Giant Panda

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The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca, "black-and-white cat-foot"; Chinese: 大熊貓, Hanyu Pinyin: Dàxióngmāo) is a mammal classified in the bear family, Ursidae, native to central-western and southwestern China.<ref>Global Species Programme – Giant panda</ref> The panda was previously thought to be a member of the Procyonidae.<ref name="Funk">Modèle:Cite book</ref> It is easily recognized by its large, distinctive black patches around the eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. Though belonging to the order Carnivora, the panda has a diet which is 99% bamboo. Pandas may eat other foods such as honey, eggs, fish and yams.

The Giant Panda is an endangered animal. According to the latest report<ref name="Xinhua1">Number of pandas successfully bred in China down from last year</ref>, China has 239 giant pandas in captivity by Nov 2007, 128 of them in Wolong and 67 in Chengdu, with 27 pandas living outside the country. It also estimated that around 1,590 panda are living in the wild.<ref name="Xinhua1" /> However, a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that there might be as many as 2000-3000 pandas in the wild.<ref name="BBC_06-07">"Hope for future of giant panda", BBC News, 20-06-2006. Retrieved on 14-02-2007.</ref> Though reports show that the numbers of wild pandas are on the rise,<ref>Giant panda gives birth to giant cub</ref><ref>National Geographic</ref> the World Conservation Union (IUCN) believes there is not enough certainty to remove pandas from the endangered animal list. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7087345.stm BBC News 2007-11(Nov)-12. Retrieved on 2007-11(Nov)-12.</ref>

The giant panda is a favorite of the human public, at least partly because many people find that the species has an appealing baby-like cuteness. Also, it is usually depicted reclining peacefully eating bamboo, as opposed to hunting, which adds to its image of innocence. Though giant pandas are often assumed docile because of their cuteness, they have been known to attack humans, presumably out of irritation rather than predatory behavior. Research shows that in cases in which its offspring may be under threat, the panda can and often will react violently^{[citation needed]}.

Sommaire 1 Description 2 Behavior 2.1 Diet 3 Classification 3.1 Subspecies 4 Uses and human interaction 4.1 Panda diplomacy 5 Conservation 6 Reproduction 7 Name 8 Pandas in zoos 8.1 North America 8.1.1 Notable North American-born pandas 8.2 Europe 8.3 Asia 8.4 Australia 9 Pandas on television 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 External links

Description

The Giant Panda has a black-and-white coat. Adults measure around 1.5 m long and around 75 cm tall at the shoulder. Males can weigh up to 115 kg (253 pounds). Females are generally smaller than males, and can occasionally weigh up to 100 kg (220 pounds). Giant Pandas live in mountainous regions, such as Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Tibet. While the Chinese dragon has been historically a national emblem for China, since the latter half of the 20th century the Giant Panda has also become a national emblem for China. Its image appears on a large number of modern Chinese commemorative silver, gold, and platinum coins.

The Giant Panda has a paw, with a "thumb" and five fingers; the "thumb" is actually a modified sesamoid bone, which helps the panda to hold bamboo while eating. Stephen Jay Gould wrote an essay about this, then used the title The Panda's Thumb for a book of essays concerned with evolution, punctuated equilibrium, intelligent design, the Piltdown Man hoax, Down's Syndrome, and the relationship between dinosaurs and birds among others.

It also has a short tail, approximately 15 cm long.

Giant Pandas can usually live to be 20-30 years old in captivity.

Behavior

Until recently, scientists thought giant pandas spent most of their lives alone, with males and females meeting only during the breeding season. Recent studies paint a different picture, in which small groups of pandas share a large territory and sometimes meet outside the breeding season.^{[citation needed]}

Like most subtropical mammals, but unlike most bears, the giant panda does not hibernate.

Diet

Despite its taxonomic classification as a carnivore, the panda has a diet that is primarily herbivorous, which consists almost exclusively of bamboo. However, pandas still have the digestive system of a carnivore and do not have the ability to digest cellulose efficiently, and thus derive little energy and little protein from consumption of bamboo. The average Giant Panda eats as much as 20 to 30 pounds of bamboo shoots a day. Because pandas consume a diet low in nutrition, it is important that they keep their digestive tract full.

