Hurricane Katrina
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Modèle:Pp-semi-vandalism Modèle:Otherhurricaneuses Modèle:Infobox Hurricane Modèle:Katrina www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: 23-30 August 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=December 20, 2005; updated August 10, 2006|accessdate=2006-05-30}}</ref> It was the sixth-strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded and the third-strongest hurricane on record that made landfall in the United States. Katrina formed on August 23 during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and caused devastation along much of the north-central Gulf Coast. The most severe loss of life and property damage occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana, which flooded as the levee system catastrophically failed, in many cases hours after the storm had moved inland.<ref name="TPInteractive"/> The hurricane caused severe destruction across the entire Mississippi coast and into Alabama, as far as 100 miles (160 km) from the storm's center. Katrina was the eleventh tropical storm, fifth hurricane, third major hurricane, and second Category 5 hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic season.//www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: 23-30 August 2005|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=December 20, 2005; updated August 10, 2006|accessdate=2006-05-30}}</ref> It was the sixth-strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded and the third-strongest hurricane on record that made landfall in the United States. Katrina formed on August 23 during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and caused devastation along much of the north-central Gulf Coast. The most severe loss of life and property damage occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana, which flooded as the levee system catastrophically failed, in many cases hours after the storm had moved inland.<ref name="TPInteractive"/> The hurricane caused severe destruction across the entire Mississippi coast and into Alabama, as far as 100 miles (160 km) from the storm's center. Katrina was the eleventh tropical storm, fifth hurricane, third major hurricane, and second Category 5 hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic season.
It formed over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, and crossed southern Florida as a moderate Category 1 hurricane, causing some deaths and flooding there, before strengthening rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico and becoming one of the strongest hurricanes on record while at sea. The storm weakened before making its second and third landfalls as a Category 3 storm on the morning of August 29 in southeast Louisiana and at the Louisiana/Mississippi state line, respectively.
www.nola.com/katrina/graphics/credits.swf|format=SWF|title=Flash Flood: Hurricane Katrina's Inundation of New Orleans, August 29, 2005|publisher=Times-Picayune|date=May 14, 2005|}}</ref>//www.nola.com/katrina/graphics/credits.swf|format=SWF|title=Flash Flood: Hurricane Katrina's Inundation of New Orleans, August 29, 2005|publisher=Times-Picayune|date=May 14, 2005|}}</ref>
At least 1,836 people lost their lives in Hurricane Katrina and in the subsequent floods, making it the deadliest U.S. hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane. The storm is estimated to have been responsible for $81.2 billion (2005 U.S. dollars) in damage, making it the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history. The catastrophic failure of the flood protection in New Orleans prompted immediate review of the Army Corps of Engineers since the agency has by congressional mandate sole responsibility for design and construction of the flood protection. There was also widespread criticism of the federal, state and local governments' reaction to the storm and resulting in an investigation by the U.S. Congress and the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Agency director Michael D. Brown. Conversely, the National Hurricane Center and National Weather Service were widely commended for accurate forecasts and abundant lead time.<ref name="CongressInvestigation"/>
Sommaire |
Storm history
Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23, 2005 as the result of an interaction of a tropical wave and the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. The system was upgraded to tropical storm status on the morning of August 24 and at this point, the storm was given the name Katrina. The tropical storm continued to move towards Florida, and became a hurricane only two hours before it made landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura, Florida on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico.<ref name="KatrinaTCR" />
www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/358.html CU-Boulder Researchers Chart Katrina's Growth In Gulf Of Mexico]." University of Colorado at Boulder. September 15, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> On August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size. Katrina again rapidly intensified, attaining Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1:00 p.m. CDT that day, with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 902 mbar. The pressure measurement made Katrina the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time (a record also later broken by Rita).<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>//www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/358.html CU-Boulder Researchers Chart Katrina's Growth In Gulf Of Mexico]." University of Colorado at Boulder. September 15, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> On August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size. Katrina again rapidly intensified, attaining Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1:00 p.m. CDT that day, with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 902 mbar. The pressure measurement made Katrina the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time (a record also later broken by Rita).<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
Katrina made its second landfall at 6:10 a.m. CDT<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/> on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana. At landfall, hurricane-force winds extended outward 120 miles (190 km) from the center and the storm's central pressure was 920 mbar. After moving over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound, it made its third landfall near the Louisiana/Mississippi border with 120 mph (195 km/h) sustained winds, still at Category 3 intensity.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
Katrina maintained strength well into Mississippi, finally losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles (240 km) inland near Meridian, Mississippi. It was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville, Tennessee, but its remnants were last distinguishable in the eastern Great Lakes region on August 31, when it was absorbed by a frontal boundary. The resulting extratropical storm moved rapidly to the northeast and affected Ontario and Quebec.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
Preparations
Federal government
www.jamesspann.com/bmachine/calendar/wxtalk/26,08,2005 "Models Shifting West," "NHC Shifting Track To MS Coast" and "Late Katrina Thoughts" from the ABC33/40 Weather Blog] August 26, 2005. URL accessed July 23, 2006</ref><ref name="NHC disc 014"> Stewart, Stacy
(August 26, 2005) . Hurricane Katrina Discussion No. 14, 5:00 p.m. EDT . National Hurricane Center
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref> The NHC issued a hurricane watch for southeastern Louisiana, including the New Orleans area at 10 a.m. CDT August 27. That afternoon the NHC extended the watch to cover the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines as well as the Louisiana coast to Intracoastal City.//www.jamesspann.com/bmachine/calendar/wxtalk/26,08,2005 "Models Shifting West," "NHC Shifting Track To MS Coast" and "Late Katrina Thoughts" from the ABC33/40 Weather Blog] August 26, 2005. URL accessed July 23, 2006</ref><ref name="NHC disc 014"> Stewart, Stacy
(August 26, 2005) . Hurricane Katrina Discussion No. 14, 5:00 p.m. EDT . National Hurricane Center
. Retrieved on 2006-09-16. </ref> The NHC issued a hurricane watch for southeastern Louisiana, including the New Orleans area at 10 a.m. CDT August 27. That afternoon the NHC extended the watch to cover the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines as well as the Louisiana coast to Intracoastal City.
www.uscg.mil/hq/g-cp/comrel/factfile/Factcards/Hurricane_Katrina.htm Coast Guard Response to Hurricane Katrina]." United States Coast Guard. Accessed May 30, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Aircrews from the Aviation Training Center, in Mobile, staged rescue aircraft from Texas to Florida.<ref name="CG leadership"> Bruce Jones and David Callahan
. Leadership Talent Emerges During Hurricane Katrina Aviation Rescue Operations . United States Coast Guard
. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. </ref> All aircraft were returning back towards the Gulf of Mexico by the afternoon of August 29. Air crews, many of whom lost their homes during the hurricane, began a round-the-clock rescue effort in New Orleans, and along the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines.<ref name="WP Coast Guard"> Stephen Barr
. " Coast Guard's Response to Katrina a Silver Lining in the Storm " , The Washington Post , September 6, 2005 . Retrieved on 2006-08-29 . </ref>//www.uscg.mil/hq/g-cp/comrel/factfile/Factcards/Hurricane_Katrina.htm Coast Guard Response to Hurricane Katrina]." United States Coast Guard. Accessed May 30, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Aircrews from the Aviation Training Center, in Mobile, staged rescue aircraft from Texas to Florida.<ref name="CG leadership"> Bruce Jones and David Callahan
. Leadership Talent Emerges During Hurricane Katrina Aviation Rescue Operations . United States Coast Guard
. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. </ref> All aircraft were returning back towards the Gulf of Mexico by the afternoon of August 29. Air crews, many of whom lost their homes during the hurricane, began a round-the-clock rescue effort in New Orleans, and along the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines.<ref name="WP Coast Guard"> Stephen Barr
. " Coast Guard's Response to Katrina a Silver Lining in the Storm " , The Washington Post , September 6, 2005 . Retrieved on 2006-08-29 . </ref>
www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/08/20050827-1.html Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Louisiana]." White House. August 27, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> (These declarations later proved to be a point of controversy; see below.) That same evening, the NHC upgraded the section of the hurricane watch from Morgan City, Louisiana to the Alabama-Florida border to a hurricane warning, 12 hours after it was issued, and also issued a tropical storm warning for the westernmost Florida Panhandle.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>//www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/08/20050827-1.html Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Louisiana]." White House. August 27, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> (These declarations later proved to be a point of controversy; see below.) That same evening, the NHC upgraded the section of the hurricane watch from Morgan City, Louisiana to the Alabama-Florida border to a hurricane warning, 12 hours after it was issued, and also issued a tropical storm warning for the westernmost Florida Panhandle.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/02/fema.tapes/index.html | title = Transcripts, tape show Bush, Brown warned on Katrina | date= March 2, 2006 | accessdate = 2007-04-22 | publisher = CNN.com}}</ref>//www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/02/fema.tapes/index.html | title = Transcripts, tape show Bush, Brown warned on Katrina | date= March 2, 2006 | accessdate = 2007-04-22 | publisher = CNN.com}}</ref>
