New Zealand

Un article de Vev.

Modèle:Otheruses Modèle:Infobox Country

New Zealand is a country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two large islands (the North Island and the South Island) and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous Māori named New Zealand Aotearoa, which is usually translated into English as The Land of the Long White Cloud. The Realm of New Zealand also includes the Cook Islands and Niue, which are self-governing but in free association; Tokelau; and the Ross Dependency (New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica).

New Zealand is notable for its geographic isolation, being separated from Australia to the northwest by the Tasman Sea, approximately 2000 kilometres (1250 miles) across. Its closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga.

The population is mostly of European descent, with the indigenous Māori being the largest minority. Asians and non-Maori Polynesians are also significant minorities, especially in the cities. Elizabeth II, as the Queen of New Zealand, is the Head of State and, in her absence, is represented by a non-partisan Governor-General. The Queen 'reigns but does not rule.' She has no real political influence, and her position is largely symbolic.<ref>{{cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp |title=Over the course of her reign The Queen has been a regular visitor to New Zealand, paying 10 visits |publisher=The Monarchy Today |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref> Political power is held by the democratically-elected Parliament of New Zealand under the leadership of the Prime Minister, who is the Head of Government.

Etymology

Main article: New Zealand place names

It is unknown whether Māori had a name for New Zealand as a whole before the arrival of Europeans, although they referred to the North Island as Te Ika a Māui (the fish of Māui) and the South Island as Te Wai Pounamu (the waters of jade) or Te Waka a Māui (the canoe of Māui). Until the early 20th century, the North Island was also referred to as Aotearoa (often glossed as 'land of the long white cloud'); in modern Māori usage, this is the name for the whole country. Aotearoa is also commonly used in this sense in New Zealand English.

The first European name for New Zealand was Staten Landt, the name given to it by Abel Tasman, who in 1642 became the first European to see the islands. Tasman assumed it was part of a southern continent connected with land discovered in 1615 off the southern tip of South America by Isaac Le Maire. The name New Zealand originated with Dutch cartographers, who called the islands Nova Zeelandia, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. No-one is certain exactly who first coined the term, but it first appeared in 1645 and may have been the choice of cartographer Johan Blaeu<ref>Mackay, D., 1986. 'The Search For The Southern Land'. In Fraser, B. (Ed.) (1986), The New Zealand Book Of Events. Auckland: Reed Methuen, pp. 52 – 54.</ref>. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand. There is no connection to the Danish Zealand.

History

Main article: History of New Zealand

www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en Moriori - The impact of new arrivals - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand]</ref>//www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en Moriori - The impact of new arrivals - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand]</ref>

The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Several of the crew were killed by Māori and no Europeans returned to New Zealand until British explorer James Cook's voyage of 1768-71. Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost all of the coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. They traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artefacts and water. On occasion, Europeans traded goods for sex.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Māori agriculture and warfare were transformed by the potato and the musket, although the resulting Musket Wars died out once the tribal imbalance of arms had been rectified. From the early nineteenth century, Christian missionaries began to settle New Zealand, eventually converting most of the Māori population, who had become disillusioned with their indigenous faith by the introduction of Western culture.

Becoming aware of the lawless nature of European settlement and increasing interest in the territory by the French, the British government sent William Hobson to New Zealand to claim sovereignty and negotiate a treaty with Māori.<ref>From 1788 until 1840 the islands of New Zealand were formally part of New South Wales; see History of New Zealand and this animated map of Australian states and territories.</ref> The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840. The drafting was done hastily and confusion and disagreement continue to surround the translation. The Treaty is regarded as New Zealand's foundation as a nation and is revered by Māori as a guarantee of their rights. Hobson initially selected Okiato as the capital in 1840, before moving the seat of government to Auckland in 1841.

From 1840, increasing numbers of European settlers landed in New Zealand. At first, Māori were eager to trade with the 'Pakeha,' as they called them, and many iwi (tribes) became wealthy. As settler numbers increased, conflicts over land led to the New Zealand Land Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in the loss of much Māori land. The detail and correct interpretation of European settlement and the acquisition of land from Māori remains controversial.

In 1854 the 1st New Zealand Parliament moved the country towards limited self-government. By the late nineteenth century it was fully self governing in most senses. In 1863 Premier Alfred Domett moved a resolution that the capital transfer to a locality in Cook Strait, apparently due to concern the South Island could form a separate colony. Commissioners from Australia (chosen for their neutral status) advised Wellington as suitable because of its harbour and central location, and parliament officially sat there for the first time in 1865. In 1893, the country became the first nation in the world to grant women the right to vote. In 1907, New Zealand became an independent Dominion and a fully independent nation in 1947 when the Statute of Westminster (1931) was ratified, although in practice Britain had ceased to play any real role in the government of New Zealand much earlier than this. As New Zealand became more politically independent it became more dependent economically; in the 1890s, refrigerated shipping allowed New Zealand to base its entire economy on the export of meat and dairy products to Britain.