As the average temperature of the region has increased^{[citation needed]}, the panda has pushed its habitat to a higher altitude and limited available space. Furthermore, the timber profit gained from harvesting bamboo has destroyed a significant portion of the food supply for the wild panda. Because of all these elements the population of wild pandas decreased by 50 percent from 1973 to 1984 in six areas of China.

Twenty-five species of bamboo are eaten by pandas in the wild, such as Fargesia dracocephala<ref name=chinaflora>«  »</ref> and Fargesia rufa.<ref name=chinaflora2>«  »</ref> Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less.

Because of the synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration of all bamboo within a species, pandas must have at least two different species available in their range to avoid starvation. The panda's round face is an adaptation to its bamboo diet. Their powerful jaw muscles attach from the top of the head to the jaw. Large molars crush and grind fibrous plant material. While primarily herbivorous, the panda still retains decidedly ursine teeth, and will eat meat, fish, and eggs when available. In captivity, zoos typically maintain the pandas' bamboo diet, though some will provide specially formulated biscuits or other dietary supplements.

Classification

For many decades the precise taxonomic classification of the panda was under debate as both the giant panda and the distantly related red panda share characteristics of both bears and raccoons. However, genetic testing suggests that giant pandas are true bears and part of the Ursidae family,^{[citation needed]} though they differentiated early in history from the main ursine stock. The giant panda's closest ursine relative is the Spectacled Bear of South America. Disagreement still remains about whether or not the red panda belongs in Ursidae, the raccoon family Procyonidae, or in its own family, Ailuridae. The giant panda has been referred to as a living fossil.<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/tv/btn/stories/s1947589.htm</ref>

The red panda and the giant panda, although completely different in appearance, share several features. They both live in the same habitat, they both live on a similar bamboo diet and they both share a unique enlarged bone called the pseudo thumb, which allows them to grip the bamboo shoots they eat.

Subspecies

Two subspecies of giant panda have been recognized on the basis of distinct cranial measurements, color patterns, and population genetics (Wan et al., 2005).

• Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca consists of most extant populations of panda. These animals are principally found in Sichuan and display the typical stark black and white contrasting colors.

• Qinling Panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis is restricted to the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi at elevations of 1300–3000 m. The typical black and white pattern of Sichuan Pandas is replaced with a dark brown versus light brown pattern. The skull of A. m. qinlingensis is smaller than its relatives, and it has larger molars.

Uses and human interaction

Unlike many other animals in ancient China, pandas were rarely thought to have medical uses. In the past, pandas were thought to be rare and noble creatures; the mother of Emperor Wen of Han was buried with a panda skull in her vault. Emperor Taizong of Tang is said to have given Japan two pandas and a sheet of panda skin as a sign of goodwill.

The giant panda was first made known to the West in 1869 by the French missionary Armand David, who received a skin from a hunter on 11 March 1869. The first westerner known to have seen a living giant panda is the German zoologist Hugo Weigold, who purchased a cub in 1916. Kermit and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., became the first foreigners to shoot a panda, on an expedition funded by the Field Museum of Natural History in the 1920s. In 1936, Ruth Harkness became the first Westerner to bring back a live giant panda, a cub named Su-Lin<ref> The Panda Lady: Ruth Harkness (Part 1)

. Female explorers  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. </ref> who went to live at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago. These activities were halted in 1937 because of wars; and for the next half of the century, the West knew little of pandas.

Panda diplomacy

Main article: Panda diplomacy

Loans of giant pandas to American and Japanese zoos formed an important part of the diplomacy of the People's Republic of China in the 1970s as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between the PRC and the West. This practice has been termed "Panda Diplomacy".

By the year 1984, however, pandas were no longer used as agents of diplomacy. Instead, China began to offer pandas to other nations only on 10-year loans. The standard loan terms include a fee of up to US$ 1,000,000 per year and a provision that any cubs born during the loan are the property of the People's Republic of China. Since 1998, due to a WWF lawsuit, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service only allows a U.S. zoo to import a panda if the zoo can ensure that China will channel more than half of its loan fee into conservation efforts for wild pandas and their habitat.

In May 2005, the People's Republic of China offered Taiwan (Republic of China) two pandas as a gift. This proposed gift was met by polarized opinions from Taiwan due to complications stemming from cross-strait relations. As of September, 2007, Taiwan has not accepted the offer.<ref> Trial marriages for Taiwan pandas. BBC News. October 13, 2005. Retrieved August 4, 2007.</ref>

Conservation

Giant pandas are an endangered species, threatened by continued habitat loss and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in captivity.

