Radiohead

Un article de Vev.

Modèle:Infobox Musical artist

Radiohead are an English rock band formed in Oxfordshire in 1986. The band comprises Thom Yorke (lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano, electronics), Jonny Greenwood (lead guitar, other instruments), Ed O'Brien (guitar, backing vocals), Colin Greenwood (bass guitar, synthesisers) and Phil Selway (drums, percussion).

Radiohead released their first single, "Creep" in 1992, and their debut album, Pablo Honey in 1993. Though initially unsuccessful, "Creep" was a worldwide hit when reissued a year later. Radiohead's popularity in the United Kingdom increased with their second album, The Bends (1995). The band's dense, textured guitar atmospheres and Yorke's expressive falsetto singing were warmly received by critics and fans.<ref name="LAUNCH"> «  »</ref> Radiohead's third album, OK Computer (1997), propelled them to worldwide fame. Featuring an expansive sound and themes of modern alienation, it has often been named a landmark record of the 1990s.

The band's popularity peaked with their next albums, Kid A (2000) and Amnesiac (2001) although critical opinion was divided.<ref name="REYNOLDS"> «  »</ref> The period marked a change in musical style, influenced by experimental electronic music, Krautrock and jazz.<ref name="ECCLES"/> The sixth album, Hail to the Thief (2003), blended styles from throughout their career, mixing guitar-driven rock, electronic influences and contemporary lyrics. Radiohead subsequently left their record label, EMI and released their seventh album, In Rainbows (2007), through their own website as a digital download for which customers selected the price.<ref name="tour"> «  »</ref>

History

Formation and first years: 1986–1991

The members of Radiohead attended Abingdon School, a boys-only public school in Abingdon, Oxfordshire.<ref name="MCLEAN"> «  »</ref> Yorke and Colin Greenwood were in the same year, O'Brien and Selway were one year older and Jonny Greenwood two years younger. In 1986, they formed the band "On a Friday", the name referring to the band's usual rehearsal day in the school's music room.<ref name="RANDALL"/> On a Friday played their first gig at Oxford's Jericho Tavern in late 1986.<ref name="CLARKE"> «  »</ref> Jonny Greenwood joined as a keyboard player but soon became the lead guitarist.<ref name="RANDALL"> «  »</ref>

Although Phil Selway, Thom Yorke, Colin Greenwood, and Ed O'Brien had left Abingdon by 1987 to attend university, the band continued to rehearse often on weekends and holidays.<ref name="ROSS"> «  »</ref> In 1991, when all the members except Jonny had completed their university degrees, On a Friday regrouped, but briefly changed their name to "Shindig." The band recorded demos, such as the Manic Hedgehog demo tape, and began to perform live around Oxford. Although Oxfordshire and the Thames Valley had an active indie scene in the late 1980s, it centred around shoegazing bands such as Ride and Slowdive; On a Friday were never seen as fitting this trend, commenting that they had missed it by the time they returned from university.<ref name="KENT"> «  »</ref>

As On a Friday's number of live performances increased, record labels and producers became interested.<ref name="ROSS"/> Chris Hufford, the co-owner of Oxford's Courtyard Studios, attended an early On a Friday concert at the Jericho Tavern.<ref name="ROSS"/> Impressed by the band, he and his partner Bryce Edge produced a demo tape and became On a Friday's managers. Hufford and Edge remain Radiohead's managers to this day.<ref name="ROSS"/> The band signed a six-album recording contract with EMI in late 1991, following a chance meeting between Colin Greenwood and label representative Keith Wozencroft at the record shop where Greenwood worked.<ref name="ROSS"/> At the request of the label, the band changed their name to Radiohead, inspired by the title of a song on Talking Heads' True Stories album.<ref name="ROSS"/>