New Zealand was an enthusiastic member of the British Empire, fighting in the Boer War, World War I and World War II and supporting Britain in the Suez Crisis. The country was very much a part of the world economy and suffered as others did in the Great Depression of the 1930s. The depression led to the election of the first Labour government, which established a comprehensive welfare state and a protectionist economy.

New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following World War II. However, some social problems were developing; Māori had begun to move to the cities in search of work and excitement rather than the traditional rural way of life. A Māori protest movement would eventually form, criticising Eurocentrism and seeking more recognition of Māori culture and the Treaty of Waitangi, which they felt had not been fully honoured. In 1975 a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty and in 1985 it was enabled to investigate historic grievances. In common with all other developed countries, social developments accelerated in the 1970s and social and political mores changed. By the 1970s, the traditional trade with Britain was threatened because of Britain's membership of the European Economic Community. Great economic and social changes took place in the 1980s under the 4th Labour government largely led by Finance Minister Roger Douglas, and commonly referred to as "Rogernomics."

Politics

Main article: Politics of New Zealand

Government

New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. Although it has no written constitution; the Constitution Act 1986 is the principal formal statement of New Zealand's constitutional structure. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state and is titled Queen of New Zealand under the Royal Titles Act (1953). She is represented by the Governor-General, currently Anand Satyanand.

The Governor-General exercises the Crown's prerogative powers, such as the power to appoint and dismiss ministers and to dissolve Parliament, and reserve powers. The Governor-General also chairs the Executive Council, which is a formal committee consisting of all ministers of the Crown. Members of the Executive Council are required to be Members of Parliament, and most are also in Cabinet. Cabinet is the most senior policy-making body and is led by the Prime Minister, who is also, by convention, the Parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition. The current Prime Minister is Helen Clark, the leader of the Labour Party.

The New Zealand Parliament has only one chamber, the House of Representatives, which usually seats 120 Members of Parliament. Parliamentary general elections are held every three years under a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional. The 2005 General Election created an 'overhang' of one extra seat, occupied by the Māori Party, due to that party winning more seats in electorates than the number of seats its proportion of the party vote would have given it.

Since October 17, 2005, Labour has been in formal coalition with Jim Anderton, the Progressive Party's only MP. In addition to the parties in formal coalition, New Zealand First and United Future provide confidence and supply in return for their leaders being ministers outside cabinet. A further arrangement has been made with the Green Party, which has given a commitment not to vote against the government on confidence and supply. Since early 2007, Labour has also had the proxy vote of Taito Phillip Field, a former Labour MP. These arrangements assure the government of a majority of seven MPs on confidence votes.

The Leader of the Opposition is National Party leader John Key. The ACT party and the Māori Party are also in opposition. The Greens, New Zealand First and United Future each vote against the government on some legislation.

The highest court in New Zealand is the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which was established in 2004 following the passage of the Supreme Court Act 2003. The act also abolished the option to appeal to the Privy Council in London. The current Chief Justice is Dame Sian Elias. New Zealand's judiciary also includes the High Court, which deals with serious criminal offences and civil matters; the Court of Appeal; and subordinate courts.

New Zealand is the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land have been occupied simultaneously by women: Queen Elizabeth II, Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright, Prime Minister Helen Clark, Speaker of the House of Representatives Margaret Wilson and Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias were all in office between March 2005 and August 2006.

Foreign relations and the military

Main articles: Foreign relations of New Zealand, Military of New Zealand, and Military history of New Zealand

New Zealand maintains a strong profile on environmental protection, human rights and free trade, particularly in agriculture.

New Zealand is a member of the following geopolitical organisations: APEC, East Asia Summit, Commonwealth of Nations, OECD and the United Nations. It has signed up to a number of free trade agreements, of which the most important is Closer Economic Relations with Australia.

For its first hundred years, New Zealand followed the United Kingdom's lead on foreign policy. In declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, Prime Minister Michael Savage proclaimed, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand". After the war, however, the United States exerted an increased influence on culture and the New Zealand people gained a clearer sense of national identity. New Zealand joined with Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty in 1951, and later fought alongside the United States in both the Korean and the Vietnam Wars. In contrast, the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests following the Suez Crisis, and New Zealand was forced to develop new markets after the UK joined the EEC in 1973.<ref name="Patman">Modèle:Cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.vuw.ac.nz/css/docs/Working Papers/WP21.pdf</ref>

New Zealand has traditionally worked closely with Australia, whose foreign policy followed a similar historical trend. In turn, many Pacific Islands such as Western Samoa have looked to New Zealand's lead. The American influence on New Zealand was weakened by the disappointment with the Vietnam War, the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior by France, and by disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and New Zealand's nuclear-free policy.

