Star Wars

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Modèle:Twootheruses Modèle:Infobox Film

Star Wars is an epic space opera franchise and a fictional universe initially developed by George Lucas during the 1970s and expanded since that time. The first film was Star Wars (later retitled Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope), which was released on May 25, 1977 by 20th Century Fox. The film became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon, spawning two sequels subtitled The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. Twenty-two years after the first Star Wars film was released, a prequel trilogy, set before the original trilogy, was released.

After the release of Star Wars, other writers developed the Star Wars Expanded Universe, which includes three spin-off films, five television series and an extensive collection of licensed books, comics, video games, action figures, trading cards, and other merchandise, all set within the fictional Star Wars galaxy. In 2007, the overall box office revenue generated by the entire Star Wars franchise (over the course of its history) is at around US$4.3 billion, making it one of the most successful franchises of all time.<ref>"

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Sommaire 1 Feature films 2 Overview 2.1 Setting 2.2 Themes 2.3 Main characters 3 Production 3.1 Influences 3.2 Scripts 3.3 Filming locations 4 Audio 4.1 Musical score 5 Release 5.1 Re-releases 5.2 Future releases 5.3 Television rights 6 Expanded Universe 6.1 Television/spin-offs 6.2 Radio dramas 6.3 Novels 6.4 Comics 6.5 Games 6.6 Trading cards 6.7 Fan works 7 Legacy 7.1 Parodies 7.2 Songs 7.3 Politics 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links

Feature films

Episode	Original release date
I The Phantom Menace	May 19, 1999
II Attack of the Clones	May 16, 2002
III Revenge of the Sith	May 19, 2005<ref> http://www.starwars.com/episode-iii/bts/production/news20040405.html. </ref>
IV A New Hope<ref>Titled Star Wars, with no episode title, in original release.</ref>	May 25, 1977
V The Empire Strikes Back	May 21, 1980
VI Return of the Jedi	May 25, 1983

Although The Ewok Adventure, later renamed Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure, and Ewoks: The Battle for Endor, played in theaters in Europe, Mexico and Australia and are technically Star Wars feature films, they are generally associated with television.

Overview

Setting

Main article: Star Wars galaxy

The events of Star Wars take place in the fictional Star Wars galaxy. Each film begins with an "opening crawl" of text that provides a specific context for the events of the film. In each instance, the crawl is preceded by the line, "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away...."

Many of the main characters in the film are essentially identical to humans. The characters commonly interact with fantastic creatures of many different types from numerous planetary systems within the Star Wars galaxy. Star Wars features elements such as magic, Jedi Knights, witches, and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre.<ref name="EmpireOfDreams"> Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary, [2004]</ref>

The Star Wars world, unlike many science-fiction and fantasy films that featured sleek and futuristic settings, was portrayed as dirty and grimy. Lucas' vision of a "used universe" was further popularized in the science fiction-horror films Alien,<ref name="Legacy">The Force Is With Them: The Legacy of Star Wars Star Wars Original Trilogy DVD Box Set: Bonus Materials, [2004]</ref> which was set on a dirty space freighter; Mad Max 2, which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert; and Blade Runner, which is set in a crumbling, dirty city of the future.

Themes

Main articles: Philosophy and religion in Star Wars and The Force (Star Wars)

George Lucas uses a style of epic storytelling that repeats motifs, common themes and concepts that are altered slightly each time they occur; they are applied both visually and as an integral part of his storytelling. On a larger scale, there are many parallels between the original trilogy and the prequel trilogy; the stories of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker echo and reflect each other in a number of ways, while in other ways they are inverses.

The Force is one of the most recognizable elements of the Star Wars series. It is described by Obi-Wan Kenobi in the original Star Wars film as, "An energy field created by all living things. It surrounds us, penetrates us, and binds the galaxy together." Those who can use the Force, such as the Jedi, can perform feats of telepathy, psychokinesis, prescience, clairvoyance, and mental control. In addition, they can use the force to amplify certain traits, for example: amplifying their reflexes enough to use a lightsaber to bounce lasers back at the target that fired them. The light side of the Force is the facet aligned with good, benevolence, and healing. The dark side of the Force is aligned with fear, hatred, aggression, and malevolence.

Main characters

The following is a list of the main characters and which movies they appear in.

Character	Episode 1	Episode 2	Episode 3	Episode 4	Episode 5	Episode 6	Total
Anakin Skywalker	•	•	•			•	4
Darth Vader			•*	•*	•*	•*	4
Luke Skywalker			•	•	•	•	4
Han Solo				•	•	•	3
Princess Leia Organa			•	•	•	•	4
Obi-Wan Kenobi	<center> •	•	•	•	•**	•**	6
Padmé Amidala	<center> •	•	•				3
Yoda	<center> •	•	•		•	•	5
Chewbacca	<center>		•	•	•	•	4
C-3PO	<center> •	•	•	•	•	•	6
R2-D2	<center> •	•	•	•	•	•	6
Palpatine/Darth Sidious	<center> •	•	•		•	•	5
Qui-Gon Jinn	<center> •						1
Lando Calrissian	<center>				•	•	2
Boba Fett	<center>	•		•	•	•	4
Mace Windu	<center> •	•	•				3

*Darth Vader and Anakin Skywalker are the same person, in different states of mind.
**As a Force ghost only

Production

The Star Wars film series was shot in an original aspect ratio of 2.35:1. The "original trilogy" was shot with anamorphic lenses. Episodes IV and V were shot in Panavision, while Episode VI was shot in Joe Dunton Camera (JDC) scope. Episode I was shot with Hawk anamorphic lenses on Arriflex cameras, and Episodes II and III were shot with Sony's CineAlta high-definition digital camera.

There were countless problems during the production of Episode IV, and few critics expected the film to achieve the measure of success it did. Many problems with effects, editing, funding, and shooting caused the film to be pushed back from its expected release date of December 1976. The production company, not to mention many involved in the actual production, had little faith in the film. According to reports, it was a daily struggle merely to complete the film on time. Despite these difficulties, the first film was released on May 25, 1977, and became a surprise hit. Though its novelization had hit the shelves six months earlier, the book had not seen nearly the amount of interest that the film would draw.

