Airbus A380
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Modèle:Infobox Aircraft</ref>//www.reuters.com/article/companyNewsAndPR/idUSL1267687320071112?pageNumber=2 | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref>
|unit cost = $319.2 million<ref name="Reuters factbox"/> |variants with their own articles =
www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/27_Apr_05_A380Landing.html}}</ref> and made its first commercial flight on 25 October 2007 from Singapore to Sydney with Singapore Airlines. The aircraft was known as the Airbus A3XX during much of its development phase, but the nickname Superjumbo has since become associated with it.//www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/27_Apr_05_A380Landing.html}}</ref> and made its first commercial flight on 25 October 2007 from Singapore to Sydney with Singapore Airlines. The aircraft was known as the Airbus A3XX during much of its development phase, but the nickname Superjumbo has since become associated with it.
events.airbus.com/a380/seeing/learnandplay/faq.asp#q4 | accessdate = 2007-09-25 }}</ref> and provides seating for 525 people in standard three-class configuration or up to 853 people in full economy class configuration.<ref name="a380_specs"> A380 Specifications
. Airbus S.A.S
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref><ref name="555_to_525"> Martin , Mike
. " Honey, I shrunk the A380! " , Flight International , 18 June 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-17 . </ref> The A380 is offered in passenger and freighter versions. The A380-800, the passenger model, is the largest passenger airliner in the world, superseding the Boeing 747, but has a shorter fuselage than the Airbus A340-600 which is Airbus' next biggest passenger airplane. The A380-800F, the freighter model, is offered as one of the largest freight aircraft, with a listed payload capacity exceeded only by the Antonov An-225.<ref name="a380f_specs"> A380 Freighter Specifications . Airbus S.A.S
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref> The A380-800 has a design range of 15,200 kilometres (8,200 nmi), sufficient to fly from New York to Hong Kong for example, and a cruising speed of Mach 0.85 (about 900 km/h or 560 mph at cruise altitude).<ref name="a380_specs" />//events.airbus.com/a380/seeing/learnandplay/faq.asp#q4 | accessdate = 2007-09-25 }}</ref> and provides seating for 525 people in standard three-class configuration or up to 853 people in full economy class configuration.<ref name="a380_specs"> A380 Specifications
. Airbus S.A.S
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref><ref name="555_to_525"> Martin , Mike
. " Honey, I shrunk the A380! " , Flight International , 18 June 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-17 . </ref> The A380 is offered in passenger and freighter versions. The A380-800, the passenger model, is the largest passenger airliner in the world, superseding the Boeing 747, but has a shorter fuselage than the Airbus A340-600 which is Airbus' next biggest passenger airplane. The A380-800F, the freighter model, is offered as one of the largest freight aircraft, with a listed payload capacity exceeded only by the Antonov An-225.<ref name="a380f_specs"> A380 Freighter Specifications . Airbus S.A.S
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref> The A380-800 has a design range of 15,200 kilometres (8,200 nmi), sufficient to fly from New York to Hong Kong for example, and a cruising speed of Mach 0.85 (about 900 km/h or 560 mph at cruise altitude).<ref name="a380_specs" />
Sommaire |
History
Development
<timeline> ImageSize = width:280 height:270 PlotArea = left:50 right:0 bottom:10 top:10 DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1991 till:2007 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:1991 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:5 start:1992
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Color:yellow mark:(line,black) align:left fontsize:M shift:(0,-3) # shift text to right side of bar
# there is no automatic collision detection, fontsize:XS # so shift texts up or down manually to avoid overlap shift:(25,-10)
at:2007 shift:15,-6 text: Airbus delivers first A380-800 at:2006 shift:15,-6 text: Certification and delays at:2005 shift:15,-6 text: Maiden flight at:2004 shift:15,-6 text: First engine delivered at:2002 shift:15,-6 text: Component-manufacturing starts at:2001 shift:15,-6 text: Airbus consortium is merged at:2000 shift:15,-6 text: Commercial launch of the A3XX at:1996 shift:15,-6 text: Large Aircraft Division formed at:1993 shift:15,-6 text: Boeing cancels similar project at:1991 shift:15,-6 text: Market demand researched
</timeline>
Airbus started the development of a very large airliner (termed Megaliner by Airbus in the early development stages) in the early 1990s, both to complete its own range of products and to break the dominance that Boeing had enjoyed in this market segment since the early 1970s with its 747. McDonnell Douglas pursued a similar strategy with its ultimately unsuccessful MD-12 design. As each manufacturer looked to build a successor to the 747, they knew there was room for only one new aircraft to be profitable in the 600 to 800 seat market segment. Each knew the risk of splitting such a niche market, as had been demonstrated by the simultaneous debut of the Lockheed L-1011 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10: both planes met the market’s needs, but the market could profitably sustain only one model, eventually resulting in Lockheed's departure from the civil airliner business. In January 1993, Boeing and several companies in the Airbus consortium started a joint feasibility study of an aircraft known as the Very Large Commercial Transport (VLCT), aiming to form a partnership to share the limited market.
www.zenithpress.com/ProductDetails_32796.ncm | id = ISBN 978-0-7603-2218-5 }}</ref> The A3XX was pitted against the VLCT study and Boeing’s own New Large Aircraft successor to the 747, which evolved into the 747X, a stretched version of the 747 with the fore body "hump" extended rearwards to accommodate more passengers. The joint VLCT effort ended in July 1996, and Boeing suspended the 747X program in January 1997. From 1997 to 2000, as the East Asian financial crisis darkened the market outlook, Airbus refined its design, targeting a 15 to 20 percent reduction in operating costs over the existing Boeing 747-400. The A3XX design converged on a double-decker layout that provided more passenger volume than a traditional single-deck design.//www.zenithpress.com/ProductDetails_32796.ncm | id = ISBN 978-0-7603-2218-5 }}</ref> The A3XX was pitted against the VLCT study and Boeing’s own New Large Aircraft successor to the 747, which evolved into the 747X, a stretched version of the 747 with the fore body "hump" extended rearwards to accommodate more passengers. The joint VLCT effort ended in July 1996, and Boeing suspended the 747X program in January 1997. From 1997 to 2000, as the East Asian financial crisis darkened the market outlook, Airbus refined its design, targeting a 15 to 20 percent reduction in operating costs over the existing Boeing 747-400. The A3XX design converged on a double-decker layout that provided more passenger volume than a traditional single-deck design.
On 19 December 2000, the supervisory board of newly restructured Airbus voted to launch a €8.8 billion program to build the A3XX, re-christened as the A380, with 55 orders from six launch customers. The A380 designation was a break from previous Airbus families, which had progressed sequentially from A300 to A340. It was chosen because the number 8 resembles the double-deck cross section, and is a lucky number in some Asian countries where the aircraft was being marketed.<ref name="norris_wagner_book"/> The aircraft’s final configuration was frozen in early 2001, and manufacturing of the first A380 wing box component started on 23 January 2002. The development cost of the A380 had grown to €11 billion when the first aircraft was completed.
Boeing, meanwhile, resurrected the 747X programme several times before finally launching the 747-8 Intercontinental in November 2005 (with entry into service planned for 2009). Boeing chose to develop a derivative for the 400 to 500 seat market, instead of matching the A380's capacity.
