Prostitution
Un article de Vev.
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| - | {{Sexologie verticale}} | + | {{pp-semi-vandalism|expiry=January 6, 2008}} |
| - | La '''prostitution''' (du [[latin]] ''prostituere'' mettre devant, exposer au public) est une activité consistant à accepter ou obtenir, en échange d'une rémunération, des [[relation sexuelle|relations sexuelles]]; c'est encore mettre à disposition d'un payeur les faveurs sexuelles d'une femme, ou plus rarement d'un homme. Bien que cette activité soit pratiquée par les membres des deux sexes, elle est le plus souvent le fait des femmes (appelées prostituées) mais cela concerne aussi les hommes dans le cadre de prostitution hétérosexuelle, homosexuelle, [[travesti]] ou [[transsexuel]]. Le terme générique employé est prostituée. La prostitution se pratique généralement dans les [[quartier chaud|quartiers chauds]] (voir la [[Liste de quartiers chauds|liste des quartiers chauds dans le monde]]). | + | [[Image:Soi_Cowboy_night.jpg|thumb|[[Soi Cowboy]], a [[red-light district]] in [[Bangkok]]]] |
| + | {{dablink|"Whore" redirects here. For other uses, see [[Whore (disambiguation)]].}} | ||
| - | ==Histoire== | + | '''Prostitution''' is [[sexual activity]] in exchange for [[remuneration]]. The legal status of prostitution varies in different countries, from punishable by death to complete legality. |
| - | ''Voir l'article détaillé [[Histoire de la prostitution]]'', dont la [[prostitution sacrée]]. | + | The term is also used more loosely to indicate someone who engages in sexual acts that are disapproved of<ref>http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554559/Prostitution.html</ref>, such as sexual promiscuity or sex outside of marriage. Cultural usage varies widely, and the use of the term as a pejorative indicates acts that are not formally considered prostitution in a cultural context. |
| - | == Situation actuelle == | + | [[Pornographic actor]]s and actresses get paid for having sex, but are not generally regarded as prostitutes. A woman who is supported by only one man with whom she has sexual intercourse but does not live with is a [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]], and is not normally considered a prostitute. |
| - | === Europe === | + | |
| - | [[Image:ProstitueatParis.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Activiste]] des [[prostitué]]s à [[Paris]] en [[France]], octobre 2005]] | + | |
| - | [[Image:CamilleCabral2006.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dr. [[Camille Cabral]], une [[Activiste]] des [[prostituée]]s à la [[Pute Pride]] à [[Paris]] en [[France]], le 18 mars 2006]] | + | |
| - | [[Image:AvtivistedesProstitues.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Activiste]] des [[prostitué]]s à [[Paris]] en [[France]], octobre 2005]] | + | |
| - | Dans l’[[Europe]] d’aujourd’hui, on oppose couramment deux conceptions de la prostitution, en fonction de la réponse à la question : la prostitution est-elle une forme d’exploitation qui doit être abolie, ou est-elle une activité comme une autre qu’il suffit de réglementer ? Abolitionnisme et réglementarisme sont donc deux façons pour les États de réagir à l’existence de la prostitution. | + | |
| - | Dans la civilisation méditerranéenne et européenne, la réglementation a été chronologiquement la seconde attitude, depuis les premiers temps historiques jusqu’à ce que le [[christianisme]] et l’arrivée d’empereurs chrétiens à la tête de l’[[Empire romain]] provoquent des mesures abolitionnistes. Celles-ci, malgré leur inefficacité patente, sont maintenues jusqu’au {{XIIe siècle}}, époque où les réglementations renaissent et finissent par se généraliser. | + | == Terminology == |
| - | Au {{XVIe siècle}}, les mesures abolitionnistes réapparaissent dans toute l’Europe. Elles sont à nouveau remplacées par des réglementations au {{XIXe siècle}}. | ||
| - | Aujourd’hui, les résultats les plus aboutis de la logique réglementariste se trouvent dans les législations des [[Pays-Bas]] et de l’[[Allemagne]]. L’[[Autriche]] et la [[Suisse]] sont les deux autres pays réglementaristes, la [[Grèce]] présentant une situation intermédiaire. La majorité des autres pays sont abolitionnistes. Ils refusent toute réglementation qui ne peut que cautionner l’existence de la prostitution. En France, comme en Belgique, la prostitution n'est pas interdite, mais l’exploitation sexuelle d’autrui, le [[proxénétisme]] y est interdit. Le [[racolage]] l'est également en France. | + | There are a variety of terms used for those who engage in prostitution, some of which distinguish between different kinds, or imply a value judgment about them. ''Prostitute'' is generally accepted as the least value-laden term; common alternatives with varying implications include ''escort'' and ''whore''. (Not all professional escorts are prostitutes, however.) Prostitution is sometimes nicknamed the "world's oldest profession". |
| - | L’abolitionnisme moderne naît dans la [[Grande-Bretagne]] [[Victoria du Royaume-Uni|victorienne]] de la fin du {{XIXe siècle}}, avec les combats de [[Josephine Butler]]. Il a conquis la majorité des pays européens. | + | The English word ''whore'' is taken from the [[Old English]] word ''hōra'' (from the Indo-European root ''kā'' meaning "desire") but usage of that word is widely considered [[pejorative]], especially in its slang form of ''ho'''. In [[Germany]] most prostitutes' organizations deliberately use the word ''Hure'' (whore) since they feel that ''prostitute'' is a bureaucratic term. Those seeking to remove the social stigma associated with prostitution often promote terminology such as ''commercial [[sex worker]]'' (CSW) or ''sex trade worker''. A ''hooker'' or ''streetwalker'' solicits customers in public places, a ''call girl'' makes appointments by phone. |
| - | La [[France]], qui a été le pays d’origine du réglementarisme, change d’orientation en [[1946]] avec la loi « [[Marthe Richard]] » et devient le pays le plus engagé contre les réglementations dans les instances internationales en adoptant un régime abolitionniste qui ferme les maisons de tolérance et prévoit la création des services de prévention et de réadaptation sociale (SPRS). Depuis la loi Marthe Richard, l'abolitionnisme ne lutte plus seulement pour l'abolition de la réglementation de la prostitution mais pour l'abolition de la prostitution dans son ensemble. | + | Correctly or not, ''prostitute'' without specifying a gender is commonly assumed to be female; compound terms such as ''[[Male prostitution|male prostitute]]'' or ''male escort'' are therefore used to identify males. Those offering services to female customers are commonly known as ''gigolos''; those offering services to male customers are ''hustlers'' or ''rent boys''. |
| - | Les raisonnements des deux camps en présence s’opposent sur le fond même de la problématique. Pour les abolitionnistes, la prostitution est une atteinte à la dignité humaine, et la personne prostituée est une victime. Pour les réglementaristes, les prostituées sont des travailleuses sexuelles et la prostitution une activité que l’État doit réguler comme toutes les autres, c’est-à-dire en protégeant les droits des travailleurs de même qu’en prévenant et en limitant les abus des employeurs. | + | [[Image:The Procuress.jpg|left|thumb|"The Procuress" by [[Dirck van Baburen]]]] |
| - | Ainsi du 15 au 17 octobre 2005 a eu lieu une conférence européenne de prostituées à Bruxelles qui a débouché sur la rédaction d'un manifeste et d'une déclaration des droits des travailleurs du sexe. | + | |
| - | ==Les politiques actuelles vis-à-vis de la prostitution== | + | Organisers of prostitution are typically known as ''[[pimp]]s'' (if male) and ''[[madam]]s'' (if female). More formally, they practice [[Procuring (prostitution)|procuring]], and are ''procurers'', or ''procuresses''. |
| - | La prostitution intéresse les autorités sur le plan fiscal, moral et sanitaire. Les politiques des pouvoirs temporels et religieux sont connues et expérimentées depuis longtemps. Les deux principales tendances sont l'abolitionnisme et la réglementation. | + | The customers of prostitutes are known as ''johns'' or ''tricks'' in [[North America]] and ''punters'' in the [[British Isles]]. These slang terms are used among both prostitutes and law enforcement for persons who solicit prostitutes. The term ''john'' may have originated from the customer practice of giving their name as "John", a common name in [[English language|English-speaking]] countries, in an effort to maintain anonymity. In some places, men who drive around [[red-light districts]] for the purpose of [[soliciting]] prostitutes are also known as ''[[kerb crawler]]s''. |
| - | La réglementation s'est souvent faite par le biais de lois et de registres de prostituées. C'est la position actuelle des [[Pays-Bas]] et de l'[[Allemagne]] où toutes les entreprises de 15 employés et plus, y compris les bordels, doivent maintenant obligatoirement « avoir à l'emploi » des apprentis sous peine de pénalités financières. | + | == Definition == |
| + | <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THIS BACK TO THE OTHER IMAGE WITHOUT FIRST DISCUSSING ON THE TALK PAGE. THANKS!--> | ||
| + | In [[street prostitution]] the prostitute [[solicitation|solicit]]s customers while waiting at street corners or "walking the street". | ||
| - | L'abolitionnisme prévaut dans des pays comme la Suède et la plupart des États [[États-Unis|américains]]. En Suède, c'est le client et non la prostituée qui est passible d'une amende. Cette loi semble cependant être critiquée par certaines prostituées suédoises<ref>[http://www.sans.nu/sans_fre.htm]</ref>. | + | [[Brothels]] are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution, often confined to special [[red-light district]]s in big cities. Other names for brothels include ''bordello'', ''whorehouse'', ''cathouse'', and ''general houses''. Prostitution also occurs in some [[massage]] parlours, and in Asian countries in some [[barber]] shops where sexual services may be offered as a secondary function of the premises. |
| - | Ces politiques peuvent être contournées par les moyens modernes de communication et les possibilités de tourisme sexuel. Il est de plus difficile de prouver qu'une relation sexuelle a eu lieu suite à un échange d'argent. | + | In escort prostitution, the act takes place at the customer's place of residence or more commonly at his or her hotel room (referred to as ''out-call''), or at the escort's place of residence or in a hotel room rented for the occasion by the escort (called ''in-call''). This form of prostitution often shelters under the umbrella of [[escort agency|escort agencies]], who ostensibly supply attractive escorts for social occasions. While escort agencies claim never to provide sexual services, very few successful escorts are available exclusively for social companionship. Even where this type of prostitution is legal, the ambiguous term ''escort service'' is commonly used. (See [[call girl]]). In the US, escort agencies advertise frequently on the [[World Wide Web|internet]] and example advertisements can be readily found on any major search engine and on open forum sites such as [[Craigslist]]. In the case of prostitutes using the internet to place ads, or prospective customers advertising for a prostitute, a long list of abbreviations and "code words" are used to describe how much a service may cost, or what specific act is being requested (see [[List of prostitution-related jargon terms]]). |
| - | On peut distinguer globalement trois approches politiques sur la question de la prostitution : | + | Some escorts may work independently of an agency (indies). This is achieved by advertising the services on offer directly in newspapers, magazines or the internet. Communication with clients is usually made on a telephone and appointments are negotiated without any third party involvement. |
| - | *réglementariste : encadrer cette activité afin qu'elle soit exercée dans un cadre légal, la prostitution est considérée comme une activité professionnelle normale. | + | |
| - | *abolitionniste : les prostituées sont des victimes et les proxénètes des criminels, les prostituées ne sont pas sanctionnables. Les clients peuvent être sanctionnés. | + | |
| - | *prohibitionniste : les prostituées et les proxénètes sont des criminels ; police et justice sanctionnent ces activités. Les clients peuvent être sanctionnés. | + | |
| - | En France : les travailleuses du sexe ne sont pas en faveur de législations contraignantes telles les maisons de tolérance, qui ne leur permettent pas de conserver le choix de leurs clients, pratiques, horaires, prévention, etc. Les travailleuses du sexe, réunies en Assises le 16 mars 2007, ont conclu à l'unanimité qu'elles étaient contre le salariat<ref>http://www.droitsetprostitution.org/assises2007.htm</ref> . | + | In [[sex tourism]], travellers from rich countries travel to poorer countries such as [[Thailand]] in search of sexual services that may be more expensive in their own countries. Other popular sex tourism destinations are [[Brazil]], the [[Caribbean]], and former [[eastern bloc]] countries. |
| - | En novembre 2007, elles poursuivent leur contestation de la répression du racolage en se rassemblant devant le Sénat et interpellent à nouveau les parlementaires<ref>http://www.droitsetprostitution.org/lettreparlement.pdf</ref>. | + | The setting common in [[Russia]] and other countries of the former USSR takes the form of an open-air prostitution market. One prostitute stands by a roadside, and directs cars to a so-called "[[tochka]]" (usually located in alleyways or carparks), where lines of women are paraded for customers in front of their car headlights. The client selects a prostitute, whom he takes away in his car. Under these conditions in particular, the women (often very young girls) are exposed to the risk of abuse. Prevalent in the late 1990s, this type of service has been steadily declining in the recent years. |
| - | Les politiques opposées des différents pays européens, qui ne sont pas forcément conformes à leur législation officielle, posent des problèmes de coordination, et entraînent un tourisme sexuel intracommunautaire. Par exemple la Belgique, qui a une législation quasiment identique à celle de la France, permet de fait, contrairement à la France, l'exploitation de maisons de tolérance sur une grande échelle, et leur publicité dans des médias de presse ou sur internet. | + | A "lot lizard" is a commonly-encountered special case of street prostitution. Lot lizards mainly serve those in the [[Semi-trailer truck|trucking industry]] at [[truck stop]]s and stopping centers. Prostitutes will often proposition [[trucker]]s using a [[CB radio]] from a vehicle parked in the non-commercial section of a truck stop parking lot, communicating through codes based on commercial driving slang, then join the driver in his truck. |
| - | Autre exemple, la publicité par internet pour des services dits d'escorting se fait à partir de ces pays plus tolérants, à destination de pays ou une telle publicité est prohibée. | + | |
| - | === Pays où les relations sexuelles rémunérées sont autorisées ou légiférées === | + | === Street === |
| + | {{main|Street prostitution}} | ||
| - | La prostitution existe dans de nombreux pays; cette tolérance peut aller de la légalisation totale, à l'interdiction supposée, en passant par des réglementations diverses (Danemark). | + | In street prostitution, the prostitute solicits customers while waiting at street corners, sometimes called "the track" by [[pimps]] and prostitutes alike. They usually dress in skimpy, provocative clothing, regardless of the weather. Street prostitutes are often called "streetwalkers" while their customers are referred to as "tricks" or "johns." Servicing the customers is described as "turning tricks." The sex is performed in the customer's car, in a nearby alley, or in a rented room. Motels and hotels which accommodate prostitutes commonly rent rooms by the half or full hour. |
| - | Les références associées à chaque pays pointent soit sur un article précisant l'existence de la prostitution dans le pays, soit sur des références légales (France, Royaume-Uni). | + | |
| - | * En Afrique <ref>http://www.congoforum.be/fr/interviewsdetail.asp?subitem=&id=11989&interviews=selected</ref> | + | Street prostitutes are often motivated by drug addiction (though the statistics are disputed),<ref>[http://popcenter.org/Problems/problem-street_prostitution.htm Street Prostitution]</ref> and are sometimes referred to by slang terms such as "[[Crack cocaine|crack]] whores" or "[[heroin|junkie]] whores." |
| - | *: ''Afrique du Sud <ref>http://www.penelopes.org/xbreve.php3?id_article=2464</ref>, Burkina Faso <ref>http://www.lefaso.net/article.php3?id_article=14756&id_rubrique=</ref>, Égypte (interdite mais pratiquée) <ref>http://www.larevuedegypte.com/printerfriendly.aspx?ArticleID=6323</ref>, Maroc, Sénégal<ref name="unesco_1998"> Courrier de l'[[UNESCO]], décembre 1998 :''Prostitution : légaliser ou pas ?'' article de Amy Otchet http://www.unesco.org/courier/1998_12/fr/ethique/txt1.htm</ref>, Tanzanie<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"> site du gouvernement français : fiche par pays, le statut de la prostitution tant masculine que féminine se trouve dans la section ''compléments'' : http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/conseils-aux-voyageurs_909/</ref> | + | |
| - | *En Amérique | + | |
| - | *: ''Argentine <ref>http://www.leportailcitoyen.com/2005/07/argentine__la_p.html</ref>, Brésil<ref name="unesco_1998"/>, Cuba, Canada <ref name="sisyphe_2338"> http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=2338</ref> <sup>et</sup><ref name="unesco_1998"/>, États-Unis <ref>http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1999/07/06/MN13894.DTL&hw=massage+parlors&sn=008&sc=895</ref>, Mexique <ref>http://voyage-bons-plans.aufeminin.com/forum/voyagesmexique/__f15_voyagesmexique-Mexique-ou-r-dominicaine.html</ref> | + | |
| - | '' | + | |
| - | * En Asie | + | |
| - | *: '' Corée du Sud<ref name="sisyphe_2338"/>, Dubaï <ref>http://www.ciao.fr/Dubai_Emirats_Arabes_Unis__Avis_459337</ref>, Inde<ref name="unesco_1998"/>, Israël, Japon<ref name="sisyphe_2338"/>, Mongolie <ref>http://www.senat.fr/ga/ga39/ga391.html</ref>, République populaire de Chine<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/> <ref>voir aussi l'article de wikipedia : [[Prostitution en République populaire de Chine]]</ref>, Tadjikistan<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Taïwan <ref>http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=913</ref> | + | |
| - | * En Europe | + | |
| - | *: ''Allemagne <ref name="liberation_191649"> article du 6 juillet 2006 dans [[Libération (journal)|Libération]] http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/191649.FR.php </ref>, Autriche<ref name="liberation_191649"/>, Belgique <ref>http://www.lalibre.be/article.phtml?id=10&subid=90&art_id=185126</ref>, Bulgarie <ref>http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F</ref>, Chypre <ref name="sisyphe_2338"/>, Danemark (revenu secondaire)<ref name="unesco_1998"/>, Espagne<ref name="liberation_191649"/>, Estonie <ref>http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1997/bilan1997/vol5/estonie.htm</ref>, France, Grèce<ref name="unesco_1998"/>, Italie <ref name="eleuthera"> ''Les clients de la prostitution, ces inconnus…'' article dans Manière de voir, bimestriel du [[Monde diplomatique]], n° 44, mars-avril 1999. disponible en ligne : http://eleuthera.free.fr/html/158.htm</ref>, Luxembourg<ref name="sisyphe_2338"/>, Pays-Bas<ref name="liberation_191649"/>, Pologne <ref>http://www.afse92.com/journal/article1.php?ID=446</ref>, Roumanie <ref>http://www.colisee.org/article.php?id_article=1048</ref>, Royaume-Uni (Angleterre et Pays de Galles)<ref>http://www.sosfemmes.com/sexwork/sexwork_regimes_compares_angleterre.htm et http://www.senat.fr/lc/lc79/lc792.html</ref>, Russie <ref>http://www.amnestyinternational.be/doc/article1353.html</ref>, Slovénie<ref name="sisyphe_2338"/>, Suisse<ref name="sisyphe_2338"/>, Turquie<ref name="unesco_1998"/>, Ukraine<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Union européenne <ref>http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61999J0268:FR:HTML</ref>, | + | |
| - | *: En Finlande, la prostitution existe, mais un changement de politique semble s'amorcer, pour la combattre <ref>http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cedaw/French/concluding_observations/finland2001.html</ref> | + | |
| - | '' | + | |
| - | === Pays qui interdisent les relations sexuelles rémunérées === | + | === Escort/Out-call === |
| + | [[Image:Phone box prostitute calling cards 1.jpg|left|thumb|[[Tart card]]s in a British [[telephone booth|phone box]] advertising the services of [[call girl]]s]] | ||
| + | {{main|Call girl}} | ||
| + | Escort agencies typically advertise in regional publications and even telephone listings like the [[Yellow Pages]]. Many maintain websites with photo galleries of the employees. An interested client contacts an agency by telephone and offers a description of what kind of escort they are looking for. The agency will then suggest an employee who might fit that client's need. | ||
