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-{{Confusion|Web}}+{{dablink|For the more general networking concept, see [[computer network]], [[computer networking]], and [[internetworking]].}}
-[[Image:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|Visualisation des multiples chemins à travers une portion de l'Internet.]]+{{otheruses}}
-'''Internet''' est le [[réseau informatique]] [[monde (univers)|mondial]] qui rend accessibles au public des services comme le [[courrier électronique]] et le [[World Wide Web]]. Ses utilisateurs sont désignés par le [[néologisme]] « [[internaute]] ». Techniquement, Internet se définit comme le réseau public mondial utilisant le [[protocole de communication]] [[Protocole Internet|IP]] (''Internet Protocol'').+<!-- The Internet and the WWW are different concepts—please do not muddle them in this article -->
 +[[Image:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|300px|Visualization of the various routes through a portion of the Internet.]]
 +{{Portal|Internet|Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png}}
 +The '''Internet''' is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected [[computer network]]s that transmit [[data (computing)|data]] by [[packet switching]] using the standard [[Internet Protocol]] (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various [[information]] and services, such as [[e-mail|electronic mail]], [[online chat]], [[computer file|file]] transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the [[World Wide Web]] (WWW).
-Internet ayant été popularisé par l'apparition du [[World Wide Web]], les deux sont parfois confondus par le public non averti. En réalité, le Web est une des applications d'Internet, comme le sont le [[courrier électronique]], la [[messagerie instantanée]] et les systèmes de partage de [[Fichier (informatique)|fichier]]s [[poste à poste]].+==Terminology: Internet ''[[vis-&agrave;-vis]]'' World Wide Web==
-Par ailleurs, du point de vue de la [[confidentialité]] des [[communication]]s, il importe de distinguer Internet des [[intranet]]s, les réseaux privés au sein des entreprises, administrations, etc., et des [[extranet]]s, interconnexions d'intranets pouvant emprunter Internet.+The [[Internet protocol suite]] is a collection of standards and protocols organized into layers so that each layer provides the foundation and the services required by the layer above. In this scheme, the Internet consists of the computers and networks that handle [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) data packets. [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP) depends on IP and solves problems like data packets arriving out of order or not at all. Next comes [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol]] (HTTP), which is an application layer protocol. It runs on top of TCP/IP and provides [[user agent]]s, such as [[web browser]]s, with access to the files, documents and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW). More generally, the Internet is the world-wide network holding most data communications together, while the World-Wide Web is just one of many applications that the Internet can be used for.
-== Terminologie ==+==History==
 +{{main|History of the Internet}}
-Le nom "Internet" vient de INTERconnected NETworks (en français : réseaux interconnectés). L'usage francophone est d'écrire le mot avec une majuscule et sans article, bien que ce ne soit pas plus un nom propre qu'une marque<ref>http://www.clve.fr/sabircyber/internet.htm</ref>. Ceci dit, il y a encore beaucoup de controverse sur le sujet<ref>http://www.branchez-vous.com/actu/04-08/08-274704.html</ref><ref>http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1007195</ref>.+===Growth===
 +Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost a decade, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s. On [[August 6]] [[1991]], [[CERN]], which straddles the border between [[France]] and [[Switzerland]], publicized the new [[World Wide Web]] project, two years after British scientist [[Tim Berners-Lee]] had begun creating [[HTML]], [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] and the first few Web pages at CERN.
-== Historique ==+An early popular [[web browser]] was ''[[ViolaWWW]]'' based upon [[HyperCard]]. It was eventually replaced in popularity by the [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] web browser. In 1993, the [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|University of Illinois]] released version 1.0 of ''Mosaic'', and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic/technical Internet. By 1996 usage of the word "Internet" had become commonplace, and consequently, so had its misuse as a reference to the [[World Wide Web]].
-{{Article détaillé|Histoire d'Internet}}+Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks, such as [[FidoNet]], have remained separate). During the 1990s, it was estimated that the Internet grew by 100% per year, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997.<ref>{{cite paper | url=http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/internet.size.pdf | title=The size and growth rate of the Internet | accessdate=2007-05-21 | author=Coffman, K. G; [[Odlyzko]], A. M. | publisher=AT&T Labs | date=1998-10-02}}</ref> This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network. {{Fact|date=September 2007}}
-Les mémos que [[J.C.R. Licklider]] du [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) écrivit en août [[1962]] sont les plus anciens textes décrivant les interactions sociales qui seraient possibles avec un réseau d'[[ordinateur]]s. Cela devait notamment faciliter les communications entre chercheurs du [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA). En octobre [[1962]], Licklider fut le premier chef du programme de recherche en [[informatique]] du DARPA. Il persuada ses successeurs Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor et le chercheur du MIT [[Lawrence G. Roberts]] de l'intérêt des [[réseau informatique|réseaux informatiques]].+'''University Students Appreciation and Contributions'''
-En [[1961]], Leonard Kleinrock du MIT avait publié le premier texte théorique sur les télécommunications par paquets et en [[1964]] il publia le premier livre sur le sujet.+New findings in the field of communications during the 1960’s and 1970’s were quickly adopted by universities across the United States. Their openness for technology and new ideas saw many of them amongst the first to appreciate this new Cultural Revolution – in most cases seeking technological innovation for the pure joy of discovery, and seeing the potential for a tool of liberation.
-En [[1965]], Roberts testa avec Thomas Merrill la première connexion informatique à longue distance, entre le [[Massachusetts]] et la [[Californie]]. Le résultat montra que des ordinateurs pouvaient travailler ensemble à distance, mais que le mode de télécommunication par établissement de circuit du système téléphonique était inadapté. Le concept de communication par paquets de Kleinrock s'imposa.+Examples of early university Internet communities are Cleveland FreeNet, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksburg_Electronic_Village Blacksburg Electronic Village] and Nova Scotia. Students took up the opportunity of free communications and saw this new phenomenon as a tool of liberation. Personal computers and the Internet would free them from corporations and governments (Nelson, Jennings, Stallman).
-En [[1966]], Roberts fut engagé par Taylor au DARPA pour concevoir l'[[ARPANET]]. Il publia les plans en [[1967]]. En présentant ce texte, il découvrit deux autres groupes de chercheurs travaillant indépendamment sur le même sujet : un groupe du [[National Physical Laboratory]] (NPL) du [[Royaume-Uni]] avec [[Donald Davies]] et [[Roger Scantlebury]], et un groupe de la [[RAND Corporation]] avec [[Paul Baran]].+‘The culture of individual freedom sprouting in the university campuses of the 1960’s and 1970’s used computer networking to it’s own ends’ (Castells 2001)
-Entre [[1962]] et [[1965]], le groupe de la [[RAND]] avait étudié la transmission par paquets pour l'armée américaine. Le but était de pouvoir maintenir les télécommunications en cas d'attaque (éventuellement atomique), ce que permet une transmission par paquets dans un réseau non centralisé. Il s'agissait d'un développement indépendant d'[[ARPANET]] : bien que probablement robuste face à une telle attaque, [[ARPANET]] n'a pourtant été conçu que pour faciliter les télécommunications entre chercheurs. Le rapport de Paul Baran est resté purement théorique, et est rapidement tombé dans l'oubli. Mais le mythe d'« ARPANET comme dernier rempart à une attaque atomique » trouve là son origine.+The students appreciated it through a cultural revolutionary way of thinking, similar to that of [[Ted Nelson]] or [[Douglas Engelbart]]. Students agreed with the ideas of free software and cooperative use of resources, which was always the early hacker conduct. (Castells 2001)
-Pendant ce temps-là, au British [[National Physical Laboratory]], l'équipe de Donald Davies avait progressé : NPL Network, le premier réseau maillé fondé sur la transmission de [[datagramme]]s (''packets'') était fonctionnel. Mais l'histoire d'Internet n'a pas été écrite par les Européens : ARPANET sera désormais l'origine officielle d'Internet.+Graduate students also played a huge part in the creation of [[ARPANET]]. In the 1960’s, the network working group, which did most of the design for ARPANET’s protocols was composed mainly of graduate students.
-En août [[1968]], le DARPA accepta de financer le développement du matériel de [[routage]] des paquets d'ARPANET. Ce développement fut confié en décembre à un groupe de la firme [[Bolt, Beranek and Newman|BBN]] (Bolt Beranek and Newman) de [[Boston]]. Ce dernier travailla avec [[Robert E. Kahn]] (Bob Kahn) sur l'architecture du réseau. Roberts améliorait les aspects topologiques et économiques du réseau. Kleinrock préparait des systèmes de mesures du réseau.+==Today's Internet==
-En septembre [[1969]], [[Bolt, Beranek and Newman|BBN]] installa le premier équipement à l'[[UCLA|université de Californie]] (UCLA) où travaillait Kleinrock. Le second nœud du réseau fut installé au [[Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI) où travaillait [[Douglas Engelbart]] sur un projet d'[[hypertexte]]. Deux nœuds supplémentaires furent ajoutés avec l'université de [[Santa Barbara (Californie)|Santa Barbara]] et l'université de l'[[Utah]]. Fin [[1969]], ARPANET comptait donc quatre nœuds.+[[Image:My Opera Server.jpg|thumb|The [[Opera (Internet suite)|Opera]] Community rack. From the top, user file storage (content of files.myopera.com), "bigma" (the master [[MySQL]] [[database]] server), and two IBM blade centers containing multi-purpose machines ([[Apache]] front ends, Apache back ends, slave MySQL database servers, [[load balancer]]s, [[file server]]s, cache servers and sync masters.]]
 +Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (e.g., [[peering agreement]]s), and by technical specifications or [[communications protocol|protocol]]s that describe how to exchange [[data]] over the network. Indeed, the Internet is essentially defined by its interconnections and routing policies.