Testing
www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/12/20/203708/a380-powers-on-through-flight-test.html | publisher = Flight International | date = 20 December 2005 | accessdate = 2007-09-25 }}</ref> The first prototype, serial number MSN001 and registration F-WWOW, was unveiled at a ceremony in Toulouse on 18 January 2005. Its maiden flight took place at 8:29 UTC (10:29 a.m. local time) 27 April 2005. The prototype, equipped with Trent 900 engines, departed runway 32L of Toulouse Blagnac International Airport with a flight crew of six headed by chief test pilot Jacques Rosay, carrying 20 tonnes (22 short tons) of flight test instrumentation and water ballast. The take-off weight of the aircraft was 421 tonnes (464 short tons); although this was only 75 percent of its maximum take-off weight, it was the heaviest take-off weight of any passenger airliner ever flown.//www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/12/20/203708/a380-powers-on-through-flight-test.html | publisher = Flight International | date = 20 December 2005 | accessdate = 2007-09-25 }}</ref> The first prototype, serial number MSN001 and registration F-WWOW, was unveiled at a ceremony in Toulouse on 18 January 2005. Its maiden flight took place at 8:29 UTC (10:29 a.m. local time) 27 April 2005. The prototype, equipped with Trent 900 engines, departed runway 32L of Toulouse Blagnac International Airport with a flight crew of six headed by chief test pilot Jacques Rosay, carrying 20 tonnes (22 short tons) of flight test instrumentation and water ballast. The take-off weight of the aircraft was 421 tonnes (464 short tons); although this was only 75 percent of its maximum take-off weight, it was the heaviest take-off weight of any passenger airliner ever flown.
In mid-November 2005, the A380 embarked on a tour of Southeast Asia and Australia for promotional and for long-haul flight testing purposes, visiting Singapore, Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Kuala Lumpur. During this tour, the livery of Singapore Airlines, Qantas and Malaysia Airlines were applied in addition to the Airbus house livery. On 19 November, an A380 flew in full Emirates livery at the Dubai Air Show.
On 1 December 2005, the A380 achieved its maximum design speed of Mach 0.96, in a shallow dive, completing the opening of the flight envelope.<ref name="flight_test_2005" /> The aircraft's maximum allowed operational speed is lower, at Mach 0.89, and its cruising speed is Mach 0.85.
www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11236081/ | accessdate = 2006-09-16 }}</ref> The same aircraft then flew to Singapore to participate in the Asian Aerospace 2006 exhibition, in full Singapore Airlines livery.//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11236081/ | accessdate = 2006-09-16 }}</ref> The same aircraft then flew to Singapore to participate in the Asian Aerospace 2006 exhibition, in full Singapore Airlines livery.
www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/04/06/Navigation/177/205793/Airbus+A380+evacuation+trial+full+report+everyone+off+in.html | accessdate = 2006-09-16 }}</ref> Three days later, the A380 received European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approval to carry up to 853 passengers.<ref name="evacuation_test_2">"
Pictures: Airbus A380 clears European and US certification hurdles for evacuation trial " , Flight International , 29 March 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-16 . </ref>//www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/04/06/Navigation/177/205793/Airbus+A380+evacuation+trial+full+report+everyone+off+in.html | accessdate = 2006-09-16 }}</ref> Three days later, the A380 received European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approval to carry up to 853 passengers.<ref name="evacuation_test_2">" Pictures: Airbus A380 clears European and US certification hurdles for evacuation trial " , Flight International , 29 March 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-16 . </ref>
The first A380 planned for delivery to a customer, serial number MSN003 and registration F-WWSA, took to the air in May 2006. The maiden flight of the first A380 with GP7200 engines serial number MSN009 and registration F-WWEA took place on 25 August 2006.
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5312020.stm | accessdate = 2006-09-16}}</ref> The aircraft flew from Toulouse with 474 Airbus employees on board, in the first of a series of flights to test passenger facilities and comfort. In November 2006, a further series of route proving flights took place to demonstrate the aircraft's performance for 150 flight hours under typical airline operating conditions.//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5312020.stm | accessdate = 2006-09-16}}</ref> The aircraft flew from Toulouse with 474 Airbus employees on board, in the first of a series of flights to test passenger facilities and comfort. In November 2006, a further series of route proving flights took place to demonstrate the aircraft's performance for 150 flight hours under typical airline operating conditions.
www.easa.europa.eu/doc/Certification/Design_Appro/Aircrafts/TCDS%20EASA.A.110%20Airbus%20A380%20Iss%201%20(12%20Dec%2006).pdf | title =EASA Type-Certificate Data Sheet TCDS A.110 | publisher = EASA| date = 12 December 2007 | accessdate = 2007-11-03 }}</ref><ref name="FAA A380"> FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet NO.A58NM
. FAA (12 December 2007)
. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. </ref> The A380-861 model obtained the type certificate 14 December 2007.//www.easa.europa.eu/doc/Certification/Design_Appro/Aircrafts/TCDS%20EASA.A.110%20Airbus%20A380%20Iss%201%20(12%20Dec%2006).pdf | title =EASA Type-Certificate Data Sheet TCDS A.110 | publisher = EASA| date = 12 December 2007 | accessdate = 2007-11-03 }}</ref><ref name="FAA A380"> FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet NO.A58NM
. FAA (12 December 2007)
. Retrieved on 2007-11-03. </ref> The A380-861 model obtained the type certificate 14 December 2007.
As of December 2007, eleven A380s have flown, and the five A380s in the test programme had logged over 4,565 hours during 1,364 flights, including route proving and demonstration flights. As of December 11th 2007, the A380 has visited 26 countries: Argentine, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Ireland, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, United States of America and Vietnam.
Delivery delays
www.eads.com/xml/content/OF00000000400004/0/74/41485740.pdf | date = 19 October 2006 | accessdate = 2006-10-19 }}</ref><ref name=”wiring"> Kingsley-Jones , Max
. " The race to rewire the Airbus A380 " , Flight International , 18 July 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-21 . </ref> Deliveries would be pushed back by nearly two years.//www.eads.com/xml/content/OF00000000400004/0/74/41485740.pdf | date = 19 October 2006 | accessdate = 2006-10-19 }}</ref><ref name=”wiring"> Kingsley-Jones , Max . " The race to rewire the Airbus A380 " , Flight International , 18 July 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-21 . </ref> Deliveries would be pushed back by nearly two years.
seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/290276_airbus28.html | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref>//seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/290276_airbus28.html | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref>
Airbus announced the first delay in June 2005 and notified airlines that delivery would slip by six months, with Singapore Airlines expecting the first A380 in the last quarter of 2006, Qantas getting its first delivery in April 2007 and Emirates receiving aircraft before 2008. This reduced the number of planned deliveries by the end of 2009 from about 120 to 90–100.
