David Bowie

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Modèle:Infobox musical artist David Bowie (Modèle:PronEng) (born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947) is an English singer, songwriter, actor, multi-instrumentalist, producer, arranger, and audio engineer.

Active in five decades of rock music and frequently reinventing his music and image, Bowie is widely regarded as an influential innovator, particularly for his work through the 1970s.<Ref>David Bowie by Stephen Thomas Erlewine; URL accessed March 21, 2007</ref> Bowie has taken cues from a wide range of fine art, philosophy and literature.

He is also a film and stage actor, music video director, and visual artist.

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Career overview

Although he released an album and numerous singles earlier, David Bowie first caught the eye and ear of the public in the autumn of 1969, when his space-age mini-melodrama "Space Oddity" reached the top five of the UK singles chart. After a three-year period of experimentation he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era as a flamboyant, androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust, spearheaded by the hit single "Starman" and the album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. The relatively short-lived Ziggy persona epitomised a career often marked by musical innovation, reinvention and striking visual presentation.

In 1975, Bowie achieved his first major American crossover success with the number-one single "Fame" and the hit album Young Americans, which the singer identified as "plastic soul". The sound constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees.<ref>Carr & Murray (1981): pp.68-74</ref>

He then confounded the expectations of both his record label and his American audiences by recording the minimalist album Low – the first of three collaborations with Brian Eno. His most experimental works to date, the so-called "Berlin Trilogy" nevertheless produced three UK top-five albums. The anthem-like, towering title track of the second work "Heroes" (1977) is ranked 46 on Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. <ref> 500 Greatest Songs of All Time

. Rolling Stone Magazine
. Rolling Stone

.</ref>

After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s, Bowie had UK number ones with the 1980 single "Ashes to Ashes" and its parent album, Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps). He paired with Queen for the 1981 UK chart-topper "Under Pressure", but consolidated his commercial – and, until then, most profitable – sound in 1983 with the album Let's Dance, which yielded the hit singles "China Girl", "Modern Love", and most famously, the title track.

Since the mid-1980s only a handful of Bowie’s recordings have entered public consciousness. In the BBC's 2002 poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, Bowie ranked 29. Throughout his career he has sold an estimated 136 million albums, and ranks among the ten best-selling acts in UK pop history.

In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him 39th on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.<ref> The Immortals: The First Fifty

. Rolling Stone Issue 946
. Rolling Stone

.</ref> He is ranked as the number 4 artist of all time on Acclaimedmusic.net.<ref> The Top 1000 Artists of All Time

. Acclaimedmusic.net

. Retrieved on 2007-12-14. </ref>

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Biography

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1947 to 1967: Early years

David Robert Jones was born in Brixton, London, to a father from Tadcaster in Yorkshire and a mother from an Irish family;<ref>"Episode for 29 November 2003". Parkinson (TV series). November 29 2003.</ref> Bowie's parents were married shortly after his birth.<ref>Bowieworld.com</ref> He lived at 40 Stansfield Road in Brixton until he was six years old, when his family moved to Bromley in Kent (now part of Greater London). He was educated at Bromley Technical High School<ref>later renamed Ravensbourne College</ref> in Keston, Bromley (as was Peter Frampton, whose father Owen was head of the Art department)<ref>Buckley (2000): p.27</ref> and lived with his parents until he was eighteen.

When Bowie was age fifteen, his friend George Underwood, wearing a ring on his finger, punched him in the left eye during a fight over a girl. Bowie was forced to stay out of school for eight months so that doctors could conduct operations in attempts to repair his potentially-blinded eye.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref><ref name="Buckley p.24">Buckley (2000): p.24</ref> Underwood and Bowie remained good friends; Underwood went on to do artwork for Bowie's earlier albums.<ref> album covers David Bowie Album Covers

. GeorgeUnderwood.com

.</ref> Doctors could not fully repair the damage, leaving his pupil permanently dilated. As a result of the injury, Bowie has faulty depth perception. Bowie has stated that although he can see with his injured eye, his colour vision was mostly lost and a brownish tone is constantly present. The colour of the irises is still the same blue, but since the pupil of the injured eye is wide open, the colour of that eye is commonly mistaken to be different.<ref name="Buckley p.24"/>