-Le Network Working Group (NWG) conduit par Steve Crocker finit le protocole de communication poste-à-poste NCP en décembre [[1970]]. Ce protocole fut adopté entre [[1971]] et [[1972]] par les sites branchés à ARPANET. Ceci permit le développement d'applications par les utilisateurs du réseau.+As of [[September 30]] [[2007]], 1.244 billion people use the Internet according to [http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm Internet World Stats]. Writing in the Harvard International Review, philosopher N.J.Slabbert, a writer on policy issues for the Washington DC-based Urban Land Institute, has asserted that the Internet is fast becoming a basic feature of global civilization, so that what has traditionally been called "[[civil society]]" is now becoming identical with information technology society as defined by Internet use.
 +Only 2% of the World's population regularly accesses the internet.<ref>Slabbert,N.J. The Technologies of Peace, Harvard International Review, June 2006.</ref>
 +"http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/quiz/quiz_key.pdf"
 +===Internet protocols===
 +{{details|Internet Protocols}}
 +In this context, there are three layers of protocols:
 +* At the lower level ([[OSI model|OSI]] layer 3) is '''[[Internet Protocol|IP]]''' (Internet Protocol), which defines the datagrams or [[packet (information technology)|packets]] that carry blocks of data from one node to another. The vast majority of today's Internet uses version four of the IP protocol (i.e. [[IPv4]]), and although [[IPv6]] is standardized, it exists only as "islands" of connectivity, and there are many ISPs without any IPv6 connectivity. [http://www.livinginternet.com]. '''[[Internet Control Message Protocol|ICMP]]''' (Internet Control Message Protocol) also exists at this level. ICMP is connectionless; it is used for control, signaling, and error reporting purposes.
-En [[1972]], [[Ray Tomlinson]] mit au point la première application importante : le [[courrier électronique]]. En octobre [[1972]], Kahn organisa la première démonstration à grande échelle d'ARPANET à l'[[International Computer Communication Conference]] (ICCC). C'était la première démonstration publique.+* '''[[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]]''' (Transmission Control Protocol) and '''[[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]]''' (User Datagram Protocol) exist at the next layer up (OSI layer 4); these are the protocols by which data is transmitted. TCP makes a virtual 'connection', which gives some level of guarantee of reliability. UDP is a best-effort, connectionless transport, in which data packets that are lost in transit will not be re-sent.
-Le concept d'Internet est né d'ARPANET. L'idée était de permettre la connexion entre des réseaux divers : ARPANET, des communications avec les satellites, des communications par radio. Cette idée fut introduite par Kahn en [[1972]] sous le nom de ''Internetting''. Le protocole NCP d'ARPANET ne permettait pas d'adresser des hôtes hors d'ARPANET ni de corriger d'éventuelles erreurs de transmission. Kahn décida donc de développer un nouveau protocole, qui devint finalement [[TCP/IP]].+* The '''[[Application layer|application protocols]]''' sit on top of TCP and UDP and occupy layers 5, 6, and 7 of the OSI model. These define the specific messages and data formats sent and understood by the applications running at each end of the communication. Examples of these protocols are HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.
-En parallèle, un projet inspiré par ARPANET était dirigé en [[France]] par [[Louis Pouzin]] : le projet [[Cyclades (réseau)|Cyclades]]. De nombreuses propriétés de TCP/IP ont ainsi été développées, plus tôt, pour Cyclades. Pouzin et Kahn indiquent que TCP/IP a été inspiré par Cyclades.+===Internet structure===
 +There have been many analyses of the Internet and its structure. For example, it has been determined that the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of [[scale-free network]]s.
-En [[1973]], Kahn demanda à [[Vinton G. Cerf]] (Vint Cerf) (parfois appelé ''père d'Internet'') de travailler avec lui, car Cerf connaissait les détails de mise en œuvre de NCP. Le premier document faisant référence à TCP est écrit en [[1973]] par Cerf : ''A Partial Specification of an International Transmission Protocol''. La première spécification formelle de TCP date de décembre [[1974]], c'est le RFC 675.+Similar to the way the commercial Internet providers connect via [[Internet exchange point]]s, research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as:
-La version initiale de TCP ne permettait que la communication en établissant un circuit virtuel. Cela fonctionnait bien pour le transfert de fichiers ou le travail à distance, mais n'était pas adapté à des applications comme la téléphonie par Internet. [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] fut donc séparé de [[Protocole Internet|IP]] et [[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]] proposé pour les transmissions sans établissement d'un circuit.+*[[GEANT]]
 +*[[GLORIAD]]
 +*The [[Internet2]] Network (formally known as the [[Abilene Network]])
 +*[[JANET]] (the UK's [[national research and education network]])
-À la fin des [[années 1980]], la NSF (National Science Foundation) qui dépend de l'administration américaine, met en place cinq centres informatiques surpuissants, auxquels les [[Utilisateur (informatique)|utilisateur]]s pouvaient se connecter, quel que soit le lieu où ils se trouvaient aux [[États-Unis]] : [[ARPAnet]] devenait ainsi accessible sur une plus grande échelle. Le système rencontra un franc succès et, après la mise à niveau importante ([[matériel informatique|matériels]] et lignes) à la fin des [[années 1980]], s'ouvrit au trafic commercial au début des [[années 1990]]. Le début des [[années 1990]] marque, en fait, la naissance d'Internet tel que nous le connaissons aujourd'hui : le réseau reliant tous ces réseaux parlant le même langage, connu sous le nom de norme [[TCP/IP]] (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) qui permet à des [[ordinateur]]s différents de communiquer aisément entre eux.+These in turn are built around relatively smaller networks. See also the list of [[:Category:Academic computer network organizations|academic computer network organizations]]
-== Gouvernance ==+In [[network diagram]]s, the Internet is often represented by a cloud symbol, into and out of which network communications can pass.
-{{Article détaillé|Gouvernance d'internet}}+===ICANN===
 +[[Image:Icannheadquarters.jpg|thumb|right|ICANN headquarters in [[Marina Del Rey]], [[California]], [[United States]]]]
 +{{details|ICANN}}
 +The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers on the Internet, including [[domain name]]s, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and protocol port and parameter numbers. A globally unified namespace (i.e., a system of names in which there is at most one holder for each possible name) is essential for the Internet to function. ICANN is headquartered in [[Marina del Rey, California]], but is overseen by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and non-commercial communities. The US government continues to have the primary role in approving changes to the [[DNS root zone|root zone]] file that lies at the heart of the domain name system. Because the Internet is a distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected networks, the Internet, as such, has no governing body. ICANN's role in coordinating the assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body on the global Internet, but the scope of its authority extends only to the Internet's systems of domain names, [[IP address]]es, protocol ports and parameter numbers.
-Selon la définition du groupe de travail sur la [[gouvernance d'internet]], il faut entendre par « gouvernance de l’Internet » l’élaboration et l’application par les [[État]]s, le secteur privé et la [[société civile]], dans le cadre de leurs rôles respectifs, de principes, [[norme]]s, règles, procédures de prise de [[décision]]s et programmes communs propres à modeler l’évolution et l’[[usage]] de l’Internet.+On [[November 16]] [[2005]], the [[World Summit on the Information Society]], held in [[Tunis]], established the [[Internet Governance Forum]] (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues.
-Il faut noter l'importance des [[registres de métadonnées]] dans l'établissement de règles d'[[accès internet|accès]] aux [[ressources Web]] qui utilisent les Uniform Resource Identifier (qui peuvent être les URL qui s'affichent sur la barre de navigation de l'[[ordinateur personnel]]).+===Language===
 +{{details|English on the Internet}}
 +{{further|[[Unicode]]}}
 +The prevalent language for communication on the Internet is [[English language|English]]. This may be a result of the Internet's origins, as well as English's role as the [[lingua franca]]. It may also be related to the poor capability of early computers, largely originating in the [[United States]], to handle characters other than those in the English variant of the [[Latin alphabet]].
-[[Image:Internet users by country world map.PNG|thumb|nombre d'utilisateurs par pays en 2006, (sources CIA).]]+After English (31% of Web visitors) the most-requested languages on the [[World Wide Web]] are [[Chinese language|Chinese]] 16%, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] 9%, [[Japanese language|Japanese]] 7%, [[German language|German]] 5% and [[French language|French]] 5% (from [http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm Internet World Stats], updated June 30, 2007).
 +<!-- Note that the use of these copyright statistics is dependent on "giving due credit and establishing an active link back to www.internetworldstats.com", so please do not remove the citation above -->
-Le rapport du Groupe de travail sur la gouvernance de l’Internet<ref>[http://www.wgig.org/docs/WGIGReport-French.doc rapport du Groupe de travail sur la gouvernance de l’Internet]</ref> donne un ensemble de r+By continent, 37% of the world's Internet users are based in [[Asia]], 27% in [[Europe]], 19% in [[North America]], and 9% in [[Latin America]] and the [[Carribean]] ([http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm] updated September 30, 2007).
-t.+<!-- Note that the use of these copyright statistics is dependent on "giving due credit and establishing an active link back to www.internetworldstats.com", so please do not remove the citation above -->
-Un certain nombre d'organismes sont chargés de la gestion d'Internet, avec des attributions spécifiques. Ils participent à l'élaboration des standards techniques, l'attribution des [[nom de domaine|noms de domaines]], des [[adresse IP|adresses IP]], etc. :+The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years, especially in the use of [[Unicode]], that good facilities are available for development and communication in most widely used languages. However, some glitches such as ''[[mojibake]]'' (incorrect display of foreign language characters, also known as ''kryakozyabry'') still remain.
-* [[ICANN]], sous la tutelle du ministère du Commerce américain ;+
-* [[IETF]] ;+
-* [[ISOC]].+
-Dans un but de maintenir ou d'élargir la [[neutralité des réseaux]], mais aussi d'engager les diverses parties globales dans un dialogue sur le sujet de la gouvernance, les [[Organisation des Nations unies|Nations unies]] ont convoqué :+===Internet and the workplace===
-* [[SMSI]] ;+The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections and [[Web application]]s.
