dangerous."<ref name="bugliosi137"/> In September 1952, a number of other serious disciplinary offenses resulted in Manson's transfer to the Federal Reformatory at Chillicothe, Ohio, a more secure institution.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
About a month after the transfer, Manson became almost a model resident. Good work habits and a rise in his educational level from the lower fourth to the upper seventh grade won him a May 1954 parole.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
After temporarily honoring a parole condition that he live with his aunt and uncle in West Virginia, Manson moved in with his mother in that same state. In January 1955, he married Rosalie Jean Willis, a hospital waitress, and made a living with smalltime jobs and stealing cars. Around October, about three months after he and his pregnant wife arrived in Los Angeles in a car he had stolen in Ohio, he was again charged with a federal crime; after a psychiatric evaluation, he was given five years' probation. His subsequent failure to appear at a Los Angeles hearing on an identical charge filed in Florida resulted in his March 1956 arrest in Indianapolis. His probation was revoked; he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment at Terminal Island, San Pedro, California.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
Charles Manson Jr., Manson's son by Rosalie, was born while Manson was in prison. During his first year at Terminal Island, Manson received visits from his wife and mother, who were now living together in Los Angeles; but in March 1957, when the visits from his wife ceased, his mother informed him Rosalie was living with another man. Caught trying to escape by stealing a car less than two weeks before a scheduled parole hearing, Manson was given five years' probation; his parole was denied.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
Second imprisonment
Manson received five years parole in September 1958, the same year in which Rosalie received a decree of divorce. By November, he was pimping a sixteen-year-old girl and was receiving additional support from a girl with wealthy parents. Pleading guilty in September 1959 to a charge of attempting to cash a forged U.S. Treasury check, he received a ten-year suspended sentence and probation after a young woman with an arrest record for prostitution tearfully told the court she and Manson were in love and would marry if Manson were freed.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
After Manson took that same woman and another girl from California to New Mexico for purposes of prostitution before the year's end, he was held and questioned for violation of the Mann Act. Though he was released, he evidently suspected, rightly, that the investigation had not ended. When he disappeared, in violation of his probation, a bench warrant was issued; an April 1960 indictment for violation of the Mann Act followed.<ref name="bugliosi137"/> Arrested in Laredo, Texas, in June, when one of his girls was arrested for prostitution, Manson was returned to Los Angeles. For violation of his probation on the check-cashing charge, he was ordered to serve his ten-year sentence.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
In July 1961, after a year spent unsuccessfully appealing the revocation of his probation, Manson was transferred from the Los Angeles County Jail to the United States Penitentiary at McNeil Island, Washington. Although the Mann Act charge had been dropped, the attempt to cash the Treasury check was still a federal offense. His September 1961 annual review noted he had a "tremendous drive to call attention to himself," an observation echoed in September 1964.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
In June 1966, Manson was sent, for the second time in his life, to Terminal Island, in preparation for early release. By March 21, 1967, his release day, he had spent more than half of his thirty-two years in prisons and other institutions.<ref name="bugliosi137"/> Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested, unsuccessfully, that he be permitted to stay,<ref name="bugliosi137"/> a fact touched on in a 1981 television interview:
- Tom Snyder: Let's go back to 1967, the time you were winding up serving a term of a number of years, ten years, and written accounts indicate that you told the authorities, "Don't let me out, I can't cope with the outside world". Do you have a recollection of that? And do you --
- Manson: You're making a desperate plea out of something, man. There's no desperate plea out of it. I said I can't handle the maniacs outside, let me back in.
- Snyder: I didn't use the word desperate; that's your word, Charles.
- Manson: Yeah, well, your inflection and your voice tones were, uh, implications there.<ref>1981 Tom Snyder interview with Charles Manson. Transcribed by Aaron Bredlau. CharlieManson.com. Retrieved 26 April 2007.</ref>
Rise of the Family
On his release day, Manson requested and was granted permission to move to San Francisco, where, with the help of a prison acquaintance, he obtained an apartment in Berkeley. In prison, he had been taught to play steel guitar by 1930s bank robber Alvin Karpis;<ref name="bugliosi137"/><ref>Karpis, Alvin, with Robert Livesey. On the Rock: Twenty-five Years at Alcatraz, 1980</ref><ref name="emmons"/> now, living mostly by panhandling, he soon got to know Mary Brunner, a twenty-three-year-old University of Wisconsin-Madison graduate working as an assistant librarian at UC Berkeley. After moving in with her, he overcame her resistance to his bringing other women in to live with them. Before long, they were sharing Brunner's residence with eighteen other women.<ref name="bugliosi163">Bugliosi, 1994. pp. 163-174</ref>
Manson also established himself as a guru in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury, which, during 1967's Summer of Love, was emerging as the signature hippie locale. Expounding a philosophy that included some of the Scientology he had studied in prison,<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 144, 163-64.</ref> he soon had his first group of young followers, most of them female.<ref name="bugliosi137"/>
Before the summer was out, Manson and eight or nine of his enthusiasts piled into an old school bus they had re-wrought in hippie style, with colored rugs and pillows in place of the many seats they had removed. Hitting the road, they roamed as far north as Washington State, then southward through Los Angeles, Mexico, and the southwest. Returning to the Los Angeles area, they lived in Topanga Canyon, Malibu, and Venice — western parts of the city and county.<ref name="bugliosi163"/>
In an alternate account, which included no mention of the eighteen girls at Brunner’s place, Manson, apparently accompanied by Brunner, acquired Family members during some months of travels that were undertaken, in part, in a Volkswagen van; it was November when the school bus set out from San Francisco with the enlarged group.<ref>Sanders, Ed. The Family, Thunder's Mouth Press, New York, 2002. ISBN 1-56025-396-7. Pages 13-20.</ref>
Involvement with Wilson, Melcher, et al.