| - | * En Afrique | + | The agency collects the client's contact information and calls the escort. Usually, to protect the identity of the escort and ensure effective communication with the client, the agency arranges the appointment. Sometimes it may be up to the escort to contact the client directly to make arrangements for location and time of an appointment. If the agency does not supply transport to and from the client, the escort is also expected to call the agency upon arrival at the location and again upon leaving to assure his or her safe completion of the booking. |
| - | *: ''Algérie''{{Référence nécessaire}}, ''Égypte<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Maroc<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Tunisie (prostitution interdite pour les femmes)<ref>http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/cp/cp1205.htm</ref>'' | + | |
| - | * En Amérique | + | |
| - | *:''Belize<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, États-Unis (sauf dans dix comtés du Nevada, où elle est réglementée)<ref name="eleuthera"/> <sup>et</sup> <ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/> | + | |
| - | * En Asie | + | |
| - | *: ''Arabie saoudite<ref>http://agora.qc.ca/mot.nsf/Dossiers/Arabie_Saoudite</ref>, Birmanie<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Corée du Sud<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Émirats arabes unis<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Iran <ref>http://www.iran-resist.org/article2342</ref>, Laos<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Mongolie<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Népal<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Philippines<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Yémen<ref>http://www.peinedemort.org/document.php?choix=1057</ref>'', Thaïlande. | + | |
| - | * En Europe | + | |
| - | *:''Albanie<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Andorre<ref>http://www.les-vallees.com/lois.htm</ref>, Irlande<ref>http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord1997/bilan1997/vol6/irland.htm</ref>, Monaco<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Suède<ref>http://www.ledevoir.com/2004/12/16/70823.html et http://cybersolidaires.typepad.com/ameriques/2005/10/tre_travailleus.html</ref>, Vatican''{{Référence nécessaire}}'', '' | + | |
| - | * En Océanie | + | |
| - | *:''Samoa<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/>, Vanuatu<ref name="gouv_fr_diplomatie"/> | + | |
| - | ==Les pratiques== | + | The purpose of discretion is to attempt to protect the escort agency (to some degree) from prosecution for breaking the [[law]]. If the employee is solely responsible for arranging any illegal aspects of their professional encounter the agency could try to maintain [[plausible deniability]] should an [[arrest]] be made. However in practice, the use of undercover police evidence or the use of links to reviews of the agencies escorts usually results in this failing. |
| - | [[Image:Prostitutesinfrance.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Prostituées exerçant dans leurs camionnettes à Lyon, France]] | + | Typically, an agency will charge their escorts either a flat fee for each client connection or a percentage of the prearranged rate. In San Francisco, it is usual for typical heterosexual-market agencies to negotiate for as little as $100, up to a full 50 percent of an escort's reported earnings (not counting any gratuity received). If they work independently doing either incalls or outcalls, prices can range from $200 to over $5,000 for more exclusive services. Most transactions occur in cash, and optional tipping of escorts by clients in most major US cities is customary but not compulsory. Credit card processing offered by larger scale agencies is often available for a service charge. |
| - | * ''fille à soldat'' : Prostituée qui opère autour des armées en campagne et des casernements. On parle aussi de BMC, « [[bordel militaire de campagne]] », en référence aux camions [[GMC]]{{référence souhaitée}}. | + | Independent escorts, also known as providers, have differing fees depending on many factors. For example; different seasons bring about different costs (and differing levels of demand), as do regular and semi-regular customers. Some may charge by the hour, half hour or even in 15 minute blocks. Time extensions (if offered or requested) are usually priced at the same rate as the original booking. |
| + | Some escorts pay another individual to act as their personal security, thus providing a level of protection to themselves from violent or abusive clients. | ||
| - | * ''abattage'' : Pratique qui consiste à se prostituer un grand nombre de fois par jour avec des prix très bas. Les maisons d'abattage furent le plus souvent fréquentées par les clients peu fortunés : militaires (voir [[femmes de réconfort]]), marins et migrants. Depuis quelques années cette pratique fait un retour en force par le biais des "tour": des escortes des pays de l'est s'installent pour une courte période dans un hôtel d'une grosse ville européenne et reçoivent un grand nombre de clients par jour (souvent plus de 10){{référence souhaitée}}. En France, il faut dire que ce fut jusqu'à plus de 50 clients pour certaines filles dans le quartier de la Goutte d'Or à Paris, avant la loi dite “rattachement des familles”. Les passes étaient alors pratiquées sans aucune hygiène : ni savon, ni préservatif. De nos jours, la prostitution dans les camionnettes ou autocaravanes du bois de Vincennes, s'apparente à l'abattage : quotidiennement, plus d'une trentaine de fellations pour telle ou telle fille aux heures de "sortie des bureaux"{{référence souhaitée}}. | + | An escort who works less often may be able to command a premium for his or her exclusivity. One who sees several clients each day may charge less, but earn more in the end. Independent escorts might see clients for extended meetings involving dinner or social activities, whereas escorts who work through agencies generally provide only sexual services. |
| - | * ''escorte'' ou ''call-girl'': personne qui se prostitue sur simple appel téléphonique ou désormais par e-mail. La personne qui se prostitue peut recevoir, à domicile ou à l'hôtel (in-call en anglais), ou se déplacer (out-call). Les numéros sont diffusés par des revues de petites annonces ou de plus en plus par [[Internet]]. Cette pratique est considérée comme la forme la plus enviable de prostitution, car généralement mieux rémunérée, permettant éventuellement de rester indépendante (donc de garder l'ensemble des gains), de travailler à son rythme et de ne pas s'exposer sur la voie publique. La prostituée peut être indépendante ou exercer par le biais d'une agence. Certaines escortes dites "de luxe" peuvent, moyennant finance prendre l'avion et ainsi avoir une activité et une renommée planétaire. On retrouve aussi des hommes dans cette activité, et bon nombre d'actrices du cinéma pornographique{{référence souhaitée}}. | + | Whilst the vast majority of escort agencies are sex related, there are some non-sexual escort agencies, where escorts provide companionship for business and social occasions. |
| - | * ''prostitution de rue'' ou ''tapin'' : prostitution qui consiste à racoler les clients en marchant sur la voie publique, en prétendant faire de l'[[auto-stop]], ou assise (chaise personnelle, escaliers d'entrée d'immeuble, etc.), mais généralement dans une tenue aguichante. La forme la plus voyante est limitée par la police à certaines rues et certains horaires, dits du quartier chaud mais certaines prostituées à l'allure discrète opèrent dans les quartiers passants. Les premiers prix pour une "passe" se situent autour de 40 euros. En 2004, dans l'ouest de l'Europe, des filles proposaient généralement des services ''dans la voiture'' à 30 et 50 euros pour dix minutes. Dans certains pays cette prostitution a lieu le long des routes passantes et sur les aires d'autoroute. La prostitution de rue est considérée comme la forme la plus dangereuse d'activité. <ref>http://www.claude-goasguen.org/site/interieur.php?assemblee=1&rubr=11&contenu=31</ref> | + | === Sex tourism === |
| + | {{main|Sex tourism}} | ||
| + | :''See also: [[Jineterismo|Cuban Jineteras]] and [[Female sex tourism]] | ||
| - | * ''linups'' : dans certains cas, une maquerelle (ou mama-san s'il s'agit d'une asiatique) racole auprès d'un van qui contient les filles. Quand un automobiliste s'arrête les prostituées sortent du van pour lui permettre de choisir{{référence souhaitée}}. | + | [[Sex tourism]] is travelling for [[sexual intercourse]] with prostitutes or to engage in other sexual activity. The [[World Tourism Organization]], a specialized agency of the [[United Nations]] defines sex tourism as "trips organized from within the tourism sector, or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination".<ref name ="WTO">U.N. [[World Tourism Organization]] ''[http://www.world-tourism.org/protect_children/statements/wto_a.htm Statement on the Prevention of Organized Sex Tourism]''</ref> |
| - | * ''prostitution de vitrine'' : forme de prostitution typique des pays froids mais limitée à certains quartiers (''red light district''). La prostituée s'expose en tenue légère dans une vitrine. La négociation se fait par gestes à travers la vitre ou à travers une fenêtre prévue à cet effet. C'est une forme de prostitution particulièrement répandue aux Pays-Bas et en Belgique. | + | Often the term "sex tourism" is mistakenly interchanged with the term "child sex tourism". As opposed to regular sex tourism, a tourist who has sex with a [[Prostitution of children|child prostitute]] possibly commits a crime against international law, in addition to the host country, and the country that the tourist is a citizen of. The term "child" is often used as defined by international law and refers to any person below the [[age of consent]]. |
| - | * ''maisons closes'' : appelées ''clubs'', ''boudoirs'', ''studios'', ''cabarets'' ou ''saunas'', ces établissements permettent aux filles de recevoir leurs clients. Ces maisons vont du bouge à l'établissement grand standing avec sabot de paiement par carte. Le client qui y rentre peut demander à voir les filles pour en choisir une après une revue de détail. | + | === Prostitution and the Internet === |
| + | Some prostitutes use the Internet to find customers.<ref name="siegal">{{cite book |author=Siegal, Larry J.|year=2005 |title=Criminology: The Core Second Edition |publisher=Thompson}}</ref> A prostitute may use adult boards or create a website of their own with contact details, such as email addresses. | ||
| - | * ''prostitution en discothèque'' : la prostitution peut avoir lieu dans tout endroit fréquenté par de potentiel(le)s client(e)s. Cela peut être une discothèque comme une [[rave party]]. | + | Adult contact sites, chats and communities like myspace are also used. |
| - | * ''radasse'' : Prostituée qui racolait dans les bars peu fréquentables anciennement appelés rades. | + | == Socio-economic and legal status == |
| + | === Legality === | ||
| + | [[Image:Bmc perrache.JPG|thumb|right|Prostitutes working in their vans in [[Lyon]], [[France]]. This form of prostitution is often referred to as "[[Bordels Mobiles de Campagne|BMC]]".]] | ||
| + | At one end of the legal spectrum, prostitution carries the [[capital punishment|death penalty]] for third-time offenders in the [[Sudan]];<ref>http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/33/158.html</ref> at the other end, prostitutes are tax-paying [[trade union|unionised]] professionals in [[Hungary]]<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/09/24/hungary.prostitutes.ap/index.html?iref=newssearch</ref> as well as the [[Netherlands]], where brothels and advertising businesses are legal (however, prostitutes must be at least 18, while the [[age of consent]] is 16 in other contexts). The legal situation in [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]] (where the issue of legal age is a source of avid dispute, some insisting that one can legally be a prostitute as of one's sixteenth birthday, other maintaining it is eighteen), and [[New Zealand]] is similar to that in the Netherlands (see [[prostitution in the Netherlands]], [[prostitution in Germany]] and [[prostitution in New Zealand]]). In the Australian state of [[New South Wales]], any person over the age of 18 may offer to provide sexual services in return for money. In [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], a person who wishes to run a prostitution business must have a licence. Prostitutes working for themselves in their own business, as prostitutes in the business, must be registered. Individual sex workers are not required to be registered or licensed. In some countries the legal status of prostitution may vary depending on the activity; in [[Japan]], for example, vaginal prostitution is against the law while [[oral sex|fellatio]] prostitution is legal, as women who perform fellatio for money are not considered prostitutes in Japan.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} | ||
| - | * ''flirty-fishing'' : forme de « prostitution missionnaire » mise au point dans la [[secte]] des [[Enfants de Dieu]] et pratiquée entre [[1975]] et [[1987]] : les jeunes et jolies fidèles usaient de leur charme pour fournir de nouveaux adeptes à leur gourou, David Berg (dit Moïse-David){{référence souhaitée}}. Officiellement cette pratique n'a plus cours, la secte ayant été dissoute en 1978. | + | In [[Turkey]], street prostitution is illegal. Prostitution through government regulated brothels is legal. All brothels must have a license, and all sex workers working in brothels must be licensed as well. Municipality based "Commissions for the struggle against venereal diseases and prostitution" are in charge of issuing such licenses. |
| - | * ''prostitution de plage'', Tizi-Ouzou, Afrique <ref>http://www.elwatan.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=45991</ref> | + | In the [[United Kingdom]], prostitution is not formally illegal, but several activities surrounding it are outlawed. In England and Wales, the legal situation is: |
| + | * for a prostitute to loiter or conduct solicitation in a street or public place is illegal, therefore outlawing street prostitution. | ||
| + | * it is also illegal for a potential client to solicit persistently, or solicit from a motor vehicle ([[kerb crawling]]). | ||
| + | * owning or running a brothel is illegal. | ||
| + | * child prostitution is specifically illegal for the person paying (where 'child' is defined as younger than 18, although the age of consent is 16) | ||
| + | * controlling prostitution for gain is an offence, banning pimping. | ||
| - | * ''prostitution étudiante'' : en [[France]], la [[Pauvreté en France|pauvreté]] des étudiants (200 000 en situation financière difficile) conduit des jeunes femmes et des jeunes gens à financer leurs études en vendant leurs "services", par exemple par le moyen d'annonces sur [[Internet]]. Ce phénomène est dans ce pays en augmentation. Le syndicat SUD Étudiant avance le chiffre de 40 000 personnes concernées{{référence souhaitée}}. | + | There has been long and widespread debate as to whether the a toleration of prostitution similar to that seen in the Netherlands and Germany should be extended. Local police forces have historically flipped between zero tolerance of prostitution and unofficial red light districts. |
| - | Les moyens de rencontre utilisés pour des relations sans rémunération comme les [[agence matrimoniale|agences matrimoniales]] et les forums de rencontres peuvent aussi être détournés : la véritable nature de la relation est dévoilée au dernier moment. | + | The Government announced on [[January 17]], [[2006]], that in England and Wales it was considering allowing small brothels, whilst continuing the crackdown against kerb-crawling, which is seen as a nuisance. [1] |
| + | A similar situation exists in Scotland, with prostitution itself not illegal but associated activities are. A Prostitution Tolerance Zones Bill was introduced into the Scottish Parliament but failed to become law. | ||
| - | ==Enjeux contemporains== | + | In the [[United States]], prostitution is primarily illegal. In all but two U.S. states, the buying and selling of sexual services is illegal and usually classified as a [[misdemeanor]]. Regulated brothels are legal in several counties of [[Nevada]] (see [[prostitution in Nevada]]). In [[Rhode Island]], the act of sex for money is not illegal, but street solicitation and operating a brothel are. |
| - | La prostitution est souvent perçue comme un problème car elle est souvent aux mains de la [[criminalité]] organisée. Même les ''julots casse-croûte'' (souteneurs individuels) sont obligés de faire de la délinquance pour montrer leur virulence. Les prostituées peuvent alors être victimes d'une forme d'[[esclavage]]. De nombreuses prostituées sont aussi consommatrices de [[drogue]]s. Les prostituées sont également concernées par les [[Maladie sexuellement transmissible|maladies sexuellement transmissibles]] et les convoitises que provoquent leurs revenus. <br /> | + | In [[Canada]], prostitution itself is legal, but most other activities around it are not. It is illegal to live "off the avails" of prostitution (this law is intended to outlaw pimping) and it is illegal (for both parties) to negotiate a sex-for-money deal in a public place (which includes bars). To maintain a veneer of legality, escort agencies arrange a meeting between the escort and the client. A Canadian Supreme Court ruling in 1978 required that to be convicted of soliciting, a prostitute's activities must be "pressing and persistent". Similarly, in [[Bulgaria]] prostitution itself is legal, but most activities around it (such as pimping) are outlawed. |
| - | Pour les riverains, la prostitution de rue est souvent très mal vécue car elle diminue le prestige du quartier et donc la valeur des propriétés, par ailleurs, les rues ne disposant pas de dispositifs sanitaires adaptés sont souvent souillées par de l'urine et des préservatifs que l'on peut supposer être usagés. | + | |
| - | === Impact global === | + | Rules vary as to which roles in prostitution are illegal: being a prostitute, being a client, or being a pimp. In [[Sweden]] it is legal to sell sex but not to buy sex. Pimping is also illegal. Prostitutes are generally viewed by the government as oppressed, while their clients are viewed as oppressors. {{Fact|date=September 2007}} [[Norway]] has the same laws as Sweden, except that it's not illegal to buy sex. This situation is liable to change within a year or so, however, as the delegates at the 2007 annual meeting of the [[Norwegian Labour Party|Labour Party]], Norway's largest, and part of the 2005–2009 coalition government, voted in favour of banning the purchase of sexual services. |
| - | En terme de flux de populations, la prostitution entraîne de véritables hémorragies de jeunes femmes des pays dont elles sont issues vers leur pays de « travail », souvent distants de plusieurs centaines de kilomètres. Les réseaux criminels utilisent en outre des techniques de contrainte comme la confiscation de papiers d'identité, le viol dit 'pour casser', le chantage familial, la surveillance par des souteneurs, et l'interdiction de quitter le giron [[mafia|mafieux]]. Il arrive que les prostituées soient l'objet de trafic et soient vendues. Elles peuvent également être droguées de force : une fois dépendantes de la drogue, elles sont plus faciles à surveiller. | + | In the Netherlands, the purchase of sexual services from prostitutes under 18 years of age, or pimping in such instances, is illegal. The offering of services by prostitutes under 18 years of age is not illegal, unless the client is also underage (under 16). In most countries with criminalized prostitution, prostitutes are arrested and prosecuted at a far higher rate than their clients. |
| - | Selon Sabine Dusch<ref>Dusch, Sabine (2002), «'' Le trafic d'êtres humains ''», Paris, Presses Universitaires de France</ref>, la prostitution engendre un chiffre d'affaires mondial de 60 milliards d'euros. En 1998, l'[[Organisation des Nations unies]]<ref>Stalker, Peter (2000) «'' Workers Without Frontiers. The Impact of Globalization on International Migration ''», [[Organisation internationale du travail]] Genève</ref> estimait que, chaque année, 4 millions de personnes étaient l'objet d'un trafic à des fins sexuelles, ce qui générait entre 5 et 7 milliards de dollars US de profits aux groupes criminels. | + | In [[Brazil]] and [[Costa Rica]] prostitution ''per se'' is legal, but taking advantage of or profiting from the prostitution of others is illegal. |
| - | Quant à l'hémorragie et le transfert de jeunes femmes, selon Dusch, les femmes victimes de la traite sont nettement plus nombreuses que celles qui sont l'objet d'un trafic à des fins d'exploitation domestique ou de main-d'œuvre à bon marché. D'après l'[[Organisation des Nations unies|ONU]]<ref>Rapport de l'[[UNICEF]], 2000</ref>, ces trente dernières années, en Asie seulement, la traite de femmes et d'enfants à des fins « d'exploitation sexuelle » a fait plus de 30 millions de victimes. | + | Prostitution is legal for citizens in [[Denmark]], but it is illegal to profit from the prostitution of others (which outlaws pimping and sex slavery) {{Fact|date=July 2007}}. Prostitution is not regulated as in the Netherlands; instead, the government attempts through social services to bring people out of prostitution into other careers, and attempts to lessen the amount of criminal activity and other problems associated with prostitution. |