-* [[Forum sur la gouvernance de l’Internet]].+
-=== Au niveau régional (continents) ===+===The Internet viewed on mobile devices===
 +The Internet can now be accessed virtually anywhere by numerous means. [[Mobile phone]]s, [[datacard]]s, [[handheld]] [[game console]]s and [[cellular router]]s allow users to connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a cellular network supporting that device's technology.
-Dans l'[[Union européenne]] :+==Common uses of the Internet==
 +===E-mail===
 +{{details|E-mail}}
 +The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be [[information technology|IT]] and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the email of other employees not addressed to them.
-Voir [[Registre de métadonnées#Union européenne|Utilisation de l'URI pour l'accès aux ressources informatiques dans l'Union européenne]]+===The World Wide Web===
 +{{details|World Wide Web}}
 +[[Image:WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png|thumb|300px|Graphic representation of less than 0.0001% of the [[World Wide Web|WWW]], representing some of the [[hyperlink]]s]]
-==Statistiques==+Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (or just the Web) interchangeably, but, as discussed above, the two terms are not synonymous.
-{{détails|Internet dans le monde}}+
-[[Image:Internet stats.gif|thumb|550px|center]]+
-{{clr}}+The World Wide Web is a huge set of interlinked documents, images and other resources, linked by [[hyperlink]]s and [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]]s. These hyperlinks and URLs allow the web-servers and other machines that store originals, and cached copies, of these resources to deliver them as required using [[HTTP]] (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). HTTP is only one of the communication protocols used on the Internet.
-== Aspects juridiques ==+[[Web service]]s also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data.
-Le droit de l'Internet regroupe l'ensemble des idées et concepts relatifs au droit applicable au réseau Internet.+Software products that can access the resources of the Web are correctly termed [[user agent]]s. In normal use, web [[browsers]], such as Internet Explorer and Firefox access web pages and allow users to navigate from one to another via hyperlinks. Web documents may contain almost any combination of computer data including photographs, graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations.
-Le droit de l'Internet est dans une problématique spéciale, puisque le réseau Internet est international, avec une gouvernance principalement privée. Toutefois, les États peuvent se prévaloir de la direction ou de la gouvernance de la partie locale/nationale du réseau internet.+Through [[keyword (Internet search)|keyword]]-driven [[Internet research]] using [[search engine]]s, like [[Yahoo! Search|Yahoo!]], and [[Google (search engine)|Google]], millions of people worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to [[encyclopedia]]s and traditional [[library|libraries]], the World Wide Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and data.
-C'est ainsi que des organisations comme la CNIL (Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés) exercent une mission de contrôle des activités de l'Internet français.+It is also easier, using the Web, than ever before for individuals and organisations to publish ideas and information to an extremely large audience. Anyone can find ways to publish a web page or build a website for very little initial cost. Publishing and maintaining large, professional websites full of attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, however.
-Dans le même ordre d'idée, la Chine, par exemple, bloque une part importante des sites Web d'ampleur internationale (Google, ou Wikipédia).+Many individuals and some companies and groups use "web logs" or [[blog]]s, which are largely used as easily-updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to fill them with advice on their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is [[Microsoft]], whose product [[software developer|developers]] publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their work.
-Il faut noter que la notion de ressource a évolué depuis la naissance du Web, et des réflexions sont en cours sur la notion de ressource Web, et notamment sur les conditions d'accès par adresse IP, par nom de domaine, et par identifiant de ressource uniforme (Uniform Resource Identifier en anglais).+Collections of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as [[Angelfire]] and [[GeoCities]] have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, [[Facebook]] and [[MySpace]] currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as [[social network service]]s rather than simply as web page hosts.
-Les flux d'information peuvent dans certains cas utiliser des métadonnées (auteur, titre, date,...), ce qui peut poser des questions en rapport avec le droit de la propriété intellectuelle.+[[Advertising]] on popular web pages can be lucrative, and [[e-commerce]] or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to grow.
-== Technique ==+In the early days, web pages were usually created as sets of complete and isolated [[HTML]] text files stored on a web server. More recently, web sites are more often created using [[content management system]] (CMS) or [[wiki]] software with, initially, very little content. Users of these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or other organisation or members of the public, fill the underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.
-Internet est composé d'une multitude de réseaux répartis dans le monde entier. Chaque réseau est rattaché à une entité propre ([[université]], [[fournisseur d'accès à Internet]], [[armée]]) et se voit attribuer un identifiant unique appelé ''[[Autonomous System]]'' (AS). Afin de pouvoir communiquer entre eux, les réseaux s'échangent des données, soit en établissant une liaison directe, soit en se rattachant à un nœud d'échange (point de ''peering'').+===Remote access===
 +{{see|Remote access}}
 +The Internet allows computer users to connect to other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. They may do this with or without the use of [[Computer security|security]], authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements.
-Chaque réseau est donc connecté à plusieurs autres réseaux. Lorsqu'une communication doit s'établir entre deux ordinateurs appartenant à des AS différents, il faut alors déterminer le chemin à effectuer parmi les réseaux. Aucun élément d'Internet ne connaît le réseau dans son ensemble, les données sont simplement redirigées vers un autre nœud selon des règles de [[routage]]. Environ 50 % du trafic mondial d’Internet passe par l'État de [[Virginie (État)|Virginie]].+This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An [[accountancy|accountant]] sitting at home can [[audit]] the books of a company based in another country, on a [[server (computing)|server]] situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working book-keepers, in other remote locations, based on information e-mailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private, [[leased line]]s would have made many of them infeasible in practice.
-Des chercheurs [[Israël|israéliens]] de l'université de [[Bar-Ilan]] ont déclaré après avoir analysé les nœuds reliant l'ensemble des sites qu'Internet est un réseau méduse. Ils la définissent comme ayant un cœur dense (où se trouvent des [[moteurs de recherche]]) connectés à une multitude d'autres sites, qui ne sont reliés entre eux que par ce cœur, semblable à un maillage à structure fractale. Cette zone permet à 70% du réseau de rester connecté sans passer par le cœur. Les chercheurs indiquent donc cette zone comme piste pour désengorger le trafic, en répartissant mieux les sites de cette zone<ref>Science & Avenir, Août 2007, page 19</ref>. +An office worker away from his desk, perhaps the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can open a [[Remote Desktop Protocol|remote desktop]] session into their normal office PC using a secure [[Virtual Private Network]] (VPN) connection via the Internet. This gives the worker complete access to all of their normal files and data, including e-mail and other applications, while away from the office.
-=== Requis ===+This concept is also referred to by some network security people as the Virtual Private Nightmare, because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into its employees' homes; this has been the source of some notable security breaches, but also provides security for the workers.
-''Être sur Internet - la Toile, le réseau des réseaux -'', nécessite un accès [[Protocole Internet|IP]]. Pour cela, le [[grand public]] emploie [[matériel informatique|matériel]] et [[logiciel]]s suivants :+===Collaboration===
 +{{seealso|Collaborative software}}
-* Un [[ordinateur personnel]] ou tout autre équipement terminal d'un réseau :+The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made [[collaboration|collaborative]] work dramatically easier. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and test, but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups to easily form in the first place, even among niche interests. An example of this is the [[free software movement]] in software development which produced [[GNU]] and [[Linux]] from scratch and has taken over development of [[Mozilla]] and [[OpenOffice.org]] (formerly known as [[Netscape Communicator]] and [[StarOffice]]).
-** [[Assistant personnel]]+
-** [[Téléphone mobile]]+
-** [[Console de jeux]]+
-* Un canal de communication :+
-** Ligne téléphonique fixe :+
-*** analogiques : [[Digital Subscriber Line|xDSL]], [[réseau téléphonique commuté|RTC]]+
-*** numériques : [[réseau numérique à intégration de services|RNIS]] +
-** Ligne téléphonique mobile : [[High Speed Downlink Packet Access|3G+]], [[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|3G]], [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|Edge]], [[General Packet Radio Service|GPRS]], [[Circuit Switched Data|GSM (CSD)]]+
-** [[Télévision par câble|Câble]]+
-** [[Fibre optique]]+
-** [[Satellite de communication|Satellite]]+
-** [[Wi-Fi]]+
-* Un [[fournisseur d'accès à Internet]] (''FAI'') (en anglais ISP pour ''Internet Service Provider'')+
-* Un [[Client (informatique)|client]] pour le protocole réseau utilisé ([[Protocole point à point|PPP]], [[PPPoX]], [[Ethernet]], [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM]], etc.)+
-Des logiciels sont, eux, nécessaires pour exploiter Internet suivant les usages :+Internet 'chat', whether in the form of [[IRC]] 'chat rooms' or channels, or via [[instant messaging]] systems allow colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way when working at their computers during the day. Messages can be sent and viewed even more quickly and conveniently than via e-mail. Extension to these systems may allow files to be exchanged, 'whiteboard' drawings to be shared as well as voice and video contact between team members.
-* [[World Wide Web]] : un [[navigateur Web]]+
-* [[Messagerie électronique]] : un client [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|SMTP]] et [[Post Office Protocol|POP]] (ou [[POP3]]) ou [[Internet Message Access Protocol|IMAP]] (ou [[Internet Message Access Protocol|IMAP4]])+