The events that would culminate in the murders were set in motion in late spring 1968, when, by some accounts, Dennis Wilson, of The Beach Boys, picked up two hitchhiking Manson girls and brought them to his Pacific Palisades house for a few hours. Returning home in the early hours of the following morning from a night recording session, Wilson was greeted in the driveway of his own residence by Manson, who emerged from the house. Uncomfortable, Wilson asked the stranger whether he intended to hurt him. Assuring him he had no such intent, Manson began kissing Wilson's feet.<ref name="bugliosi250">Bugliosi 1994. pp. 250-253.</ref><ref name="sanders34">Sanders 2002, p. 34.</ref> (According to the quasi-autobiographical Manson in His Own Words, Manson first met Wilson at a friend's San Francisco house where he, Manson, had gone to obtain marijuana. The Beach Boy supposedly gave Manson his Sunset Boulevard address and invited him to stop by when he would be in Los Angeles.)<ref name="emmons"/>
Inside the house, Wilson discovered twelve strangers, mostly girls.<ref name="bugliosi250"/><ref name="sanders34"/> Over the next few months, as their number doubled, the Family members who had made themselves part of Wilson's Sunset Boulevard household cost him approximately $100,000. This included a large medical bill for treatment of their gonorrhea and $21,000 for the accidental destruction of an uninsured car of his they borrowed.<ref name="watkins4">Watkins, Paul with Soledad, Guillermo. My Life with Charles Manson, Bantam, 1979. ISBN 0-553-12788-8. Chapter 4.</ref> Wilson would sing and talk with Manson, whose girls were servants to them both.<ref name="bugliosi250"/>
Wilson paid for studio time to record songs written and performed by Manson and introduced Manson to acquaintances of his with roles in the entertainment business. These included Gregg Jakobson, Terry Melcher, and Rudi Altobelli.<ref name="bugliosi250"/> Jakobson, who was impressed by "the whole Charlie Manson package" of artist/lifestylist/philosopher, also paid to record Manson material.<ref name="bugliosi155">Bugliosi 1994. 155-161.</ref><ref name="bugliosi185">Bugliosi 1994. 185-188.</ref><ref name="bugliosi214">Bugliosi 1994. 214-219.</ref><ref name="watson9">Watson, Charles as told to Ray Hoekstra. Will You Die for Me?, Chapter 9 Watson website. Retrieved May 3, 2007.</ref>
Spahn Ranch
By August 1968, when Wilson had his manager clear the Family members from his house, Manson had established a base for the group at Spahn's Movie Ranch, not far from Topanga Canyon.<ref name="watson6">Watson, Ch. 6</ref><ref name="watson7">Watson, Ch. 7</ref> The evictees joined the rest of the Family there.<ref name="bugliosi250"/>
Located in (or near) Chatsworth, the ranch had once been a location for the shooting of Western films; then, with its old movie sets run down, it was primarily doing business in horseback rides. While Family members did helpful work around the place, Manson kept the nearly-blind, octogenarian owner, George Spahn, on his side by having Lynette Fromme act as Spahn's eyes and, along with other girls, attend to Spahn sexually.<ref name="bugliosi99">Bugliosi 1994. pp. 99-113.</ref><ref>Watkins, pages 34 & 40.</ref> For a tiny squeal she would emit when Spahn would pinch her thigh, Fromme, one of the early Family members who had boarded the school bus,<ref name="bugliosi163"/> won from Spahn the nickname "Squeaky."<ref name="watkins4"/>
The Family was soon joined at Spahn Ranch by Charles Watson, who had met Manson at Dennis Wilson's house. A small-town Texan who had quit college and moved to California,<ref name="watson4">Watson, Ch. 4</ref> Watson had given a lift to Wilson, who had been hitchhiking because his cars had been wrecked.<ref name="watson6"/> Watson's drawl earned him, too, a George Spahn nickname, "Tex."<ref name="watson7"/>
Helter Skelter
In the first days of November 1968, Manson established the Family at alternate headquarters in Death Valley's environs, where they occupied two unused (or little-used) ranches, Myers and Barker.<ref name="watson9">Watson, Ch. 9</ref><ref name="watkins10">Watkins, Ch. 10.</ref> The former, to which the group had initially headed, was owned by the grandmother of a new girl in the Family. The latter was owned by an elderly, local woman to whom Manson presented himself and a male Family member as musicians in need of a place congenial to their work. When the woman agreed to let them stay there if they'd fix up things, Manson honored her with one of the Beach Boys' gold records,<ref name="watkins10"/> several of which he'd been given by Dennis Wilson.<ref name="watkins11">Watkins, Ch. 11</ref>
While back at Spahn Ranch, no later than December, Manson and Tex Watson visited a Topanga Canyon acquaintance who played them the Beatles' White Album, then recently released.<ref name="watson9"/><ref>Chapter 1, Manson, Manson’s Right-Hand Man Speaks Out!. ISBN 0-9678519-1-2. Retrieved November 21, 2007.</ref><ref name="watkins12">Watkins, Ch. 12</ref> Despite having been twenty-nine years old and imprisoned when The Beatles first came to America, in 1964, Manson had been all but obsessed with the group. At McNeil, he had told fellow inmates, including Alvin Karpis, that he could surpass the group in fame;<ref name="bugliosi137"/><ref>Sanders 2002, 11.</ref> to the Family, he spoke of the group as "the soul" and "part of 'the hole in the infinite.'"<ref name="watkins12"/>
For some time, too, Manson had been saying that racial tension between blacks and whites was growing and that blacks would soon rise up in rebellion in America's cities.<ref name="watson11"/><ref name="umkc">The Influence of the Beatles on Charles Manson. UMKC Law. Retrieved 7 April 2006.</ref> He had emphasized Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, which had taken place on 4 April 1968.<ref name="watkins10"/> On a bitter cold New Year's Eve at Myers Ranch, the Family members, gathered outside around a large fire, listened as Manson explained that the social turmoil he had been predicting had also been predicted by The Beatles.<ref name="watkins12"/> The White Album songs, he declared, told it all, although in code. In fact, he maintained, the album was directed at the Family itself, an elect group that was being instructed to preserve the worthy from the impending disaster.<ref name="watson11">Watson, Ch. 11</ref><ref name="umkc"/>
In early January 1969, the Family escaped the desert's cold by establishing yet another base, at a canary-yellow home in Canoga Park, not far from the Spahn Ranch. Because this locale would allow the Family to remain "submerged beneath the awareness of the outside world,"<ref name="bugliosi244"/><ref>Watkins, p. 137.</ref> Manson called it the Yellow Submarine, another Beatles reference. There, the group prepared for the impending apocalypse, which, around the campfire, Manson had termed "Helter Skelter," after the White Album song of that name.
By February, Manson's vision was complete. The Family would create an album whose songs, as subtle as those of The Beatles, would trigger the predicted chaos. Ghastly murders of whites by blacks would be met with retaliation, and a split between racist and non-racist whites would yield whites' self-annihilation. Blacks' triumph, as it were, would merely precede their being ruled by the Family, which would ride out the conflict in "the bottomless pit" — a secret city beneath Death Valley.<ref>Testimony of Paul Watkins in the Charles Manson Trial UMKC Law. Retrieved 7 April 2007.</ref> At the Canoga Park house, while Family members worked on vehicles and pored over maps to prepare for their desert escape, they also worked on songs for their world-changing album. When they were told Terry Melcher was to come to the house to hear the material, the girls prepared a meal and cleaned the place; but Melcher never arrived.
Encounter with Tate
On March 23 1969,<ref name="bugliosi228">Bugliosi 1994, 228-233.</ref> Manson called, uninvited, on 10050 Cielo Drive, which he had known as the residence of Terry Melcher.<ref name="bugliosi155"/> By that time Melcher was no longer residing there. Since that February,<ref name="bugliosi28">Bugliosi 1994, 28-38.</ref> the tenants had been actress Sharon Tate and her husband, director Roman Polanski.
