Pearl Jam

Un article de Vev.

Modèle:Otheruses4 Modèle:Infobox musical artist

Pearl Jam is an American rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1990. The band's original line-up consisted of Eddie Vedder (lead vocals), Jeff Ament (bass), Stone Gossard (rhythm guitar), Mike McCready (lead guitar), and Dave Krusen (drums). The band's current drummer is Matt Cameron, formerly of Soundgarden, who has been with the band since 1998.

Formed after the demise of Ament and Gossard's previous band Mother Love Bone, Pearl Jam broke into the mainstream with its debut album Ten. One of the key bands of the grunge movement in the early 1990s, Pearl Jam was nevertheless criticized early on as being a corporate cash-in on the alternative rock explosion. However, its members became noted for their refusal to adhere to traditional music industry practices as their career progressed, including refusing to make music videos and engaging in a much-publicized boycott of Ticketmaster. Rolling Stone described the band as having "spent much of the past decade deliberately tearing apart their own fame."<ref name="secondcoming">Modèle:Citeweb</ref>

Since its inception, the band has sold 30 million records in the U.S.,<ref> Top Artists

. RIAA

 

. Retrieved on 2007-07-15. </ref> and an estimated 60 million albums worldwide.<ref> Steuer, Eric

     (2006-05-19)
   
.    Pearl Jam Releases Its First Music Video In Eight Years Under a Creative Commons License 
. CreativeCommons.com

. Retrieved on 2007-07-15. </ref><ref> Lampert, Eva

     (2006-03-02)
   
.    Self-Titled Pearl Jam Album Gets Release Date 
. ChartAttack.com 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-08-16. </ref> Pearl Jam has outlasted many of its contemporaries from the alternative rock breakthrough of the early 1990s, and is considered one of the most influential bands of the decade,<ref>Modèle:Citeweb</ref> and "the most popular American rock band of the 1990s".<ref name="Erlewine"> Erlewine , Stephen Thomas

.    Pearl Jam > Biography 
. All Music Guide

. Retrieved on 2007-06-22. </ref> Pearl Jam continues to generate hit albums, tour successfully, and garner critical acclaim into the 21st century.

History

Formation: 1984–1990

Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament were members of pioneering grunge band Green River during the mid-1980s. Green River toured and recorded to moderate success but disbanded in 1987 due to a stylistic division between the pair and bandmates Mark Arm and Steve Turner.<ref>Azerrad, Michael. Our Band Could Be Your Life. Little Brown and Company, 2001. ISBN 0-316-78753-1, pg. 422</ref> In late 1987, Gossard and Ament began playing with Malfunkshun vocalist Andrew Wood, eventually organizing the band Mother Love Bone. In 1988 and 1989, the band recorded and toured to increasing interest and found the support of the PolyGram record label, which signed the band in early 1989. Their debut album, Apple was released in July 1990, four months after Wood died of a heroin overdose.<ref>Modèle:Citeweb</ref>

Ament and Gossard were devastated by the death of Wood and the resulting demise of Mother Love Bone. Gossard spent his time afterwards writing material that was harder-edged than what he had been doing previously.<ref name="crowe"> Crowe , Cameron

     (1993-10-28)
   
.    Five Against the World 
. Rolling Stone

. Retrieved on 2007-06-23. </ref> After a few months, Gossard started practicing with fellow Seattle guitarist Mike McCready, whose band Shadow had broken up; McCready in turn encouraged Gossard to reconnect with Ament.<ref name="secondcoming" /> After practicing for a while, the trio sent out a five-song demo tape in order to find a singer and a drummer. They gave former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons the demo to see if he would be interested in joining the band and to distribute the demo to anyone he felt might fit the lead vocal position.<ref name="crowe" />

Irons passed on the invitation but gave the demo to his basketball buddy, San Diego singer Eddie Vedder.<ref>Wall, Mick. "Alive". Nirvana and the Story of Grunge. Q p. 95</ref> Vedder was the lead vocalist for a San Diego band, Bad Radio, and worked part time at a gas station. He listened to the tape shortly before going surfing, where lyrics came to him.<ref name="crowe" /> There he recorded the vocals to three of the songs ("Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps") in what Vedder would later describe as a "mini-opera".<ref> Clay , Jennifer

       (December 1991)
       
   
 
.    Life After Love Bone 
. RIP Magazine

. Retrieved on 2007-06-23. </ref> He sent the tape with his vocals back to the three Seattle musicians, who were so impressed that they had Vedder fly to Seattle. Within a week, Vedder had joined the band.<ref name="crowe" />

With the addition of Dave Krusen on drums, the band took the name Mookie Blaylock, in reference to the then-active All-Star basketball player. The band played their first official show at the Off Ramp club in Seattle on October 22, 1990,<ref name="timeline"> Pearl Jam: Timeline

. Pearljam.com  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-27. </ref> and soon signed to Epic Records. However, concerns about trademark issues necessitated a name change; the band's name became "Pearl Jam".<ref name="Erlewine" />