-* [[Transferts de fichiers]] : un client ou un serveur [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] (File Transfert Protocol)+
-D'autres encore assurent la sécurité, par exemple :+
-* [[Pare-feu]]+
-=== Protocoles ===+[[Version control]] systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents without either accidentally overwriting each other's work or having members wait until they get 'sent' documents to be able to add their thoughts and changes.
-Internet fonctionne suivant un modèle en couches, calqué sur le [[modèle OSI]]. Les éléments appartenant aux mêmes couches utilisent un [[protocole de communication]] pour s'échanger des informations.+===File sharing===
 +{{details|File sharing}}
-Un protocole est un ensemble de règles qui définissent un langage afin de faire communiquer plusieurs [[ordinateur]]s. Ils sont définis par des normes ouvertes, les [[RFC]]. +A [[computer file]] can be [[Electronic mail|e-mailed]] to customers, colleagues and friends as an [[E-mail attachment|attachment]]. It can be uploaded to a [[Web site]] or [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] server for easy download by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a [[file server]] for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of "[[mirror (computing)|mirror]]" servers or [[peer-to-peer]] networks.
-Chaque protocole a des indications particulières et, ensemble, ils fournissent un éventail de moyens permettant de répondre à la multiplicité et à la diversité des besoins sur Internet.+In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by user [[authentication]]; the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by [[encryption]] and money may change hands before or after access to the file is given. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example a credit card whose details are also passed—hopefully fully encrypted—across the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by [[digital signature]]s or by [[MD5]] or other message digests.
-Les principaux sont les suivants :+These simple features of the Internet, over a world-wide basis, are changing the basis for the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products.
-* [[Protocole Internet|IP]] (''Internet Protocol'') : protocole réseau qui définit le mode d'échange élémentaire entre les ordinateurs participants au réseau en leur donnant une adresse unique sur le réseau.+Internet collaboration technology enables business and project teams to share documents, calendars and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing.
-** [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] : responsable de l'établissement de la connexion et du contrôle de la transmission. C'est un protocole de remise fiable. Il s'assure que le destinataire a bien reçu les données, au contraire d'[[User datagram protocol|UDP]].+
-*** [[HTTP]] (''HyperText Transfer Protocol'') : protocole mis en œuvre pour le chargement des [[page Web|pages Web]].+
-*** [[HTTPS]] : pendant du HTTP pour la navigation en mode sécurisé.+
-*** [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] (''File Transfer Protocol'') : protocole utilisé pour le transfert de fichiers sur Internet.+
-*** [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|SMTP]] (''Simple Mail Transfer Protocol'') : mode d'échange du [[courrier électronique]] en envoi.+
-*** [[Post Office Protocol|POP3]] (''Post Office Protocol'' version 3) : mode d'échange du courrier électronique en réception.+
-*** [[IMAP]] (''Internet Message Access Protocol'') : un autre mode d'échange de courrier électronique.+
-*** [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] (''Internet Relay Chat'') : protocole de discussion instantanée.+
-*** [[NNTP]] (''Network News Transfer Protocol'') : protocole de transfert de message utilisé par les forums de discussion [[Usenet]]+
-*** [[Transport Layer Security|SSL]] ou ''[[TLS]]'' : protocoles de transaction sécurisée, utilisés notamment pour le paiement sécurisé.+
-*** [[Poste à poste|P2P]] (''Peer to Peer'') : mode d'échange de fichiers +
-** [[User datagram protocol|UDP]] : permet de communiquer, de façon non fiable mais légère, par petits [[datagramme]]s.+
-*** [[Domain Name System|DNS]] (''Domain Name System'') : système de [[résolution de noms]] Internet.+
-** [[ICMP]] (''Internet Control Message Protocol'') : protocole de contrôle du protocole IP.+
-Indépendamment du transfert entre deux points, quelques protocoles sont nécessaires aussi pour que les passerelles puissent s'échanger des informations de [[routage]]. Ce sont ''Interior Gateway Protocol'' ([[IGP]]), ''Exterior Gateway Protocol'' ([[EGP]]) et ''Border Gateway Protocol'' ([[Border Gateway Protocol|BGP]]).+===Streaming media===
 +Many existing radio and television broadcasters provide Internet 'feeds' of their live audio and video streams (for example, the [[BBC#Internet|BBC]]). They may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features. These providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet 'broadcasters' who never had on-air licenses. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access on-line media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a [[television]] or [[radio]] receiver. The range of material is much wider, from [[pornography]] to highly specialized technical Web-casts. [[Podcast]]ing is a variation on this theme, where—usually audio—material is first downloaded in full and then may be played back on a computer or shifted to a [[digital audio player]] to be listened to on the move. These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing control, to broadcast audio-visual material on a worldwide basis.
-===La Toile comme utopie===+[[Webcam]]s can be seen as an even lower-budget extension of this phenomenon. While some webcams can give full frame rate video, the picture is usually either small or updates slowly. Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the [[Panama Canal]], the traffic at a local roundabout or their own premises, live and in real time. Video [[chat rooms]], [[video conferencing]], and remote controllable webcams are also popular. Many uses can be found for personal webcams in and around the home, with and without two-way sound.
-La Toile (le ''World Wide Web'' en anglais) est sans doute la dernière utopie après la chute du [[communisme]] et partage toutes les caractéristiques propres aux utopies effectivement mises en place. D’une part, la Toile se base sur des principes abstraits et elle est guidée par un certain idéalisme, mais d’autre part, les intérêts privés ont tendance à reprendre le dessus et à combattre les principes d’origines. +===Voice telephony (VoIP)===
 +{{details|VoIP}}
 +VoIP stands for Voice over IP, where [[Internet Protocol|IP]] refers to the Internet Protocol that underlies all Internet communication. This phenomenon began as an optional two-way voice extension to some of the [[Instant Messaging]] systems that took off around the year 2000. In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone. The benefit is that, as the Internet carries the actual voice traffic, VoIP can be free or cost much less than a normal telephone call, especially over long distances and especially for those with always-on Internet connections such as [[Cable modem|cable]] or [[ADSL]].
-La Toile est guidée par un certain idéalisme basique. Celui qu’on peut considérer comme l’inventeur de la Toile, le Britannique Sir [[Tim Berners-Lee]], inventeur du premier navigateur, du protocole d’écriture HTTP et président du [[World Wide Web Consortium]] a en effet abandonné tous ses droits afin de permettre la rapide diffusion du protocole HTTP et de l’idée de Toile en général. En outre, il a toujours insisté sur l’idée que la Toile devait être un système non hiérarchisé où les liens se font directement par [[hypertexte]] et non par un nœud centralisant les informations. +Thus VoIP is maturing into a viable alternative to traditional telephones. Interoperability between different providers has improved and the ability to call or receive a call from a traditional telephone is available. Simple inexpensive VoIP modems are now available that eliminate the need for a PC.
-La Toile quelque part permet même la réalisation d’un vieux rêve de réorganisation de l’information selon non plus des modèles linéaires mais par [[hypertexte]] exposé pour la première fois par [[Vannevar Bush]]. +
-Mais la Toile est aussi déterminée par d’importants intérêts privés venant du fait que l’informatique privée se développe extrêmement rapidement. La multiplication de sites commerciaux en est déjà un signe. Mais il faut bien voir que certaines entreprises ont quasiment tenté de dominer la Toile.+
-Toute analyse de la Toile se trouve donc au carrefour de plusieurs niveaux de lectures et d’analyse : économie, informatique, sociologie, technologie. Mais le concept-clé pour le définir reste celui d’[[utopie]] appliquée.+Voice quality can still vary from call to call but is often equal to and can even exceed that of traditional calls.
-== Notes et références ==+Remaining problems for VoIP include [[emergency telephone number]] dialling and reliability. Currently a few VoIP providers provide an emergency service but it is not universally available. Traditional phones are line powered and operate during a power failure, VoIP does not do so without a [[uninterruptible power supply|backup power source]] for the electronics.
-{{reflist}}+
-==Voir aussi==+Most VoIP providers offer unlimited national calling but the direction in VoIP is clearly toward global coverage with unlimited minutes for a low monthly fee.
-{{Autres projets|+VoIP has also become increasingly popular within the gaming world, as a form of communication between players. Popular gaming VoIP clients include [[Ventrilo]] and [[Teamspeak]], and there are others available also. The [[PlayStation 3]] also features a VoIP chat feature.
- commons=Category:Internet|+
- wikt=Internet| <!--Wiktionnaire-->+
- v=| <!--Wikiversité-->+
- b=| <!--Wikilivre-->+
- s=| <!--Wikisource-->+
- q=| <!--Wikiquote-->+
- n=Catégorie:Internet| <!--Wikinews-->+
-}}+
-===Liens internes===+==Censorship==
 +{{details|Internet censorship}}
-{{colonnes|taille = 18|+Some governments, such as those of [[Cuba]], [[Iran]], [[North Korea]], [[Myanmar]], the [[People's Republic of China]], and [[Saudi Arabia]], restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet, especially political and religious content. This is accomplished through software that filters domains and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate circumvention.
-;Société+
-* [[internaute]]+
-* [[commerce électronique]]+
-* [[société de l'information]]+
-* [[fracture numérique]]+
-* [[aménagement numérique]]+
-* [[technologies de l'information et de la communication]]+
-* [[économie de la connaissance]]+
-* [[libertés sur Internet]]+
-* [[Méta-information]]+
-* [[langues d'Internet]]+
-* [[Dépendance à Internet]]+
-* [[Navigation sociale]]+
-* [[Hyper-information]]+
-;[[Mondialisation]]+In [[Norway]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]], major Internet service providers have voluntarily (possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law) agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
-* [[Hypermonde]]+
-* [[Monde (univers)]]+