Manson was met by Shahrokh Hatami, a photographer and Tate friend, who was there to photograph Tate in advance of her departure for Rome the next day. Having seen Manson through a window as Manson approached the main house, Hatami had gone onto the front porch to ask him what he wanted.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
When Manson told Hatami he was looking for someone whose name Hatami did not recognize, Hatami informed him the place was the Polanski residence. Hatami advised him to try "the back alley," by which he meant the path to the guest house, beyond the main house.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
Concerned over the stranger on the property, Hatami was now down on the front walk, to confront Manson. When Tate appeared behind Hatami, in the house's front door, and asked who was calling, Hatami said a man was looking for someone. Hatami and Tate maintained their positions while Manson, without a word, went back to the guest house, returned a minute or two later, and left.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
That evening, Manson returned to the property and again went back to the guest house, where, presuming to enter the enclosed porch, he spoke with Rudi Altobelli, who was just coming out of the shower. Although Manson asked for Melcher, Altobelli, who owned the property and had leased it to Melcher and then the Polanskis, felt Manson had come looking for him.<ref name="bugliosi226">Bugliosi 1994, 226.</ref> (Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi, who would eventually prosecute Manson, obtained information that suggested Manson had been to the place on earlier occasions since Melcher's departure from it.)<ref name="bugliosi228"/><ref name="bugliosi369">Bugliosi 1994, 369-377.</ref>
Speaking through the inner screen door, Altobelli told Manson that Melcher had moved to Malibu; he lied that he did not know Melcher's new address. In response to a question from Manson, Altobelli said he himself was in the entertainment business, although, having met Manson the previous year, at Dennis Wilson's home, he was sure Manson already knew that. At Wilson's, Altobelli had complimented Manson lukewarmly on some of his musical recordings that Wilson had been playing.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
When Altobelli informed Manson he was going out of the country the next day, Manson said he'd like to speak with him upon his return; Altobelli lied that he would be gone for more than a year. In response to a direct question from Altobelli, Manson explained that he had been directed to the guest house by the persons in the main house; Altobelli expressed the wish that Manson not disturb his tenants.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
Manson left. As Altobelli flew with Tate to Rome the next day, Tate asked him whether "that creepy-looking guy" had gone back to the guest house the day before.<ref name="bugliosi228"/>
Family crimes
Crowe shooting; Hinman murder
By June, Manson was telling the Family they might have to show blacks how to start Helter Skelter.<ref name="bugliosi244">Bugliosi 1994, 244-247.</ref><ref name="watson12">Watson, Ch. 12.</ref><ref name="watkins15">Watkins, Ch. 15</ref> When Manson tasked Tex Watson to obtain money supposedly intended to help the Family prepare for the conflict, Watson defrauded a black drug dealer named Bernard "Lotsapoppa" Crowe; Crowe responded with a threat to wipe out everyone at Spahn Ranch. Manson countered on July 1, 1969, by shooting Crowe at his Hollywood apartment.<ref name="watson13">Watson, Ch. 13</ref><ref name="bugliosi91">Bugliosi 1994, 91-96.</ref><ref name="bugliosi99">Bugliosi 1994, 99-113.</ref><ref>Sanders 2002, 147-49.</ref>
Manson's mistaken belief that he had killed Crowe was seemingly confirmed by a news report of the discovery of the dumped body of a Black Panther in Los Angeles. Although Crowe was not a member of the Black Panthers, Manson, concluding he had been, expected retaliation from the group. He turned Spahn Ranch into a defensive camp, with night patrols of armed guards.<ref name="watson13"/><ref>Sanders 2002, 151.</ref>
On July 25, 1969, Manson sent sometime Family member Bobby Beausoleil along with Mary Brunner and Family member Susan Atkins to the house of acquaintance Gary Hinman, to persuade him to turn over money Manson thought Hinman had inherited.<ref name="bugliosi75">Bugliosi 1994, 75-77.</ref><ref name="watson13"/><ref name="atkins">Atkins, Susan, with Bob Slosser. Child of Satan, Child of God; Logos International, Plainfield, New Jersey; 1977; ISBN 0-88270-276-9; pages 94-120.</ref> (In a 1981 Oui magazine interview<ref name="oui">Beausoleil Oui interview. Charlie Manson.com.</ref> and 1998-99 Seconds magazine interviews,<ref name="seconds">Beausoleil Seconds interviews. Charlie Manson.com.</ref> Beausoleil said he went to Hinman’s house to recover money paid to Hinman for drugs that had turned out to be bad. He said Brunner and Atkins, unaware of his purpose, went with him idly, to visit Hinman.)
The three held the uncooperative Hinman hostage for two days, during which Manson showed up with a sword to slash his ear. After that, Beausoleil stabbed him to death, ostensibly on Manson’s instruction. Before leaving the Topanga Canyon residence, Beausoleil, or one of the girls, used Hinman’s blood to write "Political piggy" on the wall and to draw a panther paw, a Black Panther symbol.<ref name="bugliosi91"/><ref name="bugliosi99"/><ref>Sanders 2002, page 184.</ref>
On August 6, Beausoleil was arrested after he was caught driving Hinman's car, whose tire well held the murder weapon.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> On August 8, 1969, Manson told Family members at Spahn Ranch, "Now is the time for Helter Skelter."<ref name="bugliosi258">Bugliosi 1994, 258-269.</ref><ref>Prosecution's closing argument Page 6 of multi-page transcript, 2violent.com.</ref><ref name="watson13"/>
Tate murders
On the night of August 8, 1969, Manson directed Tex Watson to take Family members Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel — one of the hitchhikers allegedly picked up by Dennis Wilson<ref name="bugliosi250"/> — to "that house where Melcher used to live" and "totally destroy everyone in [it], as gruesome as you can."<ref name="watson14">Watson, Ch. 14</ref><ref name="bugliosi463">Bugliosi 1994, 463-468.</ref> He told the girls to do as Tex would instruct them.<ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="bugliosi176">Bugliosi 1994, 176-184.</ref>
When the four arrived at the entrance to the Cielo Drive property, Watson, who'd been to the house, on Family business,<ref name="watson9">Watson, Ch. 9</ref> climbed a telephone pole near the gate and cut the phone line. It was now around midnight and into August 9, 1969.