Pablo Honey, The Bends and early success: 1992–1995

Drill, Radiohead's debut EP, was produced by Hufford and Edge at Courtyard Studios and released in March 1992. Its chart performance was poor, and consequently the band hired Paul Kolderie and Sean Slade, who had previously worked with the Pixies and Dinosaur Jr., to produce their debut album, Pablo Honey. The album was recorded in three weeks in an Oxford studio late in 1992.<ref name="RANDALL"/> With the release of the "Creep" single in late 1992, the band began to receive attention in the British music press, although not all of it was favourable. NME described them as "a lily livered excuse for a rock band,"<ref name="FREQUENCY"> «  »</ref> and the song was not played on BBC Radio 1 because it was deemed "too depressing".<ref> «  »</ref> Radiohead released their debut album, Pablo Honey, in February 1993. Although it drew influence from the grunge style popular in the early 1990s, it did not do well commercially, charting low on the UK charts.<ref name="ROSS"/>

Modèle:Sample box start

 Modèle:Multi-listen start
 Modèle:Multi-listen item
 Modèle:Multi-listen end

Modèle:Sample box end

However, "Creep" unexpectedly built momentum around the world, spreading from popularity in Israel to a San Francisco college radio station.<ref name="ROSS"/> By the time Radiohead began their first United States tour in early 1993, "Creep" was in heavy rotation on MTV.<ref name="mel"> «  »</ref> The song rose to #2 on the Billboard modern rock charts and to #7 in the UK singles chart when re-released later that year. Radiohead nearly broke up due to the pressure of sudden success as the Pablo Honey supporting tour extended into its second year.<ref> «  »</ref> The band later said, however, that the tour had been a miserable experience because towards its end they were "still playing the same songs that [they'd] recorded two years previously… almost like being held in a time warp."<ref> «  »</ref>

After the American tour, Radiohead began work on their second album, hiring veteran Abbey Road studios producer John Leckie. Tensions were high, as the band felt smothered both by "Creep"'s success and the mounting expectations for a superior follow-up.<ref name="BLACK"> «  »</ref> The band sought a change of scenery, touring Australasia and the Far East in an attempt to reduce the pressure. However, confronted again by their popularity, Yorke became disenchanted at being "right at the sharp end of the sexy, sassy, MTV eye-candy lifestyle" he felt he was helping to sell.<ref name="REYNOLDS" /> The 1994 EP My Iron Lung, featuring the single of the same title, was the band's reaction, marking a transition towards the greater depth they aimed for on their second album.<ref> «  »</ref> The single was promoted through underground radio stations; it sold better than expected, starting a loyal fan base for the band.<ref name="EXIT"> «  »</ref> Having developed more new songs for their next album on their tour, Radiohead finished recording it in late 1994. The band released their second album, The Bends in May 1995.

While the Britpop scene dominated the media's attention, Radiohead were finally successful in their home country with The Bends.<ref name="KENT"/> The album was driven by dense riffs and ethereal atmospheres from the band's three guitarists, as well as greater use of keyboards than their debut,<ref name="RANDALL"/> while its singles "Fake Plastic Trees", "Just", and "High and Dry" achieved some chart success. In mid-1995, Radiohead toured in support of R.E.M., one of their formative influences and at the time one of the biggest rock bands in the world.<ref name="DENNIS"> «  »</ref> Introducing his opening act, Michael Stipe said, "Radiohead are so good, they scare me".<ref> Randall, p. 127</ref> The buzz generated by such famous fans, along with distinctive music videos for "Just" and "Street Spirit (Fade Out)", helped to expand Radiohead's popularity outside the UK. Looking back in 1998, Jonny Greenwood said, "I think the turning point for us came about nine or 12 months after The Bends was released and it started appearing in people's [best of] polls for the end of the year. That's when it started to feel like we made the right choice about being a band."<ref name="LAUNCH"/>