While the ANZUS treaty was once fully mutual between Australia, New Zealand and the United States, this is no longer the case. In February 1985, New Zealand refused nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships access to its ports. New Zealand became a Nuclear-free zone in June 1987, the first Western-allied state to do so.<ref>Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way, The Right Honourable David Lange, Penguin Books, New Zealand,1990</ref> <ref>{{cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.disarmsecure.org/publications/papers/legal_challenges.html |title=Legal challenges to nuclear weapons from AOTEAROA/NewZealand |author=Kate Dewes |publisher=disarmsecure.org |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.disarmsecure.org/publications/books/ |title=The Naked Nuclear Emperor — Debunking Nuclear Deterrence |author=Robert Green |publisher=disarmsecure.org |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref> In 1986 the United States announced that it was suspending its treaty security obligations to New Zealand pending the restoration of port access. The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987 prohibits the stationing of nuclear weapons on the territory of New Zealand and the entry into New Zealand waters of nuclear armed or propelled ships. This legislation remains a source of contention and the basis for the United States' continued suspension of treaty obligations to New Zealand.

In addition to the various wars between iwi, and between the British settlers and iwi, New Zealand has fought in the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency (and committed troops, fighters and bombers to the subsequent confrontation with Indonesia), the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War; it has also sent a unit of army engineers to help rebuild Iraqi infrastructure for one year during the Iraq War. As of 2007, New Zealand forces are still active in Afghanistan.

The New Zealand Defence Force has three branches: the New Zealand Army, the Royal New Zealand Navy, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. New Zealand considers its own national defence needs to be modest; it dismantled its air combat capability in 2001. New Zealand has contributed forces to recent regional and global peacekeeping missions, including those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, the Iran/Iraq border, Bougainville, East Timor, and the Solomon Islands.

Local government and external territories

Main articles: Realm of New Zealand, Regions of New Zealand, and Territorial authorities of New Zealand

The early European settlers divided New Zealand into provinces. These were abolished in 1876 so that government could be centralised, for financial reasons. As a result, New Zealand has no separately represented subnational entities such as provinces, states or territories, apart from its local government. The spirit of the provinces, however, still lives on, and there is fierce rivalry exhibited in sporting and cultural events. Since 1876, local government has administered the various regions of New Zealand. In 1989, the government completely reorganised local government, implementing the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities. In 1991, the Resource Management Act 1991 replaced the Town and Country Planning Act as the main planning legislation for local government.

Today, New Zealand has twelve regional councils for the administration of environmental and transport matters and seventy-three territorial authorities that administer roading, sewerage, building consents, and other local matters. The territorial authorities are sixteen city councils, fifty-seven district councils, and the Chatham Islands County Council. Four of the territorial councils (one city and three districts) and the Chatham Islands County Council also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities. Territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regional council districts, and a few of them straddle regional council boundaries.

The regions are (asterisks denote unitary authorities): Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne*, Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu-Wanganui, Wellington, Marlborough*, Nelson*, Tasman*, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, Southland, Chatham Islands*.

As a major South Pacific nation, New Zealand has a close working relationship with many Pacific Island nations, and continues a political association with the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. New Zealand operates Scott Base in its Antarctic territory, the Ross Dependency. Other countries also use Christchurch to support their Antarctic bases and the city is sometimes known as the "Gateway to Antarctica".

Modèle:Administrative divisions of New Zealand

Geography

Main article: Geography of New Zealand

www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/water/offshore-options-jun05/html/page3.html Introduction]</ref>//www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/water/offshore-options-jun05/html/page3.html Introduction]</ref>

The South Island is the largest land mass of New Zealand, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps, the highest peak of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook at 3754 metres (12,320 ft). There are eighteen peaks over 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) in the South Island. The North Island is less mountainous than the South, but is marked by volcanism. The highest North Island mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2,797 m / 9,177 ft), is an active cone volcano. The dramatic and varied landscape of New Zealand has made it a popular location for the production of television programmes and films, including the Lord of the Rings trilogy and the The Last Samurai.

www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate/extreme/ Summary of New Zealand climate extremes]</ref> Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to semi-arid (Köppen BSh) in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland. Of the main cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving only some 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year. Auckland, the wettest, receives almost twice that amount. Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive on average in excess of 2000 hours of sunshine per annum.//www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate/extreme/ Summary of New Zealand climate extremes]</ref> Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to semi-arid (Köppen BSh) in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland. Of the main cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving only some 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year. Auckland, the wettest, receives almost twice that amount. Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive on average in excess of 2000 hours of sunshine per annum.

New Zealand is part of Zealandia, a continent that is 93% submerged. Zealandia is almost half the size of Australia and is unusually long and narrow. About 25 million years ago, a shift in plate tectonic movements began to pull Zealandia apart forcefully, with this now being most evident along the Alpine Fault and in the highly active Taupo volcanic zone. The submerged parts of Zealandia include the Lord Howe Rise, Challenger Plateau, Campbell Plateau, Norfolk Ridge and the Chatham Rise.

Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu, a hill in the Hawke's Bay region of the North Island, is credited by The Guinness Book of World Records with having the longest place name in the world.

Biodiversity

Main article: Biodiversity of New Zealand

Because of its long isolation from the rest of the world and its island biogeography, New Zealand has extraordinary flora and fauna, descended from Gondwanan wildlife or since arriving by flight, swimming or being carried across the sea <ref>«  »</ref>. About 80% of the flora in New Zealand occurs only in New Zealand, including more than 40 endemic genera.<ref name="allan1982">Allan, H.H. 1982. Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons, Flora of New Zealand Volume I. Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</ref> The two main types of forest are those dominated by podocarps and/or the giant kauri, and in cooler climates the southern beech. The remaining vegetation types in New Zealand are grasslands of tussock and other grasses, usually in sub-alpine areas, and the low shrublands between grasslands and forests.

www.science.unsw.edu.au/news/2006/nzmammal.html Tiny Bones Rewrite Textbooks, first New Zealand land mammal fossil]</ref>. New Zealand's forests were inhabited by a diverse range of megafauna, including the flightless moas (now extinct), four species of kiwi, the kakapo and the takahē, all endangered by human actions. Unique birds capable of flight included the Haast's eagle, which was the world's largest bird of prey (now extinct), and the large kākā and kea parrots. Reptiles present in New Zealand include skinks, geckos and living fossil tuatara. There are four endemic species of primitive frogs. There are no snakes and there is only one venomous spider, the katipo, which is rare and restricted to coastal regions. However, there are many endemic species of insects, including the weta, one species of which may grow as large as a house mouse and is the heaviest insect in the world.//www.science.unsw.edu.au/news/2006/nzmammal.html Tiny Bones Rewrite Textbooks, first New Zealand land mammal fossil]</ref>. New Zealand's forests were inhabited by a diverse range of megafauna, including the flightless moas (now extinct), four species of kiwi, the kakapo and the takahē, all endangered by human actions. Unique birds capable of flight included the Haast's eagle, which was the world's largest bird of prey (now extinct), and the large kākā and kea parrots. Reptiles present in New Zealand include skinks, geckos and living fossil tuatara. There are four endemic species of primitive frogs. There are no snakes and there is only one venomous spider, the katipo, which is rare and restricted to coastal regions. However, there are many endemic species of insects, including the weta, one species of which may grow as large as a house mouse and is the heaviest insect in the world.

Due to its long isolation and the unique prominence of avifauna in ecological niches occupied elsewhere by other species, New Zealand has suffered a high rate of extinctions, including the moa species, the huia, laughing owl and flightless wrens (which formerly occupied the roles elsewhere occupied by mice). This is due to human activities such as hunting and pressure from introduced feral animals, such as weasels, stoats, cats, goats, deer and brushtailed possums.

However, New Zealand has led the world in island restoration projects where offshore islands are cleared of introduced mammalian pests and native species are reintroduced. Several islands located near to the three main islands are wildlife reserves where common pests such as possums and rodents have been eradicated to allow the reintroduction of endangered species to the islands. A more recent development is the mainland ecological island.

Economy

Main article: Economy of New Zealand

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Since 2000 New Zealand has made substantial gains in median household income. New Zealand, along with Australia, largely escaped the early 2000s recession that impacted upon most other advanced countries. The combination of high growth in New Zealand, along with negative growth in United States,<ref name="Senate joint economic committee">Modèle:Cite webwww.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//jec.senate.gov/Documents/Reports/08.29.07Income.pdf</ref> has allowed New Zealand to close the income gap. As of 2006, New Zealand's median household income (PPP) was only 17% less than in the United states.

Note: GDP per capita cannot be used to predict median household income (See median household income).

New Zealanders have a high level of life satisfaction as measured by international surveys; this is despite lower GDP per-head levels than many other OECD countries. The country was ranked 20th on the 2006 Human Development Index and 15th in The Economist's 2005 world-wide quality-of-life index.<ref name="Economist QoL">Modèle:Cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY OF LIFE.pdf</ref> The country was further ranked 1st in life satisfaction and 5th in overall prosperity in the 2007 Legatum Institute prosperity index.<ref name=NBR_satisfied>Modèle:Cite newswww.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.nbr.co.nz/home/column article.asp?id=18442&cid=8&cname=News</ref><ref name=Legatum>Modèle:Cite webwww.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.prosperity.org/ranking.aspx</ref> In addition, the 2007 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Auckland on its 5th place and Wellington on the 12th place in the world.<ref>Highlights from the 2007 Quality of Living Survey</ref>