| - | Les pays communistes « purs et durs » affirment souvent ne pas connaître ce type d'activité. | + | In [[Thailand]], prostitution is illegal as stated in the Prevention and Suppression Act of B.E. 2539 (=1996)<ref>[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/46403/65063/E96THA01.htm http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/46403/65063/E96THA01.htm] ''Ilio.org'' Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> |
| - | Des études récentes reprises par Richard Poulin estiment que 85 à 90% des personnes prostituées sont soumises à un proxénète au niveau mondial. | + | In [[Hong Kong]], prostitution is legal so long as it is done in private, but brothels are illegal as is any third-party profit from prostitution (pimping). However in practice much of the prostitution is controlled by [[Triad society|triad]] societies or as informal additions to otherwise nonsexual services such as massage parlors, bars and [[karaoke]] establishments. Among the many forms of prostitution common in Hong Kong are "one for one" girls. To avoid the operation of an illegal brothel, triads will rent tiny apartments and allow girls to "sublet" them so they appear to be operating out of their own homes. The triads then advertise the girls' services on web sites or in local publications. Another avoidance strategy is to operate a karaoke establishment and provide girls as entertainment or companionship only; the girls then take customers to an hourly hotel in the same building and pay for the room separately. Informal, individual prostitution (mostly of Filipinas, Indonesians, Thais, and sometimes women from Latin America and the former Soviet Union) is almost always available at discos or hotel bars, especially in the [[Tsim Sha Tsui]] and [[Wan Chai]] districts (the latter famous as the setting for ''[[The World of Suzie Wong]]''. Occasionally the police raid the triad-run prostitution setups, but usually the only arrests made are for immigration violations. Women frequently enter Hong Kong from mainland [[China]] for prostitution services. However, this travel is not forcible; most women working as prostitutes in Hong Kong are of age and are doing so voluntarily{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. |
| - | == Prostitution animale non humaine == | + | Establishments engaged in sexual slavery or owned by organized crime are the highest priority targets of law enforcement actions against prostitution. Police also frequently intervene when prompted by local resident complaints, often directed against street prostitution. In most countries where prostitution is illegal, at least some forms of it are tolerated. This ambiguous status allows the police to extort money or services, particularly information on criminal activities that prostitutes are often well-placed to obtain, from prostitutes in exchange for "looking the other way". |
| + | [[Image:Anti-ProstitutionSign.jpg|thumb|250px|1941 Las Vegas hotel sign]] | ||
| + | Pimping is a [[sex crime]] in almost all jurisdictions. Some other countries retain the ill-defined offence of "living off the proceeds of the prostitution of others", one of the ''[[prima facie]]'' evidences of which is co-habiting with a prostitute. | ||
| - | La prostitution a été observée chez des espèces animales non humaines, notamment chez les [[Pygoscelis adeliae|manchots Adélie]] et chez les [[insectes]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/60302.stm</ref>{{,}}<ref>http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/2004spring/stories/materialgirls.html</ref> | + | In 1949, the [[UN General Assembly]] adopted [[Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others|a convention]] stating that forced prostitution is incompatible with human dignity, requiring all signing parties to punish pimps and brothel owners and operators and to abolish all special treatment or registration of prostitutes. The convention was ratified by 89 countries but [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]] and the [[United States]] did not participate. |
| - | == Vocabulaire == | + | Some municipalities in the Netherlands would like a "zero tolerance policy" for brothels, i.e. not allow any, on moral grounds, but by law this is not possible. However, regulations, including restrictions in number and location are common. Whether a zero policy on [[urban planning]] grounds is allowed is still unclear. |
| - | Autour de la prostitution s'est créé un vocabulaire argotique pour décrire l'activité ou la personne l'exerçant. Le plus souvent, ces expressions ont pris un caractère péjoratif. | + | === Advertising === |
| + | [[Image:Prostitutoin Adverts.jpg|thumb|A number of stickers affixed to a [[pay phone]] in [[Sao Paulo]].]] | ||
| + | In countries where prostitution is legal, advertising it may be legal (as in the Netherlands) or illegal (as in Germany). In countries where prostitution is illegal, advertising it is usually also illegal. | ||
| - | On qualifie par exemple une prostituée - mais aussi une femme ''libertine'' - de "femme de mauvaise vie"... | + | Covert advertising for prostitution can take a number of forms: |
| + | * by cards in newsagents' windows | ||
| + | * by cards placed in public telephone enclosures: so-called [[tart card]]s | ||
| + | * by euphemistic advertisements in regular magazines and newspapers (for instance, talking of "massages" or "relaxation") | ||
| + | * in specialist [[contact magazine]]s | ||
| + | * via the [[World Wide Web|internet]] | ||
| + | * in public [[bathroom]] stalls (i.e. "for a good time call...") | ||
| - | ''Faire le trottoir'' : [[métonymie]] décrivant la façon dont la prostituée attend un client. En créole d'Afrique de l'Ouest, une prostituée est une "''trottoire''" ou une "''cul-boutique''". | + | In [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] prostitution is often promoted overtly on [[Las Vegas Strip|The Las Vegas Strip]] by third party workers distributing risqué flyers with the pictures and phone numbers of prostitutes. Prostitution is illegal in [[Clark County, Nevada|Clark County]]<ref>[http://lasvegas.about.com/b/a/048707.htm about.com]</ref> where Las Vegas is located. |
| - | === Expression=== | + | === Regulated === |
| + | {{main|Regulated prostitution}} | ||
| + | [[Image:Prostata Prostitute.jpg|thumb|226px|A Dutch prostitute speaks with a passerby.]] | ||
| + | In some jurisdictions, such as Nevada (''see'' [[prostitution in Nevada]]), [[Switzerland]] and in four [[Australia]]n states or territories ([[Australian Capital Territory]], [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[Queensland]] and the [[Northern Territory]]), prostitution is legal but heavily regulated. | ||
| - | La prostitution est parfois appelée « le plus vieux métier du monde », ce qu'interroge l'historienne [[Michelle Perrot]]. Pour des anthropologues ce serait plutôt le [[chamanisme]], avec les guérisseurs, qui aurait droit à cette dénomination<ref> {{en}} Dr. Robert L. Carneiro «'' Subsistence and Social Structure: An Ecological Study of the Kuikuru Indians ''» 1957</ref> tandis que pour d'autres ce serait le métier de sage-femme<!-- ref> manque une réf</ref -->. D'ailleurs le terme ''métier '' eut un sens varié au cours du temps historique. | + | Such approaches are often, but not always taken with the stance that prostitution is impossible to eliminate and thus these societies have chosen to regulate it in ways that reduce the more undesirable aspects. Goals of such regulations include controlling [[sexually transmitted disease]], reducing [[sexual slavery]], controlling where brothels may operate and dissociating prostitution from crime syndicates. |
| - | Seule entre toutes les cités, Sparte est réputée en Grèce pour n'abriter aucune ''pornê''. Plutarque<ref> Plutarque : Vie de Lycurgue, IX, 6</ref> l'explique par l'absence de métaux précieux et de véritable monnaie — Sparte utilise une monnaie de fer qui n'est reconnue nulle part ailleurs : aucun proxénète ne trouverait d'intérêt à s'y installer. De fait, on ne trouve pas de trace de prostitution commune à Sparte à l'époque archaïque ou classique. | + | The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] legalisation of prostitution has similar objectives, as well as improving health and working conditions for the women and weakening the link between prostitution and criminality. |
| - | A cela, nous pouvons ajouter ce commentaire de Martine Costes-Péplinski : "La première trace de vie humaine retrouvée à ce jour remonte à 6 millions d'années, le premier outil date de 2,5 millions d'années alors que la prostitution apparaît, comme la guerre, seulement à la fin du néolithique, soit 5000 avant Jésus Christ au grand maximum. C'est dire si hommes et femmes ont partagé mille autres occupations et préoccupations avant de s'adonner à celle-ci..." | + | [[Daily Planet (property trust)|Daily Planet]] is a brothel in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] whose [[stock|shares]] were listed on the [[Australian Stock Exchange]] in 2003, before listing difficulties - investors were asked to undergo police checks before buying shares - forced the listed company to divest the brothel back into private ownership (the company remained listed and continues its other business interests). There are various regulatory regimes governing prostitution in Australia and a level of increasing professionalism is being seen in the industry with the establishment of business associations like the Queensland Adult Business Association<ref>[http://qaba.org.au http://qaba.org.au] ''Qaba.org'' Retrieved on 04-26-07</ref> that ascribe to a strict ethical code which entrenches the independence of service providers. |
| - | Pour paraphraser, l'avocate féministe Gunilla Ekberg dénonce : « La prostitution, ce n’est pas le plus vieux métier du monde, c’est le plus vieux mensonge ». <!--pour encoder la citation Martine Costès-Peplinski la prostitution apparaît avec la misère et la guerre ... [http://www.csf.gouv.qc.ca/telechargement/publications/RechercheProstitutionProfessionOuExploitation.pdf]--> | + | === Of children === |
| + | [[Image:Child Prostitute - 1871.jpg|thumb|An 1871 photograph of a pregnant prostitute approximately 11-years old.]] | ||
| + | {{main|prostitution of children}} | ||
| + | Regarding the [[prostitution of children]] the laws on prostitution as well as those on sex with a child apply. If prostitution in general is legal there is usually a minimum age requirement for legal prostitution that is higher than the general [[age of consent]] (see above for some examples). Although some countries do not single out patronage of child prostitution as a separate crime, same act is punishable as sex with an underage. | ||
| - | ==La prostitution dans la culture populaire== | + | Some [[pedophilia|pedophiles]] travel to other countries to have access to sex with children, which is unavailable in their home country. [[Cambodia]] has become a notorious destination for these pedophiles.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Several western countries have recently enacted laws with extraterritorial reach punishing citizens who engage in sex with minors in other countries. As the crime usually goes undiscovered, these laws are rarely enforced.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1775221.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1775221.stm] ''News.bbc.co.uk'' Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3197861.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3197861.stm] ''News.bbc.co.uk'' Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3221905.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3221905.stm] ''News.bbc.co.uk'' Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> |
| - | * [[Pretty Woman]] | + | === In illegal immigration === |
| - | * ''Complainte des Filles de Joie'', de [[Georges Brassens]] | + | A difficulty facing migrant prostitutes in many developed countries is the illegal residence status of some of these women. They face potential deportation, and so do not have recourse to the law. Hence there are brothels that may not adhere to the usual legal standards intended to safeguard public health and the safety of the workers. |
| - | * la [[:Catégorie:Prostitution au cinéma]] | + | |
| - | ==Bibliographie== | + | === Violence against prostitutes === |
| + | Prostitutes are at risk of [[violent crime]],<ref> [http://www.justicewomen.com/letters_prostitution.html http://www.justicewomen.com/letters_prostitution.html] ''Justicewomen.com'' Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> as well as possibly at higher risk of occupational mortality than any other group of women ever studied. For example, the homicide rate for female prostitutes was estimated to be 204 per 100,000 (Potterat et al, 2004), which is sometimes higher than that for the next riskiest occupations in the United States during a similar period (4 per 100,000 for female liquor store workers and 29 per 100,000 for male taxicab drivers) (Castillo ''et al.'', 1994). However, there are substantial differences in rates of victimization between street prostitutes and indoor prostitutes who work as escorts, call girls, or in brothels and massage parlors (Weitzer 2000, 2005). Perpetrators include violent clients, pimps, and corrupt law-enforcement officers. Prostitutes (particularly those engaging in [[street prostitution]]) are also sometimes the targets of [[serial killer]]s, who may consider them easy targets, or use the religious and social stigma associated with prostitutes as justification for their murder. Being criminals in most jurisdictions, prostitutes are less likely than the law-abiding to be looked for by police if they disappear, making them favored targets of predators. The unidentified serial killer (or killers) known as [[Jack the Ripper]] is said to have killed at least five prostitutes in [[London]] in 1888. More recently, [[Robert Pickton]], a Canadian who lived near Vancouver, made headlines after the remains of several missing prostitutes were found buried on his farm. He now stands charged with the murder of 26 Vancouver area women, and is suspected by police of killing at least four more (though no charges have been laid). [[Gary Ridgway]] (aka the Green River Killer), confessed to killing 48 prostitutes from 1982 to 1998, making him one of the most prolific serial killers in [[United States|American]] history.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/05/green.river.killings/index.html | ||
| + | http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/05/green.river.killings/index.html] ''CNN.com'' Retrieved on 10-27-07 </ref> As of December 2006, a serial killer of prostitutes appears to be active in [[Ipswich]], [[England]] (see [[2006 Ipswich murder investigation]]). | ||
| - | * La fermeture ([[1986]]), la fin des maisons closes, de [[Alphonse Boudard]] | + | === Human trafficking and sexual slavery === |
| - | * Philippe Mangeot, « La femme au masque » dans ''Sept images d'amour'', Les Prairies Ordinaires, 2006 (sur la mobilisation des prostituées contre l'instauration, avec la [[Loi pour la sécurité intérieure]], du délit de racolage passif à l'automne 2002) | + | {{main|Trafficking in human beings}} |
| - | * Maitresse Nikita et Thierry Schaffauser, Fières d'être putes, L'Altiplano 2007. | + | [[Image:The White Slave statue.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Statue of a young girl caught in the "[[white slavery]]", as prostitution was known in the 19<sup>th</sup>-century.]] |
| - | * Gail Pheterson, Le prisme de la prostitution, Bibliothèque du féminisme. | + | During [[World War II]], women and girls were kidnapped and enslaved by the Imperial Japanese military and forced to work as unpaid prostitutes (see [[Comfort women]]). |
| - | * Claire Carthonnet, J'ai des choses à vous dire : une prostituée témoigne, Robert Lafont. | + | |
| - | * [[Shirley Lacasse]], ''Le travail des danseuses nues : au-delà du stigmate, une relation de service marchand'', 2004, [http://www.iforum.umontreal.ca/Forum/2005-2006/20050926/sociologie_danse.html Lire en ligne présentation] <small>(www.iforum.umontreal.ca)</small> | + | |
| - | *[[Jeanne Cordelier]], "La Dérobade", Phébus, nvle édition 2007. | + | |
| - | == Notes et références == | + | Human trafficking is the fastest growing form of modern day slavery<ref name="antislavery">{{cite web |url=http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/antislavery/trafficking.htm |title=Trafficking |publisher=Antislavery.org |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> and is the third largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ncpc.typepad.com/prevention_works_blog/2006/10/human_trafficki.html|title= Responding to Modern-Day Slavery|accessdate= |format= |work= |date=2006-10-20 }}</ref> |
| - | <references /> | + | |
| + | Poverty, social exclusion and war are at the heart of human trafficking. Many women are hoodwinked into believing promises of a better life, sometimes by people who are known and trusted to them. Traffickers may own legitimate travel agencies, modeling agencies and employment offices in order to gain women's trust. Others are simply kidnapped. Once overseas it is common for their passport to be confiscated by the trafficker and to be warned of the consequences should they attempt to escape, including beatings, [[rape]], threats of violence against their family and death threats. It is common, particularly in [[Eastern Europe]], that should they manage to return to their families they will only be trafficked once again. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Due to the illegal and underground nature of sex trafficking, the exact extent of women and children forced into prostitution is unknown. The [[International Labour Organization]] in 2005 estimated at least 2.4 million people have been trafficked.<ref name="antislavery"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Thousands of children are sold into the global sex trade every year. Often they are kidnapped or orphaned, and sometimes they are actually sold by their own families. According to the International Labour Organization, the problem is especially alarming in Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia, Nepal and India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ecpatusa.org/index.asp |title= ECPAT-USA |accessdate= |format= |work= |date= }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | In May 2005 the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings opened for signature. Since then over 30 countries have signed the Convention and four countries have ratified it. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has produced a Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/Trafficking_toolkit_Oct06.pdf |title=Toolkit to Combat | ||
| + | Trafficking in Persons |publisher=Unodc.org |accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Globally, forced labour generates $31bn, half of it in the industrialised world, a tenth in transition countries, the [[International Labour Organization]] says in a report on forced labour ("A global alliance against forced labour", ILO, [[11 May]] [[2005]]). Trafficking in people has been facilitated by porous borders and advanced communication technologies, it has become increasingly transnational in scope and highly lucrative within its barbarity. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In some countries counselling, accommodation, specialist care exists for trafficked people to help them escape, whilst in other countries, this support is lacking. | ||
| - | == Voir aussi == | + | == Medical situation == |
| - | === Articles connexes === | + | Prostitution has often been associated with the spread of [[sexually transmitted diseases]] (STDs) such as [[HIV]]. Although people working as prostitutes are not regularly studied as a group by the CDC or other recognized institutions, what [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000891.htm little] has been done on the subject suggests that women in prostitution have either HIV rates similar to the population or lower {{Fact|date=November 2007}}. Nevertheless, needle-sharing injection drug users in prostitution or not carry very high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV compared to the general population. Studies in the USA on non-intravenous drug using prostitutes are few, although studies in urban settings of prostitution in developing countries have shown a striking burden of STD's, which acts as a reservoir of STD's within the general population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4002094&ordinalpos=113&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum |title=Prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually tran...[Sex Transm Dis. 1985 Apr-Jun] - PubMed Result |accessdate=2007-11-12 |format= |work=}}</ref> |
| - | {{Wiktionnaire|prostitution}} | + | Typical responses to the problem are: |
| - | {{Commons|Category:Prostitution|la prostitution}} | + | * banning prostitution completely |
| - | * [[Dominant professionnel]] | + | * introducing a system of registration for prostitutes that mandates health checks and other public health measures |