The phenomenal popularity of the first Star Wars film may be in part due to the American public's need for escapism after the harrowing experience of Vietnam and political scandals such as Watergate. Throughout the first half of the 1970s, baby-boomers (like Lucas himself) were getting more involved in film making along with Coppola, Scorsese, Friedkin and others only to express dark and gritty realism in their films.

Influences

Modèle:Seealso Many different influences have been suggested for the Star Wars films by fans and critics. George Lucas himself has cited some quite surprising inspirations for his films, for example the novel Watership Down and the critically-acclaimed Dune. Lucas acknowledges that the plot and characters in the 1958 Japanese film The Hidden Fortress, directed by Akira Kurosawa, were a major inspiration. Lucas has said in an interview, which is included on the DVD edition of The Hidden Fortress, that the film influenced him to tell the story of Star Wars from the viewpoint of the humble droids, rather than from the viewpoint of a major player. It also played a role in the conception of Darth Vader, whose trademark black helmet intentionally resembles the black kabuto of the arch-villain in Kurosawa's Seven Samurai.^{[citation needed]}

Prior to writing the script for Star Wars, George Lucas originally wanted to make a film of Flash Gordon. The rights for Flash Gordon, however, were held by Dino De Laurentiis, and Lucas decided to work on his own science fiction/fantasy project instead. Another influence in Lucas's creation of Star Wars was the writings of Joseph Campbell. Campbell's work explored the supposed common meanings, structures, and purposes of the world's mythologies. Lucas has stated that his intention was to create in Star Wars a "modern mythology" based on Campbell's work. The original Star Wars film, episode IV, for example, closely followed the archetypal "hero's journey," as described in Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces. The motif of the hero's journey can also be seen across Episodes IV-VI, following Luke's progression and across Episodes I-III, following the journey of Anakin Skywalker.^{[citation needed]}

Scripts

There are many inaccuracies and tall tales surrounding the writing of Star Wars, sometimes due to the shifting and contradictory history of the series and sometimes due to misleading publicity asserted by Lucasfilm and George Lucas himself. Recently, author Michael Kaminski tried to set the record straight in his book The Secret History of Star Wars, as did Jonathan Rinzler in his The Making of Star Wars, both released in 2007.

Lucas first intended to make a swashbuckling space adventure film, with capes and swordfights and spacecraft battles; he says "it was a good idea in search of a story."<ref name="Making IV">Rinzler, Jonathan, The Making of Star Wars, 2007</ref> He first tried to buy the rights to remake Flash Gordon, but was unsuccessful; in 1971 United Artists agreed to make "American Graffiti" and "Star Wars" in a two-picture contract, though ultimately they would reject Star Wars--the film at that time was only a vague concept of space heroics.<ref name="Making IV"/> Graffiti was made first, and when it was completed in 1973 Lucas set to work on making his kids space adventure movie. In early 1973 Lucas wrote a short summary called The Journal of the Whills, which told the tale of an apprentice named C.J. Thorpe as he is trained as a "Jedi-Bendu" space commando by the legendary Mace Windy.<ref name="Making IV"/> Frustrated that his story was too hard to understand, Lucas then wrote a 13-page treatment called The Star Wars, which was a loose remake of Akira Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress.<ref name="Secret History"> Kaminski, Michael, The Secret History of Star Wars, 2007</ref> By 1974 he had expanded this into a rough draft screenplay, which added elements such as the Sith, the Death Star, and once more had the protagonist as a young boy, named Annikin Starkiller. For the second draft, Lucas made heavy simplifications, and also introduced the young hero on a farm, with his name now Luke rather than Annikin. Luke/Annikin's father is still an active character in the story at this point, a wise Jedi knight, and "the Force" now became a supernatural power. The next draft removed the father character and replaced him with a substitute named Ben Kenobi, and 1976 a fourth draft had been prepared for principle photography. The film was titled "Adventures of Luke Starkiller, as taken from the Journal of the Whills, Saga I: The Star Wars." During production, Lucas changed Luke's name to Skywalker and altered the title to just "The Star Wars" and finally "Star Wars".

At this point, Lucas was thinking of the film as the only entry that would be made--the fourth draft underwent subtle changes that made it more satisfying as a self-contained film that ended with the destruction of the Empire itself, as the Death Star was said to achieve; possibly this was a result of the frustrating difficulties Lucas had encountered in pre-production during that period. However, in previous times Lucas had conceived of the film as the first in a series of adventures. The second draft contained a teaser for a never-made sequel about "The Princess of Ondos", and by the time of the third draft some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels. Not long after, Lucas met with author Alan Dean Foster, and hired him to write these two sequels--as novels.<ref name="Making IV"/> The intention was that if Star Wars was successful--and if Lucas felt like it--the novels could be adapted into screenplays.<ref name="Secret History"/> He had also by this point developed a fairly elaborate backstory--though this was not designed or intended for filming; it was merely backstory. "The backstory wasn't meant to be a movie," Lucas has said.<ref name="Secret History"/>

When Star Wars was successful, and not just successful but the biggest hit ever made at that time, Lucas decided to use the film as a springboard for an elaborate serial, although he considered walking away from the series altogether.<ref name="Secret History"/> However, Lucas wanted to create an independent filmmaking center--what would become Skywalker Ranch--and saw an opportunity to use the series as a financing agent for him.<ref name="Secret History"/> Alan Dean Foster had already begun writing the sequel as a novel, but Lucas decided to disregard that for filming and create more elaborate film sequels; the book was released as Splinter of the Mind's Eye the next year. At first Lucas envisioned an unlimited number of sequels, much like the James Bond series, and in an interview with Rolling Stone in August of 1977 said that he wanted his friends to take a try directing them and giving unique interpretations on the series. He also said that the backstory where Darth Vader turns to the darkside, kills Luke's father and fights Ben Kenobi on a volcano as the Republic falls would make an excellent sequel. Later that year, Lucas hired sci-fi author Leigh Brackett to write "Star Wars II" with him. They held story conferences together and in late November of 1977 Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called "The Empire Strikes Back." The story is very similar to the final film except Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke's father. In the first draft that Leigh Brackett would write from this, Luke's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke.