In an early promotional interview Vedder claimed that the name "Pearl Jam" was a reference to his great-grandmother Pearl, who was married to a Native American and had a special recipe for peyote-laced jam.<ref name="rhrn">Neely, Kim. "Right Here, Right Now". Rolling Stone. October 31, 1991.</ref> Another theory put forward in Kim Neely's band history Five Against One holds that one of the band members really wanted "pearl" in the new name, and jamming is a common activity done by musicians.<ref>Neely, Kim. Five Against One. Diane Publishing Company, 1999. ISBN 0-7567-7409-8</ref> In a 2006 Rolling Stone cover story Ament and McCready admitted that Ament came up with "Pearl", and that "Jam" was added after the band saw Neil Young live.<ref name="secondcoming" />

Ten and the grunge explosion: 1991–1992

Pearl Jam entered Seattle's London Bridge Studios in March 1991 to record its debut album Ten.<ref name="blackdays">Pearlman, Nina. "Black Days". Guitar World. December 2002.</ref> Krusen left the band in May 1991 after checking himself into rehabilitation;<ref>Greene, Jo-Ann. "Pearl Jam and the Secret History of Seattle Part 2." Goldmine. August 1993</ref> he was replaced by Matt Chamberlain, who had previously played with Edie Brickell & New Bohemians. After playing only a handful of shows, one of which was filmed for the "Alive" video, Chamberlain left to join the Saturday Night Live band.<ref> Peiken, Matt

     (1993-12)
   
.    Dave Abbruzzese of Pearl Jam 
. Modern Drummer 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref> Chamberlain suggested Dave Abbruzzese as his replacement. Abbruzzese joined the group and played the rest of Pearl Jam's live shows supporting the Ten album.

Released on August 27, 1991, Ten (named after Mookie Blaylock's jersey number)<ref name="rhrn" /> contained eleven tracks dealing with dark subjects like depression, suicide, loneliness, and murder. Ten's musical style, influenced by classic rock, combined an "expansive harmonic vocabulary" with an anthemic sound.<ref> Huey, Steve

.    Ten > Review 
. All Music Guide 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-03. </ref> The album was slow to sell, but by the second half of 1992 it became a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching #2 on the Billboard charts.<ref name="blackdays" /> Ten produced the hit singles "Even Flow", "Alive", and "Jeremy". Originally interpreted as an anthem by many,<ref name="crowe" /> Vedder later revealed that "Alive" tells the semi-biographical tale of a son discovering that his father is actually his step-father, while his mother’s grief turns her to sexually embrace her son, who strongly resembles the biological father.<ref name="crowe" /> The song "Jeremy" (Modèle:Audio) and its accompanying video were inspired by a true story in which a high school student shot himself in front of his classmates.<ref> Miller, Bobbi

     (1991-01-08)
   
.    Richardson Teen-ager Kills Himself in Front of Classmates 
. The Dallas Morning News 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-27. </ref> Ten stayed on the Billboard charts for more than two years, and has gone on to become one of the biggest-selling rock records ever, going twelve times platinum.

With the success of Ten, Pearl Jam became a key member of the Seattle grunge explosion, along with Nirvana, Alice in Chains, and Soundgarden. The band was criticized in the music press; British music magazine NME said that Pearl Jam was "trying to steal money from young alternative kids' pockets".<ref>Gilbert, Jeff. "New Power Generation". Guitar World: Nirvana and the Seattle Sound. 1993.</ref> Nirvana's Kurt Cobain angrily attacked Pearl Jam, claiming the band were commercial sellouts,<ref>Al & Cake. "An interview with...Kurt Cobain". Flipside. May/June 1992.</ref> and argued Ten was not a true alternative album because it had so many prominent guitar leads.<ref name="blackdays" /> Cobain later reconciled with Vedder, and they reportedly became friends before Cobain's death in 1994.<ref name="secondcoming"/> Pearl Jam toured relentlessly in support of Ten.

In 1992, Pearl Jam made television appearances on Saturday Night Live and MTV Unplugged and took a slot on that summer's Lollapalooza tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Soundgarden, and Ministry, among others. The band contributed two songs to the soundtrack of the 1992 Cameron Crowe film Singles: "State of Love and Trust" and "Breath". Ament, Gossard and Vedder appeared in Singles under the name "Citizen Dick"; their parts were filmed when Pearl Jam was known as Mookie Blaylock.