Backing their car down to the bottom of the hill that led up to the place, they parked it there and walked back up. Thinking the gate might be electrified or rigged with an alarm,<ref name="bugliosi176"/> they climbed a brushy embankment at its right and dropped onto the grounds. Just then, headlights came their way from farther within the angled property. Telling the girls to lie in the bushes, Watson stepped out with a command to halt and shot to death Steven Parent, eighteen-year-old driver of the approaching car.<ref name="watson14"/><ref name="bugliosi22">Bugliosi 1994, 22-25.</ref> After Watson had prepared their entry to the main house by cutting the screen of an open window, he told Kasabian to keep watch down by the gate.<ref name="watson14"/><ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/> Entering the house through the slit screen, Watson let Atkins and Krenwinkel in through the front door.<ref name="bugliosi176"/>
As Watson whispered to Atkins, Roman Polanski's friend Wojciech Frykowski awoke on the living-room couch; Watson kicked him in the head.<ref name="watson14"/> When Frykowski asked him who he was and what he was doing there, Watson replied, "I’m the devil, and I’m here to do the devil’s business."<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="watson14"/>
On Watson’s direction, Atkins found the house's three other occupants and, with Krenwinkel's help,<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi297">Bugliosi 1994, 297-300.</ref> brought them to the living room. The three were Sharon Tate, eight and a half months pregnant; her friend and former lover Jay Sebring, a noted hairstylist; and Frykowski’s lover Abigail Folger, heiress to the Folger coffee fortune.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> Polanski, Tate's husband, was in London, England, at work on a film project.<ref name="bugliosi10">Bugliosi 1994, 10-14.</ref>
As Watson began to tie Tate and Sebring together, by their necks, with rope he'd brought and slung up over a beam, Sebring's protest — his second — of rough treatment of Tate prompted Watson to shoot him. After Folger was taken momentarily back to her bedroom for her purse, which proved to hold about seventy dollars, Watson stabbed the groaning Sebring seven times.<ref name="bugliosi28"/><ref name="watson14"/>
Frykowski, whose hands had been bound with a towel, freed himself and began struggling with Atkins, who had been guarding him. As he fought his way toward and out the front door, onto the porch, Watson, who joined in against him, struck him over the head with the gun multiple times (breaking the gun's right grip in the process), stabbed him repeatedly, and shot him twice.<ref name="watson14"/> Around this time, Kasabian, drawn up from the driveway by "horrifying sounds," arrived outside the door and, in a vain effort to halt the massacre, told Atkins falsely that someone was coming.<ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="watson14"/>
Inside the house, Folger had escaped from Krenwinkel and fled out a bedroom door to the pool area.<ref name="bugliosi341"/><ref name="bugliosi356"/> Pursued to the front lawn by Krenwinkel, who stabbed and, finally, tackled her, she was dispatched by Watson; her two assailants stabbed her a total of twenty-eight times.<ref name="watson14"/><ref name="bugliosi28"/> As Frykowski struggled across the lawn, Watson finished him as well, with furious stabbing that brought his total stab wounds to fifty-one.<ref name="watson14"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="bugliosi28"/>
Back in the house, Atkins, Watson, or both killed Tate, who was stabbed a total of sixteen times.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> Tate pleaded to be allowed to live long enough to have her baby; she cried, "Mother... mother..." — until she was dead.<ref name="watson14"/> (In initial confessions, to cellmates of hers at Sybil Brand Institute, Atkins would say she killed Tate.<ref name="bugliosi84"/> In later statements — to her attorney, to Vincent Bugliosi, and before a grand jury — she would indicate Tate had been stabbed by Tex Watson.<ref name="bugliosi163"/><ref name="bugliosi176"/> In his 1978 autobiography, Watson himself said that he stabbed Tate and that Atkins did not.<ref name="watson14"/> Aware prosecutor Bugliosi and the jury that had tried the other Tate-LaBianca defendants were convinced Atkins had stabbed Tate, he falsely testified he did not stab her.<ref name="watson19">Watson, Ch. 19.</ref>)
Earlier, as the four Family members had headed out from Spahn Ranch, Manson had told the girls to "leave a sign… something witchy."<ref name="watson14"/> Now, using the towel that had bound Frykowski’s hands, Atkins wrote "pig" on the house’s front door, in Tate's blood.
En route home, the killers changed out of bloody clothes, which, along with their weapons, they ditched in the hills.<ref name="watson14"/><ref name="bugliosi84">Bugliosi 1994, 84-90.</ref><ref name="bugliosi176"/>
LaBianca murders
The next night, six Family members, including the four from night one, rode out at Manson’s instruction. Displeased by the panic of the victims at Cielo Drive, Manson accompanied the six, "to show [them] how to do it."<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="watson15">Watson, Ch. 15</ref> After a few hours’ ride, in which he considered a number of murders and even attempted one of them,<ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="watson15"/> Manson gave Kasabian directions that brought the group to 3301 Waverly Drive, home of supermarket executive Leno LaBianca and his wife, Rosemary, a dress shop co-owner.<ref name="bugliosi22"/><ref name="bugliosi42">Bugliosi 1994, 42-48.</ref> Located in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles, the LaBianca home was next door to a house at which Manson and Family members had attended a party the previous year.<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi204">Bugliosi 1994, 204-210.</ref>
After walking up the driveway and looking in a window, Manson took Watson with him through the unlocked back door.<ref name="watson15"/> (Atkins and Kasabian would tell prosecutors Manson went up to the house alone, returned with a report that he had tied up the house's occupants, and sent Watson up with Krenwinkel and Van Houten.<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/> In his autobiography, Watson indicated that, after first going up alone, Manson brought him into the house. He added that, at trial, he "went along with" the others' account, which he figured made him "look that much less responsible.")<ref name="watson19"/>
Rousing the sleeping Leno LaBianca from the couch at gunpoint, Manson had Watson bind his hands with a leather thong. After Rosemary LaBianca was brought briefly into the living room from the bedroom, Watson followed Manson’s instructions to cover the couple’s heads with pillowcases, which he bound in place with lamp cord. Manson left, sending Krenwinkel and Leslie Van Houten into the house with instructions that the couple be killed.<ref name="watson15"/><ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/>
Before leaving Spahn Ranch, Watson had complained to Manson of the inadequacy of the previous night's weapons.<ref name="bugliosi258"/> Now, sending the girls from the kitchen to the bedroom, to which Rosemary LaBianca had been returned, he went to the living room and began stabbing Leno LaBianca with a chrome-plated bayonet, the first thrust going into the man's throat.