www.srh.noaa.gov/data/warn_archive/LIX/NPW/0828_214001.txt NWS bulletin]." National Weather Service/New Orleans, Louisiana. August 28, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.</ref>//www.srh.noaa.gov/data/warn_archive/LIX/NPW/0828_214001.txt NWS bulletin]." National Weather Service/New Orleans, Louisiana. August 28, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.</ref>
Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama. About 1.2 million residents of the Gulf Coast were covered under a voluntary or mandatory evacuation order.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
Emergency declarations
www.nytimes.com/2005/09/27/national/nationalspecial/27text-brown.html?ei=5070&en=eda6637e28de37c1&ex=1188792000&pagewanted=all | title = Former FEMA Director Testifies Before Congress | date= 2005-09-27 | accessdate = 2007-09-01 | publisher = nytimes.com}}</ref> (In fact, the declaration did not include any of Louisiana's coastal parishes, whereas the coastal counties were included in the declarations for Mississippi<ref>Bush, George W. "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Mississippi." White House. August 28, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.</ref> and Alabama.<ref>Bush, George W. "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Alabama." White House. August 28, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.</ref>) Brown testified that this was because Governor Blanco had not included those parishes in her initial request for aid, a decision that he found "shocking." After the hearing, though, Blanco released a copy of her letter, which requested assistance for "all the southeastern parishes including the New Orleans Metropolitan area and the mid state Interstate I-49 corridor and northern parishes along the I-20 corridor that are accepting [evacuated citizens]."<ref>"[1]." Governor Blanco asks President to Declare an Emergency for the State of Louisiana due to Hurricane Katrina. August 27, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-09-01.</ref>//www.nytimes.com/2005/09/27/national/nationalspecial/27text-brown.html?ei=5070&en=eda6637e28de37c1&ex=1188792000&pagewanted=all | title = Former FEMA Director Testifies Before Congress | date= 2005-09-27 | accessdate = 2007-09-01 | publisher = nytimes.com}}</ref> (In fact, the declaration did not include any of Louisiana's coastal parishes, whereas the coastal counties were included in the declarations for Mississippi<ref>Bush, George W. "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Mississippi." White House. August 28, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.</ref> and Alabama.<ref>Bush, George W. "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Alabama." White House. August 28, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.</ref>) Brown testified that this was because Governor Blanco had not included those parishes in her initial request for aid, a decision that he found "shocking." After the hearing, though, Blanco released a copy of her letter, which requested assistance for "all the southeastern parishes including the New Orleans Metropolitan area and the mid state Interstate I-49 corridor and northern parishes along the I-20 corridor that are accepting [evacuated citizens]."<ref>"[2]." Governor Blanco asks President to Declare an Emergency for the State of Louisiana due to Hurricane Katrina. August 27, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-09-01.</ref>
Gulf Coast
www.gpoaccess.gov/katrinareport/fullreport.pdf}}</ref>//www.gpoaccess.gov/katrinareport/fullreport.pdf}}</ref> www.ohsep.louisiana.gov/evacinfo/stateevacrtes.htm}}</ref>//www.ohsep.louisiana.gov/evacinfo/stateevacrtes.htm}}</ref>
www.burlingtonfreepress.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050905/NEWS01/509050309/1009 Evacuation plan failed to consider those without transportation]." Burlington Free Press. March 11, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Some estimates claimed that 80% of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated, leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the Hurricane Ivan evacuation.<ref>Brown, Aaron. "Hurricane Katrina Pummels Three States (Transcript of CNN Newsnight with Aaron Brown)." CNN. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.burlingtonfreepress.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050905/NEWS01/509050309/1009 Evacuation plan failed to consider those without transportation]." Burlington Free Press. March 11, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Some estimates claimed that 80% of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated, leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the Hurricane Ivan evacuation.<ref>Brown, Aaron. "Hurricane Katrina Pummels Three States (Transcript of CNN Newsnight with Aaron Brown)." CNN. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Copy/Simple_Copy_Popup&c=am2Copy&cid=1093554014709 Service Alert: Hurricane Katrina Update - City of New Orleans, Crescent, Sunset Limited - Revised Service Information]." Amtrak. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The NHC maintained the coastal warnings until late on August 29, by which time Hurricane Katrina was over central Mississippi.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>//www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Copy/Simple_Copy_Popup&c=am2Copy&cid=1093554014709 Service Alert: Hurricane Katrina Update - City of New Orleans, Crescent, Sunset Limited - Revised Service Information]." Amtrak. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The NHC maintained the coastal warnings until late on August 29, by which time Hurricane Katrina was over central Mississippi.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
Greater New Orleans area
www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/prb/al122005.prblty.015.shtml Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 15]," & "Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 21." National Hurricane Center. August 26, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because some parts of New Orleans and the metro area are below sea level. Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.<ref>Drye, Willie. "Hurricane Katrina Pulls Its Punches in New Orleans." National Geographic. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/prb/al122005.prblty.015.shtml Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 15]," & "Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 21." National Hurricane Center. August 26, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because some parts of New Orleans and the metro area are below sea level. Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.<ref>Drye, Willie. "Hurricane Katrina Pulls Its Punches in New Orleans." National Geographic. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,167270,00.html Katrina Heads for New Orleans]." Fox News/Associated Press. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The city government also established several "refuges of last resort" for citizens who could not leave the city, including the massive Louisiana Superdome, which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore.<ref>Staff Writer."26,000 shelter at Superdome." Times-Picayune. August 28, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,167270,00.html Katrina Heads for New Orleans]." Fox News/Associated Press. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The city government also established several "refuges of last resort" for citizens who could not leave the city, including the massive Louisiana Superdome, which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore.<ref>Staff Writer."26,000 shelter at Superdome." Times-Picayune. August 28, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
Florida
Many people living in the area were unaware when Katrina strengthened from a tropical storm to a hurricane in one day and struck southern Florida near the Miami-Dade – Broward county line. The hurricane struck between the cities of Aventura, in Miami-Dade County, and Hallandale, in Broward County, on August 25, 2005. However, National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecasts had correctly predicted that Katrina would intensify to hurricane strength before landfall, and hurricane watches and warnings were issued 31.5 hours and 19.5 hours before landfall, respectively — only slightly less than the target thresholds of 36 and 24 hours.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
floridadisaster.org/eoc/eoc_activations/katrina05/reports/Sitrep_Katrina_082605_3.pdf Hurricane Katrina Situation Report No. 3]." Florida State Emergency Response Team. August 26, 2005. URL accessed on 2006-06-06.</ref>//floridadisaster.org/eoc/eoc_activations/katrina05/reports/Sitrep_Katrina_082605_3.pdf Hurricane Katrina Situation Report No. 3]." Florida State Emergency Response Team. August 26, 2005. URL accessed on 2006-06-06.</ref>
Impact
| Alabama | 2 |
| Florida | 14 |
| Georgia | 2 |
| Kentucky | 1 |
| Louisiana | 1,577* |
| Mississippi | 238 |
| Ohio | 2 |
| Total | 1,836 |
|---|---|
| Missing | 705 |
| *Includes out-of-state evacuees counted by Louisiana | |
www.asce.org/static/hurricane/whitehouse.cfm]. The storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, making Katrina the most destructive and costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States, and the deadliest hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane. The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $81.2 billion (2005 U.S. dollars), nearly double the cost of the previously most expensive storm, Hurricane Andrew, when adjusted for inflation.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/><ref name="katreport"> United States Department of Commerce
(June 2006) . Hurricane Katrina Service Assessment Report (PDF)
. Retrieved on 2006-07-14. </ref>//www.asce.org/static/hurricane/whitehouse.cfm]. The storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, making Katrina the most destructive and costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States, and the deadliest hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane. The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $81.2 billion (2005 U.S. dollars), nearly double the cost of the previously most expensive storm, Hurricane Andrew, when adjusted for inflation.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/><ref name="katreport"> United States Department of Commerce
(June 2006) . Hurricane Katrina Service Assessment Report (PDF)
. Retrieved on 2006-07-14. </ref>
www.dhh.louisiana.gov/offices/page.asp?ID=192&Detail=5248 Reports of Missing and Deceased]." Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals. April 18, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref><ref>"Deaths of evacuees push toll to 1,577." New Orleans Times-Picayune. May 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> However, 705 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana,<ref>Michelle Krupa "Presumed Missing" Times-Picayune, March 5, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> and many of the deaths are indirect, but it is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities.//www.dhh.louisiana.gov/offices/page.asp?ID=192&Detail=5248 Reports of Missing and Deceased]." Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals. April 18, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref><ref>"Deaths of evacuees push toll to 1,577." New Orleans Times-Picayune. May 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> However, 705 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana,<ref>Michelle Krupa "Presumed Missing" Times-Picayune, March 5, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> and many of the deaths are indirect, but it is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities.
transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0509/03/cst.04.html The Aftermath of Katrina: Transcript of CNN Live Saturday]." CNN. September 3, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0509/03/cst.04.html The Aftermath of Katrina: Transcript of CNN Live Saturday]." CNN. September 3, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
South Florida and Cuba
Hurricane Katrina first made landfall on August 25, 2005 in South Florida where it hit as a Category 1 hurricane, with 80 mph (130 km/h) winds. Rainfall was heavy in places and exceeded 14 inches (350 mm) in Homestead, Florida,<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/> and a storm surge of 3 – Modèle:Formatnum:5 feet (Modèle:Convert/round m) was measured in parts of Monroe County.<ref name="katreport"/> More than 1 million customers were left without electricity, and damage in Florida was estimated at between 1 and 2 billion dollars, with most of the damage coming from flooding and overturned trees. There were 14 fatalities reported in Florida as a result of Hurricane Katrina.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/Marathon_Report.pdf Marathon Tornado Survey Report]." NWS Key West. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.srh.noaa.gov/key/HTML/Marathon_Report.pdf Marathon Tornado Survey Report]." NWS Key West. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.caribbeannetnews.com/2005/08/29/batters.shtml Hurricane Katrina batters western Cuba]."</ref>//www.caribbeannetnews.com/2005/08/29/batters.shtml Hurricane Katrina batters western Cuba]."</ref>
Louisiana
On August 29 Hurricane Katrina made landfall near Buras, Louisiana with 125 mph (205 km/h) winds, as a strong Category 3 storm. However, as it had only just weakened from Category 4 strength and the radius of maximum winds was large, it is possible that sustained winds of Category 4 strength briefly impacted extreme southeastern Louisiana. Although the storm surge to the east of the path of the eye in Mississippi was higher, a very significant surge affected the Louisiana coast. The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data, although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3 m) and a 12 foot (3 m) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/katrina/katrina_083005_1600.pdf Hurricane Katrina Situation Report#11]." Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) United States Department of Energy. August 30, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/katrina/katrina_083005_1600.pdf Hurricane Katrina Situation Report#11]." Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) United States Department of Energy. August 30, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.sbpg.net/cannizaro121705a.html List of Missing Residents Down to 47, and More...]" St. Bernard Parish Government (press release). December 17, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.sbpg.net/cannizaro121705a.html List of Missing Residents Down to 47, and More...]" St. Bernard Parish Government (press release). December 17, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
New Orleans
As the eye of Hurricane Katrina swept to the northeast, it subjected the city to hurricane conditions for hours. Although power failures prevented accurate measurement of wind speeds in New Orleans, there were a few measurements of hurricane-force winds. From this the NHC concluded that it is likely that much of the city experienced sustained winds of Category 1 or Category 2 strength.
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4307972.stm Fixing New Orleans' thin grey line]." BBC News. October 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4307972.stm Fixing New Orleans' thin grey line]." BBC News. October 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.nola.com/newslogs/breakingtp/index.ssf?/mtlogs/nola_Times-Picayune/archives/2005_08_31.html#075566 Causeway closed but hardly damaged]." Times Picayune. August 31, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.nola.com/newslogs/breakingtp/index.ssf?/mtlogs/nola_Times-Picayune/archives/2005_08_31.html#075566 Causeway closed but hardly damaged]." Times Picayune. August 31, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/weather/july-dec05/katrina_8-29.html Hurricane Damages Gulf Coast]." PBS. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The Hyatt was the most severely damaged hotel in the city, with beds reported to be flying out of the windows. Insulation tubes were exposed as the hotel's glass exterior was completely sheared off.<ref>Mowbray, Rebecca. "Evacuations to hotels come with own set of hazards." Times-Picayune. August 30, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/weather/july-dec05/katrina_8-29.html Hurricane Damages Gulf Coast]." PBS. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The Hyatt was the most severely damaged hotel in the city, with beds reported to be flying out of the windows. Insulation tubes were exposed as the hotel's glass exterior was completely sheared off.<ref>Mowbray, Rebecca. "Evacuations to hotels come with own set of hazards." Times-Picayune. August 30, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.flymsy.com/Katrinastory.htm Hurricane Katrina from the Airport's Point of View]." Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport. accessed May 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.flymsy.com/Katrinastory.htm Hurricane Katrina from the Airport's Point of View]." Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport. accessed May 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-4/113005097377980.xml Where They Died]." Times-Picayune. October 23, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing dead bodies lying in city streets and floating in still-flooded sections, especially in the east of the city. The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses, some of which were left in the water or sun for days before being collected, hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead.<ref>O'Neill, Ann. "Identifying victims a grueling task." CNN. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-4/113005097377980.xml Where They Died]." Times-Picayune. October 23, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing dead bodies lying in city streets and floating in still-flooded sections, especially in the east of the city. The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses, some of which were left in the water or sun for days before being collected, hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead.<ref>O'Neill, Ann. "Identifying victims a grueling task." CNN. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002520986_katmyth26.html Reports of anarchy at Superdome overstated]." Seattle Times. September 26, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002520986_katmyth26.html Reports of anarchy at Superdome overstated]." Seattle Times. September 26, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
Mississippi
www.governorbarbour.com/Recovery/news/2006/jan/information.html}}</ref>//www.governorbarbour.com/Recovery/news/2006/jan/information.html}}</ref> Katrina traveled up the entire state, and afterwards, all 82 counties in Mississippi were declared disaster areas for federal assistance, 47 for full assistance.<ref name=HBrecov/>
After making a brief initial landfall in Louisiana, Katrina had made its final landfall near the state line, and the eyewall passed over the cities of Bay St. Louis and Waveland as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/> Katrina's powerful right-front quadrant passed over the west and central Mississippi coast causing a powerful 27 foot (8.2 m) storm surge, which penetrated 6 miles (10 km) inland in many areas and up to 12 miles (20 km) inland along bays and rivers; in some areas, the surge crossed Interstate 10 for several miles.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/> Hurricane Katrina brought strong winds to Mississippi which caused significant tree damage throughout the state. The highest unofficial reported wind gust recorded from Katrina was one of 135 mph (217 km/h) in Poplarville, in Pearl River County.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
The storm also brought heavy rains with 8 – 10 inches (200 – 250 mm) falling in southwestern Mississippi and rain in excess of 4 inches (100 mm) falling throughout the majority of the state. Katrina caused eleven tornadoes in Mississippi on August 29, some of which damaged trees and power lines.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/>
www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/09/01/katrina/main810916.shtml Mississippi Coast Areas Wiped Out]." CBS News. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> and that storm surges traveled as much as six miles (10 km) inland in portions of the state's coast.<ref name="katreport"/> One apartment complex with approximately thirty residents seeking shelter inside collapsed. More than half of the 13 casinos in the state, which were floated on barges to comply with Mississippi land-based gambling laws, were washed hundreds of yards inland by waves.<ref name="CBS Miss"/>//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/09/01/katrina/main810916.shtml Mississippi Coast Areas Wiped Out]." CBS News. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> and that storm surges traveled as much as six miles (10 km) inland in portions of the state's coast.<ref name="katreport"/> One apartment complex with approximately thirty residents seeking shelter inside collapsed. More than half of the 13 casinos in the state, which were floated on barges to comply with Mississippi land-based gambling laws, were washed hundreds of yards inland by waves.<ref name="CBS Miss"/>
A number of streets and bridges were washed away. On U.S. Highway 90 along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, two major bridges were completely destroyed: the Bay St. Louis - Pass Christian<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/> bridge, and the Biloxi - Ocean Springs bridge. In addition, the eastbound span of the I-10 bridge over the Pascagoula River estuary was damaged. In the weeks after the storm, with the connectivity of the coastal U.S. Highway 90 shattered, traffic traveling parallel to the coast was reduced to two lanes on the remaining I-10 span.
www.fema.gov/pdf/hazard/flood/recoverydata/katrina/ms_overview.pdf}}</ref> Surge covered almost the entire lower half of Hancock County, destroying the coastal communities of Clermont Harbor and Waveland, much of Bay St. Louis, and flowed up the Jourdan River, flooding Kiln. In Harrison County, Pass Christian was completely inundated, along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast, which includes the cities of Long Beach and Gulfport; the flooding was more extensive in communities such as D'Iberville, which borders Back Bay. Biloxi, on a peninsula between the Back Bay and the coast, was particularly hard hit, especially the low-lying Point Cadet area. In Jackson County, storm surge flowed up the wide river estuary, with the combined surge and freshwater flooding cutting the county in half. Remarkably, over 90% of Pascagoula, the easternmost coastal city in Mississippi, and about Modèle:Convert/mi east of Katrina's landfall near the Louisiana-Mississippi border, was flooded from surge at the height of the storm. Other large Jackson County neighborhoods such as Porteaux Bay and Gulf Hills were severely damaged with large portions being completely destroyed, and St. Martin was hard hit; Ocean Springs, Moss Point, Gautier, and Escatawpa also suffered major surge damage.//www.fema.gov/pdf/hazard/flood/recoverydata/katrina/ms_overview.pdf}}</ref> Surge covered almost the entire lower half of Hancock County, destroying the coastal communities of Clermont Harbor and Waveland, much of Bay St. Louis, and flowed up the Jourdan River, flooding Kiln. In Harrison County, Pass Christian was completely inundated, along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast, which includes the cities of Long Beach and Gulfport; the flooding was more extensive in communities such as D'Iberville, which borders Back Bay. Biloxi, on a peninsula between the Back Bay and the coast, was particularly hard hit, especially the low-lying Point Cadet area. In Jackson County, storm surge flowed up the wide river estuary, with the combined surge and freshwater flooding cutting the county in half. Remarkably, over 90% of Pascagoula, the easternmost coastal city in Mississippi, and about Modèle:Convert/mi east of Katrina's landfall near the Louisiana-Mississippi border, was flooded from surge at the height of the storm. Other large Jackson County neighborhoods such as Porteaux Bay and Gulf Hills were severely damaged with large portions being completely destroyed, and St. Martin was hard hit; Ocean Springs, Moss Point, Gautier, and Escatawpa also suffered major surge damage.