Dealing with success: 1993–1995

The band members grew uncomfortable with their success, with much of the burden of Pearl Jam's popularity falling on frontman Vedder.<ref name="crowe" /> While Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its video for "Jeremy", including Video of the Year and Best Group Video, the band refused to make a video for "Black" in spite of pressure by the label. This action began a trend of the band refusing to make videos for its songs. "Ten years from now," Ament said, "I don't want people to remember our songs as videos."<ref name="crowe" />

Released on October 19, 1993, Pearl Jam's second album Vs. sold a record 950,378 copies in its first week of release and outperformed all other entries in the Billboard top ten that week combined.<ref> Pearl's Jam

. Entertainment Weekly 
 
 (1993-11-19)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. </ref> Vs. included the singles "Daughter", "Dissident", "Go", and "Animal". The band decided, beginning with the release of Vs., to scale back its commercial efforts.<ref>Ashare, Matt. "The Sweet Smell of (Moderate) Success". CMJ. July 2000.</ref> The members declined to produce any more music videos after the massive success of "Jeremy" and opted to give fewer interviews and make fewer television appearances. Industry insiders compared Pearl Jam's tour that year to the touring habits of Led Zeppelin, in that the band "ignored the press and took its music directly to the fans."<ref>DeRogatis, Jim. Milk It!: Collected Musings on the Alternative Music Explosion of the 90's. Cambridge: Da Capo, 2003. ISBN 0-306-81271-1, pg. 58</ref> During the Vs. tour, the band set a cap on ticket prices in an attempt to thwart scalpers.<ref>DeRogatis, pg. 59</ref>

By 1994, Pearl Jam was "fighting on all fronts", as its manager described the band at the time.<ref>DeRogatis, pg. 60</ref> Pearl Jam was outraged when, after it played a pair of shows in Chicago, it discovered that ticket vendor Ticketmaster had added a service charge to the tickets. The United States Department of Justice was investigating the company's practices at the time and asked the band to create a memorandum of its experiences with the company. Gossard and Ament soon testified at a subcommittee investigation in Washington, D.C.<ref>Wall, Mick. "Alive". Nirvana and the Story of Grunge. Q p. 99</ref> The band eventually canceled its 1994 summer tour in protest.<ref> Gordinier, Jeff

     (1994-10-28)
   
.    The Brawls in Their Courts 
. Entertainment Weekly 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. </ref> After the Justice Department dropped the case, Pearl Jam continued to boycott Ticketmaster, refusing to play venues that had contracts with the company.<ref>DeRogatis, pg. 64–65</ref> Music critic Jim DeRogatis noted that along with the Ticketmaster debacle, "the band has refused to release singles or make videos; it has demanded that its albums be released on vinyl; and it wants to be more like its '60s heroes, The Who, releasing two or three albums a year." He also stated that sources said that most of the band's third album Vitalogy was completed by early 1994, but that either a forced delay by Epic or that the battle with Ticketmaster were to blame for the delay.<ref>DeRogatis, pg. 60</ref>

After Pearl Jam finished the recording of Vitalogy, drummer Dave Abbruzzese was fired. The band cited political differences between Abbruzzese and the other members; for example, Abbruzzese disagreed with the Ticketmaster boycott.<ref name="tenpast" /> He was finally replaced by Jack Irons, a close friend of Vedder and the former and original drummer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. Irons made his debut with the band at Neil Young's 1994 Bridge School Benefit, but he was not officially announced as the band's new drummer until its 1995 Self-Pollution satellite radio broadcast.

Vitalogy was released first on November 22, 1994 on vinyl and then two weeks later on December 6, 1994 on CD and cassette. The CD became the second-fastest-selling in history, with more than 877,000 units sold in its first week.<ref name="timeline"/> Many of the songs on the album appear to be based around the pressures of fame.<ref>Weisel, Al. "Pearl Jam: Vitalogy". Rolling Stone. December 15, 1994. p. 91–92.</ref> The song "Spin the Black Circle", a homage to vinyl records, won a Grammy Award in 1996 for Best Hard Rock Performance. Vitalogy also included the songs "Not for You", "Corduroy", "Immortality", and "Better Man". "Better Man" (Modèle:Audio-nohelp), a song originally penned and performed by Vedder while in Bad Radio, reached #1 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart, spending a total of eight weeks there. Considered a "blatantly great pop song" by producer Brendan O'Brien, Pearl Jam was reluctant to record it and had initially rejected it from Vs. due to its accessibility.<ref name="tenpast">Weisbard, Eric, et al. "Ten Past Ten". Spin Online. August 2001.</ref>

The band continued its boycott against Ticketmaster during its 1995 tour for Vitalogy, but was surprised that virtually no other bands joined it in refusing to play at Ticketmaster venues.<ref>DeRogatis, pg. 64</ref> Pearl Jam's initiative to play only at non-Ticketmaster venues effectively, with a few exceptions, prevented it from playing shows in the United States for the next three years.<ref>DeRogatis, pg. 65</ref> In the same year Pearl Jam backed Neil Young, whom the band had noted as an influence, on his album Mirror Ball. Contractual obligations prevented the use of the band's name anywhere on the album, but the members were all credited individually in the album's liner notes.<ref name="Erlewine"/> Two songs from the sessions were left off Mirror Ball: "I Got Id" and "Long Road". These two tracks were released separately by Pearl Jam in the form of the EP Merkin Ball.