-;Organisme+Many countries, including the [[United States]], have enacted laws making the possession or distribution of certain material, such as [[child pornography]], illegal, but do not use filtering software.
-* [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA]]+
-* [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers|ICANN]]+
-* [[Internet Society]]+
-* [[Internet Engineering Task Force]]+
-* [[Internet Systems Consortium]]+
-* [[Association for Computing Machinery]]+
-;Technique+There are many free and commercially available software programs with which a user can choose to block offensive Web sites on individual computers or networks, such as to limit a child's access to pornography or violence. See ''[[Content-control software]]''.
-* [[adresse IP]]+
-* [[IPv6]]+
-* [[suite des protocoles internet]]+
-* [[modèle OSI]]+
-* [[fournisseur d'accès à Internet]]+
-* [[hébergeur Internet]]+
-* [[Internet2]]+
-* [[Intranet]]+
-;Application+==Internet access==<!-- This section is linked from [[Trackball]] -->
-* [[Courrier électronique]]+{{details|Internet access}}
-* [[World Wide Web]]+{{wikibookspar||Online linux connect}}
-* [[Messagerie instantanée]]+Common methods of home access include [[dial-up access|dial-up]], landline [[Broadband Internet access|broadband]] (over coaxial cable, [[fiber optic]] or copper wires), [[Wi-Fi]], [[Satellite Internet|satellite]] and [[3G]] technology [[mobile phone|cell phones]].
-* [[Messagerie fax]]+
-* [[Poste à poste]]+
-* [[Visioconférence]]+
-* [[radios disponibles sur Internet]]+
-* [[Agent mobile]]+
-;[[Cyberculture]]+[[Public place]]s to use the Internet include libraries and [[Internet cafe]]s, where computers with Internet connections are available. There are also [[Internet kiosk|Internet access points]] in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Various terms are used, such as "public Internet kiosk", "public access terminal", and "Web [[payphone]]". Many hotels now also have public terminals, though these are usually fee-based.
-* [[flaming]]+These terminals are widely accessed for various usage like ticket booking, bank deposit, online payment etc. Wi-Fi provides wireless access to computer networks, and therefore can do so to the Internet itself. [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|Hotspots]] providing such access include [[Wi-Fi#Commercial Wi-Fi|Wi-Fi-cafes]], where a would-be user needs to bring their own wireless-enabled devices such as a [[laptop]] or [[Personal Digital Assistant|PDA]]. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A hotspot need not be limited to a confined location. The whole campus or park, or even the entire city can be enabled. [[Grassroots]] efforts have led to [[wireless community network]]s. Commercial WiFi services covering large city areas are in place in [[London]], [[Vienna]], [[Toronto]], [[San Francisco]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Chicago]] and [[Pittsburgh]]. The Internet can then be accessed from such places as a park bench.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000082&sid=aQ0ZfhMa4XGQ&refer=canada "Toronto Hydro to Install Wireless Network in Downtown Toronto"]. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 19-Mar-2006.</ref>
-* [[hack]]+
-* [[crack (informatique)|crack]]+
-* [[net-sociologie]]+
-* [[netiquette]]+
-* [[troll (Internet)|troll]]+
-* [[loi de Godwin]]+
-}}+
-=== Liens externes ===+Apart from Wi-Fi, there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like [[Ricochet (internet service)|Ricochet]], various high-speed data services over cellular phone networks, and fixed wireless services.
-{{trop de liens}}+
-*{{fr}} [http://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Recherche_d%27information_sur_internet ''Recherche d'information sur internet (wikilivre)'']+
-*{{fr}} [http://stielec.ac-aix-marseille.fr/electron/cours.htm#internet ''Internet et réseaux''] ;+
-*{{fr}} [http://www.9atech.com/page_fete1.html Une histoire alternative et distrayante de l'Internet.];+
-*{{en}} RFC 1000 ''THE REQUEST FOR COMMENTS REFERENCE GUIDE'', [[août 1987]], l'histoire des débuts d'Internet et des premiers RFC ;+
-*{{en}} RFC 1580 (FYI 23) ''Guide to Network Resource Tools'', [[mars 1994]], présentation des applications d'Internet ;+
-*{{en}} [http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml ''A Brief History of the Internet''], par l'[[ISOC]] ;+
-*{{en}} [http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history/ Internet history], histoire illustrée ;+
-*{{en}} [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/chris/think/ THINK protocols], par l'université du [[Texas]] à [[Austin (Texas)|Austin]], recherche historique ;+
-*{{en}} [http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/index.html Internet Pioneers], avec plusieurs biographies ;+
-*{{en}} [http://www.anderbergfamily.net/ant/history/ History of the Internet and Web], chronologie ;+
-*{{en}} [http://opte.org/ The Opte Project], cartographie d'Internet.+
-{{Portail informatique}}+High-end mobile phones such as [[smartphone]]s generally come with Internet access through the phone network. Web browsers such as [[Opera (browser)|Opera]] are available on these advanced handsets, which can also run a wide variety of other Internet software. More mobile phones have Internet access than PCs, though this is not as widely used. An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates the methods used to get online.
-[[Catégorie:Internet]]+==Leisure==
-[[Catégorie:Communication]]+The Internet has been a major source of leisure since before the World Wide Web, with entertaining social experiments such as [[MUD]]s and [[MOO]]s being conducted on university servers, and humor-related [[Usenet]] groups receiving much of the main traffic. Today, many [[Internet forum]]s have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of [[Flash animation|Flash movies]] are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of ideas.
 + 
 +The [[pornography]] and [[gambling]] industries have both taken full advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other Web sites. Although many governments have attempted to put restrictions on both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread popularity.
 + 
 +One main area of leisure on the Internet is [[multiplayer gaming]]. This form of leisure creates communities, bringing people of all ages and origins to enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from [[MMORPG]] to [[first-person shooter]]s, from [[computer role-playing game|role-playing games]] to [[online gambling]]. This has revolutionized the way many people interact and spend their free time on the Internet.
 + 
 +While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with services such as [[GameSpy Arcade|GameSpy]] and [[MPlayer.com|MPlayer]], which players of games would typically subscribe to. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of gameplay or certain games.
 + 
 +Many use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. As discussed above, there are paid and unpaid sources for all of these, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Discretion is needed as some of these sources take more care over the original artists' rights and over copyright laws than others.
 + 
 +Many use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book holidays and to find out more about their random ideas and casual interests.
 + 
 +People use [[Internet Relay Chat|chat]], [[instant messaging|messaging]] and email to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had [[pen pal]]s. [[Social networking]] Web sites like [[Myspace]] and [[Facebook]] many others like them also put and keep people in contact for their enjoyment.
 + 
 +The Internet has seen a growing number of [[Internet operating system]]s, where users can access their files, folders, and settings via the Internet. An example of an [[opensource]] webOS is [[Eyeos]].
 + 
 +[[Cyberslacking]] has become a serious drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spends 57 minutes a day surfing the Web at work, according to a study by [[Peninsula Business Services]] [http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=914&id=1001802003].
 + 
 +A survey performed by [[JWT]] advertising agency showed that most Americans say they cannot live without use of the Internet for more than a week, preferring web surfing to friends and [[sex]]. 1,011 Americans participated in the survey answering such questions as how long they can do without Internet. As much as 15 percent mentioned that they would be able to live without the Internet for not more than a day or less, 21% mentioned they could be Internet-free no more than a couple of days, 19% said mentioned a few days. Only 1/3 of respondents mentioned they will be able to live without Internet for a week. <ref>[http://www.infoniac.com/hi-tech/most-people-would-live-without-sex-but-not-without-internet.html Most people would live without sex but not without Internet]</ref>
 + 
 +==Complex architecture ==
 +Many computer scientists see the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly [[complex system]]".<ref>Walter Willinger, Ramesh Govindan, Sugih Jamin, Vern Paxson, and Scott Shenker (2002). [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/suppl_1/2573 Scaling phenomena in the Internet]. In ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99'', suppl. 1, 2573–2580.</ref> The Internet is extremely heterogeneous. (For instance, [[data transfer rate]]s and physical characteristics of connections vary widely.) The Internet exhibits [[Emergence|"emergent phenomena"]] that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data transfer rates exhibit temporal [[self-similarity]]. Further adding to the complexity of the Internet is the ability of more than one computer to use the Internet through only one node, thus creating the possibility for a very deep and hierarchal based sub-network that can theoretically be extended infinitely (disregarding the programmatic limitations of the IPv4 protocol). However, since principles of this architecture date back to the 1960s, it might not be a solution best suited to modern needs, and thus the possibility of developing alternative structures is currently being looked into.<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003667811_btrebuildnet16.html "Internet Makeover? Some argue it's time"]. The Seattle Times, April 16, 2007.</ref>
 + 
 +According to a June 2007 article in [[Discover Magazine]], the combined weight of all the electrons moved within the the internet in a day is 0.2 millionths of an ounce. <ref>[http://discovermagazine.com/2007/jun/how-much-does-the-internet-weigh/?searchterm=weight%20internet "How Much Does The Internet Weigh?"]. Discover Magazine, June 2007.</ref> Others have estimated this at nearer 2 ounces (50 grams).<ref>[http://adamant.typepad.com/seitz/2007/06/the_sincerest_f.html How Much Does The Internet Weigh? - The Unbearable Lightness Of Fact Checking]</ref>
 + 
 +==Marketing==
 +The Internet has also become a large market for companies; some of the biggest companies today have grown by taking advantage of the efficient nature of low-cost [[advertising]] and [[commerce]] through the Internet, also known as [[e-commerce]]. It is the fastest way to spread information to a vast number of people simultaneously. The Internet has also subsequently revolutionized [[shopping]]—for example; a person can order a [[Compact disc|CD]] online and receive it in the [[mail]] within a couple of days, or [[download]] it directly in some cases. The Internet has also greatly facilitated [[personalized marketing]] which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more so than any other advertising medium.