OK Computer, fame and critical acclaim: 1996–1998

Modèle:Sample box start

 Modèle:Multi-listen start
   Modèle:Multi-listen item

Modèle:Multi-listen end Modèle:Sample box end

One new song was already recorded for Radiohead's next album; "Lucky", released as a single to promote the War Child charity's The Help Album.<ref name="IRETIMES"> «  »</ref> Radiohead also contributed two songs to Baz Luhrmann's 1996 adaptation of Romeo and Juliet; "Talk Show Host" and "Exit Music (For a Film)".<ref name="IRETIMES"/> The former was a remix of one of the B-sides to "Street Spirit (Fade Out)", while the latter was a new song, eventually included on the band's next album. With the assistance of audio engineer Nigel Godrich, their collaborator on "Lucky" and "Talk Show Host," Radiohead produced their next album themselves, beginning work in early 1996. By July they had recorded four songs with Godrich at their rehearsal studio, Canned Applause, a converted apple shed in the countryside near Didcot, Oxfordshire.<ref> «  »</ref> They decided to perfect the songs live, touring as an opening act for Alanis Morissette, before completing the record. The rest of the album was recorded in actress Jane Seymour's 15th-century mansion, St. Catherine's Court, near Bath.<ref> «  »</ref> The recording sessions were relaxed, with the band playing at all hours of the day, recording songs in different rooms, and listening to The Beatles, DJ Shadow, Ennio Morricone and Miles Davis for inspiration.<ref name="LAUNCH"/><ref name="RANDALL"/> Recording on the album was completed by the end of 1996, and by March 1997, it was mixed and mastered.

Radiohead released their third album, OK Computer, in June 1997. Largely composed of melodic rock songs, the new record also found Radiohead experimenting with song structures and incorporating ambient, noise, and electronic influences.<ref name="REQ"> «  »</ref> OK Computer was the band's first #1 UK chart debut, eventually propelling Radiohead to commercial success around the world. Despite peaking at #21 in the American charts, the album was eventually acclaimed as highly there, receiving a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album and a nomination for Album of the Year.<ref> «  »</ref> "Paranoid Android", "Karma Police" and "No Surprises" were released as singles from the album, of which "Karma Police" was most successful in the U.S., peaking at #14.<ref> «  »</ref>

Yorke admitted that he was "amazed [OK Computer] got the reaction it did. None of us fucking knew any more whether it was good or bad. What really blew my head off was the fact that people got all the things, all the textures and the sounds and the atmospheres we were trying to create."<ref> «  »</ref> The release of OK Computer was followed by the "Against Demons" world tour. Grant Gee, the director of the "No Surprises" video, accompanied and filmed the band, releasing the resultant video as the 1998 documentary Meeting People Is Easy.<ref> «  »</ref> The film portrays the band's disaffection with the music industry and press, showing their burnout as they progressed from their first tour dates in mid-1997 to mid-1998, nearly a year later.<ref name="RANDALL"/> During this time the band released 7 Television Commercials, a compilation of music videos, and two EPs that compiled B-sides from OK Computer.

Kid A, Amnesiac and a change in sound: 1999–2001

Radiohead were largely inactive following their 1997-1998 tour; after its end, their only public performance in 1998 was at an Amnesty International concert in Paris.<ref> «  »</ref> Yorke later admitted that during that period the band came close to splitting up, and that he had developed severe depression: "New Year's Eve [1998] was one of the lowest points of my life... I felt like I was going fucking crazy. Every time I picked up a guitar I just got the horrors. I would start writing a song, stop after 16 bars, hide it away in a drawer, look at it again, tear it up, destroy it."<ref name="ECCLES"> «  »</ref> In early 1999, Radiohead began work on a follow-up to OK Computer. Although there was no longer any pressure or even a deadline from their record label, tension during this period was high. Bandmembers all had different visions for Radiohead's future, and Yorke was still experiencing writer's block, influencing him toward a more abstract, fragmented form of songwriting.<ref name="ECCLES"/> Eventually, all the members agreed on a new musical direction, redefining their instrumental roles in the band.<ref name="SMITH"> «  »</ref> Radiohead secluded themselves with producer Nigel Godrich in a number of different studios while recording, in Paris, Copenhagen, Gloucester, and in their newly completed studio in Oxford. By April 2000, after nearly 18 months in studios, Radiohead's recording sessions were completed.<ref name="ECCLES"/>