www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/04/business/airbus.php | accessdate = 2006-09-16 }}</ref> In the wake of the new delay, Malaysia Airlines and ILFC were reported to be considering the cancellation of their orders.<ref name="atwMHA380cancellation"> Thomas , Geoffrey
. " MAS prepares to cancel A380 order " , ATWOnline , 20 June 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-16 . </ref><ref name="atwILFCA380cancellation"> Karp , Aaron . " ILFC considers $3 billion A380 cancellation as pressure on Airbus mounts " , ATWOnline , 21 June 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-16 . </ref> Launch customers Singapore Airlines, Emirates and Qantas also were reported to be angered by the delays and expecting compensation.<ref name="abcA380delay"> Jamieson , Bob . " More setbacks for Airbus Superjumbo jet " , ABC News , 14 June 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-16 . </ref> However, on 21 July 2006, Singapore Airlines ordered a further 9 A380s and stated that Airbus had "demonstrated to our satisfaction that the engineering design for the A380 is sound [and that] it has performed well in flight and certification tests and the delays in its delivery have been caused more by production, rather than technical, issues."<ref name="SIAconfidence"> Kaminski-Morrow , David . " Farnborough: SIA shocks the air show by ordering 20 Airbus A350s, nine further A380s " , Flight International , 21 July 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-16 . </ref>//www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/04/business/airbus.php | accessdate = 2006-09-16 }}</ref> In the wake of the new delay, Malaysia Airlines and ILFC were reported to be considering the cancellation of their orders.<ref name="atwMHA380cancellation"> Thomas , Geoffrey . " MAS prepares to cancel A380 order " , ATWOnline , 20 June 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-16 . </ref><ref name="atwILFCA380cancellation"> Karp , Aaron . " ILFC considers $3 billion A380 cancellation as pressure on Airbus mounts " , ATWOnline , 21 June 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-16 . </ref> Launch customers Singapore Airlines, Emirates and Qantas also were reported to be angered by the delays and expecting compensation.<ref name="abcA380delay"> Jamieson , Bob . " More setbacks for Airbus Superjumbo jet " , ABC News , 14 June 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-16 . </ref> However, on 21 July 2006, Singapore Airlines ordered a further 9 A380s and stated that Airbus had "demonstrated to our satisfaction that the engineering design for the A380 is sound [and that] it has performed well in flight and certification tests and the delays in its delivery have been caused more by production, rather than technical, issues."<ref name="SIAconfidence"> Kaminski-Morrow , David . " Farnborough: SIA shocks the air show by ordering 20 Airbus A350s, nine further A380s " , Flight International , 21 July 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-09-16 . </ref>
www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/06_10_03_a380_delays_company_restructuring_plan.html | accessdate = 2006-10-03 }}</ref> The delay also increased the earnings shortfall projected by Airbus through 2010 to €4.8 billion.<ref name="the_times_20061003"> Robertson , David
. " Airbus will lose €4.8bn because of A380 delays " , The Times , 3 October 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-10-03 . </ref> The customer with the largest A380 order, Emirates, saw its first delivery pushed back to August 2008 and said as a result that it was considering scaling back its order,<ref name="iht_third_delay"> Clark , Nicola . " New A380 jet delays confirmed " , International Herald Tribune , 3 October 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-10-03 . </ref> potentially in favour of the rival Boeing 747-8.<ref name="the_times_20061003" /> However, Emirates never scaled back the order but placed additional orders for A380s in 2007. Virgin Atlantic deferred its deliveries by four years, to 2013.<ref name="virgin_defer"">" Virgin Atlantic is to defer its order for the new Airbus A380 by four years " , BBC News , 26 October 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-10-26 . </ref> The third delay was followed by the first cancellations to hit the A380 programme. On 7 November 2006 FedEx cancelled its order for 10 A380F freighters in favour of 15 Boeing 777 Freighters.<ref name="fedex_cancel"> Quentin Wilber , Dell . " Airbus bust, Boeing boost " , The Washington Post , 8 November 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-11-08 . </ref> In March 2007, the last remaining customer for the A380F, UPS, announced the cancellation of its order.<ref>UPS to Cancel A380 Freighter Order</ref> Airbus suspended work on the freighter version in order to concentrate on delivering the passenger version, but said the freighter remained on offer.<ref name="a380f_freighterinterrupted"> Airbus says A380F development 'interrupted' . Flight Global
. Retrieved on 2007-03-06. </ref> As of March 2007, Airbus estimated a 2014 entry into service for the A380F.<ref name="a380f_2014"> Airbus to Boost A330 A340 Line
. Bloomberg via Seattle PI
. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. </ref>//www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/06_10_03_a380_delays_company_restructuring_plan.html | accessdate = 2006-10-03 }}</ref> The delay also increased the earnings shortfall projected by Airbus through 2010 to €4.8 billion.<ref name="the_times_20061003"> Robertson , David
. " Airbus will lose €4.8bn because of A380 delays " , The Times , 3 October 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-10-03 . </ref> The customer with the largest A380 order, Emirates, saw its first delivery pushed back to August 2008 and said as a result that it was considering scaling back its order,<ref name="iht_third_delay"> Clark , Nicola . " New A380 jet delays confirmed " , International Herald Tribune , 3 October 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-10-03 . </ref> potentially in favour of the rival Boeing 747-8.<ref name="the_times_20061003" /> However, Emirates never scaled back the order but placed additional orders for A380s in 2007. Virgin Atlantic deferred its deliveries by four years, to 2013.<ref name="virgin_defer"">" Virgin Atlantic is to defer its order for the new Airbus A380 by four years " , BBC News , 26 October 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-10-26 . </ref> The third delay was followed by the first cancellations to hit the A380 programme. On 7 November 2006 FedEx cancelled its order for 10 A380F freighters in favour of 15 Boeing 777 Freighters.<ref name="fedex_cancel"> Quentin Wilber , Dell . " Airbus bust, Boeing boost " , The Washington Post , 8 November 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-11-08 . </ref> In March 2007, the last remaining customer for the A380F, UPS, announced the cancellation of its order.<ref>UPS to Cancel A380 Freighter Order</ref> Airbus suspended work on the freighter version in order to concentrate on delivering the passenger version, but said the freighter remained on offer.<ref name="a380f_freighterinterrupted"> Airbus says A380F development 'interrupted' . Flight Global
. Retrieved on 2007-03-06. </ref> As of March 2007, Airbus estimated a 2014 entry into service for the A380F.<ref name="a380f_2014"> Airbus to Boost A330 A340 Line
. Bloomberg via Seattle PI
. Retrieved on 2007-03-13. </ref>
Entry into service
www.a380.singaporeair.com/content/news/newsrelease/20070816/index.html |publisher=Singapore Airlines |date=August 16, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-16 }}</ref> Two months later Singapore Airlines CEO Chew Choong Seng said that the A380 was performing better than both the airline and Airbus had anticipated, burning 20% less fuel per passenger than the airline's existing 747-400 fleet.<ref name="SIA's Chew: A380 pleases">"
SIA's Chew: A380 pleases, Virgin Atlantic disappoints " , ATW Online , 13 December 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-12-13 . </ref> Singapore Airlines plans to use its first several aircraft, in a 471-seat configuration, on its London–Singapore–Sydney service when sufficient aircraft are delivered; until then the A380 will be used between Sydney and Singapore. Subsequent routes may include the Singapore–San Francisco route via Hong Kong, as well as direct flights to Paris and Frankfurt.//www.a380.singaporeair.com/content/news/newsrelease/20070816/index.html |publisher=Singapore Airlines |date=August 16, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-16 }}</ref> Two months later Singapore Airlines CEO Chew Choong Seng said that the A380 was performing better than both the airline and Airbus had anticipated, burning 20% less fuel per passenger than the airline's existing 747-400 fleet.<ref name="SIA's Chew: A380 pleases">" SIA's Chew: A380 pleases, Virgin Atlantic disappoints " , ATW Online , 13 December 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-12-13 . </ref> Singapore Airlines plans to use its first several aircraft, in a 471-seat configuration, on its London–Singapore–Sydney service when sufficient aircraft are delivered; until then the A380 will be used between Sydney and Singapore. Subsequent routes may include the Singapore–San Francisco route via Hong Kong, as well as direct flights to Paris and Frankfurt.
www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/10/01/217261/airbus-confident-ahead-of-a380-service-entry-with-singapore.html}}</ref> Qantas has announced it will use the A380, in a 450-seat configuration,[1] on its Melbourne and Sydney to Los Angeles and Melbourne and Sydney to London routes.//www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/10/01/217261/airbus-confident-ahead-of-a380-service-entry-with-singapore.html}}</ref> Qantas has announced it will use the A380, in a 450-seat configuration,[2] on its Melbourne and Sydney to Los Angeles and Melbourne and Sydney to London routes.
www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/09/06/216611/exclusive-airbus-test-flies-first-a380-for-emirates-airline.html}}</ref> Emirates will receive the aircraft in September 2008 and will initially deploy the plane on its Australian services to Sydney and shortly after to Melbourne. Air France has said that its A380s will be used on its Paris to Montreal and New York routes.//www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/09/06/216611/exclusive-airbus-test-flies-first-a380-for-emirates-airline.html}}</ref> Emirates will receive the aircraft in September 2008 and will initially deploy the plane on its Australian services to Sydney and shortly after to Melbourne. Air France has said that its A380s will be used on its Paris to Montreal and New York routes.
www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/10/01/217261/airbus-confident-ahead-of-a380-service-entry-with-singapore.html}}</ref>//www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/10/01/217261/airbus-confident-ahead-of-a380-service-entry-with-singapore.html}}</ref>
Design
www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/passenger_comfort.html Airbus A380 Cabin]</ref> or 853 passengers (538 on the main deck and 315 on the upper deck) in a single-class economy configuration. In May 2007, Airbus began marketing the same aircraft to customers with 30 fewer passengers (now 525 passengers) traded for 200 nmi more range, to better reflect trends in premium class accommodation.<ref name="555_to_525" /> The design range for the -800 model is 15,200 km (8,200 nmi).<ref name="a380_specs" /> The second model, the A380-800F freighter, will carry 150 tonnes of cargo 10,400 km (5,600 nmi).<ref name="a380_freighter"> The triple-deck cargo hauler
. Airbus S.A.S.