 + 
 +Examples of personalized marketing include online communities such as [[MySpace]], [[Friendster]], [[Orkut]], [[Facebook]] and others which thousands of Internet users join to advertise themselves and make friends online. Many of these users are young teens and adolescents ranging from 13 to 25 years old. In turn, when they advertise themselves they advertise interests and hobbies, which online marketing companies can use as information as to what those users will purchase online, and advertise their own companies' products to those users.
 + 
 +{{further|[[Disintermediation#Impact of Internet-related disintermediation upon various industries]] and [[Travel agency#The Internet threat]]}}
 + 
 +==The name ''Internet''==
 +{{details|Internet capitalization conventions}}
 +{{Wiktionarypar2|Internet|internet}}
 +''Internet'' is traditionally written with a [[majuscule|capital]] first letter, as it is a [[proper noun]]. The [[Internet Society]], the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]], the [[ICANN|Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]], the [[World Wide Web Consortium]], and several other Internet-related organizations use this convention in their publications.
 + 
 +Many newspapers, newswires, periodicals, and technical journals capitalize the term (''Internet''). Examples include ''[[The New York Times]]'', the ''[[Associated Press]]'', ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', and ''[[Communications of the ACM]]''.
 + 
 +Others assert that the first letter should be in [[minuscule|lower case]] (''internet''), and that the specific article “the” is sufficient to distinguish “the internet” from other internets. A significant number of publications use this form, including ''[[The Economist]]'', the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], the ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Times]]'', and ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''. As of 2005, many publications using ''internet'' appear to be located outside of [[North America]]—although one U.S. news source, ''[[Wired News]]'', has adopted the lower-case spelling.
 + 
 +Historically, ''Internet'' and ''internet'' have had different meanings, with ''internet'' meaning “an interconnected set of distinct networks,” and ''Internet'' referring to the world-wide, publicly-available [[Internet Protocol|IP]] internet. Under this distinction, "the Internet" is the familiar network via which [[website]]s exist, however "an internet" can exist between any two remote locations.<ref>[http://what-is-what.com/what_is/internet.html What is the Internet?]</ref> Any group of distinct networks connected together is ''an'' internet; each of these networks may or may not be part of ''the'' Internet. The distinction was evident in many [[Request for Comments|RFCs]], books, and articles from the 1980s and early 1990s (some of which, such as RFC 1918, refer to "internets" in the plural), but has recently fallen into disuse.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Instead, the term [[intranet]] is generally used for private networks, whether they are connected to the Internet or not. See also: [[extranet]].
 + 
 +Some people use the lower-case term as a medium (like radio or newspaper, e.g. ''I've found it on the internet''), and first letter capitalized as the global network.
 + 
 +==See also==
 +{{sisterlinks|Internet}}
 +{{Main|List of basic internet topics|List of Internet topics}}
 + 
 +===Major aspects and issues===
 +*[[Internet democracy]]
 +*[[History of the Internet]]
 +*[[Net neutrality]]
 +*[[Internet privacy|Privacy on the Internet]]
 + 
 +===Functions===
 +*[[E-mail]]
 +*[[File-sharing]]
 +*[[Instant messaging]]
 +*[[Internet fax]]
 +*[[World Wide Web]]
 +*[[Voice over IP]]
 +*[[Mobile VoIP]]
 + 
 +===Underlying infrastructure===
 +*[[Internet Protocol]] (IP)
 +*[[Internet Service Provider]] (ISP)
 + 
 +===Regulatory bodies===
 +*[[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA)
 +*[[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] ([[ICANN]])
 + 
 +==Notes==
 +{{reflist|2}}
 + 
 +==References==
 + 
 +*[http://www.osce.org/item/13570.html Media Freedom Internet Cookbook] by the [[OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media]] Vienna, 2004
 +*[http://www.livinginternet.com Living Internet]—Internet history and related information, including information from many creators of the Internet
 +*[http://www.firstmonday.org/ First Monday] peer-reviewed journal on the Internet
 +*[http://discovermagazine.com/2007/jun/how-much-does-the-internet-weigh How Much Does The Internet Weigh?] by Stephen Cass, [[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] 2007
 +*Rehmeyer, Julie J. 2007. Mapping a medusa: The Internet spreads its tentacles. Science News 171(June 23):387-388. Available at http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070623/fob2.asp .
 +*Sohn, Emily. 2006. Internet generation. Science News for Kids (Oct. 25). Available at http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/articles/20061025/Feature1.asp .
 +*Castells, M. 1996. Rise of the Network Society. 3 vols. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
 +*Castells, M. (2001), “Lessons from the History of Internet”, in “The Internet Galaxy”, Ch. 1, pp 9-35. Oxford Univ. Press.
 + 
 +==External links==
 +*[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/intro.html "10 Years that changed the world" — Wired looks back at the evolution of the Internet over last 10 years]
 +*[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/home/ Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard]
 +*[http://www.livinginternet.com/ A comprehensive history with people, concepts and quotations]
 +*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-1738/science_technology/internet/ CBC Digital Archives—Inventing the Internet Age]
 +*[http://www.internetvalley.com/archives/mirrors/cerf-how-inet.txt How the Internet Came to Be]
 +*[http://www.searchandgo.com/articles/internet/net-explained-1.php Internet Explained]
 +*[http://www.internettrafficreport.com/ Global Internet Traffic Report]
 +*[http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml The Internet Society History Page]
 +*[http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc801.txt RFC 801, planning the TCP/IP switchover]
 +*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1A9lYC3g-0 Archive CBC Video Circa 1990 about the Internet]
 +*[http://abandonshack.com/?page_id=20 "The beginners guide to the internet."]
 +*[http://www.warriorsofthe.net/ "Warriors of the net - A movie about the internet."]
 + 
 +[[Category:Internet| ]]
 +[[Category:Telecommunications]]
[[af:Internet]] [[af:Internet]]
[[am:ድረ ገጽ መረብ]] [[am:ድረ ገጽ መረብ]]
-[[an:Internet]] 
[[ar:إنترنت]] [[ar:إنترنت]]
 +[[an:Internet]]
[[ast:Internet]] [[ast:Internet]]
[[az:İnternet]] [[az:İnternet]]
 +[[bn:ইন্টারনেট]]
 +[[zh-min-nan:Internet]]
[[ba:Интернет]] [[ba:Интернет]]
-[[bar:Intanet]] 
-[[bat-smg:Internets]] 
[[be-x-old:Інтэрнэт]] [[be-x-old:Інтэрнэт]]
-[[bg:Интернет]]+[[bar:Intanet]]
-[[bn:ইন্টারনেট]]+
-[[br:Internet]]+
[[bs:Internet]] [[bs:Internet]]
 +[[br:Internet]]
 +[[bg:Интернет]]
[[ca:Internet]] [[ca:Internet]]
[[ceb:Internet]] [[ceb:Internet]]
[[cs:Internet]] [[cs:Internet]]
-[[csb:Internet]] 
-[[cu:Междѹсѣтиѥ]] 
[[cy:Rhyngrwyd]] [[cy:Rhyngrwyd]]
[[da:Internet]] [[da:Internet]]
[[de:Internet]] [[de:Internet]]
-[[diq:Internet]]+[[et:Internet]]
[[el:Διαδίκτυο]] [[el:Διαδίκτυο]]
[[eml:La Raid däl Raid]] [[eml:La Raid däl Raid]]
-[[en:Internet]]+[[es:Internet]]
[[eo:Interreto]] [[eo:Interreto]]
-[[es:Internet]] 
-[[et:Internet]] 
[[eu:Internet]] [[eu:Internet]]
[[fa:اینترنت]] [[fa:اینترنت]]
-[[fi:Internet]] 
-[[fiu-vro:Internet]] 
[[fo:Alnet]] [[fo:Alnet]]
 +[[fr:Internet]]
 +[[fy:Ynternet]]
[[fur:Internet]] [[fur:Internet]]
-[[fy:Ynternet]] 
[[ga:Idirlíon]] [[ga:Idirlíon]]
[[gd:Eadar-lìon]] [[gd:Eadar-lìon]]
[[gl:Internet]] [[gl:Internet]]
-[[gu:ઈન્ટરનેટ]]+[[ko:인터넷]]
-[[he:אינטרנט]]+[[hy:Համացանց]]
[[hi:अंतरजाल]] [[hi:अंतरजाल]]
-[[hr:Internet]] 
[[hsb:Internet]] [[hsb:Internet]]
-[[ht:Entènet]]+[[hr:Internet]]
-[[hu:Internet]]+
-[[hy:Համացանց]]+
-[[ia:Internet]]+
-[[id:Internet]]+
[[ig:Internet]] [[ig:Internet]]
[[ilo:Internet]] [[ilo:Internet]]
 +[[id:Internet]]
 +[[ia:Internet]]
 +[[iu:ᖃᕆᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ/qarisaujakkut titiraqsimajut]]
 +[[os:Интернет]]
[[is:Internetið]] [[is:Internetið]]
[[it:Internet]] [[it:Internet]]
-[[iu:ᖃᕆᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ/qarisaujakkut titiraqsimajut]]+[[he:אינטרנט]]
-[[ja:インターネット]]+
[[jv:Internet]] [[jv:Internet]]
 +[[kn:ಅಂತರ್ಜಾಲ]]
[[ka:ინტერნეტი]] [[ka:ინტერნეტი]]
-[[kab:Internet]]+[[csb:Internet]]
[[kk:Интернет]] [[kk:Интернет]]
-[[kn:ಅಂತರ್ಜಾಲ]] 
-[[ko:인터넷]] 
-[[ksh:Internet]] 
-[[ku:Înternet]] 
[[ky:Интернет]] [[ky:Интернет]]
 +[[sw:Intaneti]]
 +[[ht:Entènet]]
 +[[ku:Înternet]]
 +[[lo:ອິນເຕີເນັດ]]
[[la:Interrete]] [[la:Interrete]]
 +[[lv:Internets]]
[[lb:Internet]] [[lb:Internet]]
 +[[lij:Internet]]
 +[[lt:Internetas]]
[[li:Internet]] [[li:Internet]]
-[[lij:Internet]] 
[[lmo:Internet]] [[lmo:Internet]]
-[[lo:ອິນເຕີເນັດ]]+[[hu:Internet]]
-[[lt:Internetas]]+[[mk:Интернет]]
-[[lv:Internets]]+
[[mg:Internet]] [[mg:Internet]]
-[[mk:Интернет]] 
[[ml:ഇന്റര്‍നെറ്റ്]] [[ml:ഇന്റര്‍നെറ്റ്]]
-[[mn:Интернэт]] 
[[mr:इंटरनेट]] [[mr:इंटरनेट]]
[[ms:Internet]] [[ms:Internet]]
 +[[mn:Интернэт]]
[[nah:Cemtlālticpamātlatl]] [[nah:Cemtlālticpamātlatl]]
-[[nds:Internet]] 
-[[nds-nl:Internet]] 
[[nl:Internet]] [[nl:Internet]]
-[[nn:Internett]]+[[nds-nl:Internet]]
 +[[ja:インターネット]]
[[no:Internett]] [[no:Internett]]
 +[[nn:Internett]]
[[nrm:Enternette]] [[nrm:Enternette]]
-[[os:Интернет]]+[[uz:Internet]]
[[pag:Internet]] [[pag:Internet]]
-[[pl:Internet]] 
[[ps:انټرنټ]] [[ps:انټرنټ]]
 +[[nds:Internet]]
 +[[pl:Internet]]
[[pt:Internet]] [[pt:Internet]]
-[[qu:Internet]]+[[ksh:Internet]]
-[[rm:Internet]]+
[[ro:Internet]] [[ro:Internet]]
 +[[rm:Internet]]
 +[[qu:Internet]]
[[ru:Интернет]] [[ru:Интернет]]
[[sa:आन्तरजालं]] [[sa:आन्तरजालं]]
 +[[sq:Interneti]]
[[scn:Internet]] [[scn:Internet]]
-[[sh:Internet]] 
[[si:අන්තර්ජාලය]] [[si:අන්තර්ජාලය]]
[[simple:Internet]] [[simple:Internet]]
[[sk:Internet]] [[sk:Internet]]
[[sl:Internet]] [[sl:Internet]]
 +[[cu:Междѹсѣтиѥ]]
[[so:Internet]] [[so:Internet]]
-[[sq:Interneti]] 
[[sr:Интернет]] [[sr:Интернет]]
 +[[sh:Internet]]
[[su:Internét]] [[su:Internét]]
 +[[fi:Internet]]
[[sv:Internet]] [[sv:Internet]]
-[[sw:Intaneti]]+[[tl:Internet]]
[[ta:இணையம்]] [[ta:இணையம்]]
 +[[kab:Internet]]
 +[[tt:Päräwez]]
[[te:ఇంటర్నెట్టు]] [[te:ఇంటర్నెట్టు]]
[[th:อินเทอร์เน็ต]] [[th:อินเทอร์เน็ต]]
-[[tl:Internet]]+[[vi:Internet]]
[[tpi:Intanet]] [[tpi:Intanet]]
[[tr:Genel Ağ]] [[tr:Genel Ağ]]
-[[tt:Päräwez]] 
[[uk:Інтернет]] [[uk:Інтернет]]
[[ur:شبکہ]] [[ur:شبکہ]]
-[[uz:Internet]] 
[[vec:Internet]] [[vec:Internet]]
-[[vi:Internet]] 
-[[vls:Internet]] 
[[vo:Vüresod]] [[vo:Vüresod]]
 +[[fiu-vro:Internet]]
[[wa:Daegntoele]] [[wa:Daegntoele]]
 +[[vls:Internet]]
[[wo:Internet]] [[wo:Internet]]
[[yi:אינטערנעט]] [[yi:אינטערנעט]]
 +[[zh-yue:互聯網]]
 +[[diq:Internet]]
 +[[bat-smg:Internets]]
[[zh:互联网]] [[zh:互联网]]
-[[zh-min-nan:Internet]] 
-[[zh-yue:互聯網]] 