During this period, Lucas had now had time to attach a numeric figure to the amount of sequels--he revealed to Time magazine in the March, 1978 issue that there will be twelve films altogether. This was then revealed in the official Star Wars fanclub newletter, Bantha Tracks. The figure of 12 was likely selected due to its tradition in serial episodes.

Brackett finished her first draft of Empire Strikes Back in early 1978; Lucas has said he was disappointed with it, but before he could discuss it with her she had died from cancer.<ref name="Annotated Screenplays">Bouzereau, Laurent, The Annotated Screenplays, 1997</ref> With no writer available, Lucas had to write his second draft himself. Here Lucas finally made use of the "Episode" listing in the film--Empire Strikes Back was Episode II.<ref name="Annotated Screenplays"/> As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars, the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions to take the story in. Here he made use of a new plot twist: Darth Vader says he is Luke's father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, as opposed to the year-long struggles of the first film, and quickly wrote two more drafts in the same month--April of 1978--which both retained the new Vader-as-father plot.<ref name="Annotated Screenplays"/> He also took this darker ending farther by imprisoning Han Solo in carbonite and leaving him in limbo.

This new storyline where Vader was Luke's father had drastic effects on the series. Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that this was a plot point that had ever seriously been considered before 1978, or even thought of before then, and the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was separate from Luke's father. After the second and third drafts of Empire Strikes Back where Lucas first introduced this point, he reviewed the new backstory he had now created: Annikin Skywalker is Ben Kenobi's brilliant student, has a child (Luke) but is swayed to the dark-side by the Emperor (who was now a Sith and not just a politician), battles Ben Kenobi on the site of a volcano and is wounded but resurrected as Darth Vader; meanwhile Kenobi hides Luke on Tatooine while the Republic becomes the Empire and Vader has hunted down the Jedi knights.<ref name="Secret History"/> With this new backstory, Lucas decided to film this as a trilogy--moving Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft. Lawrence Kasdan, who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark, was then hired to write the next drafts, and was helped by additional input from director Irvin Kershner. Kasdan, Kershner, and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film, which was helped by the new, darker storyline, and brought the series far away from the light adventure roots it had existed as only a year earlier.<ref name="Secret History"/>

Lucas had also around this time developed a third trilogy as well, which took place twenty years after Episode VI.<ref>Arnold, Alan, Once Upon A Galaxy, 1980</ref>

By the time of writing Episode VI--Revenge of the Jedi, as it was then known--in 1981, much had changed. Making Empire Strikes Back was a stressful and costly fiasco, and Lucas' personal life was disintegrating. Burnt-out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films, he vowed to be done with the series, as he makes explicit in a May, 1983 interview with Time magazine. Lucas' 1981 rough drafts of Revenge of the Jedi had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Luke--and in the second script, the "revised rough draft", Vader was turned into a sympathetic character. Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again, and in these final drafts Vader was explicitly redeemed, and finally unmasked.<ref name="Annotated Screenplays"/> This change in character would provide a springboard for the "Tragedy of Darth Vader" storyline in the prequels.

After getting a divorce in 1983 and losing much of his fortune, Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars, and had unofficially cancelled his Sequel Trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi.<ref name="Secret History"/> However, the prequels, which were quite developed, remained fascinating to him. After Star Wars became massively popular again, following in the wake of Dark Horse's comic line and Timothy Zahn's trio of novels, Lucas saw that there was still a large audience. His children had begun to grow older, and with the explosion of CG technology he was now considering returning to directing. By 1993 it was announced, in Variety among other sources, that he would be making the prequels. He began outlining the story, now offering that Anakin Skywalker would be the protagonist rather than Ben Kenobi and that the series would be a tragic one examining his transformation to evil. He also began to change how the prequels would exist relative to the originals--at first they were supposed to be a "filling-in" of history, backstory, existing parallel or tangential to the originals, but now he began to see that they could form the beginning of one long story: beginning with Anakin's childhood and ending with Anakin's death. This was the final step towards turning the franchise into a "Saga".

In 1994, Lucas began writing the first screenplay, titled Episode I: The Beginning. At first it was planned to write and then film all three prequels at once, but this was changed, possibly because the writing process took much longer than first thought.<ref name="Secret History"/> Although Lucas initially planned on having others write and direct, he kept writing on his own, and eventually decided to direct the film as well. In 1999 Lucas announced he would be directing the next two films as well, and began working on Episode II at that time. The first draft of this was completed just weeks before principle photography, and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales, a writer from the Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, to polish up his draft. Unsure of a title, Lucas had jokingly called the film "Jar Jar's Big Adventure." By now the backstory had undergone large changes--Ben Kenobi had discovered Anakin as an adult in Episode I's first draft, but he was changed to be a young student, and Anakin a child, and in Episode II the Clone Wars were decided to be a personal manipulation of Palpatine's. At the time of the original trilogy, Lucas had many ideas for this war: in Empire Strikes Back it was decided that Lando was a clone and came from a planet of clone's that caused a war, but later a different version was decided wherein "Shocktroopers", including Boba Fett waged war against the Republic from a distant galaxy but were then repelled by the Jedi knights.<ref name="Secret History"/>

Lucas began working on Episode III even before Attack of the Clones was released, offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles.<ref name="Making III">Rinzler, Jonathan, The Making of Revenge of the Sith, 2005</ref> As he reviewed the storyline that summer, however, he says he radically re-organized the plot.<ref name="Making III"/> Michael Kaminski, in The Secret History of Star Wars, offers evidence that issues in Anakin's fall to the darkside prompted Lucas to make massive story changes, first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and Dooku killed by Anakin as a first act towards the darkside. Lucas' first draft was written in 2003, and is largely similar to the film, though much simplified. After principle photography was complete in 2003, Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin's character, re-writing his entire turn to the darkside--he would now turn out of a quest to save Padme from dying, rather than the previous version where that was one of many reasons and genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic. This fundamental re-write was accomplished through editing and many new and revised scenes filmed in additional pick-ups in 2004.