.</ref> Future variants may include an A380-900 stretch seating about 656 passengers (or up to 960 passengers in an all economy configuration) and an extended range version with the same passenger capacity as the A380-800.<ref name="norris_wagner_book" />//www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/passenger_comfort.html Airbus A380 Cabin]</ref> or 853 passengers (538 on the main deck and 315 on the upper deck) in a single-class economy configuration. In May 2007, Airbus began marketing the same aircraft to customers with 30 fewer passengers (now 525 passengers) traded for 200 nmi more range, to better reflect trends in premium class accommodation.<ref name="555_to_525" /> The design range for the -800 model is 15,200 km (8,200 nmi).<ref name="a380_specs" /> The second model, the A380-800F freighter, will carry 150 tonnes of cargo 10,400 km (5,600 nmi).<ref name="a380_freighter"> The triple-deck cargo hauler
. Airbus S.A.S.
.</ref> Future variants may include an A380-900 stretch seating about 656 passengers (or up to 960 passengers in an all economy configuration) and an extended range version with the same passenger capacity as the A380-800.<ref name="norris_wagner_book" />
The A380's wing is sized for a Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) over 650 tonnes in order to accommodate these future versions, albeit with some strengthening required.<ref name="norris_wagner_book" /> The stronger wing (and structure) is used on the A380-800F freighter. This common design approach sacrifices some fuel efficiency on the A380-800 passenger model, but Airbus estimates that the size of the aircraft, coupled with the advances in technology described below, will provide lower operating costs per passenger than all current variants of Boeing 747. The A380 also features wingtip fences similar to those found on the A310 and A320 to improve performance.
Flight deck
a380.lufthansa.com/en/html/technik/piloten/index.php}}</ref> The improved cockpit displays feature eight 15-by-20 cm (6-by-8-inch) liquid crystal displays, all of which are physically identical and interchangeable. These comprise two Primary Flight Displays, two navigation displays, one engine parameter display, one system display and two Multi-Function Displays. These MFDs are new with the A380, and provide an easy-to-use interface to the flight management system—replacing three multifunction control and display units. They include QWERTY keyboards and trackballs, interfacing with a graphical "point-and-click" display navigation system.<ref name="a380_flight_deck"> A380 flight deck
. Airbus S.A.S
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref>//a380.lufthansa.com/en/html/technik/piloten/index.php}}</ref> The improved cockpit displays feature eight 15-by-20 cm (6-by-8-inch) liquid crystal displays, all of which are physically identical and interchangeable. These comprise two Primary Flight Displays, two navigation displays, one engine parameter display, one system display and two Multi-Function Displays. These MFDs are new with the A380, and provide an easy-to-use interface to the flight management system—replacing three multifunction control and display units. They include QWERTY keyboards and trackballs, interfacing with a graphical "point-and-click" display navigation system.<ref name="a380_flight_deck"> A380 flight deck
. Airbus S.A.S
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref>
Engines
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Airbus_A380_orders_and_deliveries#A380_Types_Matrix] The Trent 900 is a derivative of the Trent 800, and the GP7000 has roots from the GE90 and PW4000. The Trent 900 core is a scaled version of the Trent 500, but incorporates the swept fan technology of the stillborn Trent 8104.<ref name="rolls"> Trent 900 engine
. Rolls-Royce
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref> The GP7200 has a GE90-derived core and PW4090-derived fan and low-pressure turbo-machinery.<ref name="engine_alliance"> GP7200 engine features
. Engine Alliance
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref>//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Airbus_A380_orders_and_deliveries#A380_Types_Matrix] The Trent 900 is a derivative of the Trent 800, and the GP7000 has roots from the GE90 and PW4000. The Trent 900 core is a scaled version of the Trent 500, but incorporates the swept fan technology of the stillborn Trent 8104.<ref name="rolls"> Trent 900 engine
. Rolls-Royce
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref> The GP7200 has a GE90-derived core and PW4090-derived fan and low-pressure turbo-machinery.<ref name="engine_alliance"> GP7200 engine features
. Engine Alliance
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref>
a380.lufthansa.com/en/html/technik/umwelt/index.php}}</ref><ref> A380 Family
. Airbus
.</ref> Both engine types allow the aircraft to achieve QC/2 departure and QC/0.5 arrival noise limits under the Quota Count system set by London Heathrow Airport, which is expected to become a key destination for the A380.<ref name="norris_wagner_book"/>//a380.lufthansa.com/en/html/technik/umwelt/index.php}}</ref><ref> A380 Family
. Airbus
.</ref> Both engine types allow the aircraft to achieve QC/2 departure and QC/0.5 arrival noise limits under the Quota Count system set by London Heathrow Airport, which is expected to become a key destination for the A380.<ref name="norris_wagner_book"/>
Advanced materials
www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a380/ | accessdate = 2006-09-26 }}</ref> Newer weldable aluminium alloys are also used. This enables the widespread use of laser beam welding manufacturing techniques<ref> Rötzer , Isolde
(January 1 2005) . Laser Beam Welding (.pdf) . Fraunhofer Society Material and Beam Technology - IWS, Dresden, Germany
. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. </ref> — eliminating rows of rivets and resulting in a lighter, stronger structure.//www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a380/ | accessdate = 2006-09-26 }}</ref> Newer weldable aluminium alloys are also used. This enables the widespread use of laser beam welding manufacturing techniques<ref> Rötzer , Isolde
(January 1 2005) . Laser Beam Welding (.pdf) . Fraunhofer Society Material and Beam Technology - IWS, Dresden, Germany
. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. </ref> — eliminating rows of rivets and resulting in a lighter, stronger structure.