No Code and Yield: 1996–1999

Released on August 27, 1996, No Code was seen as a deliberate break from the band's sound since Ten,<ref> Pareles, Jon

     (1996-07-25)
   
.    Pearl Jam Is Tired of the Pearl Jam Sound 
. The New York Times 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-27. </ref> favoring experimental ballads and noisy garage rockers. Although the album debuted at #1, it quickly fell down the charts. No Code included the singles "Hail, Hail", "Who You Are" (Modèle:Audio), and "Off He Goes". It stood out with its emphasis on subtle harmony ("Off He Goes"), Eastern influences ("Who You Are"), and spoken word ("I'm Open"). As with Vitalogy, very little touring was done to promote No Code because of the band's refusal to play in Ticketmaster's venue areas. A European tour followed in the fall of 1996.

On February 3, 1998, Pearl Jam released its fifth album, Yield. The album was cited as a return to the band's early, straightforward rock sound,<ref> Erlewine, Stephen Thomas

.    Yield > Review 
. All Music Guide 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref> but it became the band's first album not to peak at #1 on the Billboard charts since Ten in 1991. Yield debuted at #2, but like No Code soon began dropping down the charts.<ref> The Billboard 200 - Yield

. Billboard.com  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref> It included the singles "Given to Fly" and "Wishlist". The band hired comic book artist Todd McFarlane to create an animated video for the song "Do the Evolution" from the album, its first music video since 1992. A documentary detailing the making of Yield, Single Video Theory, was released on DVD later that year.

In June 1998, Pearl Jam once again changed drummers. Jack Irons left the band due to dissatisfaction with touring and was replaced with former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron on an initially temporary basis,<ref> Fischer, Blair R

     (1998-04-17)
   
.    Off He Goes 
. Rolling Stone 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. </ref> but he soon became a permanent replacement for Irons. Pearl Jam's 1998 Yield Tour of North America marked the band’s return to full-scale touring. The band's anti-trust lawsuit against Ticketmaster had proven to be unsuccessful and hindered live tours. Many fans had complained about the difficulty in obtaining tickets and the use of non-Ticketmaster venues, which were judged to be out-of-the-way and impersonal. For this tour and future tours, Pearl Jam once again began using Ticketmaster in order to "better accommodate concertgoers."<ref> Symonds, Jeff

     (1998-02-14)
   
.    Pearl Jam Yields to Ticketmaster 
. E! Online 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-27. </ref> The 1998 summer tour was a tremendous success,<ref>Hinckley, David. "Vedder's Not Finished". New York Daily News. August 10, 1999.</ref> and after it was completed the band released Live on Two Legs, a live album which featured select performances from the tour.

In 1998, Pearl Jam recorded "Last Kiss", a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers. It was recorded during a soundcheck and released on the band's 1998 fan club single. The following year, the cover was put into heavy rotation across the country. By popular demand, the cover was released to the general public as a single in 1999, with all of the proceeds going to the aid of refugees of the Kosovo War.<ref name="timeline"/> The band also decided to include the song on a charity compilation album, No Boundaries: A Benefit for the Kosovar Refugees. "Last Kiss" peaked at #2 on the Billboard charts and became the band's most successful single to date.

Binaural and the Roskilde tragedy: 2000–2001

On May 16, 2000 Pearl Jam released its sixth studio album, Binaural. It was drummer Matt Cameron's recording debut with the band. The title is a reference to the binaural recording techniques that were utilized on several tracks by producer Tchad Blake, known for his use of the technique.<ref> Stout, Gene

     (2000-05-16)
   
.    Pearl Jam's 'Binaural' ear-marked by unusual sound mixing 
. Seattle Post-Intelligencer 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. </ref> Binaural was the first album since the band's debut not produced by Brendan O'Brien, although O'Brien was called in later to remix several tracks. Binaural included the singles "Nothing As It Seems" (Modèle:Audio), one of the songs featuring binaural recording, and "Light Years". The album sold just over 700,000 copies and became the first Pearl Jam studio album to fail to reach platinum status.

Pearl Jam decided to record every show on its 2000 Binaural Tour professionally, after noting the desire of fans to own a copy of the shows they attended and the popularity of illegal bootleg recordings. The band had been open in the past about allowing fans to make amateur recordings,<ref> Taping/Camera Policy Guidelines

. Sonymusic.com 
 
 (2006-05-27)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. </ref> and these "official bootlegs" were an attempt to provide a more affordable and better quality product for fans.<ref> Gundersen, Edna

     (2000-08-31)
   
.    Pearl Jam's Bootlegs Give Others the Boot 
. USA Today 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. </ref> The band originally intended to release them to only fan club members, but their record contract prevented them from doing so. Pearl Jam released all of the albums in record stores as well as through its fan club. It released 72 live albums in 2000 and 2001, and set a record for most albums to debut in the Billboard Top 200 at the same time.<ref> Davis, Darren

     (2001-03-07)
   
