Turkey
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Modèle:Pp-semi-protected Modèle:Featured article Modèle:Dablink Modèle:Infobox Country www.sabanciuniv.edu/socrates/ects/go.php?page=turkey_geography |title=Geography of Turkey|author=Sabancı University|publisher=Sabancı University|accessdate=2006-12-13|year=2005}}</ref>//www.sabanciuniv.edu/socrates/ects/go.php?page=turkey_geography |title=Geography of Turkey|author=Sabancı University|publisher=Sabancı University|accessdate=2006-12-13|year=2005}}</ref>
Because of its strategic location astride two continents, Turkey's culture has a unique blend of Eastern and Western tradition. A powerful regional presence in the Eurasian landmass with strong cultural and economic influence in the area between the European Union in the west and Central Asia in the east, Russia in the north and the Middle East in the south, Turkey has come to acquire increasing strategic significance.<ref name= "Atatürk">Modèle:Cite book</ref><ref name= "Ottoman_Turkey">Modèle:Cite book</ref>
Turkey, classified as a developed country by the CIA, is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic whose political system was established in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. Since then, Turkey has become increasingly integrated with the West while continuing to foster relations with the Eastern world.
Sommaire |
Etymology
www.bartleby.com/61/92/T0419200.html|title="Turk"|author=American Heritage Dictionary|authorlink=American Heritage Dictionary|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|accessdate=2006-12-27|year=2000}}</ref> a later form of "tu-kin", name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia as early as 177 BCE;<ref name="TurkEtymology"> Harper , Douglas
(2001)
. "Turk"
. Online Etymology Dictionary
. Retrieved on 2006-12-27. </ref> and the abstract suffix -iye (derived from Arabic), which means "owner" or "related to". The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an autonym is contained in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Göktürks (Sky Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century CE). The English word "Turkey" is derived from the Medieval Latin "Turchia" (c. 1369).<ref name="TurkEtymology" />//www.bartleby.com/61/92/T0419200.html|title="Turk"|author=American Heritage Dictionary|authorlink=American Heritage Dictionary|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|accessdate=2006-12-27|year=2000}}</ref> a later form of "tu-kin", name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia as early as 177 BCE;<ref name="TurkEtymology"> Harper , Douglas
(2001)
. "Turk"
. Online Etymology Dictionary
. Retrieved on 2006-12-27. </ref> and the abstract suffix -iye (derived from Arabic), which means "owner" or "related to". The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an autonym is contained in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Göktürks (Sky Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century CE). The English word "Turkey" is derived from the Medieval Latin "Turchia" (c. 1369).<ref name="TurkEtymology" />
History
Pre-Turkic History of Anatolia
www.canew.org/files/Thissen%20lecture.pdf|title=Time trajectories for the Neolithic of Central Anatolia|author=Thissen, Laurens|publisher=CANeW - Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-21|date=2001-11-23}}</ref> The settlement of Troy starts in the Neolithic and continues into the Iron Age. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken Indo-European, Semitic and Kartvelian languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages have radiated.<ref name="AnatoliaIndoEuropean">Modèle:Cite journal</ref>//www.canew.org/files/Thissen%20lecture.pdf|title=Time trajectories for the Neolithic of Central Anatolia|author=Thissen, Laurens|publisher=CANeW - Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-21|date=2001-11-23}}</ref> The settlement of Troy starts in the Neolithic and continues into the Iron Age. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken Indo-European, Semitic and Kartvelian languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages have radiated.<ref name="AnatoliaIndoEuropean">Modèle:Cite journal</ref>
www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/03/waa/ht03waa.htm|title=Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 2000 – 1000 B.C. in Timeline of Art History.|author=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York|authorlink=Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=2006-12-21|date=October 2000}}</ref> The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia. The Lydians and Lycians spoke languages that were fundamentally Indo-European, but both languages had acquired non-Indo-European elements prior to the Hittite and Hellenic periods.//www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/03/waa/ht03waa.htm|title=Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 2000 – 1000 B.C. in Timeline of Art History.|author=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York|authorlink=Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=2006-12-21|date=October 2000}}</ref> The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia. The Lydians and Lycians spoke languages that were fundamentally Indo-European, but both languages had acquired non-Indo-European elements prior to the Hittite and Hellenic periods.