Mississippi Emergency Management Agency officials also recorded deaths in Forrest, Hinds, Warren, and Leake counties. Over 900,000 people throughout the state experienced power outages.<ref name="Power failures"/>
Southeast United States
Although Hurricane Katrina made landfall well to the west, Alabama and the Florida Panhandle were both affected by tropical-storm force winds and a storm surge varying from 12 to 16 ft (3-5 m) around Mobile Bay,<ref name=KatrinaTCR/> with higher waves on top. Sustained winds of 67 mph (107 km/h) were recorded in Mobile, Alabama, and the storm surge there was approximately 12 feet (3.7 m).<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/> The surge caused significant flooding several miles inland along Mobile Bay. Four tornadoes were also reported in Alabama.<ref name=KatrinaTCR/> Ships, oil rigs, boats and fishing piers were washed ashore along Mobile Bay: the cargo ship M/V Caribbean Clipper and many fishing boats were grounded at Bayou La Batre.
An oil rig under construction along the Mobile River broke its moorings and floated 1.5 miles (2 km) northwards before striking the Cochrane Bridge just outside Mobile. No significant damage resulted to the bridge and it was soon reopened. The damage on Dauphin Island was severe, with the surge destroying many houses and cutting a new canal through the western portion of the island. An offshore oil rig also became grounded on the island. As in Mississippi, the storm surge caused significant beach erosion along the Alabama coastline.<ref name="KatrinaTCR"/> More than 600,000 people lost power in Alabama as a result of Hurricane Katrina and two people died in a traffic accident in the state.<ref name="Power failures"/>
www.al.com/mobileregister/pdf/register083105a.pdf MobileRegister-083105-PDF].</ref>//www.al.com/mobileregister/pdf/register083105a.pdf MobileRegister-083105-PDF].</ref>
www.srh.noaa.gov/ffc/html/katrina05.shtml Katrina Spawns Tornadoes in Georgia - August 29, 2005]." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. December 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.srh.noaa.gov/ffc/html/katrina05.shtml Katrina Spawns Tornadoes in Georgia - August 29, 2005]." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. December 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
Other U.S. States and Canada
www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/tcpat2.html Tropical Summary Message]." The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. August 31, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> A number of tornadoes associated with Katrina formed on August 30 and August 31, which caused minor damages in several regions. In total, 62 tornadoes formed in eight states as a result of Katrina.<ref name="katreport"/>//www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/tcpat2.html Tropical Summary Message]." The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. August 31, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> A number of tornadoes associated with Katrina formed on August 30 and August 31, which caused minor damages in several regions. In total, 62 tornadoes formed in eight states as a result of Katrina.<ref name="katreport"/>
www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html}}</ref> Gusty winds downed some trees and power lines, though damage was minimal.<ref name="ncdcark"> NCDC
(2005)
. Event Report for Arkansas
. Retrieved on 2006-11-04. </ref> In Kentucky, a storm that had moved through the weekend before had already produced flooding and the rainfall from Katrina added to this. As a result of the flooding, Kentucky Governor Ernie Fletcher declared three counties disaster areas and a statewide state of emergency.<ref>Staff Writer. "Gov. Fletcher Declares Three Kentucky Counties Disaster Areas." WKYT. Accessed on April 18, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref><ref>Blanton, Carla; Goins, Michael; Whitaker, Jodi. "Governor Fletcher declares state of emergency in Kentucky." Commonwealth of Kentucky (Press Release). August 30, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> One person was killed in Hopkinsville, Kentucky and part of a high school collapsed.<ref>Staff Writer. "Hopkinsville Swamped By Floodwaters; 10-Year-Old Drowns." WAVE (TV). September 6, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Flooding also prompted a number of evacuations in West Virginia and Ohio, the rainfall in Ohio leading to two indirect deaths. Katrina also caused a number of power outages in many areas, with over 100,000 customers affected in Tennessee, primarily in the Memphis and Nashville areas.<ref>"Hurricane Katrina: Event Record Details." Satellite and Information Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Accessed May 30, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html}}</ref> Gusty winds downed some trees and power lines, though damage was minimal.<ref name="ncdcark"> NCDC
(2005)
. Event Report for Arkansas
. Retrieved on 2006-11-04. </ref> In Kentucky, a storm that had moved through the weekend before had already produced flooding and the rainfall from Katrina added to this. As a result of the flooding, Kentucky Governor Ernie Fletcher declared three counties disaster areas and a statewide state of emergency.<ref>Staff Writer. "Gov. Fletcher Declares Three Kentucky Counties Disaster Areas." WKYT. Accessed on April 18, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref><ref>Blanton, Carla; Goins, Michael; Whitaker, Jodi. "Governor Fletcher declares state of emergency in Kentucky." Commonwealth of Kentucky (Press Release). August 30, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> One person was killed in Hopkinsville, Kentucky and part of a high school collapsed.<ref>Staff Writer. "Hopkinsville Swamped By Floodwaters; 10-Year-Old Drowns." WAVE (TV). September 6, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Flooding also prompted a number of evacuations in West Virginia and Ohio, the rainfall in Ohio leading to two indirect deaths. Katrina also caused a number of power outages in many areas, with over 100,000 customers affected in Tennessee, primarily in the Memphis and Nashville areas.<ref>"Hurricane Katrina: Event Record Details." Satellite and Information Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Accessed May 30, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.cfra.com/headlines/index.asp?cat=1&nid=31504 Brockville May Have Set Rain Record]." CFRA (AM). September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Flooding also occurred both in Ontario and Quebec, cutting off a number of isolated villages in Quebec.<ref>Staff Writer. "Remnants of Hurricane Katrina washes out roads in Quebec's north shore." Canadian Press. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.cfra.com/headlines/index.asp?cat=1&nid=31504 Brockville May Have Set Rain Record]." CFRA (AM). September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Flooding also occurred both in Ontario and Quebec, cutting off a number of isolated villages in Quebec.<ref>Staff Writer. "Remnants of Hurricane Katrina washes out roads in Quebec's north shore." Canadian Press. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
Aftermath
Economic effects
www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/04/01/ex_chief_says_fema_readiness_even_worse/ Ex-chief says FEMA readiness even worse]." Boston.com. April 1, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> and this does not account for damage to the economy caused by potential interruption of the oil supply, destruction of the Gulf Coast's highway infrastructure, and exports of commodities such as grain. Katrina damaged or destroyed 30 oil platforms and caused the closure of nine refineries;<ref name="katreport"/> the total shut-in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico in the six-month period following Katrina was approximately 24% of the annual production and the shut-in gas production for the same period was about 18%.<ref>Fagot, Caryl; Winbush, Debra. "Hurricane Katrina/Hurricane Rita Evacuation and Production Shut-in Statistics Report as of Wednesday, February 22, 2006." U.S. Government Minerals Management Service. February 22, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The forestry industry in Mississippi was also affected, as 1.3 million acres (5,300 km²) of forest lands were destroyed.<ref name="CRS environment">You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}.