.    Pearl Jam Breaks Its Own Chart Record 
. Yahoo! Music 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. </ref>

Pearl Jam's 2000 European tour ended in tragedy on June 30, with an accident at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark. Nine fans were crushed underfoot and suffocated to death as the crowd rushed to the front. The band stopped playing and tried to calm the crowd when the musicians realized what was happening, but it was already too late. The two remaining dates of the tour were cancelled, and the band seriously considered retiring after this event.<ref> Stout, Gene

     (2000-09-01)
   
.    Pearl Jam's darkest hour: Seattle band thought about quitting after concert deaths 
. Seattle Post-Intelligencer 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. </ref> Pearl Jam was initially blamed for the accident, but the band was later cleared of responsibility.<ref> Pearl Jam Rumor Pit

     (2000-08-02)
   
.    Pearl Jam Releases Full Text of Letter Written By Roskilde Police Department Commissioner Kornerup 
. SonyMusic.com 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. </ref>

A month after the European tour concluded, the band embarked on its two-leg 2000 North American tour. On October 22, the band played the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, celebrating the tenth anniversary of its first live performance as a band. Eddie Vedder took the opportunity to thank the many people who had helped the band come together and make it to ten years. He noted that "I would never do this accepting a Grammy or something."<ref> Pearl Jam: 2000 Concert Chronology Part 3"

. Fivehorizons.com  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref> The song "Alive" was purposely omitted from all shows on this tour until the final night in Seattle. The band performed that night for over three hours, playing most of its hits along with covers such as "The Kids Are Alright" and "Baba O'Riley" by The Who. After concluding the Binaural Tour, the band released Touring Band 2000 the following year. The DVD featured select performances from the North American legs of the tour.

Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, Eddie Vedder and Mike McCready joined Neil Young to perform the song "Long Road" from the Merkin Ball EP at the America: A Tribute to Heroes benefit concert. The concert, which aired on September 21, 2001, raised money for the victims and their families.

Riot Act: 2002–2005

Pearl Jam released its seventh album, Riot Act on November 12, 2002. It included the singles "I Am Mine" and "Save You". The album only sold 500,000 copies in total, fewer than Vitalogy and Vs. sold in their first weeks. The album featured a much more folk-based and experimental sound, evident in the presence of B3 organist Boom Gaspar on songs such as "Love Boat Captain". The track entitled "Arc" was recorded as a vocal tribute to the nine people who died at the Roskilde Festival in June 2000. Vedder only performed this song nine times on the 2003 tour, and the band left the track off all released bootlegs.<ref> Pearl Jam: 2003 Concert Chronology Part 3

. Fivehorizons.com  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref>

In 2003, the band embarked on its Riot Act Tour, which included tours of Australia and North America. The band continued its official bootleg program, making every concert from the tour available in CD form through its website. A total of six bootlegs were made available in record stores: Perth, Tokyo, State College, Pennsylvania, two shows from Madison Square Garden, and Mansfield, Massachusetts. At many shows during the 2003 North American tour, Vedder performed Riot Act's "Bu$hleaguer", a commentary on President George W. Bush, with a rubber mask of Bush, wearing it at the beginning of the song and then typically hanging it on a mike stand to allow him to sing. The band made news when it was reported that several fans left after Vedder had "impaled" the Bush mask on his mike stand at the band's Denver show.<ref> Pearl Jam Bush Stunt Angers Fans

. BBC News 
 
 (2003-04-04)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref>

In June 2003, Pearl Jam announced it was officially leaving Epic Records following the end of its contract with the label. The band stated it had "no interest" in signing with another label.<ref> Olsen, Eric

     (2003-06-05)
   
.    The music biz in a Pearl Jam 
. MSNBC.com 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-02. </ref> The band's first release without a label was the single for "Man of the Hour", in partnership with Amazon.com.<ref> Pearl Jam Joins Amazon.com's Advantage Program to Sell Music Directly to Fans

. Amazon.com 
 
 (2003-12-17)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-02. </ref> Director Tim Burton approached Pearl Jam to request an original song for the soundtrack of his new film, Big Fish. After screening an early print of the film, Pearl Jam recorded the song "Man of the Hour" for Burton. "Man of the Hour", which was later nominated for a Golden Globe award, can be heard in the closing credits of Big Fish.

The band released Lost Dogs, a two-disc collection of rarities and B-sides, and Live at the Garden, a DVD featuring the band's July 8 2003 concert at Madison Square Garden through Epic Records in November 2003. In 2004, Pearl Jam released the live album Live at Benaroya Hall through a one-album deal with BMG.<ref> Missio, David

     (2004-06-14)
   
.    Pearl Jam Plug An Acoustic Set Into Your Stereo 
. ChartAttack.com 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-02. </ref> 2004 marked the first time that Pearl Jam licensed a song for usage in a television show; a snippet of the song "Yellow Ledbetter" was used in the final episode of the television series Friends.<ref> Cohen, Jonathan

     (2004-05-11)
   
.    Pearl Jam helps bid adieu to ‘Friends’ 
. MSNBC.com 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-05. </ref> Later that year, Epic released Rearviewmirror, a Pearl Jam greatest hits collection spanning 1991 to 2003. This release marked the end of Pearl Jam's contractual agreement with Epic Records.