| - | * [[Parti Populaire des Putes]] | + | * educating prostitutes and their clients to encourage the use of barrier contraception and greater interaction with health care |
| - | * [[Prostitution en République populaire de Chine]], [[Prostitution en France|en France]], [[Prostitution au Japon|au Japon]], [[Prostitution au Népal|au Népal]], | + | |
| - | * [[Prostitution étudiante]] | + | |
| - | {{Esclavage sexuel}} | + | |
| - | === Liens externes === | + | Some think that the first two measures are counter-productive. Banning prostitution tends to drive it underground, making treatment and monitoring more difficult. Registering prostitutes makes the state complicit in prostitution and does not address the health risks of unregistered prostitutes. Both of the last two measures can be viewed as [[harm reduction]] policies. |
| - | *{{fr}} [http://www.droitsetprostitution.org Droits et prostitution], site du collectif regroupant les associations de travailleuses du sexe de France | + | In Australia where sex-work is largely legal, and registration of sex-work is not practiced, education campaigns have been extremely successful and the non-intravenous drug user (non-IDU) sex workers are among the lower HIV-risk communities in the nation. In part, this is probably due both to the legality of sex-work, and to the heavy general emphasis on education in regard to Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Safer sex is heavily promoted as the major means of STI reduction in Australia, and sex education generally is at a high level. Sex-worker organisations regularly visit brothels and home workers, providing free condoms and lubricant, health information, and other forms of support. |
| - | *{{fr}} [http://www.iprostitution.org/ Le site de l' Institut National de la Prostitution iprostitution.org] Informations sur la prostitution, pour une normalisation des conditions de travail des prostituées. | + | |
| - | * {{fr}} [http://sisyphe.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=12 Site sur la condition des femmes] (important dossier abolitionniste sur la prostitution) | + | |
| - | * {{fr}} [http://www.prostitutions.info/index.htm Prostitutions.info] (veille d'actualité et nombreux témoignages de personnes prostituées et de "clients") | + | |
| - | *{{fr}} [http://www.insenses.org/chimeres/glossaire.html Glossaire de la prostitution] | + | |
| - | *{{fr}} [http://lesputes.org Les Putes] (site du groupe activiste "Les Putes" d'auto-support et de lutte contre la putophobie) | + | |
| - | === Sources === | + | The encouragement of [[safer sex]] practices, combined with regular testing for sexually transmitted diseases, has been very successful when applied consistently. Prostitution appears to have little effect as a vector of STDs when safer sex practices are applied consistently. However, in countries and areas where safer sex precautions are either unavailable or not practiced for cultural reasons, prostitution appears to be a very active disease vector for all STDs, including [[HIV|HIV/AIDS]]. |
| - | * R. Radford, La prostitution féminine dans la Rome antique, Morrisville, Lulu, 2007. 168 p. ISBN 978-1-4303-1158-4. | + | == Occurrence == |
| - | * Fondation Scelles, La Prostitution adulte en Europe, Érès, Paris, 2002. | + | [[Image:1787-prostitutes-caricature.jpg|thumb|A political cartoon from 1787 jesting about the notion of taxation affecting prostitutes.]] |
| - | * Wiesner-Hanks Merry E., Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World, Routledge, London, 2000. | + | According to the paper "Estimating the prevalence and career longevity of prostitute women" (Potterat ''et al.'', 1990), the number of full-time equivalent prostitutes in a typical area in the United States (Colorado Springs, CO, during 1970–1988) is estimated at 23 per 100,000 population (0.023%), of which fraction some 4% were under 18. The length of these prostitutes' working careers was estimated at a mean of 5 years. A follow-up paper entitled "Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners" (Brewer ''et al.'', 2000) goes on to estimate a mean number of 868 male sexual partners per prostitute per year of active sex work, and offers the conclusion that men's self-reporting of prostitutes as sexual partners is seriously under-reported. |
| - | * Rush F., Le Secret le mieux gardé : l’exploitation sexuelle des enfants, Denoël-Gonthier, Paris 1980 (1983). | + | |
| - | * Solé J., L’Amour en Occident à l’époque moderne, Éditions Complexes, 1984 (Albin Michel, 1976). | + | |
| - | * [[Théodore Zeldin]], ''Histoire des passions françaises, 1848-1945'', tome I, Ambition et Amour, Seuil, Points-Histoire, 1978. | + | |
| - | {{Portail femmes}} | + | A 1994 study found that 16 percent of 18 to 59-year-old men in a U.S. survey group had paid for sex (Gagnon, Laumann, and Kolata 1994). |
| - | [[Catégorie:Prostitution]] | + | A number of reports over the last few decades have suggested that prostitution levels have fallen in sexually liberal countries, most likely because of the increased availability of non-commercial, non-marital sex.<ref>[http://www.iies.su.se/seminars/papers/Edlund.pdf http://www.iies.su.se/seminars/papers/Edlund.pdf] ''Iies.su.se'' Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> |
| - | [[Catégorie:Sexologie (sociologie)]] | + | |
| + | == Politics == | ||
| + | === Legal issues === | ||
| + | Roughly speaking, the possible attitudes are: | ||
| + | * ''[[abolition]]'': "prostitution should be made to disappear" | ||
| + | ** "prostitution is immoral and prostitutes and their clients should be prosecuted": the prevailing attitude in much of the [[United States]] with a few exceptions like [[Nevada]]. | ||
| + | ** "prostitution is a sad reality of exploitation of the prostitutes, especially women, but prostitutes should not be criminalized", the current situation in [[Turkey]]. | ||
| + | *** "the clients of prostitutes exploit the prostitutes": prostitutes are not prosecuted, but their clients and pimps are, which is the current situation in [[Sweden]], and most likely will also be the situation in [[Norway]] from sometime in 2008 onwards. | ||
| + | *** prostitution is legal, but discouraged, while pimping is prohibited, the current situation in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] among others; | ||
| + | * ''[[regulation]]'': prostitution may be considered a legitimate business; prostitution and the employment of prostitutes are legal, but regulated (with respect to health etc. concerns); the current situation in the [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]] and parts of [[Nevada]]. | ||
| + | * ''[[legalization]]'': "prostitution is a [[victimless crime]], and should be made completely legal so that it is no longer an underground activity, allowing the normal checks and balances of society and existing laws to apply" | ||
| + | * ''[[decriminalization]]'': "prostitution is labor like any other. Sex industry premises should not be subject to any special regulation or laws" such as in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. Proponents of this view often cite instances of government regulation under legalization that they consider intrusive, demeaning, or violent, but feel that criminalization adversely affects sex workers. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In some countries, there is controversy regarding the laws applicable to sex work. For instance, the legal stance of punishing pimping while keeping sex work legal but "underground" and risky is often denounced as hypocritical; opponents suggest either going the full abolition route and criminalize clients or making sex work a regulated business. | ||
| + | [[Image:Prostitution Info Centre.jpg|thumb|250px|Prostitution Information Centre, in [[Amsterdam]].]] | ||
| + | Many countries have sex worker advocacy groups which lobby against criminalization and discrimination of prostitutes. | ||
| + | These groups generally oppose Nevada-style regulation and oversight, stating that prostitution should be treated like other professions. In the United States of America, one such group is [[COYOTE]] (an abbreviation for "Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics") and another is the North American Task Force on Prostitution.<ref>[http://www.bayswan.org/NTFP.html http://www.bayswan.org/NTFP.html] ''Bayswan.org'' Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> In Australia the lead sex worker rights organisation is Scarlet Alliance.<ref>[http://www.scarletalliance.org.au http://www.scarletalliance.org.au] ''Scarletalliance.org'' Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> International prostitutes' rights organizations include the International Committee for Prostitute's Rights<ref>[http://www.voy.com/164439/157.html?z=1 http://www.voy.com/164439/157.html?z=1] ''Voy.com'' Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> and the Network of Sex Work Projects.<ref>[http://www.nswp.org http://www.nswp.org] Retrieved on 04-26-07 ''Nswo.org'' </ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Other groups, often with religious backgrounds, focus on offering women a way out of the world of prostitution while not taking a position on the legal question. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Criminal behavior === | ||
| + | {{sectstub}} | ||
| + | In areas where prostitution is illegal, sex workers are commonly charged with crimes ranging from pandering to [[tax evasion]]. Their clients can be charged with [[solicitation]] of prostitution. Prosecution for various other [[sex crimes]] can be sought against the client and pimps depending on such things as the age of the prostitute and the nature of the act performed. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Feminism === | ||
| + | Since most prostitutes are women, prostitution is a significant issue in [[feminism|feminist]] thought and activism. Some feminists argue that the act of selling sex need not inherently be exploitative, but that attempts to abolish prostitution - and the attitudes that lead to such attempts - lead to an abusive climate for sex workers that must be changed. In the new discourse, the redefinition of prostitution as "sex work" saw the development of the sex worker activism movement, comprising organisations such as the Australian Prostitutes Collective and [[COYOTE]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Feminists who believe that prostitution is inherently exploitative, such as authors like [[Andrea Dworkin]], herself an ex-prostitute, argued in the 1980s that commercial sex is a form of rape enforced by poverty (and often overt violence by pimps). Proponents reject the idea that prostitution can be reformed. These feminists believe that the assumptions that women exist for men's sexual enjoyment, that all men "need" sex, or that the bodily integrity and sexual pleasure of women is irrelevant underlie the whole idea of prostitution, and make it an inherently exploitative, sexist practice. One feminist argument against Dworkin's position is that prostitution, insofar as it colludes with the perception of an inherent 'need' on the part of men for sexual release, is exploiting men more than it exploits women. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sweden's 1999 law forbidding the purchase (but not sale) of sex was a natural extension of this view. Many prostitutes in Sweden have decried the laws targeting clients, as they say the laws just drive the industry further underground and reduce sex workers' incomes without providing greater safety. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Some jurisdictions have responded to sex worker activism by decriminalising prostitution. The rationale for these legal reforms has been to extend to sex workers the same health and safety standards that apply to other professions involving close bodily contact, for example dentistry, nursing or hairdressing. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == History ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Infanticide]] --> | ||
| + | {{globalize}} | ||
| + | === Mesoamerica === | ||
| + | Among the [[Aztecs]], the [[Cihuacalli]] was the name given to those controlled buildings where prostitution was permitted by political and religious authorities. "Cihuacalli" is a Nahuatl word which means "House of Women". | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Cihuacalli was a closed compound with rooms, all of which were looking to a central patio. At the center of the patio was a statue of [[Tlazolteotl]], the goddess of "filth". Religious authorities believed women should work as prostitutes, if they wish, only at such premices guarded by Tlazolteotl. It was believed Tlazolteotl had the power to incite sexual activity, and at the same time do spiritual cleansing of such acts. | ||
| + | |||
| + | There are stories that also refer to certain places, either inside the Cihuacalli or outside, where women would perform erotic dance in front of men. The poet [[Tlaltecatzin]] of [[Cuauhchinanco]] noted that special "Joyful Women" would perform erotic dances at certain homes outside of the compound. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Near East === | ||
| + | One of the first forms is [[sacred prostitution]], supposedly practiced among the [[Sumerians]]. In ancient sources ([[Herodotus]], [[Thucydides]]) there are many traces of sacred prostitution, starting perhaps with [[Babylon]], where each woman had to reach, once in their lives, the sanctuary of ''Militta'' ([[Aphrodite]] or Nana/Anahita) and there have sex with a foreigner as a sign of hospitality for a symbolic price. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Prostitution was common in [[ancient Israel]], despite being tacitly forbidden by [[Jewish Law]]. Within the religion of [[Canaan]], a significant portion of temple prostitutes were male. It was widely used in [[Sardinia]] and in some of the [[Phoenicia]]n cultures, usually in honour of the goddess [[`Ashtart|‘Ashtart]]. Presumably under the influence of the Phoenicians,{{Fact|date=March 2007}} this practice was developed in other ports of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], such as [[Erice]] ([[Sicily]]), [[Locri|Locri Epizephiri]], [[Crotone|Croton]], Rossano Vaglio, and Sicca Veneria. Other hypotheses{{Fact|date=March 2007}} include [[Asia Minor]], [[Lydia]], [[Syria]] and the Etruscans. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Biblical story of [[Yehuda]] and [[Tamar (Bible)|Tamar]] ([[Genesis]] 38) provides a depiction of prostitution as practiced in the society of the time. The prostitute plies her trade at the side of a highway, waiting for travelers; she covers her face, which - unlike in the Middle Eastern societies of the present day - marks her as a prostitute, available for casual sex ("he thought her to be a harlot, ''for'' she had covered her face"); she gets paid in kind, asking for a [[kid]] as her fee - a rather high price in a herding society, which only the wealthy owner of numerous herds could afford to pay for a single sexual encounter; and if the traveller does not have his cattle with him, he must give some valuables as a deposit, until the kid is delivered to the woman. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Though in this story the woman was not a real prostitute but Yehuda's daughter-in-law, who had good reasons of seeking to trick Yehuda and become preganant by him, she succeeds to impersonate a prostitute and her conduct can be assumed to be the real conduct expected of a prostitute in the society of the time. | ||
| + | |||
| + | A later Biblical story, in the [[Book of Joshua]], a prostitute in [[Jericho]] named [[Rahab]] assisted Israelite spies with her knowledge of the current socio-cultural and military situation due to her popularity with the high-ranking nobles she serviced, among others. The spies, in return for the information, promised to save her and her family during the planned military invasion as long as she fulfilled her part of the deal by keeping the details of the contact with them secret and leaving a sign on her residence that would be a marker for the advancing soldiers to avoid. When the people of Israel conquered Canaan, she left prostitution, converted to Judaism and married a prominent member of the people. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Greece === | ||
| + | [[Image:Griechen31.jpg|thumb|Customer and a prostitute illustrated on an [[ancient Greek]] [[Kylix (drinking cup)|wine cup]].]] | ||
| + | {{Main|Prostitution in Ancient Greece}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | In ancient Greek society, prostitution was engaged in by both women and boys. The Greek word for prostitute is ''porne'', derived from the verb ''pernemi'' (to sell), with the evident modern evolution. Female prostitutes could be independent and sometimes influential [[woman|women]]. They were required to wear distinctive dresses and had to pay taxes. Some similarities have been found between the Greek ''[[hetaera]]'' and the Japanese ''[[oiran]]'', complex figures that are perhaps in an intermediate position between prostitution and [[courtisanerie]]. (See also the Indian [[tawaif]].) Some prostitutes in ancient Greece, such as [[Lais]] were as famous for their company as their [[beauty]], and some of these women charged extraordinary sums for their services. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Solon]] instituted the first of Athens' brothels (''oik'iskoi'') in the 6th century BC, and with the earnings of this business he built a temple dedicated to Aprodites Pandemo (or Qedesh), patron goddess of this commerce. Procuring, however, was severely forbidden. In [[Cyprus]] (Paphus) and in [[Corinth, Greece|Corinth]], a type of [[religious prostitution]] was practiced where the temple counted more than a thousand prostitutes (''hierodules''), according to [[Strabo]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Each specialised category had its proper name, so there were the ''chamaitypa'i'', working outdoor (lie-down), the ''perepatetikes'' who met their customers while walking (and then worked in their houses), the ''gephyrides'', who worked near the bridges. In the 5th century, Ateneo informs us that the price was of 1 ''obole'', a sixth of a drachma and the equivalent of an ordinary worker's day salary. The rare pictures describe that [[Sexual intercourse|sex]] was performed on beds with covers and pillows, while [[triclinia]] usually didn't have these accessories. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Male prostitution was also common in Greece. It was usually practiced by adolescent boys, a reflection of the [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|pederastic]] tastes of Greek men. Slave boys worked the male brothels in Athens, while free boys who sold their favors risked losing their political rights as adults. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Rome === | ||
| + | [[Image:Liegende Hetäre.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[hetaera]], [[relief]], around 2nd century—head is missing]] | ||
| + | <span id="RomeTV"/> | ||
| + | In [[ancient Rome]], there were some commonalities with the Greek system; but as the Empire grew, prostitutes were often foreign [[slavery|slaves]], captured, purchased, or raised for that purpose, sometimes by large-scale "prostitute farmers" who took [[child abandonment|abandoned children]]. Indeed, abandoned children were almost always raised as prostitutes.<ref>Justin Martyr, ''[[First Apology]]'' [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm] "But as for us, we have been taught that to expose newly-born children is the part of wicked men; and this we have been taught lest we should do any one an injury, and lest we should sin against God, first, because we see that almost all so exposed (not only the girls, but also the males) are brought up to prostitution."</ref> Enslavement into prostitution was sometimes used as a legal punishment against criminal free women. Buyers were allowed to inspect naked men and women for sale in private and there was no stigma attached to the purchase of males by a male aristocrat. A large brothel found in [[Pompeii]] called the Lupanar attests to the widespread use of prostitutes in Rome around the turn of the century. [[Life expectancy]] for prostitutes was generally low,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} but some managed to get free and establish themselves e.g. as folk doctors. Like Greece, Roman prostitution was highly categorized, with titles for prostitutes and their places of trade including: | ||
| + | :''Ælicariae, Amasiae, Amatrix, Ambubiae, Amica, Blitidae, Busturiae, Casuaria, Citharistriae, Copae, Cymbalistriae, Delicatae, Diobolares, Diversorium, Doris, Famosae, Forariae, Fornix, Gallinae, Lupae, Lupanaria, Meretrix, Mimae, Noctiluae, Nonariae, Pergulae, Proseda, Prostibula, Quadrantariae, Scorta erratica, Scortum, Stabulae, Tabernae, Tugurium, and Turturilla.'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Middle Ages === | ||