Sheikh//www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/04/01/ex_chief_says_fema_readiness_even_worse/ Ex-chief says FEMA readiness even worse]." Boston.com. April 1, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> and this does not account for damage to the economy caused by potential interruption of the oil supply, destruction of the Gulf Coast's highway infrastructure, and exports of commodities such as grain. Katrina damaged or destroyed 30 oil platforms and caused the closure of nine refineries;<ref name="katreport"/> the total shut-in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico in the six-month period following Katrina was approximately 24% of the annual production and the shut-in gas production for the same period was about 18%.<ref>Fagot, Caryl; Winbush, Debra. "Hurricane Katrina/Hurricane Rita Evacuation and Production Shut-in Statistics Report as of Wednesday, February 22, 2006." U.S. Government Minerals Management Service. February 22, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The forestry industry in Mississippi was also affected, as 1.3 million acres (5,300 km²) of forest lands were destroyed.<ref name="CRS environment">You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}. Sheikh
www.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33117_20051018.pdf
(August 30, 2006) . (PDF) . Chicago Defender
. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. </ref> By late January, 2006, about 200,000 people were once again living in New Orleans, less than half of the pre-storm population.<ref name="popestimate"> Stone , Greg
; Time Grant and Nathaniel Weaver
(2006)
. Rapid Population Estimate Project: January 28 – 29, 2006 Survey Report
(PDF)
. Emergency Operations Center, City of New Orleans
. Retrieved on 2006-06-22. </ref> By July 1, 2006, when new population estimates were calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau, the state of Louisiana showed a population decline of 219,563, or 4.87%.<ref name="popdecline">Christie, Les. "Growth states: Arizona overtakes Nevada: Texas adds most people overall; Louisiana population declines nearly 5%." CNN. December 22, 2006. Retrieved on December 22, 2006.</ref> Additionally, some insurance companies have stopped insuring homeowners in the area because of the high costs from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, or have raised homeowners insurance premiums to cover their risk.<ref>Staff Writer. "More Bad News Blows In From Katrina." CBS News. May 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//chicagodefender.com/page/local.cfm?ArticleID=6776
(August 30, 2006) . . Chicago Defender
. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. </ref> By late January, 2006, about 200,000 people were once again living in New Orleans, less than half of the pre-storm population.<ref name="popestimate"> Stone , Greg
; Time Grant and Nathaniel Weaver
(2006)
. Rapid Population Estimate Project: January 28 – 29, 2006 Survey Report
(PDF)
. Emergency Operations Center, City of New Orleans
. Retrieved on 2006-06-22. </ref> By July 1, 2006, when new population estimates were calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau, the state of Louisiana showed a population decline of 219,563, or 4.87%.<ref name="popdecline">Christie, Les. "Growth states: Arizona overtakes Nevada: Texas adds most people overall; Louisiana population declines nearly 5%." CNN. December 22, 2006. Retrieved on December 22, 2006.</ref> Additionally, some insurance companies have stopped insuring homeowners in the area because of the high costs from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, or have raised homeowners insurance premiums to cover their risk.<ref>Staff Writer. "More Bad News Blows In From Katrina." CBS News. May 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
Environmental effects
coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/katrina/lidar/dauphin-island.html | title = Daupin Island - Pre- and Post-Storm 3D Topography | work = Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2006-06-05}}</ref> The storm surge and waves from Katrina also obliterated the Chandeleur Islands, which had been affected by Hurricane Ivan the previous year.<ref> United States Geological Survey
(September 14, 2005) . Before and After Photo Comparisons: Chandeleur Islands . Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies . USGS
. Retrieved on 2006-06-05. </ref>//coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/katrina/lidar/dauphin-island.html | title = Daupin Island - Pre- and Post-Storm 3D Topography | work = Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2006-06-05}}</ref> The storm surge and waves from Katrina also obliterated the Chandeleur Islands, which had been affected by Hurricane Ivan the previous year.<ref> United States Geological Survey
(September 14, 2005) . Before and After Photo Comparisons: Chandeleur Islands . Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies . USGS
. Retrieved on 2006-06-05. </ref>
The lands that were lost were also breeding grounds for marine mammals, brown pelicans, turtles, and fish, as well as migratory species such as redhead ducks.<ref name="CRS environment"/> Overall, about 20% of the local marshes were permanently overrun by water as a result of the storm.<ref name="CRS environment"/>
www.fws.gov/southeast/news/2005/r05-088.html | title = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Conducting Initial Damage Assessments to Wildlife and National Wildlife Refuges | publisher = USFWS|accessdate = 2006-06-05}}</ref> As a result, the hurricane affected the habitats of sea turtles, Mississippi sandhill cranes, Red-cockaded woodpeckers and Alabama Beach mice.<ref name="FWS impact"/>//www.fws.gov/southeast/news/2005/r05-088.html | title = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Conducting Initial Damage Assessments to Wildlife and National Wildlife Refuges | publisher = USFWS|accessdate = 2006-06-05}}</ref> As a result, the hurricane affected the habitats of sea turtles, Mississippi sandhill cranes, Red-cockaded woodpeckers and Alabama Beach mice.<ref name="FWS impact"/>
Finally, as part of the cleanup effort, the flood waters that covered New Orleans were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain, a process that took 43 days to complete.<ref name="katreport"/> These residual waters contained a mix of raw sewage, bacteria, heavy metals, pesticides, toxic chemicals, and about 6.5 million U.S. gallons (24.6 million L) of oil, which has sparked fears in the scientific community of massive numbers of fish dying.<ref name="CRS environment"/>
Looting and violence
community.fox16.com/photos/story_in_pictures--_hurricane_katrina/picture807981.aspx Photos : Story in Pictures-- Hurricane Katrina : Aug 31: Looting in Mississippi]." FOX16 Nowcaster Community (Little Rock, Arkansas). August 31, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-09-11.</ref>//community.fox16.com/photos/story_in_pictures--_hurricane_katrina/picture807981.aspx Photos : Story in Pictures-- Hurricane Katrina : Aug 31: Looting in Mississippi]." FOX16 Nowcaster Community (Little Rock, Arkansas). August 31, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-09-11.</ref>
www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-na-rumors27sep27,0,5536446.story?track=hpmostemailedlink Katrina Rumors]." Los Angeles Times. September 27, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Thousands of National Guard and federal troops were mobilized and sent to Louisiana along with numbers of local law enforcement agents from across the country who were temporarily deputized by the state. "They have M16s and are locked and loaded. These troops know how to shoot and kill and I expect they will," Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco said. Congressman Bill Jefferson (D-LA) told ABC News: "There was shooting going on. There was sniping going on. Over the first week of September, law and order was gradually restored to the city."<ref>Tapper, Jake. "Amid Katrina Chaos, Congressman Used National Guard to Visit Home." ABC News. September 13, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Several shootings were between police and New Orleans residents, including a fatal incident at Danziger Bridge.<ref>Staff Writer. "Police kill at least 5 in New Orleans." MSNBC. September 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-na-rumors27sep27,0,5536446.story?track=hpmostemailedlink Katrina Rumors]." Los Angeles Times. September 27, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Thousands of National Guard and federal troops were mobilized and sent to Louisiana along with numbers of local law enforcement agents from across the country who were temporarily deputized by the state. "They have M16s and are locked and loaded. These troops know how to shoot and kill and I expect they will," Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco said. Congressman Bill Jefferson (D-LA) told ABC News: "There was shooting going on. There was sniping going on. Over the first week of September, law and order was gradually restored to the city."<ref>Tapper, Jake. "Amid Katrina Chaos, Congressman Used National Guard to Visit Home." ABC News. September 13, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Several shootings were between police and New Orleans residents, including a fatal incident at Danziger Bridge.<ref>Staff Writer. "Police kill at least 5 in New Orleans." MSNBC. September 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.komotv.com/news/mnewsaction.asp?ID=39002 At the Train Station, New Orleans' Newest Jail is Open For Business]." KOMO-TV. September 6, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.komotv.com/news/mnewsaction.asp?ID=39002 At the Train Station, New Orleans' Newest Jail is Open For Business]." KOMO-TV. September 6, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.wboy.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=5266 Some Katrina Evacuees at Camp Dawson Have Criminal Records]." Associated Press. September 18, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The number of homicides in Houston from September 2005 through February 22 2006 went up by 23% relative to the same period a year before; 29 of the 170 murders involved displaced Louisianans as a victim or as a suspect.<ref>"Louisiana Gangs That Fled Katrina Heighten Houston Murder Rate." Bloomberg.com. March 3, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-07-15.</ref>//www.wboy.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=5266 Some Katrina Evacuees at Camp Dawson Have Criminal Records]." Associated Press. September 18, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The number of homicides in Houston from September 2005 through February 22 2006 went up by 23% relative to the same period a year before; 29 of the 170 murders involved displaced Louisianans as a victim or as a suspect.<ref>"Louisiana Gangs That Fled Katrina Heighten Houston Murder Rate." Bloomberg.com. March 3, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-07-15.</ref>
Government response
Within the United States and as delineated in the National Response Plan, disaster response and planning is first and foremost a local government responsibility. When local government exhausts its resources, it then requests specific additional resources from the county level. The request process proceeds similarly from the county to the state to the federal government as additional resource needs are identified. Many of the problems that arose developed from inadequate planning and back-up communications systems at various levels.[citation needed]
Some disaster recovery response to Katrina began before the storm, with Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) preparations that ranged from logistical supply deployments to a mortuary team with refrigerated trucks. A network of volunteers began rendering assistance to local residents and residents emerging from New Orleans and surrounding parishes as soon as the storm made landfall, and continued for more than six months after the storm.[citation needed]
www.gao.gov/new.items/d06903.pdf | title = Coast Guard: Observations on the Preparation, Response, and Recovery Missions Related to Hurricane Katrina | accessdate = 2006-08-27 | date= July 2006 | format = PDF}}</ref> Congress recognized the Coast Guard's response with an official entry in the Congressional Record,<ref name="S. 246">Modèle:Cite book</ref> and the Armed Service was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.<ref> USCG Message Traffic: Award of the Presidential Unit Citation to the Coast Guard
. United States Coast Guard (May 25, 2006)
. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. </ref>//www.gao.gov/new.items/d06903.pdf | title = Coast Guard: Observations on the Preparation, Response, and Recovery Missions Related to Hurricane Katrina | accessdate = 2006-08-27 | date= July 2006 | format = PDF}}</ref> Congress recognized the Coast Guard's response with an official entry in the Congressional Record,<ref name="S. 246">Modèle:Cite book</ref> and the Armed Service was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.<ref> USCG Message Traffic: Award of the Presidential Unit Citation to the Coast Guard
. United States Coast Guard (May 25, 2006)
. Retrieved on 2006-08-27. </ref>
www.dod.gov/transcripts/2005/tr20050901-3843.html Special Defense Department Briefing with Commander of Joint Task Force Katrina]". United States Department of Defense, News Transcript. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Approximately 58,000 National Guard personnel were activated to deal with the storm's aftermath, with troops coming from all 50 states.<ref>Phillips, Kyra. "Bush Discusses Displaced Students; Department of Defense Briefs Press on Katrina Response (CNN Live Transcript)." CNN. September 6, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The Department of Defense also activated volunteer members of the Civil Air Patrol.//www.dod.gov/transcripts/2005/tr20050901-3843.html Special Defense Department Briefing with Commander of Joint Task Force Katrina]". United States Department of Defense, News Transcript. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Approximately 58,000 National Guard personnel were activated to deal with the storm's aftermath, with troops coming from all 50 states.<ref>Phillips, Kyra. "Bush Discusses Displaced Students; Department of Defense Briefs Press on Katrina Response (CNN Live Transcript)." CNN. September 6, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The Department of Defense also activated volunteer members of the Civil Air Patrol.