George Lucas has often exageratted the amount of material he had written for the series, most of these exaggerations stemming from the post-1978 period where the film grew into a true phenomenon. Lucasfilm often indicated that he had written twelve stories to be filmed, and Lucas was quick to tell how Star Wars was always Episode IV that was meant as a middle-chapter. Lucas also began to claim that Darth Vader's parentage of Luke and redemption was always a major part of his plan from early on, and even that this was his very first script or treatment. As Jonathan Rinzler and Michael Kaminski show, this is demonstrably false. This falseness become known only recently, perhaps because the internet allowed the dispersal of information more easily and thus exposed these inaccuracies. Kaminski rationalises that these exaggerations are part publicity device and part security measure--with the series and story radically changing throughout the years, Lucas would emphasize that its current embodiment was the original intention; with the series previously existing as different and often contradictory forms, this makes audiences view the material only from the perspective that Lucas' wishes them to view the material, and it also may protect against outrage that such a popular storyline was being changed post-release after being cherished by so many.

Information on the screenplays comes from many sources. Most of the drafts of Star Wars were leaked to the public in 1977 and have circulated since then. 1997's Annotated Screenplays thoroughly documented the early drafts of the trilogy, and Rinzler's Making of Star Wars supplemented this info with even more detail, including drafts which had not yet been publicly leaked, as well as Lucas' personal notes. Information on the prequel scripts is comparatively more scarce, but a number of making-of books give insight into the writing process and early drafts. The prequels drafts are largely similar to the final films due to Lucas exploring ideas in the art department rather than on paper. Michael Kaminski's The Secret History of Star Wars is the most complete collection of information on all six films.

Filming locations

Main article: Star Wars filming locations

Episodes IV, V, and VI were shot at, among other locations, Elstree Studios, in Hertfordshire, England. The outdoor scenes from the ice planet Hoth in Episode V were shot at Finse, Norway. Also, shots of the Rebel Base on Yavin IV in Episode IV were of Mayan temples in Tikal, Guatemala. The scenes from the forested Endor's moon in Episode VI were shot in Redwood State Park, in Humboldt County, Northern California. The Phantom Menace was filmed at Leavesden Film Studios and the subsequent prequels were filmed in Fox Studios, Sydney, Australia. A scene in Attack of the Clones is shot in Sevilla, Spain. Tunisia has served as the location for filming scenes set on the desert planet Tatooine in A New Hope, The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith, the sand dunes of Yuma, Arizona, for Return of the Jedi. Italy's Caserta Palace was used to create the Theed palace on Queen Amidala's home planet, Naboo, and some scenes were also shot at Italy's Lake Como. Also some scenes in A New Hope were shot in Death Valley National Park, California, USA.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076759/locations</ref>

Both the "original trilogy" and the "prequel trilogy" were each released over a period of six years (1977 – 1983 and 1999 – 2005, respectively), each film taking two years to produce.

Audio

The 1977 release of Star Wars also marked a paradigm shift in film sound effects. Lucas heralded this new era of sound effects in three main ways. Sound was no longer only loud or soft, it was a spatial element as important as any actor or visual effect. Ships passing by on the screen were heard passing by from speaker to speaker in the theater through the use of the new Dolby surround technology.

Another of the important ways in which Star Wars achieved this shift was the use of "physical sound" to increase the sound space of the film. The use of sub-frequencies allowed the audience to feel a physical vibration as the Star Destroyer comes into view during the opening scene of the film, establishing both its menace and the enormous size difference between it and the rebel ship.

Finally, George Lucas hired Ben Burtt to oversee the sound effects on the film. Burtt created a new kind of sound texture; all of the unique laser blasts, droids talking, voices, and other effects expanded the audience's immersion in the universe of Star Wars. The enormity of Burtt's accomplishment was such that the Academy of Motion Pictures: Arts and Sciences gave him a Special Achievement Award because they had no award for what he had done. It is also telling that every sound effects award since Star Wars has gone to a film recorded in Dolby.<ref>Sergi, Gianluca. "Tales of the Silent Blast: Star Wars and Sound." Journal of Popular Film & Television, Spring 1998. Vol.26, No.1</ref>

Musical score

Main article: Star Wars music

The scores for all six Star Wars films were composed by John Williams. Lucas' design for Star Wars involved a grand musical sound, with leitmotifs for different characters and important concepts--an approach used to great effect, for instance, in the operas of Richard Wagner. Williams' score for Star Wars in 1977 set a new standard for science-fiction/fantasy films by drawing its inspiration primarily from a palette of Romantic rather than avant-garde music.

In choosing this approach, Williams somewhat followed the lead of 2001: A Space Odyssey, which director Stanley Kubrick scored with preexisting classical works rather than an original score. (Alex North's original score was rejected and unused.) George Lucas set the first Star Wars to a temp track of concert works by Wagner, Tchaikovsky, Holst and others. Williams' score did borrow material heavily from these masterworks, following in their footsteps in terms of scope and, to some degree, harmonic language. Williams' scores for the original trilogy were primarily motif-based: individual characters and concepts were each given their own unique musical theme which would identify their presence in the film, whether physically or figuratively. By combining and varying these motifs, Williams could create a score possessed of a rich, interwoven fabric.

Although Williams had already established himself as a popular film composer with scores for blockbusters such as The Poseidon Adventure and Jaws, the Star Wars score brought him international recognition. By the time of the prequel trilogy, however, Williams had grown and changed as a composer. His new scores deemphasized leitmotifs, tending to weave shorter motifs subtly into broader and more dynamic musical compositions. He had also expanded his use of thematic motifs, using the technique to highlight the emotional or archetypal structure of the film, rather than the more literal associations to character and setting used in the earlier scores.