www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM|title=Ancient Greece: The Persian Wars|author=Hooker, Richard|publisher=Washington State University, WA, United States|accessdate=2006-12-22|date=1999-06-06}}</ref> Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms (including Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamum, and Pontus), all of which had succumbed to Rome by the mid-1st century BCE.<ref name="AlexanderToRome"> The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
(October 2000) . Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. - 1 A.D. in Timeline of Art History. . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
. Retrieved on 2006-12-21. </ref> In 324 CE, the Roman emperor Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome (later Constantinople and Istanbul). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it became the capital of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).<ref> Daniel C. Waugh
(2004) . Constantinople/Istanbul . University of Washington, Seattle, WA
. Retrieved on 2006-12-26. </ref>//www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM|title=Ancient Greece: The Persian Wars|author=Hooker, Richard|publisher=Washington State University, WA, United States|accessdate=2006-12-22|date=1999-06-06}}</ref> Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms (including Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamum, and Pontus), all of which had succumbed to Rome by the mid-1st century BCE.<ref name="AlexanderToRome"> The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
(October 2000) . Anatolia and the Caucasus (Asia Minor), 1000 B.C. - 1 A.D. in Timeline of Art History. . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
. Retrieved on 2006-12-21. </ref> In 324 CE, the Roman emperor Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome (later Constantinople and Istanbul). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it became the capital of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire).<ref> Daniel C. Waugh
(2004) . Constantinople/Istanbul . University of Washington, Seattle, WA
. Retrieved on 2006-12-26. </ref>
Turks and the Ottoman Empire
The House of Seljuk was a branch of the Kınık Oğuz Turks who in the 9th century resided on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian and Aral Seas in the Yabghu Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> In the 10th century, the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homelands towards the eastern regions of Anatolia, which eventually became the new homeland of Oğuz Turkic tribes following the Battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt) in 1071. The victory of the Seljuks gave rise to the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate; which developed as a separate branch of the larger Seljuk Empire that covered parts of Central Asia, Iran, Anatolia and the Middle East.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>
In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols and the power of the empire slowly disintegrated. In its wake, one of the Turkish principalities governed by Osman I was to evolve into the Ottoman Empire, thus filling the void left by the collapsed Seljuks and Byzantines.<ref name="Ottomans">Modèle:Cite book</ref>
The Ottoman Empire interacted with both Eastern and Western cultures throughout its 623-year history. In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was among the world's most powerful political entities, often locking horns with the powers of eastern Europe in its steady advance through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.<ref name= "Ottoman_Turkey">Modèle:Cite book</ref> Following years of decline, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I through the Ottoman-German Alliance in 1914, and was ultimately defeated. After the war, the victorious Allied Powers sought the dismemberment of the Ottoman state through the Treaty of Sèvres.<ref name="Ottomans" />
Republican era
The occupation of İstanbul and İzmir by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish national movement.<ref name= "Ottoman_Turkey" /> Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.<ref name= "Atatürk">Modèle:Cite book</ref> By September 18 1922, the occupying armies were repelled and the country saw the birth of the new Turkish state. On November 1, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on October 29 1923, in the new capital of Ankara.<ref name= "Ottoman_Turkey" />
Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first president and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past.<ref name= "Ottoman_Turkey" /> According to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish parliament presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific name "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks) in 1934.<ref name= "Atatürk" />
books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0941664848&id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&ots=Yg9KqG871J&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=d5Xry3n-9lmlUZTnM6tpFBBtxOQ#PPA177,M1}}</ref>//books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0941664848&id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&ots=Yg9KqG871J&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=d5Xry3n-9lmlUZTnM6tpFBBtxOQ#PPA177,M1}}</ref>
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm |title=Timeline: Cyprus|author=|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-25|date=2006-12-12}}</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm |title=Timeline: Cyprus|author=|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-25|date=2006-12-12}}</ref>
Following the end of the single-party period in 1945, the multi-party period witnessed tensions over the following decades, and the period between the 1960s and the 1980s was particularly marked by periods of political instability that resulted in a number of military coups d'états in 1960, 1971, 1980 and a post-modern coup d'état in 1997.<ref name="TRPoliticsandMilitary" /> The liberalization of the Turkish economy that started in the 1980s changed the landscape of the country, with successive periods of high growth and crises punctuating the following decades.<ref name="80sLiberalization" />
Government and politics
books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415348315&id=t5G_zw9exMQC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=nBltWxHPjd&dq=Religion+in+Turkey&sig=gLF9WOvOo0qZO5iwyUQSUc26Ya0#PPA28,M1 }}</ref> Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state.//books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415348315&id=t5G_zw9exMQC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=nBltWxHPjd&dq=Religion+in+Turkey&sig=gLF9WOvOo0qZO5iwyUQSUc26Ya0#PPA28,M1 }}</ref> Turkey's constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state.
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6966216.stm |title=Turks elect ex-Islamist president |first=|last=|work=BBC|accessdate=2007-08-28|date=2007-11-02}}</ref> Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others.<ref name="TR_Constit"> Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information
(2001-10-17) . Turkish Constitution . Turkish Prime Minister's Office