| + | During the Middle Ages prostitution was commonly found in urban contexts. Although all forms of sexual activity outside of marriage were regarded as sinful by the [[Roman Catholic Church]], prostitution was tolerated because it was held to prevent the greater [[evil]]s of [[rape]], [[sodomy]], and [[masturbation]] (MCCall, 1979). [[Augustine of Hippo]] held that: "If you expel prostitution from society, you will unsettle everything on account of lusts". The general tolerance of prostitution was for the most part reluctant, and many canonists urged prostitutes to reform. | ||
| + | |||
| + | After the decline of organised prostitution of the Roman empire, many prostitutes were slaves. However, religious campaigns against slavery, and the growing marketisation of the economy, turned prostitution back into a business. By the [[High Middle Ages]] it is common to find town governments ruling that prostitutes were not to ply their trade within the [[town wall]]s, but they were tolerated outside if only because these areas were beyond the jurisdiction of the authorities. In many areas of France and Germany town governments came to set aside certain streets as areas where prostitution could be tolerated. In London the brothels of [[Southwark]] were even owned by the [[Bishop of Winchester]]. (MCCall) Still later it became common in the major towns and cities of [[Southern Europe]] to establish civic brothels, whilst outlawing any prostitution taking place outside these brothels. In much of [[Northern Europe]] a more ''[[laissez faire]]'' attitude tended to be found.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Europe: A History]]|author=[[Norman Davies]]|id=ISBN 0-19-820171-0|year=1996|pages=p. 413}}</ref> Prostitutes also found a fruitful market in the Crusades. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === 16th century === | ||
| + | [[Image:Koceks - Surname-i Vehbi.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Köçek]] troupe at a fair. Recruited from the ranks of colonized ethnic groups, köçeks were entertainers and sex workers in the [[Ottoman empire]].]] | ||
| + | By the very end of the fifteenth century attitudes seemed to have begun to harden against prostitution. With the advent of the Protestant [[Reformation]] numbers of Southern German towns closed their brothels in an attempt to eradicate prostitution. The prevalence of [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted disease]] from the earlier sixteenth century may also have influenced attitudes. An outbreak of [[Syphilis]] in Naples 1494 which later swept across Europe, and which may have originated from the [[Columbian Exchange]] may have been the one of the causes of this change in attitude. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In some periods prostitutes had to distinguish themselves by particular signs, sometimes wearing very short hair or no hair at all, or wearing [[veil]]s in societies where other women did not wear them. Ancient codes regulated in this case the crime of a prostitute that dissimulated her profession. In some cultures, prostitutes were the sole women allowed to sing in public or act in theatrical performances. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === 18th century to present === | ||
| + | [[Image:Étienne Jeaurat 001.jpg|thumb|200px|French prostitutes being taken to the police station.]] | ||
| + | In the 18th century, presumably in [[Venice]], prostitutes started using [[condom]]s, made with catgut or cow bowel. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Many of the women who posed in 19th and early 20th century [[vintage erotica]] were prostitutes. The most famous were the [[New Orleans]] women who posed for [[E. J. Bellocq]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In the 19th century, legalized prostitution became a public controversy as [[France]] and then the [[United Kingdom]] passed the [[Contagious Diseases Acts]], legislation mandating pelvic examinations for suspected prostitutes. Many early [[feminists]] fought for their repeal, either on the grounds that prostitution should be illegal and therefore not government regulated or because it forced degrading medical examinations upon women. This legislation applied not only to the United Kingdom and France, but also to their overseas colonies. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Originally, prostitution was widely legal in the [[United States]]. Prostitution was made illegal in almost all states between 1910 and 1915 largely due to the influence of the [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] which was influential in the banning of [[Recreational drug use|drug use]] and was a major force in the [[prohibition]] of alcohol. In 1917 the legally defined prostitution district [[Storyville]] in New Orleans was closed down by the Federal government over local objections. Prostitution remained legal in [[Alaska]] until 1953 (though not yet a US state), and is still legal in some counties of [[Nevada]]. | ||
| + | [[Image:No. 9 Girls Kusakabe Kimbei.jpg|thumb|left|Prostitutes in the ''Shimpuro Brothel'' in [[Yokohama]].]] | ||
| + | Beginning in the late 1980s, many states increased the penalties for prostitution in cases where the prostitute is knowingly [[HIV]]-positive. These laws, often known as '''felony prostitution''' laws, require anyone arrested for prostitution to be tested for HIV, and if the test comes back positive, the suspect is then informed that any future arrest for prostitution will be a [[felony]] instead of a [[misdemeanor]]. Penalties for felony prostitution vary in the states that have such laws, with maximum sentences of typically 10 to 15 years in prison. An episode of ''[[COPS (TV series)|COPS]]'' which aired in the early 1990s detailed the impact of [[HIV/AIDS]] among prostitutes to which the felony prostitution laws is deemed as part of HIV/AIDS awareness. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In the 1970s some religious cults were discovered practicing [[religious prostitution]], or [[flirty fishing]], as an instrument to make new adepts.<ref>[http://living.oneindia.in/kamasutra/spheres-of-life/religious-prostitution.html living.oneindia.in] – Religious Prostitution- Sacrifice to tradition</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Nonhuman animal prostitution == | ||
| + | Prostitution has been observed in nonhuman animal species, notably in [[Pygoscelis adeliae|Adelie penguins]] and in [[hangingflies]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/60302.stm</ref><ref>http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/2004spring/stories/materialgirls.html</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Other meanings == | ||
| + | In colloquial usage, the word "prostitute" is sometimes generalized to mean the selling of one's services for a cause thought to be unworthy, in the sense of "prostituting oneself" or "whoring oneself". In this sense, the services or acts performed are typically not sexual. For instance, in the book, ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'', Holden Caulfield claims that his brother is in Hollywood, prostituting himself. In fact, he is writing screenplays. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == See also == | ||
| + | <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | ||
| + | * [[Brothel]] | ||
| + | * [[Child prostitution]] | ||
| + | * [[Theodora (6th century)]] | ||
| + | * [[Sex tourism]] | ||
| + | * [[Hierodule]], [[religious prostitution]] | ||
| + | * [[Prostitution in Ancient Greece]] | ||
| + | * [[Köçek]], [[Hammam|Tellak]], [[Bacchá]], [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]] | ||
| + | * [[Sex]], [[Sexual intercourse]], [[Human sexual behavior]], [[Sexually transmitted disease]] | ||
| + | * [[Sex industry]], [[Sex worker]], [[professional dominant]], [[Courtesan]], [[Hetaera]], [[Oiran]], [[Rentboy]], [[Sanky-panky]], [[Call girl]], [[Pimp|Pimp/Madame]] | ||
| + | * [[Massage parlor]] | ||
| + | * [[Red-light district]], [[Street prostitution]], [[Victorian era]], [[Jack the Ripper]], [[Molly house]], [[List of famous prostitutes]] | ||
| + | * [[Sexual slavery]] | ||
| + | * [[Prostitution (criminology)]] | ||
| + | * [[Debt bondage]] | ||
| + | * [[Comfort women]] | ||
| + | * [[White slavery]] | ||
| + | * [[Sex crime]] | ||
| + | * [[The House of Dolls|Joy Division (World War II)]] | ||
| + | * [[Recreation and Amusement Association]] | ||
| + | * [[Male prostitution]] | ||
| + | * [[Radical feminism]] | ||
| + | * [[Sex-positive feminism]] | ||
| + | * [[Melissa Farley]] | ||
| + | * [[Drugs and prostitution]] | ||
| + | * [[International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers]] | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Regional== | ||
| + | ===Europe=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Europe in topic|Prostitution in}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Asia=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Asia in topic|Prostitution in}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===South America=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | {{South America in topic|Prostitution in}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Other=== | ||
| + | * [[Prostitution in Australia]] | ||
| + | * [[Prostitution in New Zealand]] | ||
| + | * [[Prostitution in Saudi Arabia]] | ||
| + | * [[Prostitution in Turkey]] | ||
| + | * [[Prostitution in the United States]] | ||
| + | ** [[Prostitution in Nevada]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == References == | ||
| + | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
| + | <div class="references-small"> | ||
| + | * Campbell, Russell. ''Marked Women: Prostitutes and Prostitution in the Cinema'', 2005 University of Wisconsin Press. | ||
| + | * Castillo DN, Jenkins EL. Industries and occupations at high risk for work-related homicide. J Occup Med 1994;36:125–32. | ||
| + | * D. Brewer ''et al.'' Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 24 October; 97(22): 12385-12388. | ||
| + | * McCall, Andrew: "The Medieval Underworld". Hamish Hamilton, 1979. ISBN 0750937270 | ||
| + | * Michael, R. T., Gagnon, J. H.,.Laumann, E. O., & Kolata, G. ''Sex in America'', Boston: Little, Brown, 1994. | ||
| + | * [http://membres.lycos.fr/octavemirbeau/darticles/PM-Venal%20women.pdfOctave Mirbeau, Octave, ''The love of a venal woman'']. | ||
| + | * Phoenix, J. ''Making Sense of Prostitution'', Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001. | ||
| + | * Preston, John. ''Hustling, A Gentlemen's Guide to the Fine Art of Homosexual Prostitution'', Badboy Books, 1997. | ||
| + | * Perlongher, Néstor Osvaldo. ''O negócio do michê, prostituição viril em São Paulo'', 1ª edição 1987, editora brasiliense. | ||
| + | * Potterat JJ, Woodhouse DE, Muth JB & Muth SQ. Estimating the prevalence and career longevity of prostitute women. Journal of Sex Research 1990; 27: 233 243. | ||
| + | * Potterat JJ, Brewer DD, Muth SQ, Rothenberg RB, Woodhouse DE, Muth JB, Stites HK & Brody S. Mortality in a long-term open cohort of prostitute women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004; 159(8) 778-785. | ||
| + | ** Full text: [http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/159/8/778] | ||
| + | * The UN ''[[Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others]]'' (1949) | ||
| + | ** Full text: [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/treaty11a.htm Status of ratifications, reservations and declarations] | ||
| + | * Weitzer, Ronald (ed.), ''Sex For Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry''. New York: Routledge, 2000. | ||
| + | * Weitzer, Ronald. "New Directions in Research on Prostitution," ''Crime, Law, and Social Change'', v.43, no.4-5, 2005. | ||
| + | * Weitzer, Ronald. "Moral Crusade Against Prostitution," ''Society'', March-April, 2006. | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == External links and other resources == | ||
| + | {{wiktionary}} | ||
| + | {{commonscat|Prostitution}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Information sites === | ||
| + | * [http://www.prostitutionprocon.org Prostitution ProCon.org] - Should prostitution be legal? | ||
| + | * [http://www.sfc.org.uk/sexlaws.html Sexual Freedom Coalition] – Guide to Sex Laws in the UK | ||
| + | * [http://www.bestescortjobs.com Prostitution guide in the U.S.] | ||
| + | * [http://sw5.info/law.htm UK laws regarding prostitution updated for 2006] | ||
| + | * [http://arapaho.nsuok.edu/~dreveskr/prolinks.html-ssi Prostitution Resources] | ||
| + | * [http://mpdc.dc.gov/mpdc/cwp/view,a,1242,q,546913,mpdcNav_GID,1541.asp "John Schools" as an attempt to educate prostitutes' clients] | ||
| + | * [http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/mime/open.pdf?Item=285 "Street prostitution"] by Michael S. Scott, US DOJ Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series, No. 2 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Organizations === | ||
| + | * [http://www.fundacionrahab.org/eng/ Rahab Foundation] – To assist, train, educate and integrate women who decide to give up prostitution (Costa Rica) | ||
| + | * [http://www.catwinternational.org The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women] | ||
| + | * [http://www.bayswan.org/penet.html Prostitutes' Rights Issues and Organizations Around the World] – Prostitutes' Education Network | ||
| + | * [http://www.iusw.org The International Union of Sex Workers] | ||
| + | * [http://www.chezstella.org/ Stella]To educate sex-workers in Canada and to fight for their rights and welfare. | ||
| + | * [http://www.eroticguild.com/ The Canadian Guild for Erotic Labour] | ||
| + | * [http://www.salli.org/ United Sex Professionals of Finland] | ||
| + | * [http://www.marymagproject.org Mary Magdalene Project of Mexico] | ||
| + | * [http://www.scot-pep.org.uk/ Scottish Prostitutes Education Project ] | ||
| + | * [http://www.sexworkeurope.org/site/ International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === News articles === | ||
| + | * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2783655.stm Asia's sex trade is 'slavery'] – [[BBC News]] 20 February 2003 | ||
| + | * [http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3151258 Prostitution: Sex is their business] – ''[[The Economist]]'' 2 September 2004 | ||
| + | * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3979725.stm A modern slave's brutal odyssey] – [[BBC News]] 3 November 2004 | ||
| + | * [http://www.liberator.net/articles/prostitution.html Legalized Prostitution: Regulating the Oldest Profession] – Mark Liberator (2004) on liberator.net, updated 8 December 2005 | ||
| + | * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4532617.stm Sex trade's reliance on forced labour] – [[BBC News]] 12 May 2005 | ||
| + | * [http://www.cbc.ca/bc/story/bc_pivot-sex-trade20060613.html Decriminalize sex trade: Vancouver report] – [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC.ca]] 13 June 2006 | ||
| + | * [http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1750792.ece Labour votes to limit sex trade] – ''[[Aftenposten]]'' 23 April 2007 | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Academic papers === | ||
| + | * [http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/lcj/working/index.html Working girls : prostitutes, their life and social control] – Roberta Perkins<br />in ''Australian studies in law, crime and justice'' (1991); Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology; ISBN 0 642 15877 0 | ||
| + | *[http://www.permanentrevolution.net/files/pr3/15-21%20Prostitution.pdf Marxism versus Moralism by Doctor Helen Ward] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Anti-prostitution writing === | ||
| + | * [http://antonellagambotto.com/NonfictionReviewCallGirls.htm Antonella Gambotto-Burke on prostitution] | ||
| + | * [http://www.andreadworkin.com/audio/TraffickingConference1989_P1_M.mp3 Andrea Dworkin: Why Men Like Prostitution So Much] Andrea Dworkin Keynote Speech at International Trafficking Conference, 1989. ''(Audio File: 22 min, 128 kbit/s, mp3)'' | ||
| + | * [http://andreadworkin.com/audio/attgeneralcommNYC_M.mp3 Andrea Dworkin's Attorney General's Commission Testimony] on Pornography and Prostitution | ||
| + | * [http://www.catwinternational.org/ Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW)] — list of resources on the sex industry (primarily focused on prostitution) | ||
| + | * [http://www.equalitynow.org/english/campaigns/sextourism-trafficking/sextourism-trafficking_en.html Equality Now] feminist activism against various forms of prostitution | ||
| + | * [http://fairfund.org/subpage.asp?P=about&S=who_we_are&T=trafficking Fair Fund] Human Trafficking website | ||
| + | * [http://polarisproject.org Polaris Project] helps prostituted women recover. Located in Washington, D.C. | ||
| + | * [http://www.prostitutionrecovery.org/index.html The Lola Greene Baldwin Foundation]''Prostitution Recovery Program. Excellent articles, resources and information.'' | ||
| + | * [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com Prostitution Research & Education.] See [[Melissa Farley]] | ||
| + | * [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/c-laws-about-prostitution.html 'Bad for the Body, Bad for the heart': Prostitution Harms Women Even if Legalized or Decriminalized] by Melissa Farley 2004 ''Violence Against Women'' 10: 1087-1125. | ||
| + | * [http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/MichLawJourI.html Prostitution and Male Supremacy] by Andrea Dworkin | ||
| + | * [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11027304 Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners]. D. Brewer et al. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.'' 2000 [[24 October]]; 97(22): 1238512388. | ||
| + | * [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/laws/000023.html Prostitution and Civil Rights] by [[Catharine A. MacKinnon]] | ||
| + | * [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/c-prostitution-research.html Prostitution and Trafficking in 9 Countries: Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder] by Melissa Farley, Ann Cotton., Jacqueline Lynne, Sybile Zumbeck, Frida Spiwak, Maria E. Reyes, Dinorah Alvarez, Ufuk Sezgin 2003 Journal of Trauma Practice 2 (3/4): 33-74. | ||
| + | * [http://www.nostatusquo.com/Farley/FarleyResponse.pdf "Prostitution harms women even if indoors: Reply to Weitzer"] by Melissa Farley, ''Violence Against Women'' 1(7): 971–977, July 2005 | ||
| + | * “Prostitution, Trafficking, and Cultural Amnesia: What We Must Not Know in Order To Keep the Business of Sexual Exploitation Running Smoothly” by Melissa Farley 2006 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 18:109-144. | ||
| + | * [http://freepeoplesmovement.org/fpm/page.php?151 The question of prostitution] - A Marxist analysis of prostitution | ||
| + | * [http://action.web.ca/home/catw/readingroom.shtml?x=81265&AA_EX_Session=2aa7988022fb1620ed5d069a6070c7df Unequal (A Feminist Response to Marxist Views on Prostitution)] by Melissa Farley | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Sex}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Human sexuality]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Prostitution| ]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Sex workers]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Sex trade]] | ||
| [[ar:دعارة]] | [[ar:دعارة]] | ||
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| [[da:Prostitution]] | [[da:Prostitution]] | ||
| [[de:Prostitution]] | [[de:Prostitution]] | ||
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| [[el:Πορνεία]] | [[el:Πορνεία]] | ||
| - | [[en:Prostitution]] | ||
| - | [[eo:Prostituo]] | ||
| [[es:Prostitución]] | [[es:Prostitución]] | ||
| - | [[et:Prostitutsioon]] | + | [[eo:Prostituo]] |
| - | [[fa:تنفروش]] | + | [[fa:فاحشگی]] |
| - | [[fi:Prostituutio]] | + | [[fr:Prostitution]] |
| [[fy:Prostitúsje]] | [[fy:Prostitúsje]] | ||
| - | [[gd:Siùrsachd]] | + | [[gd:Strìopachas]] |
| [[gl:Prostitución]] | [[gl:Prostitución]] | ||
| - | [[he:זנות]] | ||
| [[hr:Prostitucija]] | [[hr:Prostitucija]] | ||
| - | [[hu:Prostitúció]] | ||
| - | [[id:Pelacuran]] | ||
| [[io:Prostituco]] | [[io:Prostituco]] | ||
| + | [[id:Pelacuran]] | ||
| [[it:Prostituzione]] | [[it:Prostituzione]] | ||
| - | [[ja:売春]] | + | [[he:זנות]] |
| [[jv:Prostitusi]] | [[jv:Prostitusi]] | ||
| [[lt:Prostitucija]] | [[lt:Prostitucija]] | ||
| + | [[hu:Prostitúció]] | ||
| [[nl:Prostitutie]] | [[nl:Prostitutie]] | ||
| + | [[ja:売春]] | ||
| [[no:Prostitusjon]] | [[no:Prostitusjon]] | ||
| - | [[oc:Prostitucion]] | ||
| [[pl:Prostytucja]] | [[pl:Prostytucja]] | ||
| [[pt:Prostituição]] | [[pt:Prostituição]] | ||
| [[ru:Проституция]] | [[ru:Проституция]] | ||
| - | [[sh:Prostitucija]] | ||
| [[simple:Prostitution]] | [[simple:Prostitution]] | ||
| [[sk:Prostitúcia]] | [[sk:Prostitúcia]] | ||
| [[sr:Проституција]] | [[sr:Проституција]] | ||
| + | [[sh:Prostitucija]] | ||
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| [[sv:Prostitution]] | [[sv:Prostitution]] | ||
| [[ta:பால்வினைத் தொழில்]] | [[ta:பால்வினைத் தொழில்]] | ||
| [[th:การค้าประเวณี]] | [[th:การค้าประเวณี]] | ||
| - | [[uk:Проституція]] | ||
| [[vi:Mại dâm]] | [[vi:Mại dâm]] | ||
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| [[yi:זנות]] | [[yi:זנות]] | ||
| [[zh:賣淫]] | [[zh:賣淫]] | ||
Version actuelle
Prostitution is sexual activity in exchange for remuneration. The legal status of prostitution varies in different countries, from punishable by death to complete legality.