Release

Re-releases

Main article: List of changes in Star Wars re-releases

In 1997, A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi were re-mastered and theatrically re-released as the "Special Editions." It was one of the first films series to be re-mastered in this way. For the re-release, in addition to extensive clean-up and restoration work, Lucas also made several changes to the films in order to "finish the film the way it was meant to be" (as Lucas said in a September 2004 interview with the Associated Press). Many of Lucas' changes for the Special Editions were cosmetic, generally adding computer generated effects which were not originally possible. Other changes, however, are considered to have affected plot or character development. These changes, such as the change often referred to by fans as "Han shot first", have proven to be controversial, inciting considerable criticism of George Lucas by fans, and was one of the first cases of what came to be known as "Lucas bashing."

In 2004, in addition to an extensive and comprehensive hi-definition digital cleanup and restoration job by Lowry Digital Images, the original films were changed once again for their release on DVD. In these new versions of the films, in addition to new scenes and major image adjustments designed to make the films visually resemble the prequels, a few changes which had been made for the 1997 Special Editions were removed. With this release, Lucasfilm created a new high-definition master of the films, which will be used in future releases as well.

Although the original films have undergone significant alterations over the years, the prequel films have received only minor changes from their theatrical versions. The DVD releases of The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, and Revenge of the Sith have had such elements altered as small additions of scenes, touch-ups in effects, and small sound changes.

For many years, Lucas had stated that the original, unaltered versions of the trilogy would never be released again, having been released for the last time on VHS and Laserdisc in 1995. However, on May 3, 2006, Lucasfilm announced on the official Star Wars site that due to "overwhelming demand," the original versions would be released on DVD on September 12, 2006. Each film was released as a two-disc set with the 2004 versions of the films on one disc, and the original, unaltered film on the second disc, as a bonus feature. The set was available until December 31, 2006, when it was withdrawn from the market.

There has been controversy surrounding this release, since it was revealed that the DVDs featured non-anamorphic versions of the original, unaltered films based on laserdisc releases from 1993 (as opposed to newly-remastered, film-based transfers). Since non-anamorphic transfers fail to make full use of the resolution available on widescreen sets, many fans were upset over this choice. The laserdisc releases utilized the PCM format for the stereo soundtrack, while the DVDs contain the more compressed Dolby Digital 2.0 format. Dolby Digital is a mandatory format for DVD, but the lack of the superior PCM format is also upsetting to some fans. <ref>http://www.homemediaretailing.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&&article_ID=9173</ref>

Future releases

At a ShoWest convention in 2005, George Lucas demonstrated new technology and stated that he planned to release all six films in a new 3-D film format, beginning with A New Hope in 2007.<ref>http://film.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/Guardian/0,4029,1440820,00.html</ref> However, by January 2007, Lucasfilm stated on StarWars.com that "there are no definitive plans or dates for releasing the Star Wars saga in 3-D." At Celebration Europe in July 2007, Rick McCallum confirmed that Lucasfilm is "planning to take all six films and turn them into 3-D," but they are "waiting for the companies out there that are developing this technology to bring it down to a cost level that makes it worthwhile for everybody".<ref> Rick McCallum Talks Live Action TV Series and Star Wars 3-D

. The Official Star Wars Blog
 (2007-07-14)
   

. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. </ref>

Lucas has hinted in the past that he will release his definitive (often called "archival") editions of all six of his Star Wars films on a next-generation home-video format. It has been speculated that he will take this opportunity to make any final adjustments, changes, additions, and/or subtractions to his films for this final release. An altered clip from The Phantom Menace included in a featurette on the DVD release of Revenge of the Sith (in which a computer generated Yoda replaces the original puppet) appears to be a sign that the "archival" editions are indeed in the works. Lucasfilm Vice President of Marketing Jim Ward confirmed that Lucasfilm is likely to do even more work on the films (possibly digital contemporization of the original trilogy), stating "As the technology evolves and we get into a high-definition platform that is easily consumable by our customers, the situation is much better, but there will always be work to be done."<ref>http://www.apple.com/pro/film/lowry/starwars/index2.html</ref>

Producer Rick McCallum has also explained that Lucasfilm has been holding back a large amount of bonus material for this release, including deleted scenes, as well as numerous previous Star Wars "making-ofs," spin-offs, television specials, documentaries, and other special material.^{[citation needed]}

Television rights

The original Star Wars film (Episode IV) first saw TV release in February 1983 on HBO,Showtime, and the Movie channel. (Cinemax would not air it until November 2006) The original asking price was $1 per subscriber which would cover the entire production budget for the film solely from money from HBO. CBS had exclusive network rights when it aired on commercial television one year later, and continued on CBS for several years. The remaining films in the original trilogy also aired on premium cable before airing on network television (NBC acquired the original network rights to The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi).

In 1992, the Sci-Fi Channel became the first U.S. network to air the three then-existing episodes in the saga. Sci-Fi and USA Network retained TV rights until 1996, in preparation for the theatrical release of the "Special Editions" of the original trilogy. In 1998, a year after the SE releases, Showtime acquired limited one-month premium cable rights to the "Special Edition" of Star Wars for airing in January. It continued on broadcast stations, including superstations TBS and WGN, for several years after).

In 1999, to promote Episode I: The Phantom Menace, the remaining "Special Edition" films (V and VI) aired on U.S. broadcast network Fox (they bypassed premium cable for direct broadcast airing). That same year, Fox acquired all television rights to Episode I after the premium cable networks declined due to cost. A similar situation nearly happened with Attack of the Clones, until HBO struck a last-minute deal with Fox and Lucasfilm for the exclusive pay-cable rights. Episode II, like its predecessor, never saw prior pay-per-view cable release, but it did run on HBO and sister network Cinemax during its 18-month term of license.

The Fox network acquired the U.S. network television rights, in April/May 2005, to promote the then-upcoming Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, with Episodes I, IV, V, and VI placed in limited syndicated television distribution, (on Fox affiliates in most markets) while the Fox network was able to air Episode II in mid-May, prior to Episode III's initial theatrical release.