. Retrieved on 2006-12-16. </ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6966216.stm |title=Turks elect ex-Islamist president |first=|last=|work=BBC|accessdate=2007-08-28|date=2007-11-02}}</ref> Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others.<ref name="TR_Constit"> Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information
(2001-10-17) . Turkish Constitution . Turkish Prime Minister's Office
. Retrieved on 2006-12-16. </ref>
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2392717.stm |title=Turkey's old guard routed in elections|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2002-11-04}}</ref><ref> Arnold , James
. " Analysis: Turkey's year of crisis " , BBC , 2002-02-21 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref> In the 2007 general elections, AKP received 46.6% of the votes and could defend its majority in parliament.<ref>" Turkey re-elects governing party " , BBC , 2007-07-22 . Retrieved on 2007-11-02 . </ref> Neither the Prime Minister nor the Ministers have to be members of the parliament, but in most cases they are (one notable exception was Kemal Derviş, the Minister of State in Charge of Economy following the financial crisis of 2001;<ref>" Profile: Kemal Derviş " , BBC , 2002-08-12 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref> he is currently the president of the United Nations Development Programme).<ref>" UN post for Turkish ex-minister " , BBC , 2005-04-27 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2392717.stm |title=Turkey's old guard routed in elections|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2002-11-04}}</ref><ref> Arnold , James . " Analysis: Turkey's year of crisis " , BBC , 2002-02-21 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref> In the 2007 general elections, AKP received 46.6% of the votes and could defend its majority in parliament.<ref>" Turkey re-elects governing party " , BBC , 2007-07-22 . Retrieved on 2007-11-02 . </ref> Neither the Prime Minister nor the Ministers have to be members of the parliament, but in most cases they are (one notable exception was Kemal Derviş, the Minister of State in Charge of Economy following the financial crisis of 2001;<ref>" Profile: Kemal Derviş " , BBC , 2002-08-12 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref> he is currently the president of the United Nations Development Programme).<ref>" UN post for Turkish ex-minister " , BBC , 2005-04-27 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref>
www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm |title=Political Structure of Turkey|author=Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information|publisher=Turkish Prime Minister's Office|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2004-08-24}}</ref> The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether.<ref>"
Euro court backs Turkey Islamist ban " , BBC , 2001-07-31 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref><ref>" Turkey's Kurd party ban criticised " , BBC , 2003-03-14 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref>//www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/Structure.htm |title=Political Structure of Turkey|author=Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information|publisher=Turkish Prime Minister's Office|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2004-08-24}}</ref> The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether.<ref>" Euro court backs Turkey Islamist ban " , BBC , 2001-07-31 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref><ref>" Turkey's Kurd party ban criticised " , BBC , 2003-03-14 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref>
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2399665.stm |title=Turkey leaps into the unknown|first=Roger|last=Hardy|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2002-11-04}}</ref><ref> Rainsford , Sarah
. " Turkey awaits AKP's next step " , BBC , 2007-11-02 . Retrieved on 2007-07-23 . </ref> However due to a system of alliances and independent candidatures, seven parties are currently represented in parliament. Independent candidates may run; however, they must also win at least 10% of the vote in their circonscription to be elected.<ref name="BYEGM_TrPolSys" />//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2399665.stm |title=Turkey leaps into the unknown|first=Roger|last=Hardy|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-14|date=2002-11-04}}</ref><ref> Rainsford , Sarah . " Turkey awaits AKP's next step " , BBC , 2007-11-02 . Retrieved on 2007-07-23 . </ref> However due to a system of alliances and independent candidatures, seven parties are currently represented in parliament. Independent candidates may run; however, they must also win at least 10% of the vote in their circonscription to be elected.<ref name="BYEGM_TrPolSys" />
Foreign relations
Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945), the OECD (1961), the OSCE (1973) and the G20 industrial nations (1999).
ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/interview_20061015_en.pdf|title=Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM|publisher=European Commission|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-17|date=2006-10-15}}</ref> These include disputes with EU member Republic of Cyprus over Turkey's 1974 military intervention to prevent the island's annexation to Greece. Since then, Turkey does not recognize the essentially Greek Cypriot Republic of Cyprus as the sole authority on the island, but instead supports the Turkish Cypriot community in the form of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.<ref> Mardell , Mark
. " Turkey's EU membership bid stalls " , BBC , 2006-12-11 . Retrieved on 2006-12-17 . </ref>//ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/interview_20061015_en.pdf|title=Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM|publisher=European Commission|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-17|date=2006-10-15}}</ref> These include disputes with EU member Republic of Cyprus over Turkey's 1974 military intervention to prevent the island's annexation to Greece. Since then, Turkey does not recognize the essentially Greek Cypriot Republic of Cyprus as the sole authority on the island, but instead supports the Turkish Cypriot community in the form of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.<ref> Mardell , Mark . " Turkey's EU membership bid stalls " , BBC , 2006-12-11 . Retrieved on 2006-12-17 . </ref>
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2887893.stm |title=Turkey's fears of Kurdish resurgence|first=Pam |last=O'Toole|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-17|date=2003-03-26}}</ref> The United States reluctance to threaten the relative stability of northern Iraq by launching operations against the PKK led the Turkish parliament to authorise a cross border military operation in 2007. <ref>BBC: Turkish MPs back attacks in Iraq</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2887893.stm |title=Turkey's fears of Kurdish resurgence|first=Pam |last=O'Toole|work=BBC|accessdate=2006-12-17|date=2003-03-26}}</ref> The United States reluctance to threaten the relative stability of northern Iraq by launching operations against the PKK led the Turkish parliament to authorise a cross border military operation in 2007. <ref>BBC: Turkish MPs back attacks in Iraq</ref>