Sounds of a scuffle in the bedroom drew Watson there to discover Mrs. LaBianca keeping the girls at bay by swinging the lamp tied to her neck. Subduing her with several stabs of the bayonet, Watson returned to the living room and resumed attacking Leno, whom he stabbed a total of twelve times. After Watson was done, he carved “WAR” on the man’s exposed stomach. (Atkins, who did not enter the LaBianca house, told prosecutors that she believed that Krenwinkel had carved "WAR" on Leno LaBianca's stomach; Watson's autobiography makes clear that he had done it.)<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="watson15"/>
Returning to the bedroom, where Krenwinkel was stabbing Rosemary LaBianca with a knife from the LaBianca kitchen, Watson — heeding Manson’s instruction to make sure each of the girls played a part — told Van Houten to stab her too.<ref name="watson15"/> She did, on the exposed buttocks and elsewhere.<ref name="bugliosi204"/><ref name="bugliosi297"/><ref name="bugliosi341">Bugliosi 1994, 341-344.</ref> (Many of Rosemary LaBianca’s forty-one total stab wounds would prove to have been inflicted post-mortem, a fact that would lend support to Leslie Van Houten’s equivocal contention that Rosemary LaBianca was dead by the time she stabbed her.)<ref>Bugliosi 1994; pp. 44, 206, 297, 341-42, 380, 404, 406-07, 433.</ref>
While Watson cleaned off the bayonet and showered, Krenwinkel wrote "Rise" and "Death to pigs" on the walls and "Healter [sic] Skelter" on the refrigerator door, all in blood. She gave Leno LaBianca fourteen puncture wounds with an ivory-handled, two-tined carving fork, which she left jutting out of his stomach; she also planted a steak knife in his throat.<ref name="watson15"/><ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/>
Hoping for a double crime, Manson had gone on to direct Kasabian to drive to the Venice home of an actor acquaintance of hers, another "piggy." Depositing the second trio of Family members at the man's apartment building, he drove back to Spahn Ranch, leaving them and the LaBianca killers to hitchhike home.<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi258"/> Kasabian thwarted this murder by deliberately knocking on the wrong apartment door and waking a stranger. Before the group left, in abandonment of the murder plan, Susan Atkins defecated in the stairwell.<ref name="bugliosi270">Bugliosi 1994, 270-273.</ref>
Justice system
Investigation and arrest
On August 10, 1969 — while the Tate autopsies were under way and the LaBianca bodies were yet to be discovered — detectives of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, which had jurisdiction in the Hinman case, informed LAPD detectives assigned to the Tate case of the bloody writing at the Hinman house. They even mentioned that the Hinman suspect, Beausoleil, was associated with a group of hippies led by "a guy named Charlie." The Tate team, thinking the Tate murders a consequence of a drug transaction, ignored the information.<ref name="bugliosi28"/>
Parent, the shooting victim in the Tate driveway, was determined to have been an acquaintance of William Garretson, a young man hired by Rudi Altobelli to take care of the property while Altobelli himself was away.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> As the killers arrived, Parent had been leaving Cielo Drive, after a visit to Garretson.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> Held briefly as a Tate suspect, Garretson, who lived in the guest house and told police he had neither seen nor heard anything on the murder night, was released on August 11, 1969.<ref name="bugliosi28"/><ref name="bugliosi42"/>
On August 12, 1969, LAPD told the press it had ruled out any connection between the Tate and LaBianca homicides.<ref name="bugliosi42"/> On August 16, the sheriff’s office raided Spahn Ranch and arrested Manson and twenty-five others, as "suspects in a major auto theft ring" that had been stealing Volkswagens and converting them into dune buggies. Weapons were seized, but because the warrant had been misdated the group was released a few days later.<ref name="bugliosi56">Bugliosi 1994, 56.</ref>
By the end of August, when virtually all leads had gone nowhere, a report by the LaBianca detectives, generally younger than the Tate team, noted a possible connection between the bloody writings at the LaBianca house and "the singing group the Beatles’ most recent album."<ref name="bugliosi65">Bugliosi 1994, 65.</ref>
In mid-October, the LaBianca team, still working separately from the Tate team, checked with the sheriff’s office about possible similar crimes and learned of the Hinman case. They also learned that the Hinman detectives had spoken with Beausoleil’s girlfriend, Kitty Lutesinger, who had been arrested a few days earlier with members of "the Manson Family."<ref name="bugliosi75"/>
The arrests had taken place at the desert ranches, to which the Family had moved and where, unknown to authorities, its members had been in the midst of a search for a hole in the ground — access to the Bottomless Pit.<ref name="bugliosi228"/><ref name="watkins21">Watkins, Ch. 21.</ref> Known to authorities was that someone had set fire to a piece of earthmoving equipment in the area.<ref name="bugliosi125"/><ref name="watkins22">Watkins, Ch. 22</ref> Raiding the Myers and Barker ranches, authorities had found stolen dune buggies and other vehicles and had arrested two dozen persons, including Manson. Manson was found hiding in a cabinet beneath a bathroom sink at Barker.<ref name="bugliosi75"/><ref name="bugliosi125">Bugliosi 1994, 125-127.</ref>
A month after they, too, had spoken with Lutesinger, the LaBianca detectives made contact with members of a motorcycle gang she'd told them Manson had tried to enlist as his bodyguards while the Family was at Spahn Ranch.<ref name="bugliosi75"/> While the gang members were providing information that suggested a link between Manson and the murders,<ref name="bugliosi84"/><ref name="bugliosi99"/> a dormitory mate of Susan Atkins succeeded in informing LAPD of the Family’s involvement in the crimes.<ref name="bugliosi99"/> One of those arrested at Barker, Atkins had been booked for the Hinman murder after she’d confirmed to the sheriff’s detectives that she’d been involved in it, as Lutesinger had said.<ref name="bugliosi75"/> Transferred to Sybil Brand Institute, a detention center in Los Angeles, she had begun talking to two women she bunked with.<ref name="bugliosi91"/>
On December 1 1969, acting on the information from these sources, LAPD announced warrants for the arrest of Watson, Krenwinkel, and Kasabian in the Tate case; the suspects' involvement in the LaBianca murders was noted. Manson and Atkins, already in custody, were not mentioned; the connection between the LaBianca case and Van Houten, who was also among those arrested near Death Valley, had not yet been recognized.<ref name="bugliosi125"/><ref name="bugliosi155"/><ref name="bugliosi176"/>
Watson and Krenwinkel, too, were already under arrest, authorities in Texas and Alabama having picked them up on notice from LAPD.<ref name="bugliosi155"/> On December 2, in New Hampshire, Kasabian turned herself in.<ref name="bugliosi155"/>
Conviction and sentencing
At the trial, which began June 15 1970,<ref name="bugliosi297"/> the prosecution's main witness was Kasabian, who, along with Manson, Atkins, and Krenwinkel, had been charged with seven counts of murder and one of conspiracy.<ref name="bugliosi185"/> Not having participated in the killings, she was granted immunity in exchange for testimony that detailed the nights of crimes.<ref name="bugliosi214"/><ref name="bugliosi250"/><ref name="bugliosi330">Bugliosi 1994, 330-332.</ref> On Friday, July 24, the first day of testimony, Manson appeared in court with an X carved into his forehead; he issued a statement that he had "X'd [him]self from [the establishment's] world."<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 310.</ref> Duplicated over the following weekend by the female defendants and, within another day or two, by most Family members, the mark was graphic evidence of Manson's domination.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 316.</ref>