Pearl Jam played a show at Easy Street Records in Seattle in April 2005; recordings from the show were compiled for the Live at Easy Street album and released exclusively to independent record stores in June 2006. The band embarked on a Canadian cross-country tour in September 2005, kicking off the tour with a fundraising concert in Missoula, Montana for Democratic politician Jon Tester, then playing the Gorge Amphitheater before crossing into Canada. After touring Canada, Pearl Jam proceeded to open a Rolling Stones concert in Pittsburgh, then played two shows at the Borgata casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, before closing the tour with a concert in Philadelphia. The official bootlegs for the band's 2005 shows were distributed via Pearl Jam's website in MP3 form. Pearl Jam also played a benefit concert to raise money for Hurricane Katrina relief on October 5, 2005, at the House of Blues in Chicago, Illinois. On November 22 2005 Pearl Jam began its first Latin American tour.<ref> Reuters

     (2005-12-04)
   
.    Rock veterans Pearl Jam rock Brazil 
. Yahoo! News 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-02. </ref>

Move to J Records: 2006–present

Clive Davis announced in February 2006 that Pearl Jam had signed with his label, J Records, which like Epic, is part of the Sony BMG group.<ref> Showbiz Tonight

. CNN 
 
 (2006-02-09)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. </ref> The band's eighth studio album, Pearl Jam, was released on May 2, 2006. A number of critics cited Pearl Jam as a return to the band's early sound,<ref name="PearlJamreview"> Erlewine, Stephen Thomas

.    Pearl Jam > Review 
. All Music Guide 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. </ref><ref name="Easley"> Easley, Jonathan

.    Pearl Jam 
. Prefix Magazine 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref> with Mike McCready having compared the new material to Vs. in a 2005 interview.<ref> McCready, Mike

     (2005-04-06)
   
.    Mike McCready on Andy Savage in the Morning on 96.5 K-ROCK 
. 96.5 K-ROCK, Seattle, Washington 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref> "World Wide Suicide", a song criticizing the Iraq War and U.S. foreign policy, was released as a single and topped the Billboard Modern Rock chart; it was Pearl Jam's first #1 on that chart since "Who You Are" in 1996.

To support Pearl Jam, the band embarked on its 2006 world tour. It toured North America, Australia and notably Europe; Pearl Jam had not toured the continent for six years. The band served as the headliners for the Leeds and Reading festivals, despite having vowed to never play at a festival again after Roskilde. Vedder started both concerts with an emotional plea to the crowd to look after each other. He commented during the Leeds set that the band's decision to play a festival for the first time after Roskilde had nothing to do with "guts" but with trust in the audience.<ref> Simpson, Dave.

     (2006-08-28)
   
.    Leeds Festival 
. The Guardian 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref>

In 2007, Pearl Jam recorded a cover of The Who's "Love, Reign o'er Me" for the Mike Binder film, Reign Over Me; it was later made available as a music download on the iTunes Music Store.<ref name="billboardbits"> Cohen, Jonathan

     (2006-12-12)
   
.    Billboard Bits: Pearl Jam, Mariah Carey, Trick Pony 
. Billboard.com 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref> The band embarked on a 13-date European tour, and headlined Lollapalooza in Grant Park, on August 5 2007.<ref> Pearl Jam To Headline Lollapalooza

. Pearljam.com 
 
 (2007-04-02)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref> The band released a CD box set in June 2007, entitled Live at the Gorge 05/06, that documents its shows at The Gorge Amphitheatre,<ref> Pre-order "Live at the Gorge 05/06

. Pearljam.com 
 
 (2007-05-01)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref> and in September 2007 a concert DVD, entitled Immagine In Cornice, which documents the band's Italian shows from their 2006 tour was released.<ref> PJ To Release Italy DVD September 25

. Pearljam.com  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. </ref>

Pearl Jam has "no set date" for returning to the studio. Since December 2006, band members have been demoing material on their own while remaining in contact via email. In an interview with Billboard.com in April 2007, McCready stated he had presented some ideas to Stone Gossard and Matt Cameron in separate sessions; he said "When we get it all together, we'll decide to do a record," adding, "That may be a year from now or half-a-year from now."<ref> Cohen, Jonathan.

     (2007-04-05)
   
.    With No Album On Horizon, Pearl Jam Touring For Fun 
. Billboard.com 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. </ref>

Musical style

Modèle:Sound sample box align right Modèle:ListenModèle:Sample box end Compared with the other grunge bands of the early 1990s, Pearl Jam’s style is noticeably less heavy and harkens back to the classic rock music of the 1970s.<ref>Modèle:Citeweb</ref> Pearl Jam has cited many punk rock and classic rock bands as influences, including The Who, Neil Young, and the Ramones.<ref> Kerr, Dave.