books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1581124236&id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=5PdqmRoyEn&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=XoCrRT0pN70sZn6zvtnpdBF0HWw#PRA1-PA291,M1 }}</ref>. The most salient of these relations saw the completion of a multi billion dollar oil and gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, as it is called, has formed part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the Caucaus, remains closed following its occupation of Azeri territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War<ref>U.S. Department of State: Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Armenia: Respect for Human Rights. Section 1, a.</ref>. Relations with Armenia have been further strained by the controversy surrounding the forced deportations and related deaths of hundrends of thousands of Armenians in the last days of the Ottoman Empire, recognised by a number of countries and historians as the Armenian Genocide. Turkey rejects the term genocide, arguing instead that the deaths were a result of disease, famine and inter-ethnic strife<ref>"
Q&A Armenian 'genocide' " , BBC , 2006-10-12 . Retrieved on 2006-12-29 . </ref>//books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1581124236&id=vDzjkrTDKjYC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=5PdqmRoyEn&dq=turkey+cold+war&sig=XoCrRT0pN70sZn6zvtnpdBF0HWw#PRA1-PA291,M1 }}</ref>. The most salient of these relations saw the completion of a multi billion dollar oil and gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, as it is called, has formed part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkey's border with Armenia, a state in the Caucaus, remains closed following its occupation of Azeri territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War<ref>U.S. Department of State: Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Armenia: Respect for Human Rights. Section 1, a.</ref>. Relations with Armenia have been further strained by the controversy surrounding the forced deportations and related deaths of hundrends of thousands of Armenians in the last days of the Ottoman Empire, recognised by a number of countries and historians as the Armenian Genocide. Turkey rejects the term genocide, arguing instead that the deaths were a result of disease, famine and inter-ethnic strife<ref>" Q&A Armenian 'genocide' " , BBC , 2006-10-12 . Retrieved on 2006-12-29 . </ref>
Military
www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/genel_konular/savunmaorganizasyonu.htm |title=Turkish Armed Forces Defense Organization|author=Turkish General Staff|authorlink=Turkish Armed Forces|publisher=Turkish Armed Forces|accessdate=2006-12-15|date=2006}}</ref>//www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/genel_konular/savunmaorganizasyonu.htm |title=Turkish Armed Forces Defense Organization|author=Turkish General Staff|authorlink=Turkish Armed Forces|publisher=Turkish Armed Forces|accessdate=2006-12-15|date=2006}}</ref>
www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf |title=Turkey/Military service|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs - Asylum and Migration Division|authorlink=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|publisher=UNHCR|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-27|date=July 2001}}</ref>//www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c1622484.pdf |title=Turkey/Military service|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs - Asylum and Migration Division|authorlink=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|publisher=UNHCR|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-27|date=July 2001}}</ref>
www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=3417 |title=DoD, Turkey sign Joint Strike Fighter Agreement|author=US Department of Defense|authorlink=US Department of Defense|publisher=US Department of Defense|accessdate=2006-12-27|date=2002-07-11}}</ref>//www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=3417 |title=DoD, Turkey sign Joint Strike Fighter Agreement|author=US Department of Defense|authorlink=US Department of Defense|publisher=US Department of Defense|accessdate=2006-12-27|date=2002-07-11}}</ref>
www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/uluslararasi/isaf_int/tarihce.htm |title=Brief History of ISAF|author=Turkish General Staff|authorlink=Turkish Armed Forces|publisher=Turkish Armed Forces|accessdate=2006-12-16|date=2006}}</ref> In 2006, the Turkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700 ground troops as part of an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the wake of the Israeli-Lebanon conflict.<ref>"
Turkish troops arrive in Lebanon " , British Broadcasting Corporation , 2006-10-20 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref>//www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/uluslararasi/isaf_int/tarihce.htm |title=Brief History of ISAF|author=Turkish General Staff|authorlink=Turkish Armed Forces|publisher=Turkish Armed Forces|accessdate=2006-12-16|date=2006}}</ref> In 2006, the Turkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700 ground troops as part of an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the wake of the Israeli-Lebanon conflict.<ref>" Turkish troops arrive in Lebanon " , British Broadcasting Corporation , 2006-10-20 . Retrieved on 2006-12-14 . </ref>
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5294438.stm |title=Turkish general vows to rout PKK|author=|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-08|date=2006-08-26}}</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5294438.stm |title=Turkish general vows to rout PKK|author=|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-08|date=2006-08-26}}</ref>
news.yahoo.com/s/nm/turkey_military_secularism_dc Turkey's army defends secularism ahead of elections]- Yahoo! News, Monday 27 August 2007</ref>//news.yahoo.com/s/nm/turkey_military_secularism_dc Turkey's army defends secularism ahead of elections]- Yahoo! News, Monday 27 August 2007</ref>
Administrative divisions
The capital city of Turkey is Ankara. The territory of Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes. The provinces are organized into 7 regions for census purposes; however, they do not represent an administrative structure. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of 923 districts.
Provinces usually bear the same name as their provincial capitals, also called the central district; exceptions to this are the provinces of Hatay (capital: Antakya), Kocaeli (capital: İzmit) and Sakarya (capital: Adapazarı). Provinces with the largest populations are İstanbul (+10 million), Ankara (+4 million), İzmir (+3.4 million), Konya (+2.2 million), Bursa (+2.1 million) and Adana (+1.85 million).
devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/tur_aag.pdf |title=Turkey at a glance|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-10|date=2006-08-13}}</ref> In all, 12 cities have populations that exceed 500,000, and 48 cities have more than 100,000 inhabitants.//devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/tur_aag.pdf |title=Turkey at a glance|format=PDF|accessdate=2006-12-10|date=2006-08-13}}</ref> In all, 12 cities have populations that exceed 500,000, and 48 cities have more than 100,000 inhabitants.