Pandas have been a target for poaching by locals since ancient times, and by foreigners since they were introduced to the West. Starting in the 1930s, foreigners were unable to poach pandas in China because of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, but pandas remained a source of soft furs for the locals. The population boom in China after 1949 created stress on the pandas' habitat, and the subsequent famines led to the increased hunting of wildlife, including pandas. During the Cultural Revolution, all studies and conservation activities on the pandas were stopped. After the Chinese economic reform, demands for panda skins from Hong Kong and Japan led to illegal poaching for the black market, acts generally ignored by the local officials at the time.

Though the Wolong National Nature Reserve was set up by the PRC government in 1958 to save the declining panda population, few advances in the conservation of pandas were made, due to inexperience and insufficient knowledge of ecology. Many believed that the best way to save the pandas was to cage them. As a result, pandas were caged at any sign of decline, and suffered from terrible conditions. Because of pollution and destruction of their natural habitat, along with segregation due to caging, reproduction of wild pandas was severely limited. In the 1990s, however, several laws (including gun controls and the removal of resident humans from the reserves) helped the chances of survival for pandas. With these renewed efforts and improved conservation methods, wild pandas have started to increase in numbers in some areas, even though they still are classified as a rare species.

In 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that analyzes DNA from panda droppings, scientists believe that the wild panda population may be as large as 3,000. Although the species is still endangered, it is thought that the conservation efforts are working. As of 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13 reserves two decades ago.<ref name="BBC_06-07" />

The giant panda is among the world's most adored and protected rare animals, and is one of the few in the world whose natural inhabitant status was able to gain a UNESCO World Heritage Site designation. The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, located in the southwest Sichuan province and covering 7 natural reserves, were inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 2006.<ref>Pandas gain world heritage status BBC News</ref><ref>Panda sanctuaries now World Heritage sites United Press International</ref>

Reproduction

Contrary to popular belief, Giant pandas do not reproduce slowly. Studies have shown that wild pandas reproduce as well as North American brown bears.<ref> Warren , Lynn

     (July, 2006)
   
.    What's black and white and adored all over—and can cost a zoo more than three million dollars a year? 

. Retrieved on 2006-10-16. </ref> A female panda may have 2-3 cubs in a lifetime, on average. Growth is slow and pandas may not reach sexual maturity until five to seven years of age. The mating season usually takes place from mid-March to mid-May. During this time, two to five males can compete for one female; the male with the highest rank gets the female. When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts from behind. Copulation time is short, ranging from thirty seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount repeatedly to ensure successful fertilization.

The whole gestation period ranges from 83 to 163 days, with 135 days being the average. Baby pandas weigh only 90 to 130 grams (3.2 to 4.6 ounces), which is about 1/900 of the mother’s weight. Usually, the female panda gives birth to one or two panda cubs. Since baby pandas are born very small and helpless, they need the mother’s undivided attention, so she is able to care for only one of her cubs. She usually abandons one of her cubs, and it dies soon after birth. At this time, scientists do not know how the female chooses which cub to raise, and this is a topic of ongoing research. The father has no part in helping raise the cub.

When the cub is first born, it is pink, furless and blind. It nurses from its mother's breast 6 to 14 times a day for up to 30 minutes at a time. For three to four hours, the mother may leave the den to feed, which leaves the panda cub defenseless. One to two weeks after birth, the cub's skin turns gray where its hair will eventually become black. A slight pink color may appear on the panda's fur, as a result of a chemical reaction between the fur and its mother's saliva. A month after birth, the color pattern of the cub’s fur is fully developed. A cub's fur is very soft and coarsens with age. The cub begins to crawl at 75 to 90 days; mothers play with their cubs by rolling and wrestling with them. The cubs are able to eat small quantities of bamboo after six months, though mother's milk remains the primary food source for most of the first year. Giant panda cubs weigh 45 kg (99.2 pounds) at one year, and live with their mothers until they are 18 months to two years old. The interval between births in the wild is generally two years.