Radiohead released their fourth album, Kid A, in October 2000, the first of two albums from these recording sessions. Rather than being a stylistic sequel to OK Computer, Kid A featured a minimalist and textured style with less overt guitar parts and more diverse instrumentation, going beyond the traditional rock setup of guitar, bass, drums, and keyboards by including the ondes martenot, programmed electronic beats, strings and jazz horns.<ref name="ECCLES"/> It was Radiohead's greatest commercial success to date, debuting at number 1 in many countries, including the United States, where its debut atop the Billboard chart marked a first for the band.<ref> «  »</ref> This success has been variously attributed to hype; to the availability of the entire album on the Internet file-sharing network Napster a few months before its release; and to anticipation after OK Computer.<ref> «  »</ref><ref> «  »</ref> Although Radiohead did not release any singles from Kid A, promos of "Optimistic" and "Idioteque" received some radio play, and a series of "blips", or short videos set to portions of tracks, were played on music channels and released freely on the Internet.<ref name="ZORIC"> «  »</ref> Modèle:Sample box start Modèle:Multi-listen start Modèle:Multi-listen item Modèle:Multi-listen item Modèle:Multi-listen end Modèle:Sample box end In early 2001, Kid A received a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album and a nomination for Album of the Year. Kid A received both praise and criticism in independent music circles for appropriating underground styles of music, while many mainstream critics saw Kid A as a "commercial suicide note" and longed for a return to the band's earlier style.<ref name="FREQUENCY"/> Radiohead's fans were similarly divided; along with those who were appalled or mystified, there were many who saw the album as the band's best work.<ref name="REYNOLDS"/><ref> «  »</ref> Yorke, however, denied that Radiohead had purposely set out to eschew commercial expectations, saying, "I wouldn't be involved [with Kid A] if I wasn't aware that it was going to...end up in the high street...because to me, there isn't anywhere else to go...And I'd be wary of thinking [Kid A]'s challenging, because that's not it."<ref name="ZORIC"/> While promoting Kid A, the band, having read Naomi Klein's anti-globalization book No Logo, decided to mount a tour of Europe in a custom-built tent free of advertising, and of North America, playing smaller theatres.<ref name="ZORIC"/>

Amnesiac, released in June 2001, comprised additional tracks from the Kid A recording sessions. Radiohead's musical style on these tracks was similar to that of Kid A in their fusion of electronic music and art rock, but the album incorporated more jazz influence. Amnesiac was a critical and commercial success worldwide, reaching #2 in the US and being nominated for a Grammy Award and the Mercury Music Prize.<ref name="BBCKIDAAMN"> «  »</ref><ref name="FREQUENCY"/> The piano ballad "Pyramid Song" was released as Radiohead's first single since 1997; it was successful in the UK, and was followed by the guitar-based "Knives Out". "I Might Be Wrong," initially planned as a third single from Amnesiac, expanded into Radiohead's first and thus far only live record. I Might Be Wrong: Live Recordings, released in November 2001, featured live performances of songs from Kid A and Amnesiac, and an acoustic performance of the previously unreleased "True Love Waits". After Amnesiac's release, the band embarked on a world tour, visiting North America, Europe and Japan.

Hail to the Thief and a hiatus: 2002–2004

During July and August 2002, Radiohead toured Portugal and Spain, using this opportunity to play new songs before an audience of their fans. The band then completed the album in two weeks in a Los Angeles studio with Nigel Godrich, with a few additional recordings done later in Oxford. Band members described the recording process as relaxed, in contrast to the tense Kid A/Amnesiac sessions.<ref name="MCLEAN"/>