Major cities:
- İstanbul - 9,085,599
- Ankara - 3,540,522
- İzmir - 2,732,669
- Bursa - 1,630,940
- Adana - 1,397,853
- Konya - 1,294,817
- Gaziantep - 1,009,126
- Antalya - 936,330
www.die.gov.tr/nufus_sayimi/2000tablo5.xls |title=2000 Census, population by provinces and districts|format=XLS|accessdate=2006-12-11|date = 2000}}</ref>//www.die.gov.tr/nufus_sayimi/2000tablo5.xls |title=2000 Census, population by provinces and districts|format=XLS|accessdate=2006-12-11|date = 2000}}</ref>
Geography and climate
countrystudies.us/turkey/18.htm |title=Geography of Turkey|author=US Library of Congress|authorlink=US Library of Congress|publisher=US Library of Congress|accessdate=2006-12-13|date=}}</ref> Turkey's area, inclusive of lakes, occupies 783,562<ref>UN Demographic Yearbook, accessed April 16, 2007</ref> square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe,<ref name="USLC_TRGeo" /> thus making Turkey a transcontinental country. Turkey's area makes it the world's 37th-largest country, and is about the size of Metropolitan France and the United Kingdom combined. Turkey is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.<ref name="TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism" />//countrystudies.us/turkey/18.htm |title=Geography of Turkey|author=US Library of Congress|authorlink=US Library of Congress|publisher=US Library of Congress|accessdate=2006-12-13|date=}}</ref> Turkey's area, inclusive of lakes, occupies 783,562<ref>UN Demographic Yearbook, accessed April 16, 2007</ref> square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe,<ref name="USLC_TRGeo" /> thus making Turkey a transcontinental country. Turkey's area makes it the world's 37th-largest country, and is about the size of Metropolitan France and the United Kingdom combined. Turkey is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest.<ref name="TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism" />
earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4996 |title=Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı), Turkey|author=NASA - Earth Observatory|authorlink=NASA|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2006-12-27|date=2001}}</ref>//earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4996 |title=Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı), Turkey|author=NASA - Earth Observatory|authorlink=NASA|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2006-12-27|date=2001}}</ref>
www.turizm.net/turkey/info/geography.html |title=Geography of Turkey|author=Turkish Ministry of Tourism|authorlink=|publisher=Turkish Ministry of Tourism|accessdate=2006-12-13|date=2005}}</ref>//www.turizm.net/turkey/info/geography.html |title=Geography of Turkey|author=Turkish Ministry of Tourism|authorlink=|publisher=Turkish Ministry of Tourism|accessdate=2006-12-13|date=2005}}</ref>
www.usc.edu/dept/civil_eng/structural_lab/eq-rp/seismicity.html |title=Brief Seismic History of Turkey|author=|authorlink=|publisher=University of South California, Department of Civil Engineering|accessdate=2006-12-26|date=}}</ref>//www.usc.edu/dept/civil_eng/structural_lab/eq-rp/seismicity.html |title=Brief Seismic History of Turkey|author=|authorlink=|publisher=University of South California, Department of Civil Engineering|accessdate=2006-12-26|date=}}</ref>
www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/english/eng-climateofturkey.aspx |title=Climate of Turkey|author=Turkish State Meteorological Service|authorlink=Turkish State Meteorological Service|publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service|accessdate=2006-12-27|date=2006}}</ref>//www.meteor.gov.tr/2006/english/eng-climateofturkey.aspx |title=Climate of Turkey|author=Turkish State Meteorological Service|authorlink=Turkish State Meteorological Service|publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service|accessdate=2006-12-27|date=2006}}</ref>
Economy
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html CIA World Factbook]</ref> a founding member of the OECD and the G20 industrial nations which brings together the 20 largest economies of the world.//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-b.html CIA World Factbook]</ref> a founding member of the OECD and the G20 industrial nations which brings together the 20 largest economies of the world.
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/422653.stm |title=Turkish quake hits shaky economy|author=|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=1999-08-17}}</ref> and 2001,<ref>"
'Worst over' for Turkey " , British Broadcasting Corporation , 2002-02-04 . Retrieved on 2006-12-12 . </ref> resulting in an average of 4% GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003.<ref> World Bank
(2005) . Turkey Labor Market Study (PDF) . World Bank
. Retrieved on 2006-12-10. </ref> Lack of additional reforms, combined with large and growing public sector deficits and widespread corruption, resulted in high inflation, a weak banking sector and increased macroeconomic volatility.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/422653.stm |title=Turkish quake hits shaky economy|author=|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=1999-08-17}}</ref> and 2001,<ref>"
'Worst over' for Turkey " , British Broadcasting Corporation , 2002-02-04 . Retrieved on 2006-12-12 . </ref> resulting in an average of 4% GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003.<ref> World Bank
(2005) . Turkey Labor Market Study (PDF) . World Bank
. Retrieved on 2006-12-10. </ref> Lack of additional reforms, combined with large and growing public sector deficits and widespread corruption, resulted in high inflation, a weak banking sector and increased macroeconomic volatility.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6103008.stm |title=Robust economy raises Turkey's hopes|author=Jorn Madslien|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=2006-11-02}}</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6103008.stm |title=Robust economy raises Turkey's hopes|author=Jorn Madslien|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=2006-11-02}}</ref>
www.die.gov.tr/english/SONIST/GSMH/111206.doc |title=GNP and GDP as of September 2006|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|format=DOC|accessdate=2006-12-11|date=2006-12-11}}</ref> thus making Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Turkey's economy is no longer dominated by traditional agricultural activities in the rural areas, but more so by a highly dynamic industrial complex in the major cities, mostly concentrated in the western provinces of the country, along with a developed services sector. The agricultural sector accounts for 11.9% of GDP, whereas industrial and service sectors make up 23.7% and 64.5%, respectively.<ref name="WorldBank_Turkey_glance" /> The tourism sector has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2005, there were 24,124,501 visitors to the country, who contributed 18.2 billion USD to Turkey's revenues.<ref> Anadolu Agency (AA)
. " Tourism statistics for 2005 " , Hürriyet , 2006-01-27 . Retrieved on 2006-12-10 . </ref> Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are construction, automotive industry, electronics and textiles.//www.die.gov.tr/english/SONIST/GSMH/111206.doc |title=GNP and GDP as of September 2006|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|format=DOC|accessdate=2006-12-11|date=2006-12-11}}</ref> thus making Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Turkey's economy is no longer dominated by traditional agricultural activities in the rural areas, but more so by a highly dynamic industrial complex in the major cities, mostly concentrated in the western provinces of the country, along with a developed services sector. The agricultural sector accounts for 11.9% of GDP, whereas industrial and service sectors make up 23.7% and 64.5%, respectively.<ref name="WorldBank_Turkey_glance" /> The tourism sector has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2005, there were 24,124,501 visitors to the country, who contributed 18.2 billion USD to Turkey's revenues.<ref> Anadolu Agency (AA) . " Tourism statistics for 2005 " , Hürriyet , 2006-01-27 . Retrieved on 2006-12-10 . </ref> Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are construction, automotive industry, electronics and textiles.