www.californiachronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=5916 Pelosi: Davis Report on Katrina Leaves Unfinished Business]." California Chronicle. February 15, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Early in September, Congress authorized a total of $62.3 billion in aid for victims.<ref>Baker, Peter; Goldstein, Amy. "Congress Approves $51.8 Billion For Victims." Washington Post. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Additionally, President Bush enlisted the help of former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions, much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.<ref>Bush, George W. "President Asks Bush and Clinton to Assist in Hurricane Relief." White House, Press Release. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> American flags were also ordered to be half-staff from September 2, 2005 to September 20, 2005 in honor of the victims.<ref> www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050904-2.html
.</ref>//www.californiachronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=5916 Pelosi: Davis Report on Katrina Leaves Unfinished Business]." California Chronicle. February 15, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Early in September, Congress authorized a total of $62.3 billion in aid for victims.<ref>Baker, Peter; Goldstein, Amy. "Congress Approves $51.8 Billion For Victims." Washington Post. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Additionally, President Bush enlisted the help of former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions, much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.<ref>Bush, George W. "President Asks Bush and Clinton to Assist in Hurricane Relief." White House, Press Release. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> American flags were also ordered to be half-staff from September 2, 2005 to September 20, 2005 in honor of the victims.<ref> www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050904-2.html
.</ref>
www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/13/katrina/main1311616.shtml Judge: FEMA Off Hook For Hotel Costs]." CBC News. February 13, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> As of early July 2006, there are still about 100,000 people living in 37,745 FEMA-provided trailers.<ref name="FEMA update 2006-07-07"> Federal Emergency Management Agency
(July 7, 2006) . Hurricane Katrina Recovery Update: Week 44 . FEMA
. Retrieved on 2006-07-08. </ref>//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/13/katrina/main1311616.shtml Judge: FEMA Off Hook For Hotel Costs]." CBC News. February 13, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> As of early July 2006, there are still about 100,000 people living in 37,745 FEMA-provided trailers.<ref name="FEMA update 2006-07-07"> Federal Emergency Management Agency
(July 7, 2006) . Hurricane Katrina Recovery Update: Week 44 . FEMA
. Retrieved on 2006-07-08. </ref>
www.nytimes.com/2005/09/04/national/nationalspecial/04police.html?ei=5090&en=8bf8550c348bbc33&ex=1283486400&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=print | publisher = The New York Times|date = September 4, 2005 | accessdate=2006-06-24}}</ref>//www.nytimes.com/2005/09/04/national/nationalspecial/04police.html?ei=5090&en=8bf8550c348bbc33&ex=1283486400&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=print | publisher = The New York Times|date = September 4, 2005 | accessdate=2006-06-24}}</ref>
www.coc.org/index.fpl/1090/article/3678.html Six Months After Katrina: Who Was Left Behind Then and Who is Being Left Behind Now?]" Center of Concern. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.coc.org/index.fpl/1090/article/3678.html Six Months After Katrina: Who Was Left Behind Then and Who is Being Left Behind Now?]" Center of Concern. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
Criticism of government response
seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002520986_katmyth26.html Reports of anarchy at Superdome overstated]." Seattle Times. September 26, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The neologism Katrinagate was coined to refer to this controversy, and was a runner-up for "2005 word of the year."<ref>Clark, Heather. "Linguists Vote 'Truthiness' Word of 2005." ABC News. January 6, 2006. Retrieved on July 18, 2006.</ref>//seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002520986_katmyth26.html Reports of anarchy at Superdome overstated]." Seattle Times. September 26, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> The neologism Katrinagate was coined to refer to this controversy, and was a runner-up for "2005 word of the year."<ref>Clark, Heather. "Linguists Vote 'Truthiness' Word of 2005." ABC News. January 6, 2006. Retrieved on July 18, 2006.</ref>
www.dhh.state.la.us/news.asp?Detail=758}}</ref> was below their proportion in the area's population (approx. 60%<ref>"New Orleans population statistics." Associated Press. August 18, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.</ref>//www.dhh.state.la.us/news.asp?Detail=758}}</ref> was below their proportion in the area's population (approx. 60%<ref>"New Orleans population statistics." Associated Press. August 18, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.</ref> ).
www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/09/09/katrina.washington/index.html Admiral takes over Katrina relief]." CNN. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received praise from Bush with the now-well-known phrase, "Brownie, you're doing a heck of a job."<ref> Office of the Press Secretary
(September 2, 2005) . President Arrives in Alabama, Briefed on Hurricane Katrina . The White House
. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref>//www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/09/09/katrina.washington/index.html Admiral takes over Katrina relief]." CNN. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received praise from Bush with the now-well-known phrase, "Brownie, you're doing a heck of a job."<ref> Office of the Press Secretary
(September 2, 2005) . President Arrives in Alabama, Briefed on Hurricane Katrina . The White House
. Retrieved on 2006-07-19. </ref>
On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC, A Concert for Hurricane Relief, Kanye West was a featured speaker. Controversy arose when West was presenting, as he deviated from the prepared script:
I hate the way they portray us in the media. You see a black family, it says, 'They're looting.' You see a white family, it says, 'They're looking for food.' And, you know, it's been five days [waiting for federal help] because most of the people are black. And even for me to complain about it, I would be a hypocrite because I've tried to turn away from the teacher-the TV because it's too hard to watch. I've even been shopping before even giving a donation, so now I'm calling my business manager right now to see what is the biggest amount I can give, and just to imagine if I was down there, and those are my people down there. So anybody out there that wants to do anything that we can help — with the way America is set up to help the poor, the black people, the less well-off, as slow as possible. I mean, the Red Cross is doing everything they can. We already realize a lot of people that could help are at war right now, fighting another way — and they've given them permission to go down and shoot us!
Mike Myers, with whom West was paired to present, spoke next and continued as normal by reading the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, West delivered the controversial phrase:
Although the camera quickly cut away to Chris Tucker, West's comments still reached the East Coast broadcasts, and was replayed or discussed afterwards.
Kanye West and Mike Myers met again on a brief sketch on Saturday Night Live, in which Myers joked that since the telethon, the government has stripped him of his American citizenship ("still got my Canadian citizenship to fall back on," Myers joked), and placed him under heavy government surveillance.