Avionics architecture
a380.lufthansa.com/en/html/technik/rechenzentrum/index.php}}</ref> This reduces the amount of wiring required and minimizes latency. <ref name="avionics_magazine"> Adams , Charlotte
. " Test cards for the Airbus A380 " , Aviation Today , 1 July 2002 . Retrieved on 2007-10-16 . </ref> The Network Systems Server (NSS) is the heart of A380 paperless cockpit. It eliminates the bulky manuals and charts traditionally carried by the pilots. The NSS has enough inbuilt robustness to do away with onboard backup paper documents. The A380's network and server system stores data and offers electronic documentation, providing a required equipment list, navigation charts, performance calculations, and an aircraft logbook. All are accessible to the pilot from two additional 27 cm (11 inch) diagonal LCDs, each controlled by its own keyboard and control cursor device mounted in the foldable table in front of each pilot.<ref name="avionics_magazine" />//a380.lufthansa.com/en/html/technik/rechenzentrum/index.php}}</ref> This reduces the amount of wiring required and minimizes latency. <ref name="avionics_magazine"> Adams , Charlotte . " Test cards for the Airbus A380 " , Aviation Today , 1 July 2002 . Retrieved on 2007-10-16 . </ref> The Network Systems Server (NSS) is the heart of A380 paperless cockpit. It eliminates the bulky manuals and charts traditionally carried by the pilots. The NSS has enough inbuilt robustness to do away with onboard backup paper documents. The A380's network and server system stores data and offers electronic documentation, providing a required equipment list, navigation charts, performance calculations, and an aircraft logbook. All are accessible to the pilot from two additional 27 cm (11 inch) diagonal LCDs, each controlled by its own keyboard and control cursor device mounted in the foldable table in front of each pilot.<ref name="avionics_magazine" />
Systems
www.aviationtoday.com/cgi/av/show_mag.cgi?pub=av&mon=1001&file=1001a380.htm | accessdate = 2006-09-26 }}</ref>//www.aviationtoday.com/cgi/av/show_mag.cgi?pub=av&mon=1001&file=1001a380.htm | accessdate = 2006-09-26 }}</ref>
The aircraft's 350 bar (35 MPa or 5,000 psi) hydraulic system is an improvement over the typical 210 bar (21 MPa or 3,000 psi) system found in other commercial aircraft since the 1940s. First used in military aircraft, higher pressure hydraulics reduce the size of pipelines, actuators and other components for overall weight reduction. The 350 bar pressure is generated by eight de-clutchable hydraulic pumps. Pipelines are typically made from titanium and the system features both fuel and air-cooled heat exchangers. The hydraulics system architecture also differs significantly from other airliners. Self-contained electrically powered hydraulic power packs, instead of a secondary hydraulic system, are the backups for the primary systems. This saves weight and reduces maintenance.
The A380 uses four 150 kVA variable-frequency electrical generators eliminating the constant speed drives for better reliability. The A380 uses aluminium power cables instead of copper for greater weight savings due to the number of cables used for an aircraft of this size and complexity. The electrical power system is fully computerized and many contactors and breakers have been replaced by solid-state devices for better performance and increased reliability.<ref name="avionics_magazine2" />
www.diehl-aerospace.de/index.php?id=1402&L=1 | accessdate = 2007-05-14}}</ref> capable of creating a cabin ambience simulating daylight, night or shades in between. On the outside of the aircraft, HID lighting is used to give brighter, whiter and better quality illumination. These two technologies provide brightness and a service life superior to traditional incandescent light bulbs.//www.diehl-aerospace.de/index.php?id=1402&L=1 | accessdate = 2007-05-14}}</ref> capable of creating a cabin ambience simulating daylight, night or shades in between. On the outside of the aircraft, HID lighting is used to give brighter, whiter and better quality illumination. These two technologies provide brightness and a service life superior to traditional incandescent light bulbs.
The A380 was initially planned without thrust reversers, as Airbus believed it to have ample braking capacity. The FAA disagreed, and Airbus elected to fit only the two inboard engines with them. The two outboard engines do not have reversers, reducing the amount of debris stirred up during landing. The A380 features electrically actuated thrust reversers, giving them better reliability than their pneumatic or hydraulic equivalents, in addition to saving weight.
Passenger provisions
www.arabianbusiness.com/498380-billion-dollar-baby | accessdate = 2007-10-28}}</ref> The upper and lower decks are connected by two stairways, fore and aft, wide enough to accommodate two passengers side-by-side. In a 555-passenger configuration, the A380 has 33% more seats than a 747-400 in a standard three-class configuration but 50% more cabin area and volume, resulting in more space per passenger. Its maximum certified carrying capacity is 853 passengers in an all-economy-class configuration.<ref name="evacuation_test"/>//www.arabianbusiness.com/498380-billion-dollar-baby | accessdate = 2007-10-28}}</ref> The upper and lower decks are connected by two stairways, fore and aft, wide enough to accommodate two passengers side-by-side. In a 555-passenger configuration, the A380 has 33% more seats than a 747-400 in a standard three-class configuration but 50% more cabin area and volume, resulting in more space per passenger. Its maximum certified carrying capacity is 853 passengers in an all-economy-class configuration.<ref name="evacuation_test"/>
www.fodors.com/news/story_2432.html | accessdate = 2007-10-28}}</ref> Singapore Airline's economy-class seats feature 27 cm (10.6 inch) LCD screens in each seatback, as well as an AC power supply in most seats; business-class seats are 84 cm (34 inches) wide, can lay flat for sleeping, and have 39 cm (15.4 inch) LCD screens.<ref> Singapore Airlines A380 - Comfort, space and luxury
. Singapore Airlines
. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. </ref>//www.fodors.com/news/story_2432.html | accessdate = 2007-10-28}}</ref> Singapore Airline's economy-class seats feature 27 cm (10.6 inch) LCD screens in each seatback, as well as an AC power supply in most seats; business-class seats are 84 cm (34 inches) wide, can lay flat for sleeping, and have 39 cm (15.4 inch) LCD screens.<ref> Singapore Airlines A380 - Comfort, space and luxury
. Singapore Airlines
. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. </ref>
www.airbus.com/cabin-showroom/preview/index.jsp?article=0 | accessdate = 2007-05-14}}</ref> anticipating installations such as relaxation areas, bars, duty-free shops, and beauty salons. Virgin Atlantic Airways already offers a bar as part of its "Upper Class" service on its A340 and 747 aircraft, and has announced plans to include casinos, double beds, and gymnasiums on its A380s.<ref>"Virgin eyes gyms, casino, double beds on A380 jet"</ref><ref>"Could the A380 Become Tomorrow's 'Cruise Ship of the Sky'?: A Peek at the Airbus Giant"</ref> Singapore Airlines offers twelve fully-enclosed first-class suites on its A380, each with one full and one secondary seat, full-sized bed, desk, personal storage, and 58-cm (23-inch) LCD screen at a 20% to 25% price premium over standard first class seating. Four of these suites are in the form of two "double" suites featuring a double bed.<ref> Singapore Airlines A380 - A class beyond first
. Singapore Airlines
. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. </ref> Emirates has not yet revealed their front-end A380 product<ref> Possible Cabin Configurations Of The Airbus A380 Interior
. Airline World, Wordpress.com
. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. </ref> although Qantas Airways has shown their product which features a long flat-bed that converts from the seat but it does not have privacy doors.<ref> Qantas and the A380
. Qantas
. Retrieved on 2007-12-15. </ref>//www.airbus.com/cabin-showroom/preview/index.jsp?article=0 | accessdate = 2007-05-14}}</ref> anticipating installations such as relaxation areas, bars, duty-free shops, and beauty salons. Virgin Atlantic Airways already offers a bar as part of its "Upper Class" service on its A340 and 747 aircraft, and has announced plans to include casinos, double beds, and gymnasiums on its A380s.<ref>"Virgin eyes gyms, casino, double beds on A380 jet"</ref><ref>"Could the A380 Become Tomorrow's 'Cruise Ship of the Sky'?: A Peek at the Airbus Giant"</ref> Singapore Airlines offers twelve fully-enclosed first-class suites on its A380, each with one full and one secondary seat, full-sized bed, desk, personal storage, and 58-cm (23-inch) LCD screen at a 20% to 25% price premium over standard first class seating. Four of these suites are in the form of two "double" suites featuring a double bed.<ref> Singapore Airlines A380 - A class beyond first
. Singapore Airlines
. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. </ref> Emirates has not yet revealed their front-end A380 product<ref> Possible Cabin Configurations Of The Airbus A380 Interior
. Airline World, Wordpress.com
. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. </ref> although Qantas Airways has shown their product which features a long flat-bed that converts from the seat but it does not have privacy doors.<ref> Qantas and the A380
. Qantas
. Retrieved on 2007-12-15. </ref>
Production
www.leeham.net/filelib/A380DEBATEFINAL.pdf | accessdate = 2006-09-13}}</ref>//www.leeham.net/filelib/A380DEBATEFINAL.pdf | accessdate = 2006-09-13}}</ref>
www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2003/05/20/165712/Towards+Toulouse.html | accessdate = 2006-09-18 }}</ref> The wings, which are manufactured at Filton in Bristol and Broughton in North Wales, are transported by barge to Mostyn docks, where the ship adds them to its cargo. In Saint-Nazaire in western France, the ship trades the fuselage sections from Hamburg for larger, assembled sections, some of which include the nose. The ship unloads in Bordeaux. Afterwards, the ship picks up the belly and tail sections by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA in Cádiz in southern Spain, and delivers them to Bordeaux. From there, the A380 parts are transported by barge to Langon, and by oversize road convoys to the assembly hall in Toulouse.<ref name="A380 convoys">"
A380 convoys " , IGG.FR , 28 October 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-28 . </ref> New wider roads, canal systems and barges were developed to deliver the A380 parts. After assembly, the aircraft are flown to Hamburg, XFW to be furnished and painted. It takes 3,600 litres (950 gallons) of paint to cover the 3,100 m² (33,000 ft²) exterior of an A380.//www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2003/05/20/165712/Towards+Toulouse.html | accessdate = 2006-09-18 }}</ref> The wings, which are manufactured at Filton in Bristol and Broughton in North Wales, are transported by barge to Mostyn docks, where the ship adds them to its cargo. In Saint-Nazaire in western France, the ship trades the fuselage sections from Hamburg for larger, assembled sections, some of which include the nose. The ship unloads in Bordeaux. Afterwards, the ship picks up the belly and tail sections by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA in Cádiz in southern Spain, and delivers them to Bordeaux. From there, the A380 parts are transported by barge to Langon, and by oversize road convoys to the assembly hall in Toulouse.<ref name="A380 convoys">" A380 convoys " , IGG.FR , 28 October 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-28 . </ref> New wider roads, canal systems and barges were developed to deliver the A380 parts. After assembly, the aircraft are flown to Hamburg, XFW to be furnished and painted. It takes 3,600 litres (950 gallons) of paint to cover the 3,100 m² (33,000 ft²) exterior of an A380.