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4137469.stm |title=Turkey knocks six zeros off lira|author=|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-11|date=2004-12-31}}</ref> As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation has dropped to 8.2% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to 10.3%.<ref name="WorldBank_TRStat"> World Bank
(2005) . Data and Statistics for Turkey . World Bank
. Retrieved on 2006-12-10. </ref> With a per capita GDP (Nominal) of 5,062 USD, Turkey ranked 69th in the world in 2005. In 2004, it was estimated that 46.2% of total disposable income was received by the top 20% income earners, while the lowest 20% received 6%.<ref> Turkish Statistical Institute
(2006-02-27) . The result of Income Distribution . Turkish Statistical Institute
. Retrieved on 2006-12-11. </ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4137469.stm |title=Turkey knocks six zeros off lira|author=|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-11|date=2004-12-31}}</ref> As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation has dropped to 8.2% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to 10.3%.<ref name="WorldBank_TRStat"> World Bank
(2005) . Data and Statistics for Turkey . World Bank
. Retrieved on 2006-12-10. </ref> With a per capita GDP (Nominal) of 5,062 USD, Turkey ranked 69th in the world in 2005. In 2004, it was estimated that 46.2% of total disposable income was received by the top 20% income earners, while the lowest 20% received 6%.<ref> Turkish Statistical Institute
(2006-02-27) . The result of Income Distribution . Turkish Statistical Institute
. Retrieved on 2006-12-11. </ref>
www.die.gov.tr/ENGLISH/SONIST/DISTICIST/301106.doc |title=Foreign Trade Statistics as of October 2006|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|accessdate=2006-12-11|date=2006-11-30}}</ref> the United States, Russia and Japan. Turkey has taken advantage of a customs union with the European Union, signed in 1995, to increase its industrial production destined for exports, while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country.<ref> Bartolomiej Kaminski
; Francis Ng
(2006-05-01) . Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets . World Bank
. Retrieved on 2006-12-27. </ref> In 2005, exports amounted to 73.5 billion USD while the imports stood at 116.8 billion USD, with increases of 16.3% and 19.7% compared to 2004, respectively.<ref name="TSI_ForeignTrade2006" /> For 2006, the exports amounted to 85.8 billion USD, representing an increase of 16,8% over 2005.<ref> Turkish Exporters Assembly
. " Exports for 2006 stand at 85.8 billion USD " , Hürriyet , 2007-01-01 . Retrieved on 2007-01-01 . </ref> The most recent figure for exports is 100.1 billion USD as of September 2007.<ref> Turkish Exporters Assembly . " Turkish exports break $100 billion mark in past 12 months " , Hürriyet , 2007-10-02 . Retrieved on 2007-10-02 . </ref>//www.die.gov.tr/ENGLISH/SONIST/DISTICIST/301106.doc |title=Foreign Trade Statistics as of October 2006|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|accessdate=2006-12-11|date=2006-11-30}}</ref> the United States, Russia and Japan. Turkey has taken advantage of a customs union with the European Union, signed in 1995, to increase its industrial production destined for exports, while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country.<ref> Bartolomiej Kaminski ; Francis Ng
(2006-05-01) . Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets . World Bank
. Retrieved on 2006-12-27. </ref> In 2005, exports amounted to 73.5 billion USD while the imports stood at 116.8 billion USD, with increases of 16.3% and 19.7% compared to 2004, respectively.<ref name="TSI_ForeignTrade2006" /> For 2006, the exports amounted to 85.8 billion USD, representing an increase of 16,8% over 2005.<ref> Turkish Exporters Assembly
. " Exports for 2006 stand at 85.8 billion USD " , Hürriyet , 2007-01-01 . Retrieved on 2007-01-01 . </ref> The most recent figure for exports is 100.1 billion USD as of September 2007.<ref> Turkish Exporters Assembly . " Turkish exports break $100 billion mark in past 12 months " , Hürriyet , 2007-10-02 . Retrieved on 2007-10-02 . </ref>
www.tcmb.gov.tr/odemedenge/table26.pdf |title=Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey by sectors|author=Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey|authorlink=Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey|publisher=Central Bank of Turkey|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=2006}}</ref> A series of large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey's EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to a rise in foreign investment.<ref name="TR_Eco" />//www.tcmb.gov.tr/odemedenge/table26.pdf |title=Foreign Direct Investments in Turkey by sectors|author=Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey|authorlink=Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey|publisher=Central Bank of Turkey|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=2006}}</ref> A series of large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey's EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to a rise in foreign investment.<ref name="TR_Eco" />
Demographics
www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/worldguide/html/1046_people.html |title=Turkey - Population and Demographics|author=Intute|authorlink=|publisher= Intute|accessdate= 2006-12-10|date=2006-07|}}</ref> According to statistics released by the government in 2005, life expectancy stands at 68.9 years for men and 73.8 years for women, with an overall average of 71.3 years for the populace as a whole.<ref> Anadolu Agency (AA)