www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html|date=2007-11-15|work=CIA|accessdate=2007-11-30}}</ref>//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html|date=2007-11-15|work=CIA|accessdate=2007-11-30}}</ref>

e.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=35523 Finland].</ref> This makes New Zealand particularly vulnerable to international commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. Its principal export industries are agriculture, horticulture, fishing and forestry. These make up about half of the country's exports. Its major export partners are Australia 20.5%, US 13.1%, Japan 10.3%, China 5.4%, UK 4.9% (2006).<ref name="CIA"/>//e.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=35523 Finland].</ref> This makes New Zealand particularly vulnerable to international commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. Its principal export industries are agriculture, horticulture, fishing and forestry. These make up about half of the country's exports. Its major export partners are Australia 20.5%, US 13.1%, Japan 10.3%, China 5.4%, UK 4.9% (2006).<ref name="CIA"/>

Main article: Tourism in New Zealand

Tourism plays a significant role in New Zealand's economy. Tourism contributes $12.8 billion (or 8.9%) to New Zealand’s total GDP and supports nearly 200,000 full-time equivalent jobs (9.9% of the total workforce in New Zealand).<ref>{{cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/6A3DA5F7-2CAD-4618-B610-EFC861876A8F/23069/KeyTourismStatisticsAug2007.pdf< |title=Key Tourism Statistics |date=August 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Tourism |format=pdf |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref> Tourists to New Zealand are expected to increase at a rate of 4% annually over the next 6 years.<ref>{{cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/6A3DA5F7-2CAD-4618-B610-EFC861876A8F/23070/SummaryForecasts.pdf |title=Topline Forecaste — National and regional |month=August |year=2007 |publisher=Ministry of Tourism |format=pdf |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref>

Recent economic history

www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/BFAF3D1F-F28C-4F32-97F4-B2D94F0BDCD5/69631/3_308_StandardOfLiving_Comparison.pdf 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand - standard of living comparison table]</ref>//www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/BFAF3D1F-F28C-4F32-97F4-B2D94F0BDCD5/69631/3_308_StandardOfLiving_Comparison.pdf 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand - standard of living comparison table]</ref> findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n16_v46/ai_15779198 Up from down under; National Review article]</ref>//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n16_v46/ai_15779198 Up from down under; National Review article]</ref>

www.stats.govt.nz/top-20-stats.htm 20 most requested statistics]</ref>//www.stats.govt.nz/top-20-stats.htm 20 most requested statistics]</ref>

www.nzherald.co.nz/section/3/story.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10464849 June quarter current account better than expected]</ref> slow development of non-commodity exports and tepid growth of labour productivity. New Zealand has experienced a series of "brain drains" since the 1970s<ref>Davenport, Sally. "Panic and panacea: brain drain and science and technology human capital policy" Research Policy 33 (2004) 617 – 630. Accessed 2007-04-24.</ref> as well educated youth left permanently for Australia, Britain or the United States. "Kiwi lifestyle" and family/whanau factors motivates some of the expatriates to return, while career, culture, and economic factors tend to be predominantly 'push' components, keeping these people overseas.<ref>Duncan J.R. Jackson et al. "Exploring the Dynamics of New Zealand's Talent Flow" New Zealand Journal of Psychology Vol. 34, 2005; Inkson, K. et al, "The New Zealand Brain Drain: Expatriate views." University of Auckland Business Review (2004). 6(2), 29-39.</ref> In recent years, however, a brain gain brought in educated professionals from poor countries, as well as Europe, as permanent settlers.<ref> R. Winkelmann, "The labour market performance of European immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s" The International Migration Review (2000). 34:33-58; Bain (2006) p. 44.</ref>//www.nzherald.co.nz/section/3/story.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10464849 June quarter current account better than expected]</ref> slow development of non-commodity exports and tepid growth of labour productivity. New Zealand has experienced a series of "brain drains" since the 1970s<ref>Davenport, Sally. "Panic and panacea: brain drain and science and technology human capital policy" Research Policy 33 (2004) 617 – 630. Accessed 2007-04-24.</ref> as well educated youth left permanently for Australia, Britain or the United States. "Kiwi lifestyle" and family/whanau factors motivates some of the expatriates to return, while career, culture, and economic factors tend to be predominantly 'push' components, keeping these people overseas.<ref>Duncan J.R. Jackson et al. "Exploring the Dynamics of New Zealand's Talent Flow" New Zealand Journal of Psychology Vol. 34, 2005; Inkson, K. et al, "The New Zealand Brain Drain: Expatriate views." University of Auckland Business Review (2004). 6(2), 29-39.</ref> In recent years, however, a brain gain brought in educated professionals from poor countries, as well as Europe, as permanent settlers.<ref> R. Winkelmann, "The labour market performance of European immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s" The International Migration Review (2000). 34:33-58; Bain (2006) p. 44.</ref>

Agriculture

Agriculture has been and continues to be the main export industry in New Zealand. In the year to June 2007, dairy products accounted for 21% ($7.5 billion) of total merchandise exports. Other agricultural items were meat 13.2%, wood 6.3%, fruit 3.5% and fishing 3.3%.