Airbus sized the production facilities and supply chain for a production rate of four A380s per month.<ref name="fi_20030520_production" />
Orders and deliveries
| Modèle:Image label begin |
|---|
www.airbus.com/odxml/orders_and_deliveries.xls | title = Airbus orders & deliveries | publisher = Airbus S.A.S | date = 31 October 2007 | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref><ref> Airbus A380 orders and commitmens
. Airbus S.A.S (19 November 2007)
. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. </ref> Orders for the freighter model reached 27 but dwindled to zero following the production delays. Airbus expects to sell a total of 750 aircraft, and estimated break-even at 420 units, increased from 270 due to the delays and the falling exchange rate of the US dollar.<ref name="eads_airbus_forecast_20061019"/> In April 2007, Airbus CEO Louis Gallois said that break-even had risen further, but declined to give the new figure. Industry analysts anticipate between 400 and 880 sales by 2025.<ref name="ms_a380_debate_20060905" /> As of 2006, the list price of an A380 is US$ 296 to 316 million, depending on equipment installed.<ref name="BBC_a380_price">"
Airbus raises price of A380 plane " , BBC News , 23 June 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-10-19 . </ref>//www.airbus.com/odxml/orders_and_deliveries.xls | title = Airbus orders & deliveries | publisher = Airbus S.A.S | date = 31 October 2007 | accessdate = 2007-11-12 }}</ref><ref> Airbus A380 orders and commitmens . Airbus S.A.S (19 November 2007)
. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. </ref> Orders for the freighter model reached 27 but dwindled to zero following the production delays. Airbus expects to sell a total of 750 aircraft, and estimated break-even at 420 units, increased from 270 due to the delays and the falling exchange rate of the US dollar.<ref name="eads_airbus_forecast_20061019"/> In April 2007, Airbus CEO Louis Gallois said that break-even had risen further, but declined to give the new figure. Industry analysts anticipate between 400 and 880 sales by 2025.<ref name="ms_a380_debate_20060905" /> As of 2006, the list price of an A380 is US$ 296 to 316 million, depending on equipment installed.<ref name="BBC_a380_price">"
Airbus raises price of A380 plane " , BBC News , 23 June 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-10-19 . </ref>
blogs.wsj.com/wealth/2007/11/12/the-private-super-jumbo-jet|title= The Private Super-Jumbo Jet|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=2006-11-12|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref><ref>"
World's Largest Private Jet Ordered by Alwaleed " , Helium Report , 2006-11-13 . Retrieved on 2007-11-13 . </ref>//blogs.wsj.com/wealth/2007/11/12/the-private-super-jumbo-jet|title= The Private Super-Jumbo Jet|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=2006-11-12|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref><ref>" World's Largest Private Jet Ordered by Alwaleed " , Helium Report , 2006-11-13 . Retrieved on 2007-11-13 . </ref>
www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/10/17/218681/exclusive-us-considers-airbus-a380-as-air-force-one-and-potentially-a-c-5-replacement.html | accessdate = 2007-10-17 }}</ref>//www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/10/17/218681/exclusive-us-considers-airbus-a380-as-air-force-one-and-potentially-a-c-5-replacement.html | accessdate = 2007-10-17 }}</ref>
Deliveries
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
| 1 | (13) | (25) | (44) |
news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20071015/ts_afp/europesingaporeaerospaceairlineairbusa380 | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref>//news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20071015/ts_afp/europesingaporeaerospaceairlineairbusa380 | accessdate = 2007-10-24 }}</ref>
Technical concerns
Several concerns about the A380 have arisen during its development. Airbus has addressed these concerns as required to obtain a type certificate from the European Aviation Safety Agency and its American counterpart, the Federal Aviation Administration.
Ground operations
www.boeing.com/commercial/777family/pf/pf_background.html | accessdate = 2007-09-02}}</ref> Airbus measured pavement loads using a 540-tonne (595 short tons) ballasted test rig, designed to replicate the landing gear of the A380. The rig was towed over a section of pavement at Airbus' facilities that had been instrumented with embedded load sensors.<ref> Dupont , Willy-Pierre
. A380 - A solution for airports . Airbus S.A.S.
. Retrieved on 2007-05-19. </ref>//www.boeing.com/commercial/777family/pf/pf_background.html | accessdate = 2007-09-02}}</ref> Airbus measured pavement loads using a 540-tonne (595 short tons) ballasted test rig, designed to replicate the landing gear of the A380. The rig was towed over a section of pavement at Airbus' facilities that had been instrumented with embedded load sensors.<ref> Dupont , Willy-Pierre
. A380 - A solution for airports . Airbus S.A.S.