The prosecution placed the triggering of Helter Skelter as the main motive.<ref>Prosecution's closing argument Page 29 of multi-page transcript, 2violent.com.</ref> The crime scenes' bloody White Album references — pig, rise, helter skelter — were correlated with testimony about Manson predictions that the murders blacks would commit at the outset of Helter Skelter would involve the writing of “pigs” on walls in victims’ blood.<ref name="bugliosi244"/><ref name="bugliosi450">Bugliosi 1994, 450-457.</ref> Testimony that Manson had said "now is the time for Helter Skelter" was supplemented with Kasabian’s testimony that, on the night of the LaBianca murders, Manson considered discarding Rosemary LaBianca's wallet on the street of a black neighborhood.<ref name="bugliosi258"/> Having obtained the wallet in the LaBianca house, he "wanted a black person to pick it up and use the credit cards so that the people, the establishment, would think it was some sort of an organized group that killed these people."<ref name="wallet">Prosecution's closing argument Pages 22-23 of multi-page transcript, 2violent.com.</ref> On his direction, Kasabian had hidden it in the women's rest room of a service station near a black area.<ref name="bugliosi176"/><ref name="bugliosi">Bugliosi 1994, 190-91.</ref><ref name="bugliosi258"/><ref name="bugliosi369"/> "I want to show blackie how to do it," Manson had said as the Family members had driven along after the departure from the LaBianca house.<ref name="wallet"/>
During the trial, Family members haunted the entrances and corridors of the courthouse and were denied access to the courtroom itself only by being subpoenaed as prospective prosecution witnesses.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 309.</ref> When the group established itself in vigil on the sidewalk, each hard-core member wore a sheathed hunting knife that, being in plain view, was being carried legally. Each was identifiable by the X on his or her forehead.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 339.</ref>
On August 4, despite precautions taken by the court, Manson flashed the jury a Los Angeles Times front page whose headline was "Manson Guilty, Nixon Declares," a reference to a statement made the previous day when U.S. President Richard Nixon had decried what he saw as the media’s glamorization of Manson. Voir dired by Judge Charles Older, the jurors contended that the headline had not influenced them in any way. The next day, the female defendants stood up and said in unison that, in light of the President's remark, there was no point in going on with the trial.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 323-328.</ref> On October 5, denied the court's permission to question a prosecution witness whom the defense attorneys had declined to cross-examine, Manson leaped over the defense table in what was viewed as an attempt to stab Judge Charles Older with a pencil. Thereafter, Older allegedly began wearing a revolver under his robes.<ref name="bugliosi369"/> Just before Christmas, disruptions of the prosecution's closing argument by the defendants led Older to ban the four from the courtroom for the remainder of the trial's guilt phase. He said that, after "lo, these many months," it was obvious they were "operating in concert with each other" and using the court "as a stage for some kind of performance."<ref name="bugliosi399">Bugliosi 1994, 399-407.</ref>
On January 25 1971, guilty verdicts were returned against Manson, Krenwinkel and Atkins on the seven counts of murder and the one of conspiracy; Van Houten was convicted on two counts of murder and one of conspiracy.<ref name="bugliosi411">Bugliosi 1994, 411-419.</ref> In the trial's guilt phase, the defendants had shocked the court by resting without calling a single witness. Lawyers for the women had been unwilling to let Manson engineer a defense in which their clients would testify and take all guilt upon themselves.<ref name="bugliosi380"/> Not far into the penalty phase, the jurors got a glimpse of the defense Manson had had in mind. Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten testified the murders had been conceived as "copycat" versions of the Hinman murder, for which Atkins now took credit. The killings, they said, were intended to draw suspicion away from Bobby Beausoleil, by resembling the crime for which he had been jailed. This plan had supposedly been the work of, and carried out under the guidance of, not Manson, but someone allegedly in love with Beausoleil — Linda Kasabian.<ref name="bugliosi424"/> Among the narrative's weak points was Atkins's inability to explain why, as she was maintaining, she had written "political piggy" at the Hinman house in the first place.<ref name="bugliosi424">Bugliosi 1994, 424-433.</ref><ref name="bugliosi450"/>
Midway through the penalty phase, Manson shaved his head and trimmed his beard to a fork; he told the press, "I am the Devil, and the Devil always has a bald head."<ref name="bugliosi439">Bugliosi 1994, 439.</ref> In what the prosecution regarded as belated recognition on their part that imitation of Manson only proved his domination, the female defendants refrained from shaving their heads until the jurors retired to weigh the state's request for the death penalty.<ref name="bugliosi439"/><ref name="bugliosi455">Bugliosi 1994, 455.</ref>
The effort to exonerate Manson via the "copycat" scenario failed; on 29 March 1971, the jury returned verdicts of death against all four defendants on all counts.<ref name="bugliosi450">Bugliosi 1994, 450-457.</ref> On 19 April 1971, Judge Older sentenced the four to death.<ref name="bugliosi458">Bugliosi 1994, 458-459.</ref>
In between the body of the trial and the closing arguments, Ronald Hughes, who had been representing Leslie Van Houten, had disappeared during a weekend trip. He had been one of the attorneys who had stood up to Manson and refused to let his client testify. Maxwell Keith had taken over as Van Houten's attorney.<ref name="bugliosi393">Bugliosi 1994, 393-398.</ref> On the day the verdicts recommending the death penalty were returned, Hughes's badly decomposed body was found wedged between two boulders in Ventura County.<ref name="bugliosi380">Bugliosi 1994, 380-389</ref><ref name="bugliosi393"/>
Aftermath
Protracted proceedings to extradite Tex Watson from his native Texas,<ref name="bugliosi204"/><ref name="bugliosi356">Bugliosi 1994, 356-361.</ref><ref name="watson18">Watson, Ch. 18</ref> where he had resettled a month before his arrest,<ref name="watson16">Watson, Ch. 16</ref> resulted in his being tried separately. The trial commenced in August 1971; by October, he, too, had been found guilty on seven counts of murder and one of conspiracy. He, too, was sentenced to death.<ref name="bugliosi463"/>
In February 1972, the death sentences of all five parties were automatically reduced to life in prison by California v. Anderson 64 Cal.2d 633, 414 P.2d 366, (Cal. 1972), in which the Supreme Court of California abolished the death penalty in that state.<ref name="bugliosi488">Bugliosi 1994, 488-491.</ref>