Livestock are rarely housed, but feeding of small quantities of supplements such as hay and silage can occur, particularly in winter. Grass growth is seasonal, largely dependent on location and climatic fluctuations but normally occurs for between 8-12 months of the year. Stock are grazed in paddocks, often with moveable electric fencing around the farm. Lambing and calving are carefully managed to take full advantage of spring grass growth.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of New Zealand and Immigration to New Zealand

www.stats.govt.nz/products-and-services/hot-off-the-press/subnational-population-estimates/subnational-population-estimates-at-30-june07-hotp.htm?page=para002Master Subnational population estimates June 2007]</ref>. New Zealanders of European descent are collectively known as Pākehā; this term generally refers to New Zealanders of European descent but some Māori use it to refer to all non-Māori New Zealanders. Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, although there has been significant Dutch, Dalmatian,<ref>Dalmatians (from Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand)</ref> Italian, and German immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, South Africa and North America.<ref>New Zealand Peoples (from Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand)</ref> According to the 2001 census projections, by 2021 European children will make up 63% of all New Zealand children, compared with 74% in 2001.<ref>Projections Overview - Statistics New Zealand</ref>//www.stats.govt.nz/products-and-services/hot-off-the-press/subnational-population-estimates/subnational-population-estimates-at-30-june07-hotp.htm?page=para002Master Subnational population estimates June 2007]</ref>. New Zealanders of European descent are collectively known as Pākehā; this term generally refers to New Zealanders of European descent but some Māori use it to refer to all non-Māori New Zealanders. Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, although there has been significant Dutch, Dalmatian,<ref>Dalmatians (from Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand)</ref> Italian, and German immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, South Africa and North America.<ref>New Zealand Peoples (from Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand)</ref> According to the 2001 census projections, by 2021 European children will make up 63% of all New Zealand children, compared with 74% in 2001.<ref>Projections Overview - Statistics New Zealand</ref>

Indigenous Māori people are the largest non-European ethnic group, accounting for 14.6% of the population in the 2006 census. While people could select more than one ethnic group, slightly more than half (53%) of all Māori residents identified solely as Māori.<ref name="Māori 2006 Census">Modèle:Cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-maori/2006-census-quickstats-about-maori.htm?page=para012Master</ref> People identifying with Asian ethnic groups account for 9.2% of the population, increasing from 6.6% in the 2001 census, while 6.9% of people are of Pacific Island origin.<ref name="Ethnicity 2006 Census">Modèle:Cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/national-highlights/2006-census-quickstats-national-highlights.htm?page=para006Master</ref>

New Zealand has relatively open immigration policies; its government is committed to increasing its population by about 1% annually. Twenty three percent of the population was born overseas, one of the highest rates anywhere in the world. In 2004-2005, a target of 45,000 was set by the New Zealand immigration Service and represented 1.5% of the total population. At present, immigrants from the United Kingdom constitute the largest single group (28%) but immigrants are drawn from many nations, and increasingly from East Asia (mostly China, but with substantial numbers also from Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong).<ref name="Birthplace 2006 Census">Modèle:Cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/BC29ACAC-12C9-4A5A-A71B-C7AD3A4335B8/0/06birthplace.xls</ref>

According to the 2006 census, Christianity is the predominant religion in New Zealand, held by 56% of the population.<ref>{{cite web www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/5F1F873C-5D36-4E54-9405-34503A2C0AF6/0/quickstatsaboutcultureandidentity.pdf |title=Quick Stats About culture and Identity— 2006 Census |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |format=pdf |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref><ref>Modèle:Cite webwww.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/F1A5AEF5-198F-4F42-8B86-51419FBA82E3/18623/2006CensusQSCI.xls</ref> Another 35% indicated that they were 'non-religious' and 5% were affiliated with other religions. The main Christian denominations are Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism and Methodism. There are also significant numbers who identify themselves with Pentecostal and Baptist churches and with the LDS (Mormon) church. The New Zealand-based Ratana church has adherents among Māori. According to census figures, other significant minority religions include Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Religion does not play a major role in New Zealand public life. Overtly Christian-based political parties such as Christian Heritage and Destiny have been unsuccessful, and the religion (or lack of religion) of political leaders - while generally known - is considered by most to be a private matter.

Culture

Main article: Culture of New Zealand

Much of contemporary New Zealand culture is derived from British roots, but also includes significant influences from American, Australian and Māori cultures, along with those of other European cultures and – more recently – non-Māori Polynesian and Asian cultures. Large festivals in celebration of Diwali and Chinese New Year are held in several of the larger centres, and the world's largest Polynesian festival, the Pasifika Festival, is an annual event in Auckland. Cultural links between New Zealand and the United Kingdom and Ireland are maintained by a common language, sustained migration from the United Kingdom and Ireland and the fact that many young New Zealanders spend time in the United Kingdom/Ireland on their "overseas experience" (OE). The music of New Zealand and cuisine of New Zealand are similar to that of Britain and the United States, although both have some distinct New Zealand and Pacific qualities.