. Retrieved on 2007-05-19. </ref>
www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/airports/resources/advisory_circulars/media/150-5300-13/150_5300_13.PDF | accessdate = 2006-09-24}}</ref> The FAA also considered limiting the taxi speed of the A380 to 25 km/h (15 mph) when operating on Group V infrastructure, but issued waivers related to the speed restriction and some of the proposed runway widening requirements.<ref name="faa_eb65"> Minimum Requirements to Widen Existing 150-Foot Wide Runways for Airbus A380 Operations
. FAA (13 February 2004)
. Retrieved on 2006-09-24. </ref><ref name="faa_eb63a"> Use of non-standard 75-foot-wide straight taxiway sections for Airbus 380 taxiing operations
. FAA (April 2006)
. Retrieved on 2006-09-24. </ref> Airbus claimed from the beginning that the A380 could safely operate on Group V runways and taxiways, without the need for widening. In July 2007, the FAA and EASA agreed to let the A380 operate on 45 m runways without restrictions.<ref> Airbus A380 approved to operate on 45m runways
. Airbus S.A.S. (31 July 2007)
. Retrieved on 2007-10-01. </ref> The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is still disputing this issue.[citation needed]//www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/airports/resources/advisory_circulars/media/150-5300-13/150_5300_13.PDF | accessdate = 2006-09-24}}</ref> The FAA also considered limiting the taxi speed of the A380 to 25 km/h (15 mph) when operating on Group V infrastructure, but issued waivers related to the speed restriction and some of the proposed runway widening requirements.<ref name="faa_eb65"> Minimum Requirements to Widen Existing 150-Foot Wide Runways for Airbus A380 Operations
. FAA (13 February 2004)
. Retrieved on 2006-09-24. </ref><ref name="faa_eb63a"> Use of non-standard 75-foot-wide straight taxiway sections for Airbus 380 taxiing operations
. FAA (April 2006)
. Retrieved on 2006-09-24. </ref> Airbus claimed from the beginning that the A380 could safely operate on Group V runways and taxiways, without the need for widening. In July 2007, the FAA and EASA agreed to let the A380 operate on 45 m runways without restrictions.<ref> Airbus A380 approved to operate on 45m runways
. Airbus S.A.S. (31 July 2007)
. Retrieved on 2007-10-01. </ref> The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is still disputing this issue.[citation needed]
The A380 was designed to fit within an 80 × 80 m airport gate,<ref name="a380_acap">{{cite web www.content.airbusworld.com/SITES/Technical_Data/docs/AC/DATA_CONSULT/AC_A380.pdf | format = .pdf | accessdate = 2007-04-30}}</ref> and can land or take off on any runway that can accommodate a Boeing 747. Its large wingspan can require some taxiway and apron reconfigurations, to maintain safe separation margins when two of the aircraft pass each other. Taxiway shoulders may be required to be paved to reduce the likelihood of foreign object damage caused to (or by) the outboard engines, which overhang more than 25 m (80 ft) from the centre line of the aircraft. Any taxiway or runway bridge must be capable of supporting the A380's maximum weight. The terminal gate must be sized such that the A380's wings do not block adjacent gates, and may also provide multiple jetway bridges for simultaneous boarding on both decks.<ref> Boarding Procedures
. Lufthansa
.</ref>//www.content.airbusworld.com/SITES/Technical_Data/docs/AC/DATA_CONSULT/AC_A380.pdf | format = .pdf | accessdate = 2007-04-30}}</ref> and can land or take off on any runway that can accommodate a Boeing 747. Its large wingspan can require some taxiway and apron reconfigurations, to maintain safe separation margins when two of the aircraft pass each other. Taxiway shoulders may be required to be paved to reduce the likelihood of foreign object damage caused to (or by) the outboard engines, which overhang more than 25 m (80 ft) from the centre line of the aircraft. Any taxiway or runway bridge must be capable of supporting the A380's maximum weight. The terminal gate must be sized such that the A380's wings do not block adjacent gates, and may also provide multiple jetway bridges for simultaneous boarding on both decks.<ref> Boarding Procedures
. Lufthansa
.</ref>
a380.lufthansa.com/en/html/logistik/catering/index.php}}</ref> as well as tractors capable of handling the A380's maximum ramp weight.<ref> Aircraft movements
. Lufthansa
.</ref> The A380 test aircraft have participated in a campaign of airport compatibility testing to verify the modifications already made at several large airports, visiting a number of airports around the world.<ref>"
Successful landing – the A380 in Frankfurt " , Lufthansa , October 29 2005 . </ref>//a380.lufthansa.com/en/html/logistik/catering/index.php}}</ref> as well as tractors capable of handling the A380's maximum ramp weight.<ref> Aircraft movements . Lufthansa
.</ref> The A380 test aircraft have participated in a campaign of airport compatibility testing to verify the modifications already made at several large airports, visiting a number of airports around the world.<ref>"
Successful landing – the A380 in Frankfurt " , Lufthansa , October 29 2005 . </ref>
Wake turbulence
www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/06_09_28_vortex_study.html | accessdate = 2006-09-30 }}</ref>//www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/06_09_28_vortex_study.html | accessdate = 2006-09-30 }}</ref>
www.icao.int/icao/en/ro/apac/2007/FIT_SEA5/ip05.pdf | accessdate = 2007-11-09 }}</ref> The working group concluded that an aircraft trailing an A380 during approach needs to maintain a separation of 6 nmi, 8 nmi and 10 nmi respectively for ICAO "Heavy", "Medium", and "Light" aircraft categories, compared with 4 nmi, 5 nmi and 6 nmi spacing for other heavy aircraft. However, the working group found no need to limit the A380's trailing distance behind another aircraft, potentially making up for some of the increased spacing behind the A380.<ref name="vortex_study" /> On departure behind an A380, the working group concluded that "Heavy" aircraft are required to wait two minutes, and "Medium"/"Light" aircraft three minutes for time based operations. Finally, the working group did not recommend any modified restrictions on vertical or horizontal separation criteria during cruise.//www.icao.int/icao/en/ro/apac/2007/FIT_SEA5/ip05.pdf | accessdate = 2007-11-09 }}</ref> The working group concluded that an aircraft trailing an A380 during approach needs to maintain a separation of 6 nmi, 8 nmi and 10 nmi respectively for ICAO "Heavy", "Medium", and "Light" aircraft categories, compared with 4 nmi, 5 nmi and 6 nmi spacing for other heavy aircraft. However, the working group found no need to limit the A380's trailing distance behind another aircraft, potentially making up for some of the increased spacing behind the A380.<ref name="vortex_study" /> On departure behind an A380, the working group concluded that "Heavy" aircraft are required to wait two minutes, and "Medium"/"Light" aircraft three minutes for time based operations. Finally, the working group did not recommend any modified restrictions on vertical or horizontal separation criteria during cruise.
www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/air_traffic/publications/at_notices/media/N7110.464.pdf | date = 1 March 2007 | accessdate = 2007-03-20 }}</ref>//www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/air_traffic/publications/at_notices/media/N7110.464.pdf | date = 1 March 2007 | accessdate = 2007-03-20 }}</ref>
Wing strength
ain.gcnpublishing.com/content/news/single-news-page/article/airbus-thinks-it-has-overcome-a380-structural-test-failure/}}</ref> Limit load is the maximum load expected during operation in the design life of an aircraft. The test wing buckled between the inboard and outboard engines at 147% of limit load, as the wing tip reached a vertical deflection of 7.4 m (24.3 ft). Airbus initially stated that the test article represented an early design, and that the load requirement would be verified by analysis of changes already made. Subsequently, Airbus announced that modifications adding 30 kg to the wing would be made to provide the required strength.//ain.gcnpublishing.com/content/news/single-news-page/article/airbus-thinks-it-has-overcome-a380-structural-test-failure/}}</ref> Limit load is the maximum load expected during operation in the design life of an aircraft. The test wing buckled between the inboard and outboard engines at 147% of limit load, as the wing tip reached a vertical deflection of 7.4 m (24.3 ft). Airbus initially stated that the test article represented an early design, and that the load requirement would be verified by analysis of changes already made. Subsequently, Airbus announced that modifications adding 30 kg to the wing would be made to provide the required strength.
Future versions
Airbus A380-900
www.sueddeutsche.de/,ra3l1/wirtschaft/artikel/585/143267/ Der Riesenvogel wird noch größer] (German)</ref> This version would have a seat capacity of 650 passengers in standard configuration, and of around 900 passengers in economy-only configuration. The development of the A380-900 is planned to start once the regular production of the A380-800 variant reaches 40 planes per year. Airbus foresees to reach this production capacity in 2010. Given this timeline, first A380-900s could be delivered to customers around 2015, hence at about the same time as the freighter variant A380-800F. Airlines, including Emirates[3], Virgin Atlantic[4], and Cathay Pacific[5], along with leasing company ILFC[6] have already expressed great interest in the extended model.//www.sueddeutsche.de/,ra3l1/wirtschaft/artikel/585/143267/ Der Riesenvogel wird noch größer] (German)</ref> This version would have a seat capacity of 650 passengers in standard configuration, and of around 900 passengers in economy-only configuration. The development of the A380-900 is planned to start once the regular production of the A380-800 variant reaches 40 planes per year. Airbus foresees to reach this production capacity in 2010. Given this timeline, first A380-900s could be delivered to customers around 2015, hence at about the same time as the freighter variant A380-800F. Airlines, including Emirates[7], Virgin Atlantic[8], and Cathay Pacific[9], along with leasing company ILFC[10] have already expressed great interest in the extended model. According to an interview in Airliner World magazine's December issue, Singapore Airlines CEO Chew Choon Seng revealed at the delivery of their first A380-800 that the airline is keeping their options open with their order, by only defining their first ten A380s as -800s. The remaining 9 aircraft could be in fact be transferred to -900s.