Radiohead released their sixth album, Hail to the Thief, in June 2003. Upon its release, Hail to the Thief was noted for having a mix of influences from throughout Radiohead's career, combining guitar rock with an electronic sound and topical lyrics.<ref name="META"> «  »</ref> Although the album was critically acclaimed, critics felt that the band was treading water creatively rather than continuing the "genre-redefining" trend that OK Computer had begun.<ref> «  »</ref> Nevertheless, Hail to the Thief enjoyed commercial success in the U.S., debuting at #3 on the Billboard chart with the band's highest first week sales to date, but falling off soon after. The album's lead single, "There There", peaked at #4 in the UK, while subsequent singles "Go to Sleep" and "[[2 + 2 = 5 (song)|2+2=5]]" charted at #12 and #15 respectively. At the 2003 Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for Best Alternative Album, while producers Nigel Godrich and Darrell Thorp received the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album.<ref> «  »</ref>

Although Hail to the Thief's title was assumed to be a comment on the controversial 2000 American presidential election, Yorke has denied this, explaining that he first heard the phrase during a Radio 4 discussion of John Quincy Adams, "who stole the election and who was known as 'The Thief' throughout his presidency".<ref name="MCLEAN" /> Yorke explained that the album was influenced by world events of late 2001 and early 2002, but he also said, "It struck me as the most amazing, powerful phrase... It will annoy me if people say it's a direct protest because I feel really strongly that we didn't write a protest record, we didn't write a political record."<ref name="MCLEAN" /> After the release of Hail to the Thief, Radiohead embarked on an international tour, which began with a June 2003 headlining performance at the Glastonbury Festival, and finished in mid-2004 with a performance at the Coachella Festival. During their tour, the band released COM LAG, an EP compiling most of the b-sides from Hail to the Thief. Following their tour, the band began writing and rehearsing in their Oxford studio, but soon went on hiatus; free of any contractual obligations, Radiohead spent the remainder of 2004 resting and working on solo projects.<ref name="HERE"> «  »</ref>

In Rainbows and "Pay what you want": 2005–present

Radiohead began work on their seventh album in February 2005.<ref name="HERE"/> In September 2005, the band recorded a piano-based song, "I Want None of This", for the War Child charity album Help: A Day in the Life. The album was sold online, with "I Want None of This" being the most downloaded track, although it was not released as a single. <ref> «  »</ref> At the time, Radiohead were without a record contract, having fulfilled their recording contract with EMI in 2004. In interviews in 2006, they admitted that "for the first time, we have no contract or release deadline to fulfill — it's both liberating and terrifying".<ref> «  »</ref> But shortly before the band began writing new songs for the album, Yorke told Time, "I like the people at our record company, but the time is at hand when you have to ask why anyone needs one… it probably would give us some perverse pleasure to say 'Fuck you' to this decaying business model."<ref> «  »</ref>

In mid-2006, Radiohead toured Europe and North America, debuting 13 songs they had been working on. Although the band began recording on their own and then worked with Mark "Spike" Stent, in late 2006 they began work again with their longtime producer Nigel Godrich in several rural locations in England.<ref> «  »</ref> The album was completed in June 2007 and was mastered the following month.<ref> «  »</ref> Starting in late September 2007, visitors to the band's website were redirected to a new website set up to take orders for the album, which was released in two formats. One form was a digital download for which the customer could name their own price, the other a "discbox" which included the In Rainbows CD, a bonus CD from the recording sessions, a vinyl edition of In Rainbows contained in two vinyl records, and a hardcover book. This discbox was available for purchase from the "In Rainbows" website for £40 (US$82), and was shipped to customers in early December.<ref name="INRAINBOWSYHOO"> «  »</ref>

Radiohead initially released their seventh album, In Rainbows, solely as a digital download in October 2007. It was reported that on the day of its release, 1.2 million copies of In Rainbows had been sold as digital downloads.<ref name="tour"/> Radiohead's management, however, have not released any official sales figures for In Rainbows, claiming that the Internet-only distribution was intended to boost sales of the physical album.<ref name="tour"/><ref name ="JOHNSON"> «  »</ref> In Rainbows received overwhelmingly positive reviews, among the best of Radiohead's career. Some critics praised the album for having a more accessible sound and personal style of lyrics than their past work.<ref> «  »</ref> Explaining the reasons behind the album's delivery and pricing scheme, Jonny Greenwood said, "It was an experiment that felt worth trying, really… [and] it's fun to make people stop for a few seconds and think about what music is worth."<ref name="HIATT"> «  »</ref>