Māori culture has undergone considerable change since the arrival of Europeans; in particular the introduction of Christianity in the early 19th century brought about fundamental change in everyday life. Nonetheless the perception that most Māori now live similar lifestyles to their Pākehā neighbours is a superficial one. In fact, Māori culture has significant differences, for instance the important role which the marae continues to play in communal and family life. As in traditional times, karakia are habitually performed by Māori today to ensure the favorable outcome of important undertakings, but today the prayers used are generally Christian. Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of personal identity, and Māori kinship roles resemble those of other Polynesian peoples. As part of the resurgence of Māori culture that came to the fore in the late 20th century, the tradition-based arts of kapa haka (song and dance), carving and weaving are widely practiced, and the architecture of the marae maintains strong links to traditional forms. Māori also value their connections to Polynesia, as attested by the increasing popularity of waka ama (outrigger canoe racing), which is now an international sport involving teams from all over the Pacific.

Use of the Māori language (Te Reo Māori) as a living, community language remained only in a few remote areas in the post-war years, but is currently undergoing a renaissance, thanks in part to Māori language immersion schools and a Māori Television channel. This is the only nationwide television channel to have the majority of its prime-time content delivered in Māori, primarily because only 4% of the population speak Te Reo Maori.

Although films have been made in New Zealand since the 1920s, it was only from the 1970s that New Zealand films began to be produced in significant numbers. Films such as Sleeping Dogs and Goodbye Pork Pie achieved local success and launched the careers of actors and directors including Sam Neill, Geoff Murphy and Roger Donaldson. In the early 1990s, New Zealand films such as Jane Campion's Academy Award-winning film The Piano, Lee Tamahori's Once Were Warriors and Peter Jackson's Heavenly Creatures began to garner international acclaim. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Jackson filmed The Lord of the Rings film trilogy in New Zealand, using a mostly New Zealand crew and many New Zealand actors in minor parts. Many non-New Zealand productions, primarily from Hollywood but also from Bollywood, have been made in New Zealand. Film industry insiders are divided on whether this benefits or harms the New Zealand film industry; however some New Zealand actors, such as Lucy Lawless (Xena) have clearly benefited from these overseas productions.

The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned.<ref>New Zealand's dominant media organisations are TVNZ (two free-to-air television channels); MediaWorks NZ (two free-to-air channels and a radio network); Fairfax Media (numerous newspapers and magazines); APN News & Media (several newspapers and radio stations); and Sky Network Television (a pay TV network and a free-to-air TV station).</ref> The Broadcasting Standards Authority and the New Zealand Press Council can investigate allegations of bias and inaccuracy in the broadcast and print media. This combined with New Zealand's harsh libel laws means that the New Zealand news media is fairly tame by international standards, but also reasonably fair and impartial. New Zealand television is dominated by American and British programming, with a small number of New Zealand shows.

Sports

Main article: Sport in New Zealand

Sport has a major role in New Zealand's culture; this is particularly the case with rugby union. Other popular sports include cricket, netball, basketball, lawn bowling, soccer and rugby league. Also popular are golf, tennis, cycling, field hockey, skiing, snowboarding, softball (Men's International Softball Federation World Champions, 1996, 2000, 2004) and a variety of water sports, particularly surfing, sailing, whitewater kayaking, surf lifesaving skills and rowing. In the latter, New Zealand enjoyed an extraordinary magic 45 minutes when winning four successive gold medals at the 2005 world championships. The country is internationally recognised for performing well on a medals-to-population ratio at Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games.<ref>New Zealand Olympic medallists and New Zealand at the 2004 Summer Olympics.</ref> Equestrian sportsmen and sportswomen make their mark in the world, with Mark Todd being chosen international "Horseman of the Century". Other internationally famous New Zealand sportspeople include cricket player Sir Richard Hadlee, rugby player Jonah Lomu, sailor Sir Peter Blake and 2005 US Open golf tournament winner Michael Campbell.

Rugby union is closely linked to New Zealand's national identity. The national rugby team, the All Blacks, has the best win and loss record of any national team. They hosted and won the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987, and will host the 2011 Rugby World Cup. The haka, a traditional Māori challenge, is performed by the All Blacks before the start of international matches.<ref>Haka of the All Blacks.</ref>

Cricket is regarded as New Zealand's main summer sport, and the New Zealand cricket team (known as 'The Black Caps') usually ranks in the top four teams in the world in both test cricket and the shorter one day forms of the game.New Zealand are to host the 2015 Cricket World Cup along with Australia. Netball is New Zealand's most prominent women's sport, and the New Zealand national team, the Silver Ferns, have been world champions on several occasions. New Zealand is one of the leading nations in world yachting, especially open-water long-distance or round-the-world races. In inshore yachting, Team New Zealand won the America's Cup regatta in 1995 and successfully defended it in 2000.