Breeders and biologists often experience difficulty in inducing captive pandas to mate, threatening their already diminished population. This problem may stem from the captive bears' lack of experience. In an attempt to remedy this, some keepers in China and Thailand have shown their subjects videos containing footage of mating pandas. <ref> Panda porn to cure bedtime blues

 (June 27, 2002)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. </ref> In some cases, the bears have been sufficiently stimulated from the videos to engage in reproductive activity. It is not likely that the animals actually learn mating behaviors from the video; rather, scientists believe that hearing the associated sounds has a stimulating effect on the bears exposed to it.

Name

The name "panda" originates with a Himalayan language, possibly Nepali. As used in the West the name was originally applied to the red panda. Until its relation to the red panda was discovered in 1901, the giant panda was known as Mottled Bear (Ailuropus melanoleucus) or Particolored Bear.

The Chinese language name for the giant panda, 大熊貓, literally translates to "large bear cat," or just "bear cat" (熊貓).

Most bears' eyes have round pupils. The exception is the giant panda, whose pupils are vertical slits like cats' eyes. These unusual eyes, combined with its ability to effortlessly scale trees, are what inspired the Chinese to call the panda the "bear cat."

Pandas in zoos

A 2006 New York Times article [1] outlined the economics of keeping pandas, which costs five times more than that of the next most expensive animal, an elephant. American zoos must pay the Chinese government $1 million a year in fees, as part of a typically ten-year contract. San Diego's contract with China is the first to expire, in 2008. The last contract, in Memphis, ends in 2013.

North America

As of 2007, five major North American zoos have giant pandas:

• San Diego Zoo, San Diego, California - home of Bai Yun (F), Gao Gao (M), Su Lin (F), and a female cub, Zhen Zhen, born August, 2007.
• US National Zoo, Washington, D.C. - home of Mei Xiang (F), Tian Tian (M), and a male cub named Tai Shan

• Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia - home of Lun Lun (F), Yang Yang (M), and a female cub named Mei Lan (F)
• Memphis Zoo, Memphis, Tennessee - home of Ya Ya (F) and Le Le (M)
• Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico City - home of Shuan Shuan, Xin Xin, and Xi Hua, all females

Notable North American-born pandas

• Hua Mei, born 1999 in the San Diego Zoo, returned to China 2004.
• Mei Sheng, born 2003 in the San Diego Zoo, returned to China 2007.
• Tai Shan, born July 9, 2005 at the National Zoo in Washington.<ref>Lumpkin & Seidensticker 114</ref>
• Su Lin, born August 2, 2005 at the San Diego Zoo.
• Mei Lan, born September 6, 2006 at Zoo Atlanta.
• Zhen Zhen, born August 3, 2007 at the San Diego Zoo.<ref>http://www.sandiegozoo.org/news/panda_news.html</ref>

Europe

Three zoos in Europe show giant pandas:

• Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin, Germany — home of Bao Bao, age 27, the oldest male panda living in captivity; he has been in Berlin for 25 years and has never reproduced.
• Tiergarten Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria — home to Yang Yang (F) and Long Hui (M), born in Wolong, China in 2000, and their new cub, Fu Long (M), born on August 23, 2007 at the zoo.<ref> Oleksyn , Veronika

  . 
 "
   Panda gives surprise birth in Austria 
     
 " , AP via Yahoo! News
  , 2007-08-23
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-08-24
 . </ref> The cub was the first to be born in Europe in 25 years.

• Zoo Aquarium, Madrid, Spain -- home of Bing Xing (M) and Hua Zuiba (F). Arrived in Madrid on September 8, 2007.

London, Moscow and Paris no longer have pandas.

Asia

• Chengdu Research base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan, China - Home to a number of captive giant pandas, including 2-year old Xiong Bang (M), who just arrived from Japan.<ref>[2] Japan-born cub returns to ancestral home</ref> Twelve cubs were born here in 2006.<ref name=CubBirths>Panda news from China.org.cn</ref>
• Wolong Giant Panda Protection and Research Center, Sichuan, China - Seventeen cubs were born here in 2006.<ref name=CubBirths />
• Chiang Mai Zoo, Chiang Mai, Thailand - home to Chuang Chuang (M) and Lin Hui (F). Much to the joy of the public, the two have recently been observed mating and it is hoped that cubs will be produced from the union.
• Ocean Park, Hong Kong - home to Jia Jia (F) and An An (M) since 1999. Two further pandas named Le Le and Ying Ying are added to Ocean Park on April 26, 2007.<ref> Pomfret , James