Specifications
| Measurement | A380-800 | A380-800F |
|---|---|---|
| Cockpit crew | Two | |
| Seating capacity | 525 (3-class)<ref name="a380_specs" /> 644 (2-class) 853 (1-class) | 12 couriers |
| Length | 73 m (239 ft 6 in) | |
| Span | 79.8 m (261 ft 10 in) | |
| Height | 24.1 m (79 ft 1 in) | |
| Wheelbase | 30.4 m (99 ft 8 in) | |
| Outside fuselage width | 7.14 m (23 ft 6 in) | |
| Cabin width, main deck | 6.60 m (21 ft 8 in) | |
| Cabin width, upper deck | 5.94 m (19 ft 6 in) | |
| Wing area | 845 m² (9,100 sq ft) | |
| Operating empty weight | 276,800 kg (610,200 lb) | 252,200 kg (556,000 lb) |
| Maximum take-off weight | 560,000 kg (1,235,000 lb) | 590,000 kg (1,300,000 lb) |
| Maximum payload | 90,800 kg (200,000 lb) | 152,400 kg (336,000 lb) |
| Cruising speed | Mach 0.85 | |
| Maximum cruising speed | Mach 0.89 | |
| Maximum speed
www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/12/20/203708/a380-powers-on-through-flight-test.html]</ref>//www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/12/20/203708/a380-powers-on-through-flight-test.html]</ref> | ||
| Take off run at MTOW | 2,750 m (9,020 ft)<ref name="a380_acap"/> | 2,900 m (9,510 ft)<ref name="a380_acap"/> |
| Range at design load | 15,200 km (8,200 nmi) | 10,400 km (5,600 nmi) |
| Service ceiling | 13,115 m (43,000 ft) | |
| Maximum fuel capacity | 310,000 L (81,890 US gal) | 310,000 L (81,890 US gal), 356,000 L (94,000 US gal) option |
| Engines (4 x) | GP7270 (A380-861) Trent 970/B (A380-841) Trent 972/B (A380-842) | GP7277 (A380-863F) Trent 977/B (A380-843F) |
References
External links
www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]
- www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//events.airbus.com/A380/Default1.aspx Airbus A380 Navigator]
www.content.airbusworld.com/SITES/Technical_Data/docs/AC/DATA_CONSULT/AC_A380.pdf A380 Airport Compatibility Guide]|13.5 MiB}} (Technical data)//www.content.airbusworld.com/SITES/Technical_Data/docs/AC/DATA_CONSULT/AC_A380.pdf A380 Airport Compatibility Guide]|13.5 MiB}} (Technical data) www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/04/20/Navigation/177/205274/Everything+about+A380.html Everything about the A380 at FlightGlobal.com] www.flightglobal.com/assets/getasset.aspx?itemid=9139 Special Report on the A380]|2=1.58 MiB}}//www.flightglobal.com/assets/getasset.aspx?itemid=9139 Special Report on the A380]|2=1.58 MiB}}
- www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//www.flightglobal.com/assets/getasset.aspx?itemid=9140 A380 cutaway diagram]
www.airliners.net/info/stats.main?id=29 Airliners.net], Aerospace-Techonology.com and Aerospaceweb.org//www.airliners.net/info/stats.main?id=29 Airliners.net], Aerospace-Techonology.com and Aerospaceweb.org www.airbus.com/en/myairbus/multimedialibrary/search_mmlib.jsp?year=&month=&category_1=PHOTOGRAPHY&category_2=PHOTOGRAPHY%23PRODUCTS%23A380&keyword=&words=+AND+airbus%3A%22mmcategory_PHOTOGRAPHY%23PRODUCTS%23A380%22+AND+airbus%3A%22templatetype_mmlib%22&category=PHOTOGRAPHY%23PRODUCTS%23A380&searchType=PHOTOGRAPHY&hitsPerPage=10&hitsPerSite=0&menuFlashIndex=1&x=12&y=8 Airbus], Airliners.net, PlanePictures.net, Futura Sciences, Pictaero, MyAviation.net, BBC News, Google, AirPlanePhotoZone.Com and AviationCorner.Net.//www.airbus.com/en/myairbus/multimedialibrary/search_mmlib.jsp?year=&month=&category_1=PHOTOGRAPHY&category_2=PHOTOGRAPHY%23PRODUCTS%23A380&keyword=&words=+AND+airbus%3A%22mmcategory_PHOTOGRAPHY%23PRODUCTS%23A380%22+AND+airbus%3A%22templatetype_mmlib%22&category=PHOTOGRAPHY%23PRODUCTS%23A380&searchType=PHOTOGRAPHY&hitsPerPage=10&hitsPerSite=0&menuFlashIndex=1&x=12&y=8 Airbus], Airliners.net, PlanePictures.net, Futura Sciences, Pictaero, MyAviation.net, BBC News, Google, AirPlanePhotoZone.Com and AviationCorner.Net. www.airbus.com/en/myairbus/multimedialibrary/search_mmlib.jsp?year=&month=&category_1=VIDEO&category_2=VIDEO%23PRODUCTS%23A380&searchType=VIDEO&menuFlashIndex=2&keyword=&words=+AND+airbus%3A%22mmcategory_VIDEO%23PRODUCTS%23A380%22+AND+airbus%3A%22templatetype_mmlib%22&category=VIDEO%23PRODUCTS%23A380&hitsPerPage=10&hitsPerSite=0&x=14&y=4 Airbus], Google Video, PopularMechanics.com, FlightLevel350.com or A380 TV//www.airbus.com/en/myairbus/multimedialibrary/search_mmlib.jsp?year=&month=&category_1=VIDEO&category_2=VIDEO%23PRODUCTS%23A380&searchType=VIDEO&menuFlashIndex=2&keyword=&words=+AND+airbus%3A%22mmcategory_VIDEO%23PRODUCTS%23A380%22+AND+airbus%3A%22templatetype_mmlib%22&category=VIDEO%23PRODUCTS%23A380&hitsPerPage=10&hitsPerSite=0&x=14&y=4 Airbus], Google Video, PopularMechanics.com, FlightLevel350.com or A380 TV www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//www.mediafire.com/?c9jfmxsym5f HD A380 video] www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//www.planespotters.net/Production_List/Airbus/A380/index.html A380 production list at PlaneSpotters.net] www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//www.a380Portal.com Airbus A380 Portal at web site] www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//travel.howstuffworks.com/a380.htm How the Airbus A380 Works at HowStuffWorks.com] www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//www.a380.singaporeair.com Singapore Airlines' First To Fly The A380 web page] www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/11/business/airbus.php The Airbus saga: Hubris and haste snarled the A380 - Herald Tribune] www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4184987.stm Giant plane a testimony to 'old Europe', by Jorn Madslien, BBC News] edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/07/06/luxury.a380/ 'Luxury living at 35,000 feet: The customized Airbus 380', CNN, July 202007]//edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/07/06/luxury.a380/ 'Luxury living at 35,000 feet: The customized Airbus 380', CNN, July 202007] www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/ Official Airbus A380 page]//www.bennettmg.co.uk/Project_MD_Airbus.aspx Airbus A380 wing skins]
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