       (05 2006)
       
   
 
.    Explore and not Explode 
. The Skinny 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. </ref> Pearl Jam’s success has been attributed to its sound, which fuses "the riff-heavy stadium rock of the '70s with the grit and anger of '80s post-punk, without ever neglecting hooks and choruses."<ref name="Erlewine" />

Pearl Jam has broadened its musical range with subsequent releases. By 1994’s Vitalogy, the band began to incorporate more punk influences into their music.<ref> Jon Pareles

     (1994-12-04)
   
.    RECORDINGS VIEW; Pearl Jam Gives Voice To Sisyphus 
. The New York Times 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. </ref> The band’s 1996 album, No Code, was a deliberate break from the musical style of Ten. The songs on the album featured elements of garage rock, worldbeat, and experimentalism.<ref name="Erlewine"/> After 1998’s Yield, which was somewhat of a return to the straight-ahead rock approach of the band's early work, the band dabbled with experimental art rock on 2000’s Binaural and folk rock elements on 2002’s Riot Act. The band’s latest album, 2006’s Pearl Jam, was cited as a return to the band’s early sound.<ref name="PearlJamreview"/><ref name="Easley"/>

Critic Jim DeRogatis describes Vedder's vocals as a "Jim Morrison-like vocal growl."<ref>DeRogatis, pg. 57</ref> Vedder's lyrical topics range from personal ("Alive", "Better Man") to social and political concerns ("Even Flow", "World Wide Suicide"). When the band started, Gossard and McCready were clearly designated as rhythm and lead guitarists, respectively. The dynamic began to change when Vedder started to play more rhythm guitar during the Vitalogy era. McCready said in 2006, "Even though there are three guitars, I think there's maybe more room now. Stone will pull back and play a two-note line and Ed will do a power chord thing, and I fit into all that."<ref>Cross, Charles R. "Better Man". Guitar World Presents: Guitar Legends: Pearl Jam. July 2006.</ref>

Legacy

While Nirvana had brought grunge to the mainstream in the early 1990s, Pearl Jam quickly outsold them and became not only the most popular alternative rock band, but the most popular American rock band of the decade.<ref name="Erlewine" /> Pearl Jam has been described as "modern rock radio's most influential stylists – the workmanlike midtempo chug of songs like "Alive" and "Even Flow" just melodic enough to get moshers singing along."<ref>Sinagra, Laura. "Grunge". Spin: 20 Years of Alternative Music. Three Rivers Press, 2005. ISBN 0-307-23662-5, pg. 150</ref> The band inspired and influenced a number of bands, ranging from Silverchair to Puddle of Mudd and even The Strokes.<ref>Modèle:Citeweb</ref><ref>Modèle:Citeweb</ref> Pearl Jam has outlasted many of its contemporaries in the grunge scene like Nirvana, Soundgarden, and Alice in Chains, and even bands it has influenced such as Creed.<ref name="secondcoming" />

Pearl Jam has been praised for its rejection of rock star excess and its insistence on backing causes it believes in. Music critic Jim DeRogatis said in the aftermath of the band's battle with Ticketmaster that they "proved that a rock band which isn't comprised of greed heads can play stadiums and not milk the audience for every last dime [...] it indicated that idealism in rock 'n' roll is not the sole province of those '60s bands enshrined in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame."<ref>DeRogatis, pg. 66</ref> Eric Weisbard of Spin said in 2001, "The group that was once accused of being synthetic grunge now seem as organic and principled a rock band as exists."<ref name="tenpast" /> In a 2005 USA Today reader's poll, Pearl Jam was voted the greatest American rock band of all time.<ref> Matheson, Whitney

     (2005-07-05)
   
.    "And the Greatest American rock band ever is..." 
. USA Today 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-05-07. </ref> In April 2006, Pearl Jam was awarded an Esky for "Best Live Act" in Esquire's Esky Music Awards. The blurb called Pearl Jam "the rare superstars who still play as though each show could be their last."<ref name="Esky">"

   The 2006 Esky Music Awards
   
 " , Esquire Magazine
  , April 2006
 
 . </ref>

Campaigning and activism

Throughout their career, Pearl Jam has promoted wider social and political issues, from pro-choice sentiments to opposition to George W. Bush's presidency. Vedder acts as the band's spokesman on these issues. The band has promoted an array of causes, including awareness of Crohn's disease, which lead guitarist Mike McCready suffers from, Ticketmaster venue monopolization and the environment and wildlife protection, among others.<ref> duBrowa, Cory

.    Pearl Jam/Sleater-Kinney, Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall, Portland, OR 7/20/2006 
. Paste Magazine 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-10. </ref><ref name="causes"> Pearl Jam Synergy