The term is also used more loosely to indicate someone who engages in sexual acts that are disapproved of<ref>http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554559/Prostitution.html</ref>, such as sexual promiscuity or sex outside of marriage. Cultural usage varies widely, and the use of the term as a pejorative indicates acts that are not formally considered prostitution in a cultural context.
Pornographic actors and actresses get paid for having sex, but are not generally regarded as prostitutes. A woman who is supported by only one man with whom she has sexual intercourse but does not live with is a mistress, and is not normally considered a prostitute.
Sommaire |
Terminology
There are a variety of terms used for those who engage in prostitution, some of which distinguish between different kinds, or imply a value judgment about them. Prostitute is generally accepted as the least value-laden term; common alternatives with varying implications include escort and whore. (Not all professional escorts are prostitutes, however.) Prostitution is sometimes nicknamed the "world's oldest profession".
The English word whore is taken from the Old English word hōra (from the Indo-European root kā meaning "desire") but usage of that word is widely considered pejorative, especially in its slang form of ho'. In Germany most prostitutes' organizations deliberately use the word Hure (whore) since they feel that prostitute is a bureaucratic term. Those seeking to remove the social stigma associated with prostitution often promote terminology such as commercial sex worker (CSW) or sex trade worker. A hooker or streetwalker solicits customers in public places, a call girl makes appointments by phone.
Correctly or not, prostitute without specifying a gender is commonly assumed to be female; compound terms such as male prostitute or male escort are therefore used to identify males. Those offering services to female customers are commonly known as gigolos; those offering services to male customers are hustlers or rent boys.
Organisers of prostitution are typically known as pimps (if male) and madams (if female). More formally, they practice procuring, and are procurers, or procuresses.
The customers of prostitutes are known as johns or tricks in North America and punters in the British Isles. These slang terms are used among both prostitutes and law enforcement for persons who solicit prostitutes. The term john may have originated from the customer practice of giving their name as "John", a common name in English-speaking countries, in an effort to maintain anonymity. In some places, men who drive around red-light districts for the purpose of soliciting prostitutes are also known as kerb crawlers.
Definition
In street prostitution the prostitute solicits customers while waiting at street corners or "walking the street".
Brothels are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution, often confined to special red-light districts in big cities. Other names for brothels include bordello, whorehouse, cathouse, and general houses. Prostitution also occurs in some massage parlours, and in Asian countries in some barber shops where sexual services may be offered as a secondary function of the premises.
In escort prostitution, the act takes place at the customer's place of residence or more commonly at his or her hotel room (referred to as out-call), or at the escort's place of residence or in a hotel room rented for the occasion by the escort (called in-call). This form of prostitution often shelters under the umbrella of escort agencies, who ostensibly supply attractive escorts for social occasions. While escort agencies claim never to provide sexual services, very few successful escorts are available exclusively for social companionship. Even where this type of prostitution is legal, the ambiguous term escort service is commonly used. (See call girl). In the US, escort agencies advertise frequently on the internet and example advertisements can be readily found on any major search engine and on open forum sites such as Craigslist. In the case of prostitutes using the internet to place ads, or prospective customers advertising for a prostitute, a long list of abbreviations and "code words" are used to describe how much a service may cost, or what specific act is being requested (see List of prostitution-related jargon terms).
Some escorts may work independently of an agency (indies). This is achieved by advertising the services on offer directly in newspapers, magazines or the internet. Communication with clients is usually made on a telephone and appointments are negotiated without any third party involvement.
In sex tourism, travellers from rich countries travel to poorer countries such as Thailand in search of sexual services that may be more expensive in their own countries. Other popular sex tourism destinations are Brazil, the Caribbean, and former eastern bloc countries.
The setting common in Russia and other countries of the former USSR takes the form of an open-air prostitution market. One prostitute stands by a roadside, and directs cars to a so-called "tochka" (usually located in alleyways or carparks), where lines of women are paraded for customers in front of their car headlights. The client selects a prostitute, whom he takes away in his car. Under these conditions in particular, the women (often very young girls) are exposed to the risk of abuse. Prevalent in the late 1990s, this type of service has been steadily declining in the recent years.
A "lot lizard" is a commonly-encountered special case of street prostitution. Lot lizards mainly serve those in the trucking industry at truck stops and stopping centers. Prostitutes will often proposition truckers using a CB radio from a vehicle parked in the non-commercial section of a truck stop parking lot, communicating through codes based on commercial driving slang, then join the driver in his truck.
Street
In street prostitution, the prostitute solicits customers while waiting at street corners, sometimes called "the track" by pimps and prostitutes alike. They usually dress in skimpy, provocative clothing, regardless of the weather. Street prostitutes are often called "streetwalkers" while their customers are referred to as "tricks" or "johns." Servicing the customers is described as "turning tricks." The sex is performed in the customer's car, in a nearby alley, or in a rented room. Motels and hotels which accommodate prostitutes commonly rent rooms by the half or full hour.
Street prostitutes are often motivated by drug addiction (though the statistics are disputed),<ref>Street Prostitution</ref> and are sometimes referred to by slang terms such as "crack whores" or "junkie whores."
Escort/Out-call
Escort agencies typically advertise in regional publications and even telephone listings like the Yellow Pages. Many maintain websites with photo galleries of the employees. An interested client contacts an agency by telephone and offers a description of what kind of escort they are looking for. The agency will then suggest an employee who might fit that client's need.
The agency collects the client's contact information and calls the escort. Usually, to protect the identity of the escort and ensure effective communication with the client, the agency arranges the appointment. Sometimes it may be up to the escort to contact the client directly to make arrangements for location and time of an appointment. If the agency does not supply transport to and from the client, the escort is also expected to call the agency upon arrival at the location and again upon leaving to assure his or her safe completion of the booking.
The purpose of discretion is to attempt to protect the escort agency (to some degree) from prosecution for breaking the law. If the employee is solely responsible for arranging any illegal aspects of their professional encounter the agency could try to maintain plausible deniability should an arrest be made. However in practice, the use of undercover police evidence or the use of links to reviews of the agencies escorts usually results in this failing.
Typically, an agency will charge their escorts either a flat fee for each client connection or a percentage of the prearranged rate. In San Francisco, it is usual for typical heterosexual-market agencies to negotiate for as little as $100, up to a full 50 percent of an escort's reported earnings (not counting any gratuity received). If they work independently doing either incalls or outcalls, prices can range from $200 to over $5,000 for more exclusive services. Most transactions occur in cash, and optional tipping of escorts by clients in most major US cities is customary but not compulsory. Credit card processing offered by larger scale agencies is often available for a service charge.
Independent escorts, also known as providers, have differing fees depending on many factors. For example; different seasons bring about different costs (and differing levels of demand), as do regular and semi-regular customers. Some may charge by the hour, half hour or even in 15 minute blocks. Time extensions (if offered or requested) are usually priced at the same rate as the original booking. Some escorts pay another individual to act as their personal security, thus providing a level of protection to themselves from violent or abusive clients.
An escort who works less often may be able to command a premium for his or her exclusivity. One who sees several clients each day may charge less, but earn more in the end. Independent escorts might see clients for extended meetings involving dinner or social activities, whereas escorts who work through agencies generally provide only sexual services.
Whilst the vast majority of escort agencies are sex related, there are some non-sexual escort agencies, where escorts provide companionship for business and social occasions.
Sex tourism
- See also: Cuban Jineteras and Female sex tourism
Sex tourism is travelling for sexual intercourse with prostitutes or to engage in other sexual activity. The World Tourism Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations defines sex tourism as "trips organized from within the tourism sector, or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination".<ref name ="WTO">U.N. World Tourism Organization Statement on the Prevention of Organized Sex Tourism</ref>
Often the term "sex tourism" is mistakenly interchanged with the term "child sex tourism". As opposed to regular sex tourism, a tourist who has sex with a child prostitute possibly commits a crime against international law, in addition to the host country, and the country that the tourist is a citizen of. The term "child" is often used as defined by international law and refers to any person below the age of consent.
Prostitution and the Internet
Some prostitutes use the Internet to find customers.<ref name="siegal">Modèle:Cite book</ref> A prostitute may use adult boards or create a website of their own with contact details, such as email addresses.
Adult contact sites, chats and communities like myspace are also used.
Socio-economic and legal status
Legality
At one end of the legal spectrum, prostitution carries the death penalty for third-time offenders in the Sudan;<ref>http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/33/158.html</ref> at the other end, prostitutes are tax-paying unionised professionals in Hungary<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/09/24/hungary.prostitutes.ap/index.html?iref=newssearch</ref> as well as the Netherlands, where brothels and advertising businesses are legal (however, prostitutes must be at least 18, while the age of consent is 16 in other contexts). The legal situation in Germany, Switzerland (where the issue of legal age is a source of avid dispute, some insisting that one can legally be a prostitute as of one's sixteenth birthday, other maintaining it is eighteen), and New Zealand is similar to that in the Netherlands (see prostitution in the Netherlands, prostitution in Germany and prostitution in New Zealand). In the Australian state of New South Wales, any person over the age of 18 may offer to provide sexual services in return for money. In Victoria, a person who wishes to run a prostitution business must have a licence. Prostitutes working for themselves in their own business, as prostitutes in the business, must be registered. Individual sex workers are not required to be registered or licensed. In some countries the legal status of prostitution may vary depending on the activity; in Japan, for example, vaginal prostitution is against the law while fellatio prostitution is legal, as women who perform fellatio for money are not considered prostitutes in Japan.[citation needed]
In Turkey, street prostitution is illegal. Prostitution through government regulated brothels is legal. All brothels must have a license, and all sex workers working in brothels must be licensed as well. Municipality based "Commissions for the struggle against venereal diseases and prostitution" are in charge of issuing such licenses.
In the United Kingdom, prostitution is not formally illegal, but several activities surrounding it are outlawed. In England and Wales, the legal situation is:
- for a prostitute to loiter or conduct solicitation in a street or public place is illegal, therefore outlawing street prostitution.
- it is also illegal for a potential client to solicit persistently, or solicit from a motor vehicle (kerb crawling).
- owning or running a brothel is illegal.
- child prostitution is specifically illegal for the person paying (where 'child' is defined as younger than 18, although the age of consent is 16)
- controlling prostitution for gain is an offence, banning pimping.
There has been long and widespread debate as to whether the a toleration of prostitution similar to that seen in the Netherlands and Germany should be extended. Local police forces have historically flipped between zero tolerance of prostitution and unofficial red light districts.
The Government announced on January 17, 2006, that in England and Wales it was considering allowing small brothels, whilst continuing the crackdown against kerb-crawling, which is seen as a nuisance. [1] A similar situation exists in Scotland, with prostitution itself not illegal but associated activities are. A Prostitution Tolerance Zones Bill was introduced into the Scottish Parliament but failed to become law.
In the United States, prostitution is primarily illegal. In all but two U.S. states, the buying and selling of sexual services is illegal and usually classified as a misdemeanor. Regulated brothels are legal in several counties of Nevada (see prostitution in Nevada). In Rhode Island, the act of sex for money is not illegal, but street solicitation and operating a brothel are.
In Canada, prostitution itself is legal, but most other activities around it are not. It is illegal to live "off the avails" of prostitution (this law is intended to outlaw pimping) and it is illegal (for both parties) to negotiate a sex-for-money deal in a public place (which includes bars). To maintain a veneer of legality, escort agencies arrange a meeting between the escort and the client. A Canadian Supreme Court ruling in 1978 required that to be convicted of soliciting, a prostitute's activities must be "pressing and persistent". Similarly, in Bulgaria prostitution itself is legal, but most activities around it (such as pimping) are outlawed.
Rules vary as to which roles in prostitution are illegal: being a prostitute, being a client, or being a pimp. In Sweden it is legal to sell sex but not to buy sex. Pimping is also illegal. Prostitutes are generally viewed by the government as oppressed, while their clients are viewed as oppressors.[citation needed] Norway has the same laws as Sweden, except that it's not illegal to buy sex. This situation is liable to change within a year or so, however, as the delegates at the 2007 annual meeting of the Labour Party, Norway's largest, and part of the 2005–2009 coalition government, voted in favour of banning the purchase of sexual services.
In the Netherlands, the purchase of sexual services from prostitutes under 18 years of age, or pimping in such instances, is illegal. The offering of services by prostitutes under 18 years of age is not illegal, unless the client is also underage (under 16). In most countries with criminalized prostitution, prostitutes are arrested and prosecuted at a far higher rate than their clients.
In Brazil and Costa Rica prostitution per se is legal, but taking advantage of or profiting from the prostitution of others is illegal.
Prostitution is legal for citizens in Denmark, but it is illegal to profit from the prostitution of others (which outlaws pimping and sex slavery)[citation needed]. Prostitution is not regulated as in the Netherlands; instead, the government attempts through social services to bring people out of prostitution into other careers, and attempts to lessen the amount of criminal activity and other problems associated with prostitution.