The six films have aired on HBO and Cinemax in both standard & High Definition. The versions of Episodes IV, V, and VI that are airing are the 2004 DVD Special Editions, as they are the current canonical versions. In the UK, Sky purchased the rights to air all six films in August 2006, becoming the first United-Kingdom based television network to air all six films, which will be aired in order of release, beginning with Episode IV. Afterwards, the episodes will continue to be shown during the "100 films a month" cycles on Sky Movies.<ref>http://www.skymovies.com/skymovies/starwarsvstartrek/</ref>

During negotiations for the cable rights to Episode II, HBO/Cinemax also struck a first-look deal for Episode III, which they accepted and is currently on its initial 18-month term of license (it was also the only Star Wars prequel film to see any pay-per-view cable issue). In addition, the Time Warner-owned networks were able to win the right to become the first U.S. television network system (cable or broadcast) to air all six films in the saga. On November 11, 2006 Cinemax aired all six films in rotation in both standard & High Definition. (Cinemax had never aired the original Star Wars (Episode IV) prior to this date, and at the explicit request of Lucasfilm, the high definition broadcasts were in the original scope aspect ratio.)

In a separate deal, Spike TV acquired the commercial broadcast rights to Episode III, including the right to become the first broadcast network to air all six films (the deal takes effect after the HBO/Cinemax rights expire in April 200Image:Cool.gif. From late December 2006 to early January 2007, Star Movies Asia aired the complete saga for their region.

Expanded Universe

Main article: Star Wars Expanded Universe

The term Expanded Universe (abbreviated EU) has come into existence as an umbrella term for all of the officially licensed Star Wars material outside of the six feature films. This includes television productions, books, comics, games, and other forms of media. The material expands and continues the stories told in the films, taking place anywhere from 25,000 years before The Phantom Menace to 140 years after Return of the Jedi. The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics' Star Wars #7 in January 1978 (the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film), followed quickly by Alan Dean Foster's novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye the following month.

George Lucas retains ultimate creative control over the Star Wars universe. For example, the death of central characters and similar changes in the status quo must first pass his screening before authors are given the go-ahead. In addition, Lucasfilm Licensing devotes considerable effort to ensure continuity between the works of various authors across multiple companies.

Some purists, and many fans, reject the Expanded Universe as Apocrypha, believing that only the events in the film series are part of the "real" Star Wars universe, though elements of the Expanded Universe have been adopted by Lucas for use in the films. These included the name of the Republic/Empire capital planet, Coruscant, which first appeared in Timothy Zahn's novel Heir to the Empire before being used in The Phantom Menace, while a character introduced in Dark Horse Comics' Star Wars series, a blue Jedi Knight named Aayla Secura, was liked enough by Lucas to be included as a character in Attack of the Clones.<ref>http://www.starwars.com/episode-ii/bts/profile/f20020618/index.html</ref>

Television/spin-offs

To date, three films and three animated series have been produced for television, with a live-action series in pre-production. For the most part, Lucas has played a large role in the production of the television projects — usually serving as storywriter and/or executive producer.

<center>Production	Release date
The Star Wars Holiday Special	November 17, 1978
Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure	November 25, 1984
From 'Star Wars' to 'Jedi': The Making of a Saga (documentary)	1985
Star Wars: Droids	September 7, 1985
Star Wars: Ewoks	September 7, 1985
Ewoks: The Battle for Endor	November 24, 1985
Star Wars: Clone Wars	November 7, 2003
Star Wars: Clone Wars	2008
Star Wars live-action TV series	2009

Radio dramas

Modèle:Seealso A radio adaptation of A New Hope was first broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981. The adaptation was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden. It was followed by adaptations of The Empire Strikes Back in 1983 and Return of the Jedi in 1996. The adaptations included background material created by Lucas but not used in the films. Mark Hamill, Anthony Daniels, and Billy Dee Williams reprised their roles as Luke Skywalker, C-3PO, and Lando Calrissian, respectively. The series also used John Williams' original score from the films and Ben Burtt's original sound designs.

Novels

Modèle:Seealso Star Wars-based fiction predates the release of the first film, with the 1976 novelization of Star Wars (ghost-written by Alan Dean Foster and credited to George Lucas). Foster's 1978 novel, Splinter of the Mind's Eye, was the first Expanded Universe work to be released. In addition to filling in the time between the films, this additional content greatly expanded the Star Wars timeline before and after the film series.

Star Wars fiction flourished during the time of the original series (1977–1983) but slowed to a trickle afterwards. In 1991, however, Timothy Zahn's Thrawn Trilogy debuted, sparking a new interest in the Star Wars universe. Since then, several hundred tie-in novels have been published by Bantam and Del Rey. A similar resurgence in the Expanded Universe occurred in 1996 with the Steve Perry novel Shadows of the Empire, set between Episodes V and VI, and accompanying video game and comic book series.

LucasBooks radically changed the face of the Star Wars universe with the introduction of the New Jedi Order series, which takes place some 20 years after Return of the Jedi and stars a host of new characters alongside series originals. However, several significant events which occur during the course of this series (such as the death of a major film character) have sparked much fan criticism.

For younger audiences, three series have been introduced. The Jedi Apprentice series follows the adventures of Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi before Episode I. The Jedi Quest series follows the adventures of Obi-Wan Kenobi and his apprentice Anakin Skywalker after Episode I and before Episode II. The third and currently on-going series is The Last Of the Jedi series which follows the adventure of Obi-Wan Kenobi and the adventures of a surviving Jedi almost immediately after Episode III. All three series are written by Jude Watson.