. Sonymusic.com  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-26. </ref> Vedder has advocated for the release of the West Memphis 3 for years and Damien Echols, a member of the three, shares a writing credit for the song "Army Reserve" (from Pearl Jam).<ref> ECHOLS CONTRIBUTES TO NEW PEARL JAM ALBUM

. wm3.org  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. </ref> The band publicise such causes via their website and include links to alternative news sources.<ref> Pearl Jam: Activism and Information

. PearlJam.com  
 

 

. Retrieved on 2007-06-27. </ref>

The band, and especially frontman Eddie Vedder, have been vocal supporters of the pro-choice movement. In 1992 Spin printed an article by Vedder, entitled "Reclamation", that detailed his views on abortion.<ref>Vedder, Eddie. "Reclamation". Spin. November 1992.</ref> In an MTV Unplugged concert the same year, Vedder stood on a stool and wrote "PRO-CHOICE!" on his arm in protest.<ref name="tenpast" /> The band are members of a number of pro-choice organizations, including Choice USA and Voters for Choice.<ref name="causes" />

As members of Rock the Vote and Vote for Change, the band has encouraged voter registration and participation in United States elections. Vedder was outspoken in support of Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader in 2000<ref> Talvi, Silja J. A.

     (2000-09-26)
   
.    Vedder on Nader: The better man 
. Salon.com 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. </ref> and Pearl Jam played a series of concerts on the Vote for Change tour in October 2004, supporting the candidacy of John Kerry for U.S. President. In a Rolling Stone feature showcasing the Vote for Change tour's performers, Vedder told the magazine, "I supported Ralph Nader in 2000, but it's a time of crisis. We have to get a new administration in."<ref> Voices for Change

. Rolling Stone 
 
 (2004-10-14)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. </ref>

Vedder usually comments on politics between songs, often to criticize U.S. foreign policy, and a number of his songs, including "Bu$hleaguer" and "World Wide Suicide", are openly critical of the Bush administration. At Lollapalooza 2007, Vedder spoke out against BP Amoco dumping effluent in Lake Michigan; at the end of "Daughter", he sang the lyrics "George Bush leave this world alone/George Bush find yourself another home". In the beginning of the second encore Vedder invited Iraq war veteran Tomas Young, the subject of the upcoming documentary Body of War, onto the stage to urge an end to the war. Young in turn introduced Ben Harper, who contributed vocals to "No More" and "Rockin' in the Free World".<ref> Krasny, Ros

     (2007-08-06)
   
.    Pearl Jam closes Lollapalooza 
. Yahoo.com 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-08-06. </ref> The band has since discovered that some of the Bush-related lyrics were excised from the AT&T webcast of the event, and are questioning whether that constitutes censorship.<ref> LOLLAPALOOZA WEBCAST : SPONSORED/CENSORED BY AT&T?

. pearljam.com 
 
 (2007-08-08)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-08-08. </ref> AT&T later apologized and blamed the censorship on contractor Davie Brown Entertainment.<ref> Gross, Grant

     (2007-08-09)
   
.    AT&T Says It Didn't Censor Pearl Jam 
. IDG News Service 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-08-09. </ref>

Pearl Jam has performed numerous benefit concerts in aid of charities. For example, the band headlined a Seattle concert in 2001 to support the United Nations' efforts to combat world hunger.<ref> Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric

     (2001-08-07)
   
.    Pearl Jam To Play For Charity 
. MTV.com 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-31. </ref> The band added a date at the Chicago House of Blues to their 2005 tour to help the victims of Hurricane Katrina; the concert proceeds were donated to Habitat for Humanity, the American Red Cross and the Jazz Foundation of America.<ref> Cohen, Jonathan

     (2005-09-14)
   
.    Pearl Jam, The Roots Plan Katrina Benefits 
. Billboard 
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-31. </ref>

Discography

Main article: Pearl Jam discography

Studio albums

• Ten (1991)
• Vs. (1993)
• Vitalogy (1994)
• No Code (1996)
• Yield (199Image:Cool.gif
• Binaural (2000)
• Riot Act (2002)
• Pearl Jam (2006)

Awards and nominations

Awards

Nominations

See also

• List of alternative rock artists
• List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart
• List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Modern Rock chart
• List of best-selling music artists

Notes and references

Further reading

• Clark, Martin. Pearl Jam & Eddie Vedder: None Too Fragile (2005). ISBN 0-859-65371-4
• Jones, Allan. Pearl Jam - The Illustrated Story, A Melody Maker Book (1995). ISBN 0-793-54035-6
• Neely, Kim. Five Against One: The Pearl Jam Story (199Image:Cool.gif. ISBN 0-140-27642-4
• Wall, Mick. Pearl Jam (1996). ISBN 1-886-89433-7

External links

• Pearl Jam Ten Club
• Sony Music's Pearl Jam page
• Two Feet Thick – An exhaustive concert chronology from 1990 to present
• Modèle:Allmusicguide
• Modèle:Last.fm

Modèle:Pearl Jam

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