In Thailand, prostitution is illegal as stated in the Prevention and Suppression Act of B.E. 2539 (=1996)<ref>http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/46403/65063/E96THA01.htm Ilio.org Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref>
In Hong Kong, prostitution is legal so long as it is done in private, but brothels are illegal as is any third-party profit from prostitution (pimping). However in practice much of the prostitution is controlled by triad societies or as informal additions to otherwise nonsexual services such as massage parlors, bars and karaoke establishments. Among the many forms of prostitution common in Hong Kong are "one for one" girls. To avoid the operation of an illegal brothel, triads will rent tiny apartments and allow girls to "sublet" them so they appear to be operating out of their own homes. The triads then advertise the girls' services on web sites or in local publications. Another avoidance strategy is to operate a karaoke establishment and provide girls as entertainment or companionship only; the girls then take customers to an hourly hotel in the same building and pay for the room separately. Informal, individual prostitution (mostly of Filipinas, Indonesians, Thais, and sometimes women from Latin America and the former Soviet Union) is almost always available at discos or hotel bars, especially in the Tsim Sha Tsui and Wan Chai districts (the latter famous as the setting for The World of Suzie Wong. Occasionally the police raid the triad-run prostitution setups, but usually the only arrests made are for immigration violations. Women frequently enter Hong Kong from mainland China for prostitution services. However, this travel is not forcible; most women working as prostitutes in Hong Kong are of age and are doing so voluntarily[citation needed].
Establishments engaged in sexual slavery or owned by organized crime are the highest priority targets of law enforcement actions against prostitution. Police also frequently intervene when prompted by local resident complaints, often directed against street prostitution. In most countries where prostitution is illegal, at least some forms of it are tolerated. This ambiguous status allows the police to extort money or services, particularly information on criminal activities that prostitutes are often well-placed to obtain, from prostitutes in exchange for "looking the other way".
Pimping is a sex crime in almost all jurisdictions. Some other countries retain the ill-defined offence of "living off the proceeds of the prostitution of others", one of the prima facie evidences of which is co-habiting with a prostitute.
In 1949, the UN General Assembly adopted a convention stating that forced prostitution is incompatible with human dignity, requiring all signing parties to punish pimps and brothel owners and operators and to abolish all special treatment or registration of prostitutes. The convention was ratified by 89 countries but Germany, the Netherlands and the United States did not participate.
Some municipalities in the Netherlands would like a "zero tolerance policy" for brothels, i.e. not allow any, on moral grounds, but by law this is not possible. However, regulations, including restrictions in number and location are common. Whether a zero policy on urban planning grounds is allowed is still unclear.
Advertising
In countries where prostitution is legal, advertising it may be legal (as in the Netherlands) or illegal (as in Germany). In countries where prostitution is illegal, advertising it is usually also illegal.
Covert advertising for prostitution can take a number of forms:
- by cards in newsagents' windows
- by cards placed in public telephone enclosures: so-called tart cards
- by euphemistic advertisements in regular magazines and newspapers (for instance, talking of "massages" or "relaxation")
- in specialist contact magazines
- via the internet
- in public bathroom stalls (i.e. "for a good time call...")
In Las Vegas prostitution is often promoted overtly on The Las Vegas Strip by third party workers distributing risqué flyers with the pictures and phone numbers of prostitutes. Prostitution is illegal in Clark County<ref>about.com</ref> where Las Vegas is located.
Regulated
In some jurisdictions, such as Nevada (see prostitution in Nevada), Switzerland and in four Australian states or territories (Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory), prostitution is legal but heavily regulated.
Such approaches are often, but not always taken with the stance that prostitution is impossible to eliminate and thus these societies have chosen to regulate it in ways that reduce the more undesirable aspects. Goals of such regulations include controlling sexually transmitted disease, reducing sexual slavery, controlling where brothels may operate and dissociating prostitution from crime syndicates.
The Dutch legalisation of prostitution has similar objectives, as well as improving health and working conditions for the women and weakening the link between prostitution and criminality.
Daily Planet is a brothel in Melbourne, Australia whose shares were listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in 2003, before listing difficulties - investors were asked to undergo police checks before buying shares - forced the listed company to divest the brothel back into private ownership (the company remained listed and continues its other business interests). There are various regulatory regimes governing prostitution in Australia and a level of increasing professionalism is being seen in the industry with the establishment of business associations like the Queensland Adult Business Association<ref>http://qaba.org.au Qaba.org Retrieved on 04-26-07</ref> that ascribe to a strict ethical code which entrenches the independence of service providers.
Of children
Regarding the prostitution of children the laws on prostitution as well as those on sex with a child apply. If prostitution in general is legal there is usually a minimum age requirement for legal prostitution that is higher than the general age of consent (see above for some examples). Although some countries do not single out patronage of child prostitution as a separate crime, same act is punishable as sex with an underage.
Some pedophiles travel to other countries to have access to sex with children, which is unavailable in their home country. Cambodia has become a notorious destination for these pedophiles.[citation needed] Several western countries have recently enacted laws with extraterritorial reach punishing citizens who engage in sex with minors in other countries. As the crime usually goes undiscovered, these laws are rarely enforced.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1775221.stm News.bbc.co.uk Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3197861.stm News.bbc.co.uk Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3221905.stm News.bbc.co.uk Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref>
In illegal immigration
A difficulty facing migrant prostitutes in many developed countries is the illegal residence status of some of these women. They face potential deportation, and so do not have recourse to the law. Hence there are brothels that may not adhere to the usual legal standards intended to safeguard public health and the safety of the workers.
Violence against prostitutes
Prostitutes are at risk of violent crime,<ref> http://www.justicewomen.com/letters_prostitution.html Justicewomen.com Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> as well as possibly at higher risk of occupational mortality than any other group of women ever studied. For example, the homicide rate for female prostitutes was estimated to be 204 per 100,000 (Potterat et al, 2004), which is sometimes higher than that for the next riskiest occupations in the United States during a similar period (4 per 100,000 for female liquor store workers and 29 per 100,000 for male taxicab drivers) (Castillo et al., 1994). However, there are substantial differences in rates of victimization between street prostitutes and indoor prostitutes who work as escorts, call girls, or in brothels and massage parlors (Weitzer 2000, 2005). Perpetrators include violent clients, pimps, and corrupt law-enforcement officers. Prostitutes (particularly those engaging in street prostitution) are also sometimes the targets of serial killers, who may consider them easy targets, or use the religious and social stigma associated with prostitutes as justification for their murder. Being criminals in most jurisdictions, prostitutes are less likely than the law-abiding to be looked for by police if they disappear, making them favored targets of predators. The unidentified serial killer (or killers) known as Jack the Ripper is said to have killed at least five prostitutes in London in 1888. More recently, Robert Pickton, a Canadian who lived near Vancouver, made headlines after the remains of several missing prostitutes were found buried on his farm. He now stands charged with the murder of 26 Vancouver area women, and is suspected by police of killing at least four more (though no charges have been laid). Gary Ridgway (aka the Green River Killer), confessed to killing 48 prostitutes from 1982 to 1998, making him one of the most prolific serial killers in American history.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/05/green.river.killings/index.html http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/05/green.river.killings/index.html] CNN.com Retrieved on 10-27-07 </ref> As of December 2006, a serial killer of prostitutes appears to be active in Ipswich, England (see 2006 Ipswich murder investigation).
Human trafficking and sexual slavery
During World War II, women and girls were kidnapped and enslaved by the Imperial Japanese military and forced to work as unpaid prostitutes (see Comfort women).
Human trafficking is the fastest growing form of modern day slavery<ref name="antislavery"> Trafficking
. Antislavery.org
. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. </ref> and is the third largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world.<ref> Responding to Modern-Day Slavery
(2006-10-20)
.</ref>
Poverty, social exclusion and war are at the heart of human trafficking. Many women are hoodwinked into believing promises of a better life, sometimes by people who are known and trusted to them. Traffickers may own legitimate travel agencies, modeling agencies and employment offices in order to gain women's trust. Others are simply kidnapped. Once overseas it is common for their passport to be confiscated by the trafficker and to be warned of the consequences should they attempt to escape, including beatings, rape, threats of violence against their family and death threats. It is common, particularly in Eastern Europe, that should they manage to return to their families they will only be trafficked once again.
Due to the illegal and underground nature of sex trafficking, the exact extent of women and children forced into prostitution is unknown. The International Labour Organization in 2005 estimated at least 2.4 million people have been trafficked.<ref name="antislavery"/>
Thousands of children are sold into the global sex trade every year. Often they are kidnapped or orphaned, and sometimes they are actually sold by their own families. According to the International Labour Organization, the problem is especially alarming in Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia, Nepal and India.<ref> ECPAT-USA
.</ref>
In May 2005 the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings opened for signature. Since then over 30 countries have signed the Convention and four countries have ratified it. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has produced a Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons.<ref> [http://www.unodc.org/pdf/Trafficking_toolkit_Oct06.pdf Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons]
. Unodc.org
. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. </ref>
Globally, forced labour generates $31bn, half of it in the industrialised world, a tenth in transition countries, the International Labour Organization says in a report on forced labour ("A global alliance against forced labour", ILO, 11 May 2005). Trafficking in people has been facilitated by porous borders and advanced communication technologies, it has become increasingly transnational in scope and highly lucrative within its barbarity.
In some countries counselling, accommodation, specialist care exists for trafficked people to help them escape, whilst in other countries, this support is lacking.
Medical situation
Prostitution has often been associated with the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV. Although people working as prostitutes are not regularly studied as a group by the CDC or other recognized institutions, what little has been done on the subject suggests that women in prostitution have either HIV rates similar to the population or lower[citation needed]. Nevertheless, needle-sharing injection drug users in prostitution or not carry very high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV compared to the general population. Studies in the USA on non-intravenous drug using prostitutes are few, although studies in urban settings of prostitution in developing countries have shown a striking burden of STD's, which acts as a reservoir of STD's within the general population.<ref> Prostitutes are a major reservoir of sexually tran...[Sex Transm Dis. 1985 Apr-Jun - PubMed Result]
. Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
</ref>
Typical responses to the problem are:
- banning prostitution completely
- introducing a system of registration for prostitutes that mandates health checks and other public health measures
- educating prostitutes and their clients to encourage the use of barrier contraception and greater interaction with health care
Some think that the first two measures are counter-productive. Banning prostitution tends to drive it underground, making treatment and monitoring more difficult. Registering prostitutes makes the state complicit in prostitution and does not address the health risks of unregistered prostitutes. Both of the last two measures can be viewed as harm reduction policies.
In Australia where sex-work is largely legal, and registration of sex-work is not practiced, education campaigns have been extremely successful and the non-intravenous drug user (non-IDU) sex workers are among the lower HIV-risk communities in the nation. In part, this is probably due both to the legality of sex-work, and to the heavy general emphasis on education in regard to Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Safer sex is heavily promoted as the major means of STI reduction in Australia, and sex education generally is at a high level. Sex-worker organisations regularly visit brothels and home workers, providing free condoms and lubricant, health information, and other forms of support.
The encouragement of safer sex practices, combined with regular testing for sexually transmitted diseases, has been very successful when applied consistently. Prostitution appears to have little effect as a vector of STDs when safer sex practices are applied consistently. However, in countries and areas where safer sex precautions are either unavailable or not practiced for cultural reasons, prostitution appears to be a very active disease vector for all STDs, including HIV/AIDS.
Occurrence
According to the paper "Estimating the prevalence and career longevity of prostitute women" (Potterat et al., 1990), the number of full-time equivalent prostitutes in a typical area in the United States (Colorado Springs, CO, during 1970–1988) is estimated at 23 per 100,000 population (0.023%), of which fraction some 4% were under 18. The length of these prostitutes' working careers was estimated at a mean of 5 years. A follow-up paper entitled "Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners" (Brewer et al., 2000) goes on to estimate a mean number of 868 male sexual partners per prostitute per year of active sex work, and offers the conclusion that men's self-reporting of prostitutes as sexual partners is seriously under-reported.
A 1994 study found that 16 percent of 18 to 59-year-old men in a U.S. survey group had paid for sex (Gagnon, Laumann, and Kolata 1994).
A number of reports over the last few decades have suggested that prostitution levels have fallen in sexually liberal countries, most likely because of the increased availability of non-commercial, non-marital sex.<ref>http://www.iies.su.se/seminars/papers/Edlund.pdf Iies.su.se Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref>
Politics
Legal issues
Roughly speaking, the possible attitudes are:
- abolition: "prostitution should be made to disappear"
- "prostitution is immoral and prostitutes and their clients should be prosecuted": the prevailing attitude in much of the United States with a few exceptions like Nevada.
- "prostitution is a sad reality of exploitation of the prostitutes, especially women, but prostitutes should not be criminalized", the current situation in Turkey.
- "the clients of prostitutes exploit the prostitutes": prostitutes are not prosecuted, but their clients and pimps are, which is the current situation in Sweden, and most likely will also be the situation in Norway from sometime in 2008 onwards.
- prostitution is legal, but discouraged, while pimping is prohibited, the current situation in the United Kingdom and France among others;
- regulation: prostitution may be considered a legitimate business; prostitution and the employment of prostitutes are legal, but regulated (with respect to health etc. concerns); the current situation in the Netherlands, Germany and parts of Nevada.
- legalization: "prostitution is a victimless crime, and should be made completely legal so that it is no longer an underground activity, allowing the normal checks and balances of society and existing laws to apply"
- decriminalization: "prostitution is labor like any other. Sex industry premises should not be subject to any special regulation or laws" such as in Australia and New Zealand. Proponents of this view often cite instances of government regulation under legalization that they consider intrusive, demeaning, or violent, but feel that criminalization adversely affects sex workers.
In some countries, there is controversy regarding the laws applicable to sex work. For instance, the legal stance of punishing pimping while keeping sex work legal but "underground" and risky is often denounced as hypocritical; opponents suggest either going the full abolition route and criminalize clients or making sex work a regulated business.
Many countries have sex worker advocacy groups which lobby against criminalization and discrimination of prostitutes. These groups generally oppose Nevada-style regulation and oversight, stating that prostitution should be treated like other professions. In the United States of America, one such group is COYOTE (an abbreviation for "Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics") and another is the North American Task Force on Prostitution.<ref>http://www.bayswan.org/NTFP.html Bayswan.org Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> In Australia the lead sex worker rights organisation is Scarlet Alliance.<ref>http://www.scarletalliance.org.au Scarletalliance.org Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> International prostitutes' rights organizations include the International Committee for Prostitute's Rights<ref>http://www.voy.com/164439/157.html?z=1 Voy.com Retrieved on 04-26-07 </ref> and the Network of Sex Work Projects.<ref>http://www.nswp.org Retrieved on 04-26-07 Nswo.org </ref>
Other groups, often with religious backgrounds, focus on offering women a way out of the world of prostitution while not taking a position on the legal question.
Criminal behavior
Modèle:Sectstub In areas where prostitution is illegal, sex workers are commonly charged with crimes ranging from pandering to tax evasion. Their clients can be charged with solicitation of prostitution. Prosecution for various other sex crimes can be sought against the client and pimps depending on such things as the age of the prostitute and the nature of the act performed.
Feminism
Since most prostitutes are women, prostitution is a significant issue in feminist thought and activism. Some feminists argue that the act of selling sex need not inherently be exploitative, but that attempts to abolish prostitution - and the attitudes that lead to such attempts - lead to an abusive climate for sex workers that must be changed. In the new discourse, the redefinition of prostitution as "sex work" saw the development of the sex worker activism movement, comprising organisations such as the Australian Prostitutes Collective and COYOTE.
Feminists who believe that prostitution is inherently exploitative, such as authors like Andrea Dworkin, herself an ex-prostitute, argued in the 1980s that commercial sex is a form of rape enforced by poverty (and often overt violence by pimps). Proponents reject the idea that prostitution can be reformed. These feminists believe that the assumptions that women exist for men's sexual enjoyment, that all men "need" sex, or that the bodily integrity and sexual pleasure of women is irrelevant underlie the whole idea of prostitution, and make it an inherently exploitative, sexist practice. One feminist argument against Dworkin's position is that prostitution, insofar as it colludes with the perception of an inherent 'need' on the part of men for sexual release, is exploiting men more than it exploits women.
Sweden's 1999 law forbidding the purchase (but not sale) of sex was a natural extension of this view. Many prostitutes in Sweden have decried the laws targeting clients, as they say the laws just drive the industry further underground and reduce sex workers' incomes without providing greater safety.
Some jurisdictions have responded to sex worker activism by decriminalising prostitution. The rationale for these legal reforms has been to extend to sex workers the same health and safety standards that apply to other professions involving close bodily contact, for example dentistry, nursing or hairdressing.
History
Mesoamerica
Among the Aztecs, the Cihuacalli was the name given to those controlled buildings where prostitution was permitted by political and religious authorities. "Cihuacalli" is a Nahuatl word which means "House of Women".
The Cihuacalli was a closed compound with rooms, all of which were looking to a central patio. At the center of the patio was a statue of Tlazolteotl, the goddess of "filth". Religious authorities believed women should work as prostitutes, if they wish, only at such premices guarded by Tlazolteotl. It was believed Tlazolteotl had the power to incite sexual activity, and at the same time do spiritual cleansing of such acts.
There are stories that also refer to certain places, either inside the Cihuacalli or outside, where women would perform erotic dance in front of men. The poet Tlaltecatzin of Cuauhchinanco noted that special "Joyful Women" would perform erotic dances at certain homes outside of the compound.
Near East
One of the first forms is sacred prostitution, supposedly practiced among the Sumerians. In ancient sources (Herodotus, Thucydides) there are many traces of sacred prostitution, starting perhaps with Babylon, where each woman had to reach, once in their lives, the sanctuary of Militta (Aphrodite or Nana/Anahita) and there have sex with a foreigner as a sign of hospitality for a symbolic price.