In a 1971 trial that took place after his Tate-LaBianca convictions, Manson was found guilty of the murders of Gary Hinman and Donald "Shorty" Shea and was given a life sentence. Shea, a Spahn Ranch stuntman and horse wrangler, had been killed approximately ten days after the 16 August 1969, sheriff's raid on the ranch. Manson, who suspected that Shea helped set up the raid, had apparently believed Shea was trying to get George Spahn to run the Family off the ranch. Manson was annoyed, too, that the white Shea had married a black woman; and it's possible Shea knew about the Tate-LaBianca killings.<ref name="bugliosi99"/><ref>Sanders 2002, 271-2.</ref> In separate trials, Family members Bruce Davis and Steve "Clem" Grogan were also found guilty of Shea's murder.<ref name="bugliosi99"/><ref name="bugliosi463"/><ref>Transcript of Charles Manson's 1992 parole hearing University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved May 24 2007.</ref>
Before the conclusion of Manson's Tate-LaBianca trial, a reporter for the Los Angeles Times tracked down Manson's mother, remarried and living in the Pacific Northwest. The former Kathleen Maddox indicated that, in childhood, her son had known no neglect; he had even been "pampered by all the women who surrounded him."<ref name="mom"/>
On September 5 1975, Squeaky Fromme attempted to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford in Sacramento, to which she and Manson follower Sandra Good had moved to be near Manson while he was incarcerated at Folsom State Prison. A subsequent search of the apartment shared by Fromme, Good, and a Family recruit turned up evidence that, coupled with later actions on the part of Good, resulted in Good's conviction for conspiring to send threatening communications through the United States mail and transmitting death threats by way of interstate commerce. (The threats that were involved were against corporate executives and US government officials and had to do with supposed environmental dereliction on their part.)<ref name="bugliosi502">Bugliosi 1994, 502-511.</ref>
1977 marked the resolution of a longstanding Family mystery — the precise location of the remains of Shorty Shea and whether, as had been claimed, Shea had been dismembered and buried in several places. Contacting the prosecutor in his case, Steve Grogan told him that Shea’s corpse had been buried in one piece; he drew a map that pinpointed the location of the body, which was recovered. Of those convicted of Manson-ordered murders, Grogan would become, in 1985, the first to be paroled — and, as of 2007, the only one.<ref name="bugliosi509">Bugliosi 1994, 509.</ref>
In the 1980s, Manson gave three notable interviews. The first, recorded at California Medical Facility and aired June 13, 1981, was by Tom Snyder for NBC's The Tomorrow Show. The second, recorded at San Quentin Prison and aired March 7, 1986, was by Charlie Rose for CBS News Nightwatch; it won the national news Emmy Award for "Best Interview" in 1987.<ref>Joynt, Carol. Diary of a Mad Saloon Owner. April-May 2005.</ref> The last, with Geraldo Rivera in 1988, was part of that journalist's prime-time special on Satanism.<ref>Rivera's 'Devil Worship' was TV at Its Worst Review by Tom Shales. Transcribed from San Jose Mercury News, 31 October 1988. Retrieved 28 November 2007.</ref>
In December 1987, Fromme, serving a life sentence for the assassination attempt, escaped briefly from Alderson Federal Prison Camp in West Virginia. She was trying to reach Manson, whom she had heard had cancer; she was apprehended within days.<ref name="bugliosi502"/>
In a 1994 conversation with Manson prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi, one-time Manson-follower Catherine Share stated that her testimony in the penalty phase of Manson’s trial had been a fabrication intended to save Manson from the gas chamber and had been given on Manson’s explicit direction.<ref name="bugliosi502"/> Share’s testimony had introduced the copycat-motive story, which the testimony of the three female defendants echoed and according to which the Tate-LaBianca murders had been the idea of Linda Kasabian.<ref name="bugliosi424"/> In a 1997 segment of the tabloid television program Hard Copy, Share implied that her testimony had been given under a Manson threat of physical harm.<ref>Catherine Share with Vincent Bugliosi, Hard Copy, 1997 youtube.com. Retrieved May 30 2007.</ref> In August 1971, after Manson's trial and sentencing, Share had participated in a violent California retail-store robbery, the object of which was the acquisition of weapons to help free Manson.<ref name="bugliosi463"/>
In January 1996, a Manson web site was established by latter-day Manson follower George Stimson, who was helped by Sandra Good. Good had been released from prison in 1985, after serving ten years of her fifteen-year sentence for the death threats.<ref name="bugliosi502"/><ref>Manson's Family Affair Living in Cyberspace. wired.com, 16 April 1997. Retrieved May 29 2007.</ref>
In a 1998-9 interview in Seconds magazine, Bobby Beausoleil rejected the view that Manson ordered him to kill Gary Hinman.<ref name="seconds"/> He stated Manson did come to Hinman's house and slash Hinman with a sword. In a 1981 interview with Oui magazine, he denied this. Beausoleil stated that when he read about the Tate murders in the newspaper, "I wasn't even sure at that point — really, I had no idea who had done it until Manson's group were actually arrested for it. It had only crossed my mind and I had a premonition, perhaps. There was some little tickle in my mind that the killings might be connected with them...." In the Oui magazine interview, he had stated, "When [the Tate-LaBianca murders] happened, I knew who had done it. I was fairly certain."<ref name="oui"/>
William Garretson, once the young caretaker at Cielo Drive, indicated in a program broadcast in July 1999 on E!, that he had, in fact, seen and heard a portion of the Tate murders from his location in the property’s guest house. This comported with the unofficial results of a polygraph examination that had been given to Garretson on August 10, 1969, and that had effectively eliminated him as a suspect.<ref>Transcript of William Garretson polygraph exam. CharlieManson.com. Retrieved June 10, 2007.</ref> The LAPD officer who conducted the examination had concluded Garretson was "clean" on participation in the crimes but "muddy" as to his having heard anything.<ref name="bugliosi28"/> Garretson did not explain why he had withheld his knowledge of the events.<ref>Transcript and synopsis of William Garretson comments. "The Last Days of Sharon Tate," The E! True Hollywood Story. CharlieManson.com. Retrieved June 10, 2007.</ref>
On 5 September 2007, MSNBC aired The Mind of Manson, a complete version of a 1987 interview at California’s San Quentin State Prison. The footage of the "unshackled, unapologetic, and unruly" Manson had been considered "so unbelievable" that only seven minutes of it had originally been broadcast on The Today Show, for which it had been recorded.<ref>Transcript, MSNBC Live. 5 September 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2007</ref>
Parole hearings
On 23 May 2007, Manson was denied parole for the eleventh time.<ref>72-year-old Charles Manson denied parole. Reuters, 24 May 2007. Daily Telegraph (Australia). Retrieved September 6, 2007.</ref> He will not be eligible again for parole until 2012. He is an inmate in the Protective Housing Unit at Corcoran State Prison in Corcoran, California, inmate #B33920.<ref>Life Prisoner Parole Consideration Hearings May 7, 2007 - June 2, 2007. Board of Parole Hearings, Calif. Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation. P. 3. Retrieved May 2, 2007.</ref>
Manson and culture
Recordings
March 6 1970, the day the court vacated Manson's status as his own attorney,<ref name="bugliosi258"/> saw the release of LIE, an album of Manson music.<ref>Sanders 2002, 336.</ref><ref>Lie: The Love And Terror Cult. ASIN: B000005X1J. Amazon.com. Access date: 23 November 2007.</ref> This included "Cease to Exist," a Manson composition the Beach Boys had recorded with modified lyrics and the title "Never Learn Not to Love."<ref>Sanders 2002, 64-65.</ref><ref>Dennis Wilson interview Circus magazine, October 26, 1976. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> Over the next couple of months, only about three hundred of the album's two thousand copies sold.<ref name="RSstory">Rolling Stone story on Manson, June 1970 CharlieManson.com. Retrieved May 2, 2007.</ref>