  . 
 "
   HK "handover" pandas arrive to high breeding hopes 
     
 " , Scientific American
  , 2007-04-26
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-04-26
 . </ref>

Pandas in Japan have double names: a Japanese name and a Chinese name. Three zoos in Japan show giant pandas:

• Ueno Zoo, Tokyo - home of Ling Ling (M), he is the only panda with "Japanese citizenship".
• Oji Zoo, Kobe, Hyōgo - home of Kou Kou (M), Tan Tan (F)
• Adventure World, Shirahama, Wakayama - Ei Mei (M), Mei Mei (F), Rau Hin (F), Ryu Hin and Syu Hin (male twins), and Kou Hin (M). Yu Hin (M) went to China in 2004. In December 2006, twin cubs were born to Ei Mei and Mei Mei.

Australia

• Adelaide Zoo, Adelaide - future home to Wangwang (M) and Funi (F). Will arrive in 2009.

Pandas on television

The first sequences of pandas in the wild were shot by Franz Camenzind for ABC in about 1982. They were bought by BBC Natural History Unit for their weekly magazine show Nature.

Recently NHNZ has featured pandas in two documentaries. Panda Nursery (2006) featured China’s Wolong Nature Reserve in the mountains in Sichuan Province, forty giant pandas and a dedicated team of staff play a crucial role in ensuring the survival of the species. As part of the Reserve’s panda breeding programme, a revolutionary new method of rearing twin cubs called ‘swap-raising’ has been developed. Each cub is raised by both its natural mother and one of the Reserve’s veterinarians, Wei Rongping, to increase the chances of both cubs surviving. Growing Up: Giant Panda (2003) featured Chengdu Giant Panda Center in south-west China as one of the best in the world. But with female pandas' short fertility cycles and low birth rates, raising the captive panda population is an uphill battle.

In Hong Kong, there is now a Panda Channel on Now Broadband TV for citizens in Hong Kong to watch the four giant pandas in Ocean Park Hong Kong directly through their broadband TV decoders. An Internet live is also available on the Panda Channel Website for people worldwide to watch the giant pandas through four cameras individually.

The panda Chow-Ling made an appearance in the movie Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy.

See also

• Pygmy Giant Panda
• Qinling Panda
• Red Panda

Footnotes

References

• Modèle:IUCN2006 (Listed as Endangered [EN B1+2c, C2a v2.3]).
• AFP (via Discovery Channel) (2006, June 20). Panda Numbers Exceed Expectations.
• Associated Press (via CNN) (2006). Article link.
• Catton, Chris (1990). Pandas. Christopher Helm.
• Friends of the National Zoo (2006). Panda Cam: A Nation Watches Tai Shan the Panda Cub Grow. New York: Fireside Books.
• Goodman, Brenda (2006, February 12). Pandas Eat Up Much of Zoos' Budgets. The New York Times.
• Modèle:Cite book
• Panda Facts At a Glance (N.d.). www.wwfchina.org. WWF China.
• Ryder, Joanne (2001). Little panda: The World Welcomes Hua Mei at the San Diego Zoo. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Schaller, George B. (1993). The Last Panda. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.
• Wan, Q.-H., H. Wu, and S.-G. Fang (2005). "A New Subspecies of Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) from Shaanxi, China. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 397–402.
• Warren, Lynne (2006, July). "Panda, Inc." National Geographic. (About Mei Xiang, Tai Shan and the Wolong Panda Research Facility in Chengdu China).

External links

Modèle:Wikispecies

• GLOBIO's Glossopedia; Giant Panda - Children's science and nature encyclopedia
• Panda Pioneer: the release of the first captive-bred panda 'Xiang Xiang' in 2006
• WWF - environmental conservation organization

• Giant Panda Species Survival Plan
• Pandas International - panda conservation group
• Smithsonian National Zoo Live Panda Cams - (Baby Panda Tai Shan and his mother Mei Xiang)
• Photos of Giant Pandas in Beijing Zoo
• Information from Animal Diversity
• A selection of the best panda videos available online
• Wolong Panda Club
• Watch Pandas live online
• NPR News 2007/08/20 - Panda Romance Stems From BambooModèle:Link FA

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