Version actuelle

Modèle:Dablink Modèle:Otheruses

Image:Internet map 1024.jpg
Visualization of the various routes through a portion of the Internet.

Modèle:Portal The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).

Sommaire

Terminology: Internet vis-à-vis World Wide Web

The Internet protocol suite is a collection of standards and protocols organized into layers so that each layer provides the foundation and the services required by the layer above. In this scheme, the Internet consists of the computers and networks that handle Internet Protocol (IP) data packets. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) depends on IP and solves problems like data packets arriving out of order or not at all. Next comes Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is an application layer protocol. It runs on top of TCP/IP and provides user agents, such as web browsers, with access to the files, documents and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW). More generally, the Internet is the world-wide network holding most data communications together, while the World-Wide Web is just one of many applications that the Internet can be used for.

History

Growth

Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost a decade, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s. On August 6 1991, CERN, which straddles the border between France and Switzerland, publicized the new World Wide Web project, two years after British scientist Tim Berners-Lee had begun creating HTML, HTTP and the first few Web pages at CERN.

An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW based upon HyperCard. It was eventually replaced in popularity by the Mosaic web browser. In 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois released version 1.0 of Mosaic, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic/technical Internet. By 1996 usage of the word "Internet" had become commonplace, and consequently, so had its misuse as a reference to the World Wide Web.

Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks, such as FidoNet, have remained separate). During the 1990s, it was estimated that the Internet grew by 100% per year, with a brief period of explosive growth in 1996 and 1997.<ref>Modèle:Cite paper</ref> This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network.[citation needed]

University Students Appreciation and Contributions

New findings in the field of communications during the 1960’s and 1970’s were quickly adopted by universities across the United States. Their openness for technology and new ideas saw many of them amongst the first to appreciate this new Cultural Revolution – in most cases seeking technological innovation for the pure joy of discovery, and seeing the potential for a tool of liberation.

Examples of early university Internet communities are Cleveland FreeNet, Blacksburg Electronic Village and Nova Scotia. Students took up the opportunity of free communications and saw this new phenomenon as a tool of liberation. Personal computers and the Internet would free them from corporations and governments (Nelson, Jennings, Stallman).

‘The culture of individual freedom sprouting in the university campuses of the 1960’s and 1970’s used computer networking to it’s own ends’ (Castells 2001)

The students appreciated it through a cultural revolutionary way of thinking, similar to that of Ted Nelson or Douglas Engelbart. Students agreed with the ideas of free software and cooperative use of resources, which was always the early hacker conduct. (Castells 2001)

Graduate students also played a huge part in the creation of ARPANET. In the 1960’s, the network working group, which did most of the design for ARPANET’s protocols was composed mainly of graduate students.

Today's Internet

Image:My Opera Server.jpg
The Opera Community rack. From the top, user file storage (content of files.myopera.com), "bigma" (the master MySQL database server), and two IBM blade centers containing multi-purpose machines (Apache front ends, Apache back ends, slave MySQL database servers, load balancers, file servers, cache servers and sync masters.

Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts (e.g., peering agreements), and by technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network. Indeed, the Internet is essentially defined by its interconnections and routing policies.

As of September 30 2007, 1.244 billion people use the Internet according to Internet World Stats. Writing in the Harvard International Review, philosopher N.J.Slabbert, a writer on policy issues for the Washington DC-based Urban Land Institute, has asserted that the Internet is fast becoming a basic feature of global civilization, so that what has traditionally been called "civil society" is now becoming identical with information technology society as defined by Internet use. Only 2% of the World's population regularly accesses the internet.<ref>Slabbert,N.J. The Technologies of Peace, Harvard International Review, June 2006.</ref> "http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/quiz/quiz_key.pdf"

Internet protocols

Modèle:Details In this context, there are three layers of protocols:

  • At the lower level (OSI layer 3) is IP (Internet Protocol), which defines the datagrams or packets that carry blocks of data from one node to another. The vast majority of today's Internet uses version four of the IP protocol (i.e. IPv4), and although IPv6 is standardized, it exists only as "islands" of connectivity, and there are many ISPs without any IPv6 connectivity. [1]. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) also exists at this level. ICMP is connectionless; it is used for control, signaling, and error reporting purposes.
  • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) exist at the next layer up (OSI layer 4); these are the protocols by which data is transmitted. TCP makes a virtual 'connection', which gives some level of guarantee of reliability. UDP is a best-effort, connectionless transport, in which data packets that are lost in transit will not be re-sent.
  • The application protocols sit on top of TCP and UDP and occupy layers 5, 6, and 7 of the OSI model. These define the specific messages and data formats sent and understood by the applications running at each end of the communication. Examples of these protocols are HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.

Internet structure

There have been many analyses of the Internet and its structure. For example, it has been determined that the Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks.

Similar to the way the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points, research networks tend to interconnect into large subnetworks such as:

These in turn are built around relatively smaller networks. See also the list of academic computer network organizations

In network diagrams, the Internet is often represented by a cloud symbol, into and out of which network communications can pass.

ICANN

Modèle:Details The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers on the Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and protocol port and parameter numbers. A globally unified namespace (i.e., a system of names in which there is at most one holder for each possible name) is essential for the Internet to function. ICANN is headquartered in Marina del Rey, California, but is overseen by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and non-commercial communities. The US government continues to have the primary role in approving changes to the root zone file that lies at the heart of the domain name system. Because the Internet is a distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected networks, the Internet, as such, has no governing body. ICANN's role in coordinating the assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps the only central coordinating body on the global Internet, but the scope of its authority extends only to the Internet's systems of domain names, IP addresses, protocol ports and parameter numbers.

On November 16 2005, the World Summit on the Information Society, held in Tunis, established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss Internet-related issues.

Language

Modèle:Details Modèle:Further The prevalent language for communication on the Internet is English. This may be a result of the Internet's origins, as well as English's role as the lingua franca. It may also be related to the poor capability of early computers, largely originating in the United States, to handle characters other than those in the English variant of the Latin alphabet.

After English (31% of Web visitors) the most-requested languages on the World Wide Web are Chinese 16%, Spanish 9%, Japanese 7%, German 5% and French 5% (from Internet World Stats, updated June 30, 2007).

By continent, 37% of the world's Internet users are based in Asia, 27% in Europe, 19% in North America, and 9% in Latin America and the Carribean ([2] updated September 30, 2007).

The Internet's technologies have developed enough in recent years, especially in the use of Unicode, that good facilities are available for development and communication in most widely used languages. However, some glitches such as mojibake (incorrect display of foreign language characters, also known as kryakozyabry) still remain.

Internet and the workplace

The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections and Web applications.

The Internet viewed on mobile devices

The Internet can now be accessed virtually anywhere by numerous means. Mobile phones, datacards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a cellular network supporting that device's technology.

Common uses of the Internet

E-mail

Modèle:Details The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the email of other employees not addressed to them.

The World Wide Web

Modèle:Details

Image:WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png
Graphic representation of less than 0.0001% of the WWW, representing some of the hyperlinks

Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web (or just the Web) interchangeably, but, as discussed above, the two terms are not synonymous.

The World Wide Web is a huge set of interlinked documents, images and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. These hyperlinks and URLs allow the web-servers and other machines that store originals, and cached copies, of these resources to deliver them as required using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). HTTP is only one of the communication protocols used on the Internet.

Web services also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data.

Software products that can access the resources of the Web are correctly termed user agents. In normal use, web browsers, such as Internet Explorer and Firefox access web pages and allow users to navigate from one to another via hyperlinks. Web documents may contain almost any combination of computer data including photographs, graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations.

Through keyword-driven Internet research using search engines, like Yahoo!, and Google, millions of people worldwide have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information. Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the World Wide Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and data.

It is also easier, using the Web, than ever before for individuals and organisations to publish ideas and information to an extremely large audience. Anyone can find ways to publish a web page or build a website for very little initial cost. Publishing and maintaining large, professional websites full of attractive, diverse and up-to-date information is still a difficult and expensive proposition, however.

Many individuals and some companies and groups use "web logs" or blogs, which are largely used as easily-updatable online diaries. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to fill them with advice on their areas of specialization in the hope that visitors will be impressed by the expert knowledge and free information, and be attracted to the corporation as a result. One example of this practice is Microsoft, whose product developers publish their personal blogs in order to pique the public's interest in their work.

Collections of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly sophisticated. Whereas operations such as Angelfire and GeoCities have existed since the early days of the Web, newer offerings from, for example, Facebook and MySpace currently have large followings. These operations often brand themselves as social network services rather than simply as web page hosts.

Advertising on popular web pages can be lucrative, and e-commerce or the sale of products and services directly via the Web continues to grow.

In the early days, web pages were usually created as sets of complete and isolated HTML text files stored on a web server. More recently, web sites are more often created using content management system (CMS) or wiki software with, initially, very little content. Users of these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or other organisation or members of the public, fill the underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors.

Remote access

Modèle:See The Internet allows computer users to connect to other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. They may do this with or without the use of security, authentication and encryption technologies, depending on the requirements.

This is encouraging new ways of working from home, collaboration and information sharing in many industries. An accountant sitting at home can audit the books of a company based in another country, on a server situated in a third country that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in a fourth. These accounts could have been created by home-working book-keepers, in other remote locations, based on information e-mailed to them from offices all over the world. Some of these things were possible before the widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of private, leased lines would have made many of them infeasible in practice.

An office worker away from his desk, perhaps the other side of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can open a remote desktop session into their normal office PC using a secure Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection via the Internet. This gives the worker complete access to all of their normal files and data, including e-mail and other applications, while away from the office.

This concept is also referred to by some network security people as the Virtual Private Nightmare, because it extends the secure perimeter of a corporate network into its employees' homes; this has been the source of some notable security breaches, but also provides security for the workers.

Collaboration

Modèle:Seealso

The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made collaborative work dramatically easier. Not only can a group cheaply communicate and test, but the wide reach of the Internet allows such groups to easily form in the first place, even among niche interests. An example of this is the free software movement in software development which produced GNU and Linux from scratch and has taken over development of Mozilla and OpenOffice.org (formerly known as Netscape Communicator and StarOffice).

Internet 'chat', whether in the form of IRC 'chat rooms' or channels, or via instant messaging systems allow colleagues to stay in touch in a very convenient way when working at their computers during the day. Messages can be sent and viewed even more quickly and conveniently than via e-mail. Extension to these systems may allow files to be exchanged, 'whiteboard' drawings to be shared as well as voice and video contact between team members.

Version control systems allow collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents without either accidentally overwriting each other's work or having members wait until they get 'sent' documents to be able to add their thoughts and changes.

File sharing

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A computer file can be e-mailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can be uploaded to a Web site or FTP server for easy download by others. It can be put into a "shared location" or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk downloads to many users can be eased by the use of "mirror" servers or peer-to-peer networks.

In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by user authentication; the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by encryption and money may change hands before or after access to the file is given. The price can be paid by the remote charging of funds from, for example a credit card whose details are also passed—hopefully fully encrypted—across the Internet. The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by digital signatures or by MD5 or other message digests.

These simple features of the Internet, over a world-wide basis, are changing the basis for the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the production and distribution of these products.