. " Life expectancy has increased in 2005 in Turkey " , Hürriyet , 2006-12-03 . Retrieved on 2006-12-09 . </ref>//www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/worldguide/html/1046_people.html |title=Turkey - Population and Demographics|author=Intute|authorlink=|publisher= Intute|accessdate= 2006-12-10|date=2006-07|}}</ref> According to statistics released by the government in 2005, life expectancy stands at 68.9 years for men and 73.8 years for women, with an overall average of 71.3 years for the populace as a whole.<ref> Anadolu Agency (AA) . " Life expectancy has increased in 2005 in Turkey " , Hürriyet , 2006-12-03 . Retrieved on 2006-12-09 . </ref>
nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.asp?aile=3 |title=Population and Development Indicators - Population and education|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|accessdate=2006-12-11|date=2004-10-18}}</ref> This low figure is mainly due to prevailing feudal attitudes against women in the Arab- and Kurdish-inhabited southeastern provinces of the country.<ref> Jonny Dymond
. " Turkish girls in literacy battle " , British Broadcasting Corporation , 2004-10-18 . Retrieved on 2006-12-11 . </ref>//nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.asp?aile=3 |title=Population and Development Indicators - Population and education|author=Turkish Statistical Institute|authorlink=Turkish Statistical Institute|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|accessdate=2006-12-11|date=2004-10-18}}</ref> This low figure is mainly due to prevailing feudal attitudes against women in the Arab- and Kurdish-inhabited southeastern provinces of the country.<ref> Jonny Dymond . " Turkish girls in literacy battle " , British Broadcasting Corporation , 2004-10-18 . Retrieved on 2006-12-11 . </ref>
books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1853595098&id=hvmy_skUPNYC&pg=RA1-PA422&lpg=RA1-PA422&ots=2bxjbJbuzM&dq=%22ethnic+groups+in+turkey%22&sig=gsODCAuvT1TRupKgZBsVDZf-oDE#PRA1-PA421,M1}}</ref>//books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1853595098&id=hvmy_skUPNYC&pg=RA1-PA422&lpg=RA1-PA422&ots=2bxjbJbuzM&dq=%22ethnic+groups+in+turkey%22&sig=gsODCAuvT1TRupKgZBsVDZf-oDE#PRA1-PA421,M1}}</ref>
www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=176 |title=Turkey: A Transformation from Emigration to Immigration|first=Kemal|last= Kirişçi|publisher=Center for European Studies, Bogaziçi University|accessdate=2006-12-26|date=November 2003}}</ref>//www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=176 |title=Turkey: A Transformation from Emigration to Immigration|first=Kemal|last= Kirişçi|publisher=Center for European Studies, Bogaziçi University|accessdate=2006-12-26|date=November 2003}}</ref>
www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm |title=Historical background of radio and television broadcasting in Turkey|author=Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information|authorlink=|publisher=Turkish Prime Minister's Office|accessdate=2006-08-10|date=2003}}</ref>//www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm |title=Historical background of radio and television broadcasting in Turkey|author=Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information|authorlink=|publisher=Turkish Prime Minister's Office|accessdate=2006-08-10|date=2003}}</ref>
ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |title=Social values, Science and Technology |date=June 2005 |language=English |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-12-19 |publisher=Eurobarometer}}</ref> of whom over 75% belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. A sizeable minority, about 20% of the Muslim population, is affiliated with the Shi'a Alevi sect.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> The mainstream Hanafite school of Sunni Islam is largely organized by the state, through the Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (Religious Affairs Directorate), which controls all mosques and Muslim clerics. The remainder of the population belongs to other faiths, particularly Christian denominations (Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac Orthodox), Judaism, Yezidism and Atheism.<ref> United Nations Population Fund
(2006) . Turkey - A Brief Profile . United Nations Population Fund
. Retrieved on 2006-12-27. </ref>//ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |title=Social values, Science and Technology |date=June 2005 |language=English |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-12-19 |publisher=Eurobarometer}}</ref> of whom over 75% belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. A sizeable minority, about 20% of the Muslim population, is affiliated with the Shi'a Alevi sect.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> The mainstream Hanafite school of Sunni Islam is largely organized by the state, through the Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (Religious Affairs Directorate), which controls all mosques and Muslim clerics. The remainder of the population belongs to other faiths, particularly Christian denominations (Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac Orthodox), Judaism, Yezidism and Atheism.<ref> United Nations Population Fund
(2006) . Turkey - A Brief Profile . United Nations Population Fund
. Retrieved on 2006-12-27. </ref>
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5414098.stm |title=The Islamic veil across Europe|author=|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-13|date=2006-11-17}}</ref> the law was upheld by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights as "legitimate" in Leyla Şahin v. Turkey on November 10 2005.<ref> European Court of Human Rights
(2005-11-10) . Leyla Şahin v. Turkey . ECHR
. Retrieved on 2006-11-30. </ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5414098.stm |title=The Islamic veil across Europe|author=|authorlink=|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2006-12-13|date=2006-11-17}}</ref> the law was upheld by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights as "legitimate" in Leyla Şahin v. Turkey on November 10 2005.<ref> European Court of Human Rights
(2005-11-10) . Leyla Şahin v. Turkey . ECHR
. Retrieved on 2006-11-30. </ref>
Culture