Prostitution was common in ancient Israel, despite being tacitly forbidden by Jewish Law. Within the religion of Canaan, a significant portion of temple prostitutes were male. It was widely used in Sardinia and in some of the Phoenician cultures, usually in honour of the goddess ‘Ashtart. Presumably under the influence of the Phoenicians,[citation needed] this practice was developed in other ports of the Mediterranean Sea, such as Erice (Sicily), Locri Epizephiri, Croton, Rossano Vaglio, and Sicca Veneria. Other hypotheses[citation needed] include Asia Minor, Lydia, Syria and the Etruscans.
The Biblical story of Yehuda and Tamar (Genesis 38) provides a depiction of prostitution as practiced in the society of the time. The prostitute plies her trade at the side of a highway, waiting for travelers; she covers her face, which - unlike in the Middle Eastern societies of the present day - marks her as a prostitute, available for casual sex ("he thought her to be a harlot, for she had covered her face"); she gets paid in kind, asking for a kid as her fee - a rather high price in a herding society, which only the wealthy owner of numerous herds could afford to pay for a single sexual encounter; and if the traveller does not have his cattle with him, he must give some valuables as a deposit, until the kid is delivered to the woman.
Though in this story the woman was not a real prostitute but Yehuda's daughter-in-law, who had good reasons of seeking to trick Yehuda and become preganant by him, she succeeds to impersonate a prostitute and her conduct can be assumed to be the real conduct expected of a prostitute in the society of the time.
A later Biblical story, in the Book of Joshua, a prostitute in Jericho named Rahab assisted Israelite spies with her knowledge of the current socio-cultural and military situation due to her popularity with the high-ranking nobles she serviced, among others. The spies, in return for the information, promised to save her and her family during the planned military invasion as long as she fulfilled her part of the deal by keeping the details of the contact with them secret and leaving a sign on her residence that would be a marker for the advancing soldiers to avoid. When the people of Israel conquered Canaan, she left prostitution, converted to Judaism and married a prominent member of the people.
Greece
In ancient Greek society, prostitution was engaged in by both women and boys. The Greek word for prostitute is porne, derived from the verb pernemi (to sell), with the evident modern evolution. Female prostitutes could be independent and sometimes influential women. They were required to wear distinctive dresses and had to pay taxes. Some similarities have been found between the Greek hetaera and the Japanese oiran, complex figures that are perhaps in an intermediate position between prostitution and courtisanerie. (See also the Indian tawaif.) Some prostitutes in ancient Greece, such as Lais were as famous for their company as their beauty, and some of these women charged extraordinary sums for their services.
Solon instituted the first of Athens' brothels (oik'iskoi) in the 6th century BC, and with the earnings of this business he built a temple dedicated to Aprodites Pandemo (or Qedesh), patron goddess of this commerce. Procuring, however, was severely forbidden. In Cyprus (Paphus) and in Corinth, a type of religious prostitution was practiced where the temple counted more than a thousand prostitutes (hierodules), according to Strabo.
Each specialised category had its proper name, so there were the chamaitypa'i, working outdoor (lie-down), the perepatetikes who met their customers while walking (and then worked in their houses), the gephyrides, who worked near the bridges. In the 5th century, Ateneo informs us that the price was of 1 obole, a sixth of a drachma and the equivalent of an ordinary worker's day salary. The rare pictures describe that sex was performed on beds with covers and pillows, while triclinia usually didn't have these accessories.
Male prostitution was also common in Greece. It was usually practiced by adolescent boys, a reflection of the pederastic tastes of Greek men. Slave boys worked the male brothels in Athens, while free boys who sold their favors risked losing their political rights as adults.
Rome
In ancient Rome, there were some commonalities with the Greek system; but as the Empire grew, prostitutes were often foreign slaves, captured, purchased, or raised for that purpose, sometimes by large-scale "prostitute farmers" who took abandoned children. Indeed, abandoned children were almost always raised as prostitutes.<ref>Justin Martyr, First Apology http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm "But as for us, we have been taught that to expose newly-born children is the part of wicked men; and this we have been taught lest we should do any one an injury, and lest we should sin against God, first, because we see that almost all so exposed (not only the girls, but also the males) are brought up to prostitution."</ref> Enslavement into prostitution was sometimes used as a legal punishment against criminal free women. Buyers were allowed to inspect naked men and women for sale in private and there was no stigma attached to the purchase of males by a male aristocrat. A large brothel found in Pompeii called the Lupanar attests to the widespread use of prostitutes in Rome around the turn of the century. Life expectancy for prostitutes was generally low,[citation needed] but some managed to get free and establish themselves e.g. as folk doctors. Like Greece, Roman prostitution was highly categorized, with titles for prostitutes and their places of trade including:
- Ælicariae, Amasiae, Amatrix, Ambubiae, Amica, Blitidae, Busturiae, Casuaria, Citharistriae, Copae, Cymbalistriae, Delicatae, Diobolares, Diversorium, Doris, Famosae, Forariae, Fornix, Gallinae, Lupae, Lupanaria, Meretrix, Mimae, Noctiluae, Nonariae, Pergulae, Proseda, Prostibula, Quadrantariae, Scorta erratica, Scortum, Stabulae, Tabernae, Tugurium, and Turturilla.
Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages prostitution was commonly found in urban contexts. Although all forms of sexual activity outside of marriage were regarded as sinful by the Roman Catholic Church, prostitution was tolerated because it was held to prevent the greater evils of rape, sodomy, and masturbation (MCCall, 1979). Augustine of Hippo held that: "If you expel prostitution from society, you will unsettle everything on account of lusts". The general tolerance of prostitution was for the most part reluctant, and many canonists urged prostitutes to reform.
After the decline of organised prostitution of the Roman empire, many prostitutes were slaves. However, religious campaigns against slavery, and the growing marketisation of the economy, turned prostitution back into a business. By the High Middle Ages it is common to find town governments ruling that prostitutes were not to ply their trade within the town walls, but they were tolerated outside if only because these areas were beyond the jurisdiction of the authorities. In many areas of France and Germany town governments came to set aside certain streets as areas where prostitution could be tolerated. In London the brothels of Southwark were even owned by the Bishop of Winchester. (MCCall) Still later it became common in the major towns and cities of Southern Europe to establish civic brothels, whilst outlawing any prostitution taking place outside these brothels. In much of Northern Europe a more laissez faire attitude tended to be found.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Prostitutes also found a fruitful market in the Crusades.
16th century
By the very end of the fifteenth century attitudes seemed to have begun to harden against prostitution. With the advent of the Protestant Reformation numbers of Southern German towns closed their brothels in an attempt to eradicate prostitution. The prevalence of sexually transmitted disease from the earlier sixteenth century may also have influenced attitudes. An outbreak of Syphilis in Naples 1494 which later swept across Europe, and which may have originated from the Columbian Exchange may have been the one of the causes of this change in attitude.
In some periods prostitutes had to distinguish themselves by particular signs, sometimes wearing very short hair or no hair at all, or wearing veils in societies where other women did not wear them. Ancient codes regulated in this case the crime of a prostitute that dissimulated her profession. In some cultures, prostitutes were the sole women allowed to sing in public or act in theatrical performances.
18th century to present
In the 18th century, presumably in Venice, prostitutes started using condoms, made with catgut or cow bowel.
Many of the women who posed in 19th and early 20th century vintage erotica were prostitutes. The most famous were the New Orleans women who posed for E. J. Bellocq.
In the 19th century, legalized prostitution became a public controversy as France and then the United Kingdom passed the Contagious Diseases Acts, legislation mandating pelvic examinations for suspected prostitutes. Many early feminists fought for their repeal, either on the grounds that prostitution should be illegal and therefore not government regulated or because it forced degrading medical examinations upon women. This legislation applied not only to the United Kingdom and France, but also to their overseas colonies.
Originally, prostitution was widely legal in the United States. Prostitution was made illegal in almost all states between 1910 and 1915 largely due to the influence of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union which was influential in the banning of drug use and was a major force in the prohibition of alcohol. In 1917 the legally defined prostitution district Storyville in New Orleans was closed down by the Federal government over local objections. Prostitution remained legal in Alaska until 1953 (though not yet a US state), and is still legal in some counties of Nevada.
Beginning in the late 1980s, many states increased the penalties for prostitution in cases where the prostitute is knowingly HIV-positive. These laws, often known as felony prostitution laws, require anyone arrested for prostitution to be tested for HIV, and if the test comes back positive, the suspect is then informed that any future arrest for prostitution will be a felony instead of a misdemeanor. Penalties for felony prostitution vary in the states that have such laws, with maximum sentences of typically 10 to 15 years in prison. An episode of COPS which aired in the early 1990s detailed the impact of HIV/AIDS among prostitutes to which the felony prostitution laws is deemed as part of HIV/AIDS awareness.
In the 1970s some religious cults were discovered practicing religious prostitution, or flirty fishing, as an instrument to make new adepts.<ref>living.oneindia.in – Religious Prostitution- Sacrifice to tradition</ref>
Nonhuman animal prostitution
Prostitution has been observed in nonhuman animal species, notably in Adelie penguins and in hangingflies.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/60302.stm</ref><ref>http://www.calacademy.org/calwild/2004spring/stories/materialgirls.html</ref>
Other meanings
In colloquial usage, the word "prostitute" is sometimes generalized to mean the selling of one's services for a cause thought to be unworthy, in the sense of "prostituting oneself" or "whoring oneself". In this sense, the services or acts performed are typically not sexual. For instance, in the book, The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield claims that his brother is in Hollywood, prostituting himself. In fact, he is writing screenplays.
See also
- Brothel
- Child prostitution
- Theodora (6th century)
- Sex tourism
- Hierodule, religious prostitution
- Prostitution in Ancient Greece
- Köçek, Tellak, Bacchá, Hijra
- Sex, Sexual intercourse, Human sexual behavior, Sexually transmitted disease
- Sex industry, Sex worker, professional dominant, Courtesan, Hetaera, Oiran, Rentboy, Sanky-panky, Call girl, Pimp/Madame
- Massage parlor
- Red-light district, Street prostitution, Victorian era, Jack the Ripper, Molly house, List of famous prostitutes
- Sexual slavery
- Prostitution (criminology)
- Debt bondage
- Comfort women
- White slavery
- Sex crime
- Joy Division (World War II)
- Recreation and Amusement Association
- Male prostitution
- Radical feminism
- Sex-positive feminism
- Melissa Farley
- Drugs and prostitution
- International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers
Regional
Europe
Asia
South America
Other
- Prostitution in Australia
- Prostitution in New Zealand
- Prostitution in Saudi Arabia
- Prostitution in Turkey
- Prostitution in the United States
References
- Campbell, Russell. Marked Women: Prostitutes and Prostitution in the Cinema, 2005 University of Wisconsin Press.
- Castillo DN, Jenkins EL. Industries and occupations at high risk for work-related homicide. J Occup Med 1994;36:125–32.
- D. Brewer et al. Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 24 October; 97(22): 12385-12388.
- McCall, Andrew: "The Medieval Underworld". Hamish Hamilton, 1979. ISBN 0750937270
- Michael, R. T., Gagnon, J. H.,.Laumann, E. O., & Kolata, G. Sex in America, Boston: Little, Brown, 1994.
Other meanings
In colloquial usage, the word "prostitute" is sometimes generalized to mean the selling of one's services for a cause thought to be unworthy, in the sense of "prostituting oneself" or "whoring oneself". In this sense, the services or acts performed are typically not sexual. For instance, in the book, The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield claims that his brother is in Hollywood, prostituting himself. In fact, he is writing screenplays.
See also
- Brothel
- Child prostitution
- Theodora (6th century)
- Sex tourism
- Hierodule, religious prostitution
- Prostitution in Ancient Greece
- Köçek, Tellak, Bacchá, Hijra
- Sex, Sexual intercourse, Human sexual behavior, Sexually transmitted disease
- Sex industry, Sex worker, professional dominant, Courtesan, Hetaera, Oiran, Rentboy, Sanky-panky, Call girl, Pimp/Madame
- Massage parlor
- Red-light district, Street prostitution, Victorian era, Jack the Ripper, Molly house, List of famous prostitutes
- Sexual slavery
- Prostitution (criminology)
- Debt bondage
- Comfort women
- White slavery
- Sex crime
- Joy Division (World War II)
- Recreation and Amusement Association
- Male prostitution
- Radical feminism
- Sex-positive feminism
- Melissa Farley
- Drugs and prostitution
- International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers
Regional
Europe
Asia
South America
Other
- Prostitution in Australia
- Prostitution in New Zealand
- Prostitution in Saudi Arabia
- Prostitution in Turkey
- Prostitution in the United States
References
- Campbell, Russell. Marked Women: Prostitutes and Prostitution in the Cinema, 2005 University of Wisconsin Press.
- Castillo DN, Jenkins EL. Industries and occupations at high risk for work-related homicide. J Occup Med 1994;36:125–32.
- D. Brewer et al. Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 24 October; 97(22): 12385-12388.
- McCall, Andrew: "The Medieval Underworld". Hamish Hamilton, 1979. ISBN 0750937270
- Michael, R. T., Gagnon, J. H.,.Laumann, E. O., & Kolata, G. Sex in America, Boston: Little, Brown, 1994.
- Mirbeau, Octave, The love of a venal woman.
- Phoenix, J. Making Sense of Prostitution, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.
- Preston, John. Hustling, A Gentlemen's Guide to the Fine Art of Homosexual Prostitution, Badboy Books, 1997.
- Perlongher, Néstor Osvaldo. O negócio do michê, prostituição viril em São Paulo, 1ª edição 1987, editora brasiliense.
- Potterat JJ, Woodhouse DE, Muth JB & Muth SQ. Estimating the prevalence and career longevity of prostitute women. Journal of Sex Research 1990; 27: 233 243.
- Potterat JJ, Brewer DD, Muth SQ, Rothenberg RB, Woodhouse DE, Muth JB, Stites HK & Brody S. Mortality in a long-term open cohort of prostitute women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004; 159(8) 778-785.
- Full text: [1]
- The UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (1949)
- Weitzer, Ronald (ed.), Sex For Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry. New York: Routledge, 2000.
- Weitzer, Ronald. "New Directions in Research on Prostitution," Crime, Law, and Social Change, v.43, no.4-5, 2005.
- Weitzer, Ronald. "Moral Crusade Against Prostitution," Society, March-April, 2006.
External links and other resources
Information sites
- Prostitution ProCon.org - Should prostitution be legal?
- Sexual Freedom Coalition – Guide to Sex Laws in the UK
- Prostitution guide in the U.S.
- UK laws regarding prostitution updated for 2006
- Prostitution Resources
- "John Schools" as an attempt to educate prostitutes' clients
- "Street prostitution" by Michael S. Scott, US DOJ Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series, No. 2
Organizations
- Rahab Foundation – To assist, train, educate and integrate women who decide to give up prostitution (Costa Rica)
- The Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
- Prostitutes' Rights Issues and Organizations Around the World – Prostitutes' Education Network
- The International Union of Sex Workers
- StellaTo educate sex-workers in Canada and to fight for their rights and welfare.
- The Canadian Guild for Erotic Labour
- United Sex Professionals of Finland
- Mary Magdalene Project of Mexico
- Scottish Prostitutes Education Project
- International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe
News articles
- Asia's sex trade is 'slavery' – BBC News 20 February 2003
- Prostitution: Sex is their business – The Economist 2 September 2004
- A modern slave's brutal odyssey – BBC News 3 November 2004
- Legalized Prostitution: Regulating the Oldest Profession – Mark Liberator (2004) on liberator.net, updated 8 December 2005
- Sex trade's reliance on forced labour – BBC News 12 May 2005
- Decriminalize sex trade: Vancouver report – CBC.ca 13 June 2006
- Labour votes to limit sex trade – Aftenposten 23 April 2007
Academic papers
- Working girls : prostitutes, their life and social control – Roberta Perkins
in Australian studies in law, crime and justice (1991); Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology; ISBN 0 642 15877 0 - Marxism versus Moralism by Doctor Helen Ward
Anti-prostitution writing
- Antonella Gambotto-Burke on prostitution
- Andrea Dworkin: Why Men Like Prostitution So Much Andrea Dworkin Keynote Speech at International Trafficking Conference, 1989. (Audio File: 22 min, 128 kbit/s, mp3)
- Andrea Dworkin's Attorney General's Commission Testimony on Pornography and Prostitution
- Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) — list of resources on the sex industry (primarily focused on prostitution)
- Equality Now feminist activism against various forms of prostitution
- Fair Fund Human Trafficking website
- Polaris Project helps prostituted women recover. Located in Washington, D.C.
- The Lola Greene Baldwin FoundationProstitution Recovery Program. Excellent articles, resources and information.
- Prostitution Research & Education. See Melissa Farley
- 'Bad for the Body, Bad for the heart': Prostitution Harms Women Even if Legalized or Decriminalized by Melissa Farley 2004 Violence Against Women 10: 1087-1125.
- Prostitution and Male Supremacy by Andrea Dworkin
- Prostitution and the sex discrepancy in reported number of sexual partners. D. Brewer et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 24 October; 97(22): 1238512388.
- Prostitution and Civil Rights by Catharine A. MacKinnon
- Prostitution and Trafficking in 9 Countries: Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Melissa Farley, Ann Cotton., Jacqueline Lynne, Sybile Zumbeck, Frida Spiwak, Maria E. Reyes, Dinorah Alvarez, Ufuk Sezgin 2003 Journal of Trauma Practice 2 (3/4): 33-74.
- "Prostitution harms women even if indoors: Reply to Weitzer" by Melissa Farley, Violence Against Women 1(7): 971–977, July 2005
- “Prostitution, Trafficking, and Cultural Amnesia: What We Must Not Know in Order To Keep the Business of Sexual Exploitation Running Smoothly” by Melissa Farley 2006 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 18:109-144.
- The question of prostitution - A Marxist analysis of prostitution
- Unequal (A Feminist Response to Marxist Views on Prostitution) by Melissa Farley
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