Comics

Modèle:Seealso Marvel Comics published Star Wars comic book series and adaptations from 1977 to 1986. A wide variety of creators worked on this series, including Roy Thomas, Archie Goodwin, Howard Chaykin, Al Williamson, Carmine Infantino, Gene Day, Walt Simonson, Michael Golden, Chris Claremont, Whilce Portacio, Jo Duffy, and Ron Frenz. They also published a Star Wars newspaper strip by Russ Manning, Steve Gerber, and Archie Goodwin, the latter under a pseudonym. In the late 1980s, Marvel announced it would publish a new Star Wars comic by Tom Veitch and Cam Kennedy. However, in December 1991, Dark Horse Comics acquired the Star Wars license and used it to launch a number of ambitious sequels to the original trilogy instead, including the very popular Dark Empire stories. They have since gone on to publish a large number of original adventures set in the Star Wars universe. There have also been parody comics, including Tag and Bink.

Games

Modèle:See also Since 1982, over 120 video games have been published bearing the Star Wars name, beginning with Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back published for the Atari 2600 by Parker Brothers. Since then, Star Wars has opened the way to a myriad of space-flight simulation games, first-person shooter games, roleplaying games, RTS games, and others. Two different official tabletop role-playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe: a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s, and one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s. The successful Rogue Squadron series was introduced in the late 1990s with Star Wars: Rogue Squadron and its accompanying comic series.

In the Star Wars: Battlefront series, the player can choose to be on the Rebel Alliance, the Galactic Empire, the Separatists, or the Republic, depending on the situation. The player travels across many different exotic worlds. Within the many different modes of play, there is one named "Galactic Conquest" in which the player struggles against the opposing side for total control of the galaxy by moving their fleets across the map and fighting in a battle on each planet until the player controls all the planets. It also has online play for those competitive players who want to go beyond the AI players usually played against. It is the best selling Star Wars game to date. In the new game, Star Wars: Battlefront II, the player is given more gameplay and character options, as well as the chance to play as a Jedi or Sith.

In Lego Star Wars and its sequels, the films are played in a different way. In Star Wars: Empire at War, players can take control of either the Empire or the Rebellion and fight for control of the galaxy. Sony Online Entertainment, developed a MMORPG called Star Wars Galaxies. In this game, which requires a monthly subscription fee, the player chooses a class, (Jedi, commando, smuggler, etc.) and fights for control of the galaxy by choosing to be on the Empire or the Rebel Alliance. The game was widely anticipated throughout the industry, and as of 2007, many, albeit in less numbers compared to the numbers around the initial games timeframe of release, players are still participating in it, and 3 expansions (Jump to Lightspeed, Rage of the Wookiees and Trials of Obi-Wan) have been made.

LucasArts is also currently developing a next-gen Star Wars game for the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii. The game, which is of the same name of the multimedia project which it is a part of, is entitled The Force Unleashed, and takes place in the largely unexplored time period between Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith and Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope and casts players as Darth Vader's "secret apprentice" hunting down the remaining Jedi. The game features a new game engine, and is set for a Spring 2008 release.

Trading cards

Star Wars trading cards<ref>http://starwarscards.net</ref> have been published since the first 'blue' series, by Topps, in 1977. Dozens of series have been produced, with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States. Some of the card series are of film stills, while others are original art. Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare 'promos', such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II 'floating Yoda' P3 card often commanding US$1000 or more. While most 'base' or 'common card' sets are plentiful, many 'insert' or 'chase cards' are very rare. Star Wars card game cards are different from the trading cards. A thriving market for both types exists on eBay.

Fan works

See also: Star Wars fan films

The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own stories set in the Star Wars galaxy. In recent years, this has ranged from writing fan-fiction to creating fan films. In 2002, Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards, officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre. Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues, however, the contest was initially open only to parodies, mockumentaries, and documentaries. Fan-fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible, but in 2007 Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in-universe fiction entries.

While many of the serious fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story, they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon. Lucasfilm, for the most part, has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan-fiction works, so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way. Lucasfilm's open support and sanction of fan creations is a marked contrast to the attitudes of many other copyright holders. Some owners, such as Paramount Pictures with the Star Trek properties, have been known to actively discourage the creation of such works by fans.

Legacy

Main article: Cultural impact of Star Wars

The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern global pop culture. After many years, some even began to view it as the "World Epic," with comparisons made to the national epics of ancient history. Science fiction since Star Wars, particularly in films, has often been influenced by and compared to Star Wars. References to the main characters and themes of Star Wars are casually made in American society with the well-justified assumption that others will understand the reference. George Lucas is also famous for using the best possible cameras and technology (see also Industrial Light and Magic) in his films. Many say that the visual and virtual effects that take over today's films would have never been created if not for Lucas's revolutionizing of the film industry with Star Wars.

Parodies

Both the film and characters have been parodied or spoofed in popular films and television. Notable film parodies of Star Wars include: Hardware Wars, a 13 minute 1977 spoof which George Lucas has called his favorite Star Wars parody;<ref>"Hardware Wars": The movie, the legend, the household appliances</ref> Spaceballs, a feature film by Mel Brooks which featured effects done by George Lucas' Industrial Light & Magic <ref>Mel Brooks' DVD Audio Commentary</ref>; "Thumb Wars," the 1999 short film by Steve Oedekerk in which the characters are all portrayed by thumbs; and Troops, a COPS-style documentary. Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders also created a parody of Star Wars on their comedy sketch show French & Saunders. Another parody, R2D2-Beneath the Dome was created in 2002 by Lucasfilm Ltd. It features many people, among them George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola. It's not rated and projects R2D2 as an actor born in Bollocks, England; coverage of his evolution as a person before an actor is said to be quite hilarious.^{[citation needed]}

There have been numerous parodic references to Star Wars in films such as Back to the Future, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Hot Shots! Part Deux, and most of the films of Kevin Smith. In 1997, the first film's twentieth anniversary, Saturday Night Live featured a pair of skits that parodied the film's screen tests, which included Kevin Spacey playing Christopher Walken auditioning for Han Solo. Walken was originally considered for the role before Harrison Ford was chosen.

Star Wars has also been parodied in numerous TV shows, such as The Simpsons, Family Guy, South Park, Dexter's Laboratory, Teen Titans, Robot Chicken, Animaniacs, The Fairly OddParents, The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, Codename: Kids Next Door, Drake & Josh , Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide and many others.