www.turks.org.uk/index.php?pid=8 |title=Turks - A Journey of a Thousand Years: 600–1600|author=Royal Academy of Arts|authorlink=Royal Academy of Arts|publisher=Royal Academy of Arts|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=2005}}</ref> As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-based former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, an increase in the methods of artistic expression followed. During the first years of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into fine arts, such as museums, theatres, and architecture. Because of different historical factors playing an important role in defining the modern Turkish identity, Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be "modern" and Western, combined with the necessity felt to maintain traditional religious and historical values.<ref name="TR_culture">Modèle:Cite book</ref>//www.turks.org.uk/index.php?pid=8 |title=Turks - A Journey of a Thousand Years: 600–1600|author=Royal Academy of Arts|authorlink=Royal Academy of Arts|publisher=Royal Academy of Arts|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=2005}}</ref> As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-based former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, an increase in the methods of artistic expression followed. During the first years of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into fine arts, such as museums, theatres, and architecture. Because of different historical factors playing an important role in defining the modern Turkish identity, Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be "modern" and Western, combined with the necessity felt to maintain traditional religious and historical values.<ref name="TR_culture">Modèle:Cite book</ref>
www.turkmusikisi.com/osmanli_musikisi/the_ottoman_music.htm |title=The Ottoman music|author=Cinuçen Tanrıkorur|authorlink=Cinuçen Tanrıkorur|publisher=www.turkmusikisi.com|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=}}</ref> Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Arabic and, especially, Persian literature during most of the Ottoman era, though towards the end of the Ottoman Empire the effect of both Turkish folk and Western literary traditions became increasingly felt. The mix of cultural influences is dramatized, for example, in the form of the "new symbols [of] the clash and interlacing of cultures" enacted in the work of Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.<ref>"
Pamuk wins Nobel Literature prize " , British Broadcasting Corporation , 2006-10-12 . Retrieved on 2006-12-12 . </ref>//www.turkmusikisi.com/osmanli_musikisi/the_ottoman_music.htm |title=The Ottoman music|author=Cinuçen Tanrıkorur|authorlink=Cinuçen Tanrıkorur|publisher=www.turkmusikisi.com|accessdate=2006-12-12|date=}}</ref> Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Arabic and, especially, Persian literature during most of the Ottoman era, though towards the end of the Ottoman Empire the effect of both Turkish folk and Western literary traditions became increasingly felt. The mix of cultural influences is dramatized, for example, in the form of the "new symbols [of] the clash and interlacing of cultures" enacted in the work of Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.<ref>" Pamuk wins Nobel Literature prize " , British Broadcasting Corporation , 2006-10-12 . Retrieved on 2006-12-12 . </ref>
Architectural elements found in Turkey are also testaments to the unique mix of traditions that have influenced the region over the centuries. In addition to the traditional Byzantine elements present in numerous parts of Turkey, many artifacts of the later Ottoman architecture, with its exquisite blend of local and Islamic traditions, are to be found throughout the country, as well as in many former territories of the Ottoman Empire. Since the 18th century, Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by Western styles, and this can be particularly seen in Istanbul where buildings like the Blue Mosque and the Dolmabahçe Palace are juxtaposed next to numerous modern skyscrapers, all of them representing different traditions.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>
www.allaboutturkey.com/sports.htm |title=Sports in Turkey|author=Burak Sansal|publisher=allaboutturkey.com|accessdate=2006-12-13|date=2006}}</ref> Nevertheless, other sports such as basketball and motorsports (following the inclusion of Istanbul Park on the Formula 1 racing calendar) have also become popular recently. The traditional Turkish national sport has been the Yağlı güreş (Oiled Wrestling) since Ottoman times.<ref> Burak Sansal
(2006) . Oiled Wrestling . allaboutturkey.com
. Retrieved on 2006-12-13. </ref>//www.allaboutturkey.com/sports.htm |title=Sports in Turkey|author=Burak Sansal|publisher=allaboutturkey.com|accessdate=2006-12-13|date=2006}}</ref> Nevertheless, other sports such as basketball and motorsports (following the inclusion of Istanbul Park on the Formula 1 racing calendar) have also become popular recently. The traditional Turkish national sport has been the Yağlı güreş (Oiled Wrestling) since Ottoman times.<ref> Burak Sansal
(2006) . Oiled Wrestling . allaboutturkey.com
. Retrieved on 2006-12-13. </ref>
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
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Additional profiles
www.cankaya.gov.tr/eng_flash/start.html Presidency of the Republic]//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1022222.stm by the BBC News] www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html by the CIA Factbook]//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html by the CIA Factbook] www.cankaya.gov.tr/eng_flash/start.html Presidency of the Republic]//www.economist.com/countries/Turkey/ by the Economist] www.cankaya.gov.tr/eng_flash/start.html Presidency of the Republic]//www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3432.htm by the US Department of State]
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