Internet collaboration technology enables business and project teams to share documents, calendars and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing.

Streaming media

Many existing radio and television broadcasters provide Internet 'feeds' of their live audio and video streams (for example, the BBC). They may also allow time-shift viewing or listening such as Preview, Classic Clips and Listen Again features. These providers have been joined by a range of pure Internet 'broadcasters' who never had on-air licenses. This means that an Internet-connected device, such as a computer or something more specific, can be used to access on-line media in much the same way as was previously possible only with a television or radio receiver. The range of material is much wider, from pornography to highly specialized technical Web-casts. Podcasting is a variation on this theme, where—usually audio—material is first downloaded in full and then may be played back on a computer or shifted to a digital audio player to be listened to on the move. These techniques using simple equipment allow anybody, with little censorship or licensing control, to broadcast audio-visual material on a worldwide basis.

Webcams can be seen as an even lower-budget extension of this phenomenon. While some webcams can give full frame rate video, the picture is usually either small or updates slowly. Internet users can watch animals around an African waterhole, ships in the Panama Canal, the traffic at a local roundabout or their own premises, live and in real time. Video chat rooms, video conferencing, and remote controllable webcams are also popular. Many uses can be found for personal webcams in and around the home, with and without two-way sound.

Voice telephony (VoIP)

Modèle:Details VoIP stands for Voice over IP, where IP refers to the Internet Protocol that underlies all Internet communication. This phenomenon began as an optional two-way voice extension to some of the Instant Messaging systems that took off around the year 2000. In recent years many VoIP systems have become as easy to use and as convenient as a normal telephone. The benefit is that, as the Internet carries the actual voice traffic, VoIP can be free or cost much less than a normal telephone call, especially over long distances and especially for those with always-on Internet connections such as cable or ADSL.

Thus VoIP is maturing into a viable alternative to traditional telephones. Interoperability between different providers has improved and the ability to call or receive a call from a traditional telephone is available. Simple inexpensive VoIP modems are now available that eliminate the need for a PC.

Voice quality can still vary from call to call but is often equal to and can even exceed that of traditional calls.

Remaining problems for VoIP include emergency telephone number dialling and reliability. Currently a few VoIP providers provide an emergency service but it is not universally available. Traditional phones are line powered and operate during a power failure, VoIP does not do so without a backup power source for the electronics.

Most VoIP providers offer unlimited national calling but the direction in VoIP is clearly toward global coverage with unlimited minutes for a low monthly fee.

VoIP has also become increasingly popular within the gaming world, as a form of communication between players. Popular gaming VoIP clients include Ventrilo and Teamspeak, and there are others available also. The PlayStation 3 also features a VoIP chat feature.

Censorship

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Some governments, such as those of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia, restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet, especially political and religious content. This is accomplished through software that filters domains and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate circumvention.

In Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, major Internet service providers have voluntarily (possibly to avoid such an arrangement being turned into law) agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police. While this list of forbidden URLs is only supposed to contain addresses of known child pornography sites, the content of the list is secret.[citation needed]

Many countries, including the United States, have enacted laws making the possession or distribution of certain material, such as child pornography, illegal, but do not use filtering software.

There are many free and commercially available software programs with which a user can choose to block offensive Web sites on individual computers or networks, such as to limit a child's access to pornography or violence. See Content-control software.

Internet access

Modèle:Details Modèle:Wikibookspar Common methods of home access include dial-up, landline broadband (over coaxial cable, fiber optic or copper wires), Wi-Fi, satellite and 3G technology cell phones.

Public places to use the Internet include libraries and Internet cafes, where computers with Internet connections are available. There are also Internet access points in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Various terms are used, such as "public Internet kiosk", "public access terminal", and "Web payphone". Many hotels now also have public terminals, though these are usually fee-based. These terminals are widely accessed for various usage like ticket booking, bank deposit, online payment etc. Wi-Fi provides wireless access to computer networks, and therefore can do so to the Internet itself. Hotspots providing such access include Wi-Fi-cafes, where a would-be user needs to bring their own wireless-enabled devices such as a laptop or PDA. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A hotspot need not be limited to a confined location. The whole campus or park, or even the entire city can be enabled. Grassroots efforts have led to wireless community networks. Commercial WiFi services covering large city areas are in place in London, Vienna, Toronto, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago and Pittsburgh. The Internet can then be accessed from such places as a park bench.<ref>"Toronto Hydro to Install Wireless Network in Downtown Toronto". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 19-Mar-2006.</ref>

Apart from Wi-Fi, there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various high-speed data services over cellular phone networks, and fixed wireless services.

High-end mobile phones such as smartphones generally come with Internet access through the phone network. Web browsers such as Opera are available on these advanced handsets, which can also run a wide variety of other Internet software. More mobile phones have Internet access than PCs, though this is not as widely used. An Internet access provider and protocol matrix differentiates the methods used to get online.

Leisure

The Internet has been a major source of leisure since before the World Wide Web, with entertaining social experiments such as MUDs and MOOs being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving much of the main traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of ideas.

The pornography and gambling industries have both taken full advantage of the World Wide Web, and often provide a significant source of advertising revenue for other Web sites. Although many governments have attempted to put restrictions on both industries' use of the Internet, this has generally failed to stop their widespread popularity.

One main area of leisure on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of leisure creates communities, bringing people of all ages and origins to enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing games to online gambling. This has revolutionized the way many people interact and spend their free time on the Internet.

While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with services such as GameSpy and MPlayer, which players of games would typically subscribe to. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of gameplay or certain games.

Many use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. As discussed above, there are paid and unpaid sources for all of these, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Discretion is needed as some of these sources take more care over the original artists' rights and over copyright laws than others.

Many use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and book holidays and to find out more about their random ideas and casual interests.

People use chat, messaging and email to make and stay in touch with friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen pals. Social networking Web sites like Myspace and Facebook many others like them also put and keep people in contact for their enjoyment.

The Internet has seen a growing number of Internet operating systems, where users can access their files, folders, and settings via the Internet. An example of an opensource webOS is Eyeos.

Cyberslacking has become a serious drain on corporate resources; the average UK employee spends 57 minutes a day surfing the Web at work, according to a study by Peninsula Business Services [3].

A survey performed by JWT advertising agency showed that most Americans say they cannot live without use of the Internet for more than a week, preferring web surfing to friends and sex. 1,011 Americans participated in the survey answering such questions as how long they can do without Internet. As much as 15 percent mentioned that they would be able to live without the Internet for not more than a day or less, 21% mentioned they could be Internet-free no more than a couple of days, 19% said mentioned a few days. Only 1/3 of respondents mentioned they will be able to live without Internet for a week. <ref>Most people would live without sex but not without Internet</ref>

Complex architecture

Many computer scientists see the Internet as a "prime example of a large-scale, highly engineered, yet highly complex system".<ref>Walter Willinger, Ramesh Govindan, Sugih Jamin, Vern Paxson, and Scott Shenker (2002). Scaling phenomena in the Internet. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, suppl. 1, 2573–2580.</ref> The Internet is extremely heterogeneous. (For instance, data transfer rates and physical characteristics of connections vary widely.) The Internet exhibits "emergent phenomena" that depend on its large-scale organization. For example, data transfer rates exhibit temporal self-similarity. Further adding to the complexity of the Internet is the ability of more than one computer to use the Internet through only one node, thus creating the possibility for a very deep and hierarchal based sub-network that can theoretically be extended infinitely (disregarding the programmatic limitations of the IPv4 protocol). However, since principles of this architecture date back to the 1960s, it might not be a solution best suited to modern needs, and thus the possibility of developing alternative structures is currently being looked into.<ref>"Internet Makeover? Some argue it's time". The Seattle Times, April 16, 2007.</ref>

According to a June 2007 article in Discover Magazine, the combined weight of all the electrons moved within the the internet in a day is 0.2 millionths of an ounce. <ref>"How Much Does The Internet Weigh?". Discover Magazine, June 2007.</ref> Others have estimated this at nearer 2 ounces (50 grams).<ref>How Much Does The Internet Weigh? - The Unbearable Lightness Of Fact Checking</ref>

Marketing

The Internet has also become a large market for companies; some of the biggest companies today have grown by taking advantage of the efficient nature of low-cost advertising and commerce through the Internet, also known as e-commerce. It is the fastest way to spread information to a vast number of people simultaneously. The Internet has also subsequently revolutionized shopping—for example; a person can order a CD online and receive it in the mail within a couple of days, or download it directly in some cases. The Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more so than any other advertising medium.

Examples of personalized marketing include online communities such as MySpace, Friendster, Orkut, Facebook and others which thousands of Internet users join to advertise themselves and make friends online. Many of these users are young teens and adolescents ranging from 13 to 25 years old. In turn, when they advertise themselves they advertise interests and hobbies, which online marketing companies can use as information as to what those users will purchase online, and advertise their own companies' products to those users.

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The name Internet

Modèle:Details Modèle:Wiktionarypar2 Internet is traditionally written with a capital first letter, as it is a proper noun. The Internet Society, the Internet Engineering Task Force, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, the World Wide Web Consortium, and several other Internet-related organizations use this convention in their publications.

Many newspapers, newswires, periodicals, and technical journals capitalize the term (Internet). Examples include The New York Times, the Associated Press, Time, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, and Communications of the ACM.

Others assert that the first letter should be in lower case (internet), and that the specific article “the” is sufficient to distinguish “the internet” from other internets. A significant number of publications use this form, including The Economist, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the Financial Times, The Guardian, The Times, and The Sydney Morning Herald. As of 2005, many publications using internet appear to be located outside of North America—although one U.S. news source, Wired News, has adopted the lower-case spelling.

Historically, Internet and internet have had different meanings, with internet meaning “an interconnected set of distinct networks,” and Internet referring to the world-wide, publicly-available IP internet. Under this distinction, "the Internet" is the familiar network via which websites exist, however "an internet" can exist between any two remote locations.<ref>What is the Internet?</ref> Any group of distinct networks connected together is an internet; each of these networks may or may not be part of the Internet. The distinction was evident in many RFCs, books, and articles from the 1980s and early 1990s (some of which, such as RFC 1918, refer to "internets" in the plural), but has recently fallen into disuse.[citation needed] Instead, the term intranet is generally used for private networks, whether they are connected to the Internet or not. See also: extranet.

Some people use the lower-case term as a medium (like radio or newspaper, e.g. I've found it on the internet), and first letter capitalized as the global network.

See also

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Major aspects and issues

Functions

Underlying infrastructure

Regulatory bodies

Notes

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References

External links

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