Songs

There have been many songs based on, and in, the Star Wars universe. The most notable of these are "Weird Al" Yankovic's Yoda, (a parody of The Kinks' "Lola"), which describes Luke's training with the "wrinkled and green" Jedi master, and The Saga Begins, (a parody of Don McLean's "American Pie"), which chronicles the events of Episode I. The latter of these was released one week before the film. On Blink-182's album "Dude Ranch," the track "A New Hope" discusses the bassist Mark Hoppus' obsession with Princess Leia. A New Zealand Rapper, MC Stormtroopa, sings only about Star Wars and has released a free EP called "The Dark Side Of The Death Star." <ref>http://www.virb.com/mcstormtroopa</ref> MxPx's song "Empire" (which is included in a "songs inspired by" soundtrack for The Passion of the Christ) has a lyric that reads: "You're the Empire or the Rebellion."

In late 1977, at the height of the original Star Wars craze, comedian Bill Murray portrayed Lounge Lizard Nick Winters on Saturday Night Live and sang a swanky version of the Star Wars theme, complete with inane improvised lyrics.<ref>Changing his stripes</ref> Carrie Fisher reprised her role as Princess Leia on SNL in a parody of Star Wars and the old beach party movies with Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello with Fisher as Annette singing about Obi Wan Kenobi

In 1977 an album called Star Wars and Other Galactic Funk was released by Meco which featured disco remixes of Star Wars music. Other songs based on the Star Wars saga include The Star Wars Gangsta Rap and Star Wars Cantina. Northern Ireland band Ash released an album called 1977, named in honor of the year Star Wars was released,<ref>http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/music/artist/bio/0,,516339,00.html</ref> on which "Lose Control" used sound bytes of a TIE Fighter, and a song entitled "Darkside Lightside" is an obvious reference to the mythology created by the films.

"Rocket Roll" band, The Phenomenauts mention that their intergalactic tour van "The Phenomenator": "Does the Kessel Run in one parsec." Supernova recorded the song "Chewbacca" for the soundtrack of Kevin Smith's movie Clerks. The entire lyrics are "Chewie! Chewbacca! What a wookie!," with what appears to be samples of a Wookie. Adult Swim icon MC Chris recorded the rap song "Fett's Vette" which details the lifestyle of the legendary bounty hunter Boba Fett.

Politics

When Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a system of lasers and missiles meant to intercept incoming ICBMs, the plan was quickly labeled "Star Wars," implying that it was science fiction and linking it to Ronald Reagan's acting career. According to Frances Fitzgerald, Ronald Reagan was annoyed by this, but Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard Perle told colleagues that he "thought the name was not so bad."; "'Why not?' he said. 'It's a good movie. Besides, the good guys won.'"<ref> www.nytimes.com/books/first/f/fitzgerald-blue.html

. Retrieved on 2007-05-26. </ref>

This gained further resonance when Reagan described the Soviet Union as an Evil Empire (which was taken from the opening crawl to A New Hope whilst the term he used for the Contras, "freedom fighters", was taken verbatim from the opening crawl to The Empire Strikes Back). John McCain originally likened himself to Luke Skywalker during the 2000 campaign for the Republican presidential nomination, repeatedly hefting lightsabers and calling Jerry Falwell an "evil influence" on the GOP. His embrace of the right leading up to the 2008 election prompted journalists to liken him to "a fallen Jedi knight."<ref>https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=w070312&s=chait031207</ref> President George W. Bush described Vice President Dick Cheney as dressing up like "Darth Vader" for Halloween 2007.<ref>http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2007/11/01/bush-cheneys-darth-vader-for-halloween/</ref>

See also

Here are some of the general articles featured in the Star Wars portal. For a detailed outline of the Star Wars Wikipedia articles, please see the Star Wars category.

Modèle:Seealsosection

Modèle:Bb

Cast of Star Wars Star Wars novels Star Wars comic books Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy

Star Wars video games Star Wars radio dramas Physics and Star Wars

Modèle:Bb

Star Wars characters Star Wars locations Star Wars creatures Star Wars vehicles

Star Wars weapons Star Wars conflicts Star Wars items Dates in Star Wars

References

Further reading

• Books about religion/philosophy and Star Wars:
  • Peace Knights of the Soul: Wisdom in 'Star Wars', by Jon Snodgrass, Ph.D., Foreword by Jonathan Young, Ph.D.ISBN 0-9755214-7-0
  • The Tao of Star Wars by John M. Porter ISBN 0-89334-385-4
  • The Dharma of Star Wars by Matthew Bortolin ISBN 0-86171-497-0
  • Star Wars And Philosophy by Kevin S. Decker, Jason T. Eberl, William Irwin ISBN 0-8126-9583-6
  • Christian Wisdom of the Jedi Masters by Dick Staub ISBN 978-0-7879-7894-5
• "Conception" section based on: The Star Wars Timeline Gold-Appendice L-Understanding the Lost Episodes (p. 141 – 142).
  • The Tao of Star Wars by John M. Porter ISBN 0-89334-385-4
• On the influence of Joseph Campbell on the Star Wars films:
  • Peace Knights of the Soul: Wisdom in 'Star Wars', by Jon Snodgrass, Ph.D., Foreword by Jonathan Young, Ph.D.ISBN 0-9755214-7-0
  • Henderson, Mary. Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Companion volume to the exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. New York: Bantam, 1997.
  • Larsen, Stephen and Robin Larsen. Joseph Campbell: A Fire in the Mind. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions, 2002.
  • Moyers, Bill and Joseph Campbell. The Power of Myth. Anchor; Reissue edition (1991) ISBN 0-385-41886-8

External links

Modèle:Wikiquote

• The official Star Wars website
• Wookieepedia: The Star Wars Wiki — A wiki devoted to Star Wars
• The Force of Star Wars from Time.com
• [{{{2}}} Catégorie arts/movies/titles/s/star_wars_movies/] de l’annuaire dmoz.
• Star Wars Trivia Quiz
• The World of Star Wars at Yahoo!
• Wookieepedia article

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