Since that time, there have been several releases of Manson recordings — music and speech.<ref name="recordlist">List of Manson recordings mansondirect.com. Retrieved November 24, 2007.</ref> The Family Jams includes two compact discs of Manson's songs recorded by the Family in 1970, after Manson and the others had been arrested. Guitar and lead vocals are supplied by Steve Grogan;<ref name="bugliosi125"/> additional vocals are supplied by Lynette Fromme, Sandra Good, Catherine Share, and others.<ref name="recordlist"/><ref>The Family Jams. ASIN: B0002UXM2Q. 2004. Amazon.com.</ref>
American rock band Guns N’ Roses’ drew heavy criticism for recording Manson's "Look at Your Game, Girl," included as an unlisted thirteenth track on the 1993 album "The Spaghetti Incident?"<ref name="bugliosi488"/><ref>Review of The Spaghetti Incident? allmusic.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007.</ref><ref>Guns N’ Roses biography rollingstone.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007.</ref>
Cultural reverberation
Within months of the Tate-LaBianca arrests, Manson was embraced by underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture from which the Family had emerged.<ref name="RSstory"/><ref>Bugliosi 1994, 221-22.</ref> When a Rolling Stone writer visited the Los Angeles District Attorney’s office for a June 1970 cover story,<ref>Manson on cover of Rolling Stone rollingstone.com. Retrieved May 2, 2007.</ref> he was shocked by a photograph of the bloody "Healter [sic] Skelter" that would bind Manson to popular culture.<ref>Dalton, David. If Christ Came Back as a Con Man. gadflyonline.com. Retrieved 30 September 2007.</ref>
Manson’s influence has ranged wide, in pop culture and beyond, covering fashion,<ref>Bant Shirts Manson T-shirt</ref><ref>Prank Place Manson T-shirt</ref> graphics,<ref>"No Name Maddox" Manson portrait in marijuana seeds. Retrieved November 23, 2007.</ref><ref>Poster of Manson on cover of Rolling Stone</ref> music,<ref>The Metal Observer Review of Generator, 2006 album by Aborym. Retrieved 26 April 2007.</ref> movies, television, and the stage. In an afterword composed for the 1994 edition of the non-fiction Helter Skelter, prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi quoted a BBC employee's assertion that a "neo-Manson cult" existing then in Europe was represented by, among other things, approximately seventy rock bands playing songs by Manson and "songs in support of him."<ref name="bugliosi488"/>
Just one specimen of popular music with Manson references is Alkaline Trio’s "Sadie," whose lyrics include the phrases "Sadie G," "Ms. Susan A," and "Charlie’s broken .22."<ref>Lyrics to "Sadie," by Alkaline Trio Retrieved November 23, 2007.</ref> "Sadie Mae Glutz" was the name by which Susan Atkins was known within the Family,<ref name="bugliosi75"/><ref name="atkins"/> and the pistol whose grip shattered when Tex Watson used it to bludgeon Wojciech Frykowski was a twenty-two caliber.<ref name="watson14"/> "Sadie’s" lyrics are followed by a spoken passage derived from Atkins’s testimony in the penalty phase of the trial of Manson and the women.<ref>Bugliosi 1994, 428-29.</ref><ref>Alkaline Trio on MySpace Includes full-length audio of "Sadie." Retrieved 2 December 2007.</ref>
Manson has even influenced the names of musical performers such as Spahn Ranch and Marilyn Manson, the latter a stage name assembled from "Charles Manson" and "Marilyn Monroe."<ref>Biography for Marilyn Manson imdb.com. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</ref> The story of the Family's activities inspired John Moran’s opera The Manson Family and Stephen Sondheim’s musical Assassins, the latter of which has Lynette Fromme as a character.<ref>Will the Manson Story Play as Myth, Operatically at That? New York Times, 17 July 1990. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</ref><ref>Sondheim.com Assassins</ref> The tale has been the subject of several movies, including two television dramatizations of Helter Skelter.<ref>Helter Skelter (2004) imdb.com</ref><ref>Helter Skelter (1976) imdb.com</ref> In the South Park episode Merry Christmas Charlie Manson, Manson is a comic character whose inmate number is 06660, an apparent reference to 666, the Biblical "number of the beast."<ref>Merry Christmas Charlie Manson Video clips at southpark.comedycentral.com</ref><ref>Beast Number WolframMathWorld. Retrieved 29 November 2007.</ref>
Documentaries
- Manson, directed by Robert Hendrickson and Laurence Merrick. 1973. Entry at imdb.com
- Charles Manson Superstar, directed by Nikolas Schreck. 1989. Entry at imdb.com
References
Primary
- Atkins, Susan with Bob Slosser. Child of Satan, Child of God. Logos International; Plainfield, New Jersey; 1977. ISBN 0-88270-276-9.
- Bugliosi, Vincent with Curt Gentry. Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders. (Norton, 1974; Arrow books, 1992 edition, ISBN 0-09-997500-9; W. W. Norton & Company, 2001, ISBN 0-393-32223-Image:Cool.gif
- Emmons, Nuel, as told to. Manson in His Own Words. Grove Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8021-3024-0.
- Sanders, Ed The Family. Thunder's Mouth Press. rev. update edition 2002. ISBN 1-56025-396-7.
- Watkins, Paul with Guillermo Soledad. My Life with Charles Manson. Bantam, 1979. ISBN 0-553-12788-8.
- Watson, Charles. Will you die for me?. F. H. Revell, 1978. ISBN 0-8007-0912-8.
Further reading
- George, Edward and Dary Matera. Taming the Beast: Charles Manson's Life Behind Bars. St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0-312-20970-3.
- Gilmore, John. Manson: The Unholy Trail of Charlie and the Family. Amok Books, 2000. ISBN 1-878923-13-7.
- Gilmore, John. The Garbage People. Omega Press, 1971.
- LeBlanc, Jerry and Ivor Davis. 5 to Die. Holloway House Publishing, 1971. ISBN 0-87067-306-8.
- Pellowski, Michael J. The Charles Manson Murder Trial: A Headline Court Case. Enslow Publishers, 2004. ISBN 0-7660-2167-X.
- Rowlett, Curt. Labyrinth13: True Tales of the Occult, Crime & Conspiracy, Chapter 10, Charles Manson, Son of Sam and the Process Church of the Final Judgment: Exploring the Alleged Connections. Lulu Press, 2006. ISBN 1-4116-6083-8.
- Schreck, Nikolas. The Manson File Amok Press. 1988. ISBN 0-941693-04-X.
- Udo, Tommy. Charles Manson: Music, Mayhem, Murder. Sanctuary Records, 2002. ISBN 1-86074-388-9.
External links
- Noe, Denise. "The Manson Myth". CrimeMagazine.com 12 December 2004.
- Prosecution's closing argument in trial of Charles Manson 2Violent.com. Retrieved 16 April 2007.
- Watson, Charles. Will You Die for Me? Charles Watson autobiography as told to Ray Hoekstra; presented at Watson website (aboundinglove.org). Retrieved 16 April 2007.
- Famous Trials - The Trial of Charles Manson by Douglas Linder. University of Missouri at Kansas City Law School. 2002. 7 April 2007.
- Art by Charles Manson
- Bardsley, Marilyn. Crime Library - Charles Manson. Crime Library. Courtroom Television Network, LLC. 7 April 2006.
- Dalton, David. If Christ Came Back as a Con Man. 1998 article by coauthor of 1970 Rolling Stone story on Manson. gadflyonline.com. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
- Decision in appeal by Manson, Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten from Tate-LaBianca convictionsPeople v. Manson, 61 Cal. App. 3d 102 (California Court of Appeal, Second District, Division One, August 13, 1976). Retrieved June 19, 2007.
- Decision in appeal by Manson from Hinman-Shea conviction People v. Manson, 71 Cal. App. 3d 1 (California Court of Appeal, Second District, Division One, June 23, 1977). Retrieved June 19, 2007.
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