New Zealand is regarded by some as a haven for extreme sports and adventure tourism. Its reputation in extreme sports extends from the establishment of the world's first commercial bungee jumping operation in Auckland in 1986; its roots in adventure tourism can be traced all the way back to Sir Edmund Hillary, the first person to reach the summit of Mount Everest in 1953.

International rankings

Political and economic rankings

Political freedom ratings - Free; political rights and civil liberties both rated 1 (the highest score available)

www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025 |title=Eritrea ranked last for first time while G8 members, except Russia, recover lost ground |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |accessdate=2007-11-05 |date=2007-10-16}}</ref>//www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025 |title=Eritrea ranked last for first time while G8 members, except Russia, recover lost ground |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |accessdate=2007-11-05 |date=2007-10-16}}</ref>

GDP per capita - 28^th highest, at I$25,531

Human Development Index - 20^th highest, at 0.933

Income Equality - 54^th most equal, at 36.2 (Gini Index)

Literacy Rate - 21^st 99.0%

Unemployment rate - 42^nd lowest, at 3.60%

Global Peace Index - 2^nd, at 1.363<ref>Modèle:Cite newswww.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c id=1&objectid=10442843</ref><ref>Global Peace Index Rankings</ref>

Corruption - In a three-way tie for least corrupt, at 9.4 on index<ref>{{Citation

www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp//www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 |publisher=Transparency International |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref>

Economic Freedom - 9^th equal freest, at 1.84 on index

Health rankings

Fertility rate- 140^th most fertile, at 1.79 per woman

Birth rate - 140^th most births, at 13.90 per 1000 people

Infant mortality - 192^nd most deaths, at 5.85 per 1000 live births

Death rate - 115^th highest death rate, at 7.52 per 1000 people

Life Expectancy - 13^th highest, at 80.2 years

Suicide Rate - 35^th highest suicide rate, at 19.8 for males and 4.2 for females per 100,000 people

HIV/AIDS rate - 149^th most cases, at 0.10%

www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10122767 NZ third worst in world cancer table] 12:00AM Thursday April 28, 2005 NZHerald.co.nz</ref><ref>Cancer in New Zealand: Trends and Projections</ref>//www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10122767 NZ third worst in world cancer table] 12:00AM Thursday April 28, 2005 NZHerald.co.nz</ref><ref>Cancer in New Zealand: Trends and Projections</ref>

Other rankings

CO₂ emissions - 50^th highest emissions, at 7.8 tonnes per capita

Electricity Consumption - 48^th highest consumption of electricity, at 37,030,000,000 kWh

Broadband Internet access - 22^nd highest uptake in OECD, at 11.7%

Beer consumption - 16^th highest, at 77.0 litres per capita

Environmental Performance Index - Comprising; Environmental health, air quality, water resources, biodiversity and habitat, productive natural resources, Sustainable energy - 1^st out of 80 countries, at 88.0/100<ref>The Economist. Pocket World in Figures, 2007 Edition. Profile Books Ltd. ISBN 1-86197-825-1</ref>

Global Prosperity Index - 5^th country in overall prosperity <ref name=NBR_satisfied/><ref name=Legatum/>

See also

Modèle:New Zealand topics

References

Further reading

• Carolyn Bain. Lonely Planet New Zealand (2006) 772 pages
• David Bateman, ed. Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia (2005)
• Michael King. The Penguin History of New Zealand (2003)
• Keith Sinclair and Raewyn Dalziel. A History of New Zealand (2000)
• A H McLintock, ed. Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3 vol (1966)
• Philippa Mein Smith. A Concise History of New Zealand (2005)
• New Zealand Official Yearbook (annual)

External links

Modèle:Portal Modèle:Wikimapia

• Modèle:Wikitravel

Modèle:Sisterlinks www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]//www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand] www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]//www.mch.govt.nz/ Ministry for Culture and Heritage] - includes information on flag, anthems and coat of arms www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]//newzealand.govt.nz/ New Zealand Government portal] www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]//digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=new+zealand&search_crit=title&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding New Zealand] www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]//www.metservice.co.nz/ New Zealand weather] www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]//www.nzhistory.net.nz/ NZHistory.net.nz New Zealand history website] www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]//www.stats.govt.nz/ Statistics New Zealand] - Official statistics www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]//www.newzealand.com/ Tourism New Zealand]

Modèle:Realm of New Zealand Modèle:Commonwealth Realms Modèle:Countries and territories of Oceania Modèle:PolynesiaModèle:Link FA

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