It was announced in early November that In Rainbows would be released in physical form in late December 2007 on XL Recordings, while TBD Records would distribute the album in North America.<ref name="INRAINBOWSYHOO" /> The first single from the album, "Jigsaw Falling into Place", will be released in the UK on 14 January 2008.<ref> «  »</ref> Radiohead are to embark on a world tour from May 2008 to the end of that year, playing in North America, Europe and Japan.<ref name="tour"/>

Style and songwriting

Musical influences

Among Radiohead members' earliest influences were Queen and Elvis Costello; post-punk acts such as Joy Division and Magazine; and 1980s alternative rock bands such as R.E.M., the Pixies, The Smiths, and Sonic Youth.<ref name="ROSS"/><ref name="RANDALL"/><ref name="REYNOLDS"/> By the mid-1990s, Radiohead began to mention an interest in electronic music, especially that of trip-hop act Massive Attack, and the instrumental hip hop of DJ Shadow, which Radiohead claimed as a major influence on the sound of OK Computer.<ref> «  »</ref> Other influences on the album were Miles Davis and Ennio Morricone, along with 1960s pop groups such as The Beatles and The Beach Boys.<ref name="LAUNCH"/><ref name="RANDALL"/> Jonny Greenwood also cited composer Krzysztof Penderecki as an inspiration on the sound of OK Computer.<ref name="LAUNCH"/> During this era, critics noted musical similarities between OK Computer and progressive rock bands such as Pink Floyd,<ref> «  »</ref> however, the band have denied that their musical style is directly influenced by progressive rock.<ref name="SWAG"> «  »</ref>

The electronic style of Kid A and Amnesiac was the result of Yorke's admiration for glitch, ambient techno and IDM as exemplified by Warp Records artists such as Autechre, Aphex Twin, Boards of Canada and Squarepusher.<ref name="SMITH"/> The jazz of Charles Mingus and Alice Coltrane, and 1970s Krautrock bands such as Can and Neu!, were other major influences during this period.<ref> «  »</ref> Greenwood's interest in 20th century classical music continued to play a role, as the influence of Penderecki and Olivier Messiaen was increasingly apparent; for several tracks on Kid A and subsequent albums, Greenwood has played the Ondes Martenot, an early electronic instrument popularised by the composer.<ref name="ROSS"/>

With Hail to the Thief, Radiohead continued their electronic influences of their previous two albums, although with renewed emphasis on guitar rock.<ref name="META"/> Though The Beatles and Neil Young were sources of musical inspiration during this period, the band also continued to cite their influence by classical musicians and Can.<ref> «  »</ref><ref> Liner notes of Hail to the Thief, 2003. </ref> Since 2005, while working on In Rainbows, the band have continued to mention experimental rock, electronic, and hip hop musicians as influences; such as Liars, glitch act Modeselektor, and Spank Rock.<ref name="SOLAR"> «  »</ref> Band members have also emphasised their interest in reggae and dub music,<ref> «  »</ref> as shown by the 2007 Trojan Records release Jonny Greenwood Is the Controller, a compilation of songs Greenwood selected by his favourite dub artists.

Changing roles

Radiohead's evolving musical style has been seen as a consequence of band members' varied tastes and accomplishments. Lead guitarist Jonny Greenwood is the only classically-trained member of the band and served as the BBC's Composer in Residence.<ref> «  »</ref> Greenwood is a multi-instrumentalist; aside from guitar and keyboard, he plays the Ondes Martenot, banjo, viola and harmonica. He also in recent years has done electronic and digital manipulation. However, not all of these instruments have appeared on record. Greenwood has also arranged string orchestrations for Radiohead songs, including "Climbing Up the Walls", "How to Disappear Completely" and "Pyramid Song". Yorke plays guitar and piano and, at Exeter University, was once a DJ and part of a techno group, "Flickernoise".<ref name="SMITH"> «  »</ref> In recent years he has focused on the digital manipulation of sound, claiming in 2003 that if forced to choose, he would rather make music only on computer than only on guitar.<ref> Jo Whiley radio show, June 2003 </ref>