Criticism from politicians, activists, pundits and journalists of all stripes was directed at the local and state and governments headed by Mayor Ray Nagin of New Orleans and Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco. Nagin and Blanco were criticized for failing to implement New Orleans' evacuation plan and for ordering residents to a shelter of last resort without any provisions for food, water, security, or sanitary conditions. Perhaps the most important criticism of Nagin was that he delayed his emergency evacuation order until 19 hours before landfall, which led to hundreds of deaths of people who (by that time) could not find any way out of the city.<ref name="CongressInvestigation"/>
The destruction wrought by Hurricane Katrina raised other, more general public policy issues about emergency management, environmental policy, poverty, and unemployment. The discussion of both the immediate response and of the broader public policy issues may have affected elections and legislation enacted at various levels of government. The storm's devastation also prompted a Congressional investigation, which found that FEMA and the Red Cross "did not have a logistics capacity sophisticated enough to fully support the massive number of Gulf coast victims." Additionally, it placed responsibility for the disaster on all three levels of government.<ref name="CongressInvestigation"/>
abcnews.go.com/US/HurricaneKatrina/story?id=1094262&page=1 Poll: Bush Not Taking Brunt of Katrina Criticism]." ABC News. September 12, 2005. Retrieved on July 15, 2006.</ref> A later CNN/USATODAY/GALLUP poll showed that respondents disagreed widely on who was to blame for the problems in the city following the hurricane — 13% said Bush, 18% said federal agencies, 25% blamed state or local officials and 38% said no one was to blame.<ref name="cnnpoll">Staff Writer. "Poll: Most Americans believe New Orleans will never recover." CNN. September 8, 2005. Retrieved on July 15, 2006.</ref>//abcnews.go.com/US/HurricaneKatrina/story?id=1094262&page=1 Poll: Bush Not Taking Brunt of Katrina Criticism]." ABC News. September 12, 2005. Retrieved on July 15, 2006.</ref> A later CNN/USATODAY/GALLUP poll showed that respondents disagreed widely on who was to blame for the problems in the city following the hurricane — 13% said Bush, 18% said federal agencies, 25% blamed state or local officials and 38% said no one was to blame.<ref name="cnnpoll">Staff Writer. "Poll: Most Americans believe New Orleans will never recover." CNN. September 8, 2005. Retrieved on July 15, 2006.</ref>
International response
freepeoplesmovement.org/fpm/page.php?56 Venezuela and Cuba offer aid to Katrina victims]." The Free Press, Volume 1, Issue 4. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.</ref> <ref>"From abroad, offers of aid for Katrina victims." People's Weekly World, Sept 10, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.</ref> <ref>"France, Cuba, Venezuela among those offering aid." USA Today, Sept 2, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.</ref> Kuwait made the largest single pledge, $500 million; other large donations were made by Qatar ($100 million), South Korea ($30 million), Australia ($10 million), India, China (both $5 million), Pakistan ($1.5 million),<ref>Staff Writer. "U.S. Grateful for Pakistan's Assistance for Hurricane Katrina Victims."Embassy of the United States. September 8, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> and Bangladesh ($1 million).<ref>Staff Writer. "Asian nations offer U.S. assistance." BBC News. September 5, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//freepeoplesmovement.org/fpm/page.php?56 Venezuela and Cuba offer aid to Katrina victims]." The Free Press, Volume 1, Issue 4. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.</ref> <ref>"From abroad, offers of aid for Katrina victims." People's Weekly World, Sept 10, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.</ref> <ref>"France, Cuba, Venezuela among those offering aid." USA Today, Sept 2, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.</ref> Kuwait made the largest single pledge, $500 million; other large donations were made by Qatar ($100 million), South Korea ($30 million), Australia ($10 million), India, China (both $5 million), Pakistan ($1.5 million),<ref>Staff Writer. "U.S. Grateful for Pakistan's Assistance for Hurricane Katrina Victims."Embassy of the United States. September 8, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> and Bangladesh ($1 million).<ref>Staff Writer. "Asian nations offer U.S. assistance." BBC News. September 5, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2005/Israeli+aid+to+Hurricane+Katrina+victims+5-Sep-2005.htm Israel Aids Hurricane Katrina Victims]." MFA. September 5, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-12-17.</ref> The Bush Administration announced in mid-September that it did not need Israeli divers and physicians to come to the United States for search and rescue missions, but a small team landed in New Orleans on September 10 to give assistance to operations already under way. The team administered first aid to survivors, rescued abandoned pets and discovered hurricane victims.<ref>Jewish Virtual Library. "Israel's Aid to Hurricane Katrina Victims." Jewish Virtual Library.</ref>//www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2005/Israeli+aid+to+Hurricane+Katrina+victims+5-Sep-2005.htm Israel Aids Hurricane Katrina Victims]." MFA. September 5, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-12-17.</ref> The Bush Administration announced in mid-September that it did not need Israeli divers and physicians to come to the United States for search and rescue missions, but a small team landed in New Orleans on September 10 to give assistance to operations already under way. The team administered first aid to survivors, rescued abandoned pets and discovered hurricane victims.<ref>Jewish Virtual Library. "Israel's Aid to Hurricane Katrina Victims." Jewish Virtual Library.</ref>
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4344168.stm U.S. rejects British Katrina beef]." BBC News. October 15, 2005. </ref> Russia's initial offer of two jets was declined by the U.S. State Department but accepted later. The French offer was also declined and requested later.<ref>Staff Writer. "U.S. receives aid offers from around the world." CNN. September 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4344168.stm U.S. rejects British Katrina beef]." BBC News. October 15, 2005. </ref> Russia's initial offer of two jets was declined by the U.S. State Department but accepted later. The French offer was also declined and requested later.<ref>Staff Writer. "U.S. receives aid offers from around the world." CNN. September 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.tolerance.org/news/article_tol.jsp?id=1291 KATRINA AND RACISM: The World View]." Tolerance.org. September 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.</ref>//www.tolerance.org/news/article_tol.jsp?id=1291 KATRINA AND RACISM: The World View]." Tolerance.org. September 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.</ref>
Non-governmental organization response
www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm/bay/katrina.main.htm}}</ref>//www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm/bay/katrina.main.htm}}</ref>
www.arrl.org/news/stories/2005/09/15/100/ ARRL President Submits Congressional Testimony on Hams' Katrina Response]" The American Radio Relay League. September 15, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> In Hancock County, Mississippi, ham radio operators provided the only communications into or out of the area, and even served as 911 dispatchers.<ref>Staff Writer. "Amateur Radio Earning Praise, Respect in Hurricane Katrina Relief." The American Radio Relay League. September 16, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.arrl.org/news/stories/2005/09/15/100/ ARRL President Submits Congressional Testimony on Hams' Katrina Response]" The American Radio Relay League. September 15, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref> In Hancock County, Mississippi, ham radio operators provided the only communications into or out of the area, and even served as 911 dispatchers.<ref>Staff Writer. "Amateur Radio Earning Praise, Respect in Hurricane Katrina Relief." The American Radio Relay League. September 16, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
money.cnn.com/2005/09/13/news/fortune500/katrina_donations/ Corporate Katrina gifts could top $1B]." CNN. September 13, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//money.cnn.com/2005/09/13/news/fortune500/katrina_donations/ Corporate Katrina gifts could top $1B]." CNN. September 13, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.redcross.org/images/pdfs/Katrina_OneYearReport.pdf}}</ref><ref name = "ARC 2005AHS facts"> Hurricane Season 2005: Facts and Figures
. American Red Cross (2006-09-29)
.</ref>//www.redcross.org/images/pdfs/Katrina_OneYearReport.pdf}}</ref><ref name = "ARC 2005AHS facts"> Hurricane Season 2005: Facts and Figures
. American Red Cross (2006-09-29)
.</ref>
www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn%5Cwww_usn.nsf/vw-news/FB0167FE449EC0C4802571D8004B5FEE | title = Salvation Army Reflects on Largest Disaster Response Ever at One-Year Anniversary of Hurricane Katrina | accessdate = 2006-08-28|date = August 28, 2006 | publisher = The Salvation Army}}</ref>//www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn%5Cwww_usn.nsf/vw-news/FB0167FE449EC0C4802571D8004B5FEE | title = Salvation Army Reflects on Largest Disaster Response Ever at One-Year Anniversary of Hurricane Katrina | accessdate = 2006-08-28|date = August 28, 2006 | publisher = The Salvation Army}}</ref>
Analysis of New Orleans levee failures
www.asce.org/static/hurricane/whitehouse.cfm</ref> The US Army Corps of Engineers who by federal mandate is responsible for the conception, design and construction of the region's flood-control system failed to pay sufficient attention to public safety.//www.asce.org/static/hurricane/whitehouse.cfm</ref> The US Army Corps of Engineers who by federal mandate is responsible for the conception, design and construction of the region's flood-control system failed to pay sufficient attention to public safety.
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/23/AR2005102301200_pf.html Investigators Link Levee Failures to Design Flaws]." Washington Post. October 24, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/23/AR2005102301200_pf.html Investigators Link Levee Failures to Design Flaws]." Washington Post. October 24, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.unregisterednews.com/content/view/184/53/ Problems with the design of levees]." Unregistered News. September 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.</ref> He also testified that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers did not know of this mechanism of failure prior to August 29, 2005. The claim of ignorance is refuted, however, by the National Science Foundation investigators hired by the Army Corps of Engineers, who point to a 1986 study by the Corps itself that such separations were possible in the I-wall design.<ref> Walsh, Bill
. " Corps chief admits to 'design failure' " , Times Picayune , April 06, 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-04-09 . </ref>//www.unregisterednews.com/content/view/184/53/ Problems with the design of levees]." Unregistered News. September 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.</ref> He also testified that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers did not know of this mechanism of failure prior to August 29, 2005. The claim of ignorance is refuted, however, by the National Science Foundation investigators hired by the Army Corps of Engineers, who point to a 1986 study by the Corps itself that such separations were possible in the I-wall design.<ref> Walsh, Bill . " Corps chief admits to 'design failure' " , Times Picayune , April 06, 2006 . Retrieved on 2006-04-09 . </ref>
www.whatreallyhappened.com/orleans_levees.html|title=New Orleans Levees Were Blown In 1927}}</ref>//www.whatreallyhappened.com/orleans_levees.html|title=New Orleans Levees Were Blown In 1927}}</ref>
Media involvement
Many representatives of the news media reporting on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina became directly involved in the unfolding events, instead of simply reporting. Because of the loss of most means of communication, such as land-based and cellular telephone systems, field reporters in many cases became conduits for information between victims and authorities.
www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2678976 Geraldo Rivera & Shepard Smith Unleashed]." — Video. 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2678976 Geraldo Rivera & Shepard Smith Unleashed]." — Video. 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
www.pulitzer.org/year/2006/breaking-news-reporting/}}</ref> and shared the Public Service Pulitzer with the Biloxi-based Sun Herald.<ref name="Pulitzer PS"> The Pulitzer Board
(2006) . 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners - Public Service
. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. </ref> The newspaper's coverage was carried for days only on NOLA's blogs, as the newspaper lost its presses and evacuated its building as water rose around it on August 30. The site became an international focal point for news by local media, and also became a vital link for rescue operations and later for reuniting scattered residents, as it accepted and posted thousands of individual pleas for rescue on its blogs and forums. NOLA was monitored constantly by an array of rescue teams - from individuals to the Coast Guard - which used information in rescue efforts. Much of this information was relayed from trapped victims via the SMS functions of their cell phones, to friends and relatives outside the area, who then relayed the information back to NOLA.com. The aggregation of community journalism, user photos and the use of the internet site as a collaborative response to the storm attracted international attention, and was called a watershed moment in journalism.<ref name="OJR NOLA"> Mark Glaser
(September 13, 2005) . NOLA.com blogs and forums help save lives after Katrina . Online Journalism Review
. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. </ref> In the wake of these online-only efforts, the Pulitzer Committee for the first time opened all its categories to online entries.<ref name="Pulitzer speech"> Paul Steiger
(May 22, 2006) . Remarks at Pulitzer Prize luncheon . The Pulitzer Board
. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. </ref>//www.pulitzer.org/year/2006/breaking-news-reporting/}}</ref> and shared the Public Service Pulitzer with the Biloxi-based Sun Herald.<ref name="Pulitzer PS"> The Pulitzer Board
(2006) . 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners - Public Service
. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. </ref> The newspaper's coverage was carried for days only on NOLA's blogs, as the newspaper lost its presses and evacuated its building as water rose around it on August 30. The site became an international focal point for news by local media, and also became a vital link for rescue operations and later for reuniting scattered residents, as it accepted and posted thousands of individual pleas for rescue on its blogs and forums. NOLA was monitored constantly by an array of rescue teams - from individuals to the Coast Guard - which used information in rescue efforts. Much of this information was relayed from trapped victims via the SMS functions of their cell phones, to friends and relatives outside the area, who then relayed the information back to NOLA.com. The aggregation of community journalism, user photos and the use of the internet site as a collaborative response to the storm attracted international attention, and was called a watershed moment in journalism.<ref name="OJR NOLA"> Mark Glaser
(September 13, 2005) . NOLA.com blogs and forums help save lives after Katrina . Online Journalism Review
. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. </ref> In the wake of these online-only efforts, the Pulitzer Committee for the first time opened all its categories to online entries.<ref name="Pulitzer speech"> Paul Steiger
(May 22, 2006) . Remarks at Pulitzer Prize luncheon . The Pulitzer Board
. Retrieved on 2006-08-02. </ref>
edition.cnn.com/2005/LAW/09/10/katrina.media/ U.S. won't ban media from New Orleans searches]." CNN. September 11, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>//edition.cnn.com/2005/LAW/09/10/katrina.media/ U.S. won't ban media from New Orleans searches]." CNN. September 11, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.</ref>
Hurricane Katrina has also been the centerpiece of several documentary films including Spike Lee's film, When the Levees Broke, and Darren Martinez's film, Hellp.<ref>Britt, M. "Las Vegas Teen Helps Hurricane Victims In New Orleans", Las Vegas Daily Optic, December 19, 2005,</ref>
Retirement
Modèle:Seealso www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2607.htm|title = Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma "Retired" from List of Storm Names|accessmonthday = August 28|accessyear = 2006|date = April 6, 2006|publisher = NOAA}}</ref>//www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2607.htm|title = Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma "Retired" from List of Storm Names|accessmonthday = August 28|accessyear = 2006|date = April 6, 2006|publisher = NOAA}}</ref>
See also
- Audubon Nature Institute (based in New Orleans in the US)
- Hurricane on the Bayou
- List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of notable Atlantic hurricanes
- List of storms in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
- List of tribute songs to Hurricane Katrina
References
External links
Modèle:Sisterlinks www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Katrina]//www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Katrina] www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Katrina]//www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/KATRINA.shtml archive on Hurricane Katrina] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical2005/KATRINA/KATRINA_archive.shtml archive on Hurricane Katrina]//www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical2005/KATRINA/KATRINA_archive.shtml archive on Hurricane Katrina] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]
Disaster recovery
www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.fema.gov/hazard/hurricane/2005katrina/index.shtm Federal Emergency Management Agency] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.msema.org/ Mississippi Emergency Management Agency] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.charitynavigator.org/katrina Charity Navigator's detailed report on the Charitable Response to Hurricane Katrina] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.ohsep.louisiana.gov/ Louisiana Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.katrinasangels.org/ Katrina's Angels Resource Coordination] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//icpd.dartmouth.edu Dartmouth-Dillard Neighborhood Katrina Recovery Project] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.city-journal.org/html/16_2_houston.html Houston's Noble Experiment] - An article in the City Journal www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//jurist.law.pitt.edu/currentawareness/katrinadisaster.php Katrina disaster legal news and resources], JURIST www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1629962,00.html Savings Pets from Another Katrina] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.indypendent.org/?p=717 "Students Give NOLA Helping Hand"], The Indypendent, January 10, 2007 www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2007/0907evans.html The KatrinaRitaVille Express Tour] from Dollars & Sense magazine
Survivor and eyewitness accounts
www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.heartlikewater.com Heart Like Water: Surviving Katrina and Life in its Disaster Zone] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//nola.com/katrina Katrina: The storm we always feared] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.hurricanearchive.org/ Hurricane Digital Memory Bank: Preserving the Stories from Katrina, Rita, and Wilma] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.KatrinaUnderground.com Katrina Underground: Testimony, discussion, peer-support and resources for hurricane survivors] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//bookcriticscircle.blogspot.com/search/label/Thinking%20About%20New%20Orleans Survivor stories by artists and writers displaced by Katrina] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//citypages.com/neworleans New Orleans Survivor Stories] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0306evans.html Derrick Evans of Turkey Creek Community Initiatives] from Dollars & Sense magazine www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.socialistworker.org/2005-2/556/556_04_RealHeroes.shtml Trapped in New Orleans by the flood — and martial law] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.ulm.edu/~english/katrina/ Stories From Katrina and Rita] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.scribd.com/doc/265367/Hurricane-Katrina-Perceptions-of-the-Affected Hurricane Katrina - Perceptions of the Affected] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//hurricane-katrina-pictures.blogspot.com/ Hurricane Katrina Pictures and Stories from a Baton Rouge Resident]
Images
www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.wwltv.com/Katrina/index.html Photo Collection of Katrina's Aftermath] (Courtesy WWL-TV New Orleans) www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.streetgangs.com/katrina Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath Photos by StreetGangs.com] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.photosfromkatrina.com Photographs and Video of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/misc/050829/050829.html Weather satellite imagery] (University of Wisconsin at Madison) www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/h2005_katrina.html NASA's Hurricane Katrina Archive] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.davidmetraux.com/news/2006/hurricane_katrina.html Photographs of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.ansaman.com/katrina/katrina_sats.html Selected Katrina Aerial Survey Pictures (Annotated)] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.stephenvoss.com/stories/Churches/index.html Churches of the Lower 9th Ward (post Hurricane Katrina)] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//group22.net/katrina Civil Air Patrol, Illinois Wing Deployment (Hancock County, MS)] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//mikerigamer.com/gallery/album01 New Orleans, Louisiana - Inside the homes of New Orleans residents after Hurricane Katrina] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44024/story.htm Climate Report May Have Cut Katrina Impact - Analyst]. www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//photos.themindofmatt.com/adventures/neworleans/katrina/index.htm Photos of Katrina Damage four months after the storm.] www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/katrina2005.html Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC]//www.gelib.com/maps/Katrina/Katrina_nl.kml High Resolution Aerial Photo Overlay of a Flooded New Orleans for Google Earth.] Modèle:Retired Atlantic hurricanes Modèle:2005 Atlantic hurricane season buttons
Modèle:Featured articleaf:Orkaan Katrina ar:إعصار كاترينا az:Katrina qasırğası bs:Uragan Katrina ca:Huracà Katrina cs:Hurikán Katrina da:Orkan Katrina (2005) de:Hurrikan Katrina et:Katrina (orkaan) es:Huracán Katrina eo:Uragano Katrina fa:توفند کاترینا fr:Ouragan Katrina ga:Hairicín Katrina gl:Furacán Katrina ko:허리케인 카트리나 hi:हरिकेन कट्रीना hr:Uragan Katrina io:Uragano Katrina id:Badai Katrina it:Uragano Katrina he:הוריקן קתרינה mn:Катрина хар салхи nl:Katrina (orkaan) ja:ハリケーン・カトリーナ no:Orkanen Katrina nn:Orkanen Katrina pl:Huragan Katrina pt:Furacão Katrina ru:Катрина (ураган) simple:Hurricane Katrina sk:Hurikán Katrina sr:Ураган Катрина sh:Uragan Katrina fi:Hurrikaani Katrina sv:Orkanen Katrina ta:சூறாவளி கத்ரீனா th:พายุเฮอร์ริเคนแคทรีนา vi:Bão Katrina tr:Katrina kasırgası uk:Ураган "Катріна" zh:颶風卡特里娜
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