Since their formation, Radiohead have, lyrically and musically, been dominated by Yorke. In a 2000 interview, referring to the working of the band, Yorke said, "We operate like the UN, and I'm America."<ref name="SMITH"/> An exception to this dynamic is songwriting. Although Yorke is responsible for writing nearly all the lyrics, songwriting is actually a collaborative effort, as interviews have revealed that all members have had an integral songwriting role.<ref name="ECCLES"/> As a result, all the band's songs are officially credited to "Radiohead".

The Kid A/Amnesiac sessions brought about a change in Radiohead's musical style, and an even more radical change in the band's working method.<ref name="ECCLES"/> Ed O'Brien described the situation in 2000: "If you're going to make a different-sounding record, you have to change the methodology... everyone feels insecure. I'm a guitarist and suddenly it's like, well, there are no guitars on this track, or no drums. Jonny, me, Coz, and Phil had to get our heads round that."<ref name="ECCLES"/> Since the band's shift from standard rock music instrumentation toward an emphasis on electronic sound, band members have had greater flexibility and now regularly switch instruments depending on the particular song requirements.<ref name="ECCLES"/> On Kid A and Amnesiac, Yorke sometimes played keyboard and bass, while Jonny Greenwood often played ondes martenot rather than guitar, bassist Colin Greenwood worked on sampling, and O'Brien and Selway branched out to drum machines and digital manipulations, also finding ways to incorporate their primary instruments, guitar and percussion, respectively, into the new sound.<ref name="ECCLES"/> The relaxed 2003 recording sessions for Hail to the Thief led to a different dynamic in Radiohead, with Yorke admitting in interviews that "[his] power within the band was absolutely unbalanced and [he] would subvert everybody else's power at all costs. But...it's actually a lot more healthy now, democracy wise, than it used to be."<ref name="DAL"> «  »</ref>

Collaborators

The band maintains a close relationship with their producers and engineers, in particular Nigel Godrich, as well as with graphic artist Stanley Donwood. Godrich made his name with Radiohead, working with the band ever since The Bends, and as coproducer ever since OK Computer.<ref name="CBC"> «  »</ref> He has sometimes been dubbed the "sixth member" of the band in an allusion to George Martin's work with the Beatles.<ref name="CBC"/> Donwood, another longtime associate of the band, has produced all of Radiohead's album covers and visual artwork since 1994.<ref name="EYE"> «  »</ref> He often works directly with Yorke, whom he met at art school; Yorke is credited in these collaborations under the pseudonyms "Tchock" or "The White Chocolate Farm".<ref> «  »</ref> Donwood's graphics work with the band has encompassed oil paintings, computer-generated imagery, collage and antique posters, as well as work on the band's official web site. In interviews, he has said that he works near where the band is recording so as to find a visual equivalent for their sound.<ref> «  »</ref> Together with Yorke, Donwood won a Grammy in 2002 for a special edition of Amnesiac packaged as a library book.<ref name="EYE"/>

Other collaborators include Graeme Stewart, Dilly Gent, and Plank. Stewart has been Radiohead's sound engineer since their Kid A/Amnesiac sessions. He has also engineered Jonny Greenwood's and Yorke's respective solo albums Bodysong and The Eraser. Gent has been responsible for commissioning all Radiohead music videos since OK Computer, working with the band to find a director suitable for each project.<ref> «  »</ref> The band's live technician, Peter Clemens, or "Plank", has worked with the band since The Bends, setting up their instruments for both studio recordings and live performances.<ref name="RANDALL"/>

Legacy

Despite the increasing profile and popularity that Kid A and Amnesiac brought to the band,<ref name="BBCKIDAAMN"/> the continued popularity of The Bends and OK Computer ensured the influence of Radiohead's earlier style on British rock music. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, many critics compared the sound of contemporary bands to that of Radiohead at some time during their recording output, and in some cases, these bands used the band's own producers Nigel Godrich or John Leckie. When asked in 2001 by MTV, "How do you guys feel about the fact that bands like Travis, Coldplay and Muse are making a career sounding exactly like your records did in 1997?", Yorke replied, "Good luck with Kid A."<ref name="ROSS"/> However, other bands such as Bloc Party claimed to be influenced by Radiohead's later albums, and acts in various genres including The Roots, Slipknot and John Mayer, as well as jazz and classical musicians, have covered Radiohead songs from their Kid A and Amnesiac period. In 2005, Radiohead was ranked #73 in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the greatest artists in history.<ref> «  »</ref>

Discography

Main article: Radiohead discography

Studio albums

• Pablo Honey (1993)
• The Bends (1995)
• OK Computer (1997)
• Kid A (2000)
• Amnesiac (2001)
• Hail to the Thief (2003)
• In Rainbows (2007)

References

Further reading

Online articles

• Draper, Brian. Interview with Thom Yorke. Third Way Magazine, December 2004. Vol. 27, No. 10.
• McLean, Craig. "All messed up." The Observer, June 18, 2006.
• Ross, Alex. "The Searchers: Radiohead's unquiet revolution." The New Yorker, August 20 and 27, 2001.
• Smith, Andrew. "Sound and Fury." The Observer, October 1, 2000.
• White, Curtis. "Kid Adorno." Context. Issue No. 6.
• Follow Me Around: Radiohead Press Cuttings

Books

• Radiohead: An Illustrated Biography by Nick Johnstone (1997, ISBN 0-7119-6581-1)
• Radiohead: Hysterical and Useless by Martin Clarke (2000, ISBN 0-85965-332-3)
• Exit Music: The Radiohead Story by Mac Randall, (2000, ISBN 0-385-33393-5)
• Radiohead: Back to Save the Universe by James Doheny (2002, ISBN 0-82641-663-2)
• Radiohead's OK Computer (33⅓ series) by Dai Griffiths (2004, ISBN 1-56025-398-3)
• The Music and Art of Radiohead edited by Joseph Tate (2005, ISBN 0-7546-3980-0)
• Radiohead: The Complete Guide to their Music by Mark Paytress (2005, ISBN 1-8444-9507Image:Cool.gif
• Welcome to the Machine: OK Computer and the Death of the Classic Album by Tim Footman (2007, ISBN 1-8424-03885)

Dissertations

• "Authenticity in Rock Culture (Kurt Cobain, Nirvana, Radiohead)" by Mark Mazullo (1999, University of Minnesota)
• “Contextually Defined Musical Transformations” by Jonathan Kochavi (2002, State University of New York at Buffalo)
• "'How to Disappear Completely': Radiohead and the Resistant Concept Album" by Marianne Tatom Letts (2005, University of Texas at Austin)

External links

• Radiohead.com, official site
• Radiohead At Ease, popular unofficial site
• Modèle:Discogs artist

Modèle:Radioheadar:راديوهيد be-x-old:Radiohead bg:Рейдиохед ca:Radiohead cs:Radiohead da:Radiohead de:Radiohead et:Radiohead el:Radiohead es:Radiohead eo:Radiohead fa:رادیوهد fr:Radiohead ga:Radiohead gl:Radiohead ko:라디오헤드 id:Radiohead is:Radiohead it:Radiohead he:רדיוהד ka:რედიოჰედი lt:Radiohead hu:Radiohead mk:Radiohead nl:Radiohead ja:レディオヘッド nb:Radiohead nn:Radiohead uz:Radiohead pl:Radiohead pt:Radiohead ro:Radiohead ru:Radiohead simple:Radiohead sk:Radiohead sh:Radiohead fi:Radiohead sr:Рејдиохед sv:Radiohead vi:Radiohead tr:Radiohead zh:电台司令