Bowie's interest in music was sparked at the age of nine when his father brought home a collection of American 45s, including Fats Domino, Chuck Berry and, most particularly, Little Richard. Upon listening to "Tutti Frutti", Bowie would later say, "I had heard God".<ref>Peter Doggett (2007). "Teenage Wildlife", MOJO 60 Years of Bowie: pp.8-9</ref> His half-brother Terry introduced him to modern jazz and Bowie's enthusiasm for players like Charlie Mingus and John Coltrane led his mother to give him a plastic saxophone for Christmas in 1959. Graduating to a real instrument, he formed his first band in 1962, the Konrads. He then played with various blues/beat groups, such as The King Bees, The Manish Boys, The Lower Third and The Riot Squad in the mid-1960s, releasing his first record, the single "Liza Jane", with the King Bees in 1964. His early work shifted through the blues and Elvis-esque music while working with many British pop styles.

During the early 1960s, Bowie was performing either under his own name or the stage name "Davie Jones", and briefly even as "Davy Jones", creating confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees. To avoid this, in 1966 he chose "Bowie" for his stage name, after the Alamo hero Jim Bowie and his famous Bowie knife.<ref>Buckley (2000): p.33</ref> During this time, he recorded singles for Parlophone under the name of The Manish Boys and Davy Jones and for Pye under the name David Bowie (and The Lower Third), all without success.

Bowie released his first album in 1967 for the Decca Records offshoot Deram, simply called David Bowie, an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall. Around the same time he issued a novelty single utilising speeded-up Chipmunk-style vocals, "The Laughing Gnome", with the B-side "The Gospel According to Tony Day". None of these managed to chart, and he would not cut another record for two years. His Deram material from the album and various singles was later recycled in a multitude of compilations.

Influenced by the dramatic arts, he studied with Lindsay Kemp — from avant-garde theatre and mime to Commedia dell'arte — and much of his work would involve the creation of characters or personae to present to the world. During 1967, Bowie sold his first song to another artist, "Oscar" (an early stage name of actor-musician Paul Nicholas). Bowie wrote Oscar's third single, "Over the Wall We Go", which satirised life in a British prison.<ref>Carr & Murray (1981): p.117</ref> In late 1968, his then-manager, Kenneth Pitt, produced a half-hour promotional film called Love You Till Tuesday featuring Bowie performing a number of songs, but it went unreleased until 1984.

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1969 to 1973: Psychedelic folk to glam rock

Bowie's first flirtation with fame came in 1969 with his single "Space Oddity," written the previous year but recorded and released to coincide with the first moon landing.<ref>Pegg (2004): pp.197-201</ref> This ballad told the story of Major Tom, an astronaut who becomes lost in space, though it has also been interpreted as an allegory for taking drugs.<ref>Buckley (2000): p.74</ref> It became a Top 5 UK hit. The corresponding album, his second, was originally titled David Bowie, which caused some confusion as both of Bowie's first and second albums were released with that name in the UK (in the U.S. the second album bore the title Man of Words, Man of Music). In 1972, this album was re-released as Space Oddity.

Bowie put the finishing touches to "Space Oddity" (the track) while living with Mary Finnigan as her lodger. Finnigan and Bowie joined forces with Christina Ostrom and the late Barrie Jackson to run a Folk Club on Sunday nights at The Three Tuns pub in Beckenham High Street, south London.<ref>The Three Tuns pub and the Beckenham Arts Lab: BowieWonderworld.com website. Retrieved on September 22 2007.</ref> This soon morphed into the Beckenham Arts Lab and became extremely popular. In August 1969, The Arts Lab hosted a Free Festival in a local park, later immortalised by Bowie in his song "Memory of a Free Festival".<ref>"Memory of a Free Festival", hosted by the Beckenham Arts Lab: BowieWonderworld.com website. Retrieved on September 22 2007.</ref>

In 1970, Bowie released his third album, The Man Who Sold the World, rejecting the acoustic guitar sound of the previous album and replacing it with the heavy rock backing provided by Mick Ronson, who would be a major collaborator through 1973. Much of the album resembles British heavy metal of the period, but the album provided some unusual musical detours, such as the title track's use of Latin sounds and rhythms. The song provided an unlikely hit for UK pop singer Lulu and would be performed by many groups over the years, including Nirvana. In the original UK cover of the album, Bowie is seen in a dress, an early example of him exploiting his androgynous appearance. In the U.S., the album was originally released in completely different cartoon-like cover which did not feature Bowie.

His next record, Hunky Dory in 1971, saw the partial return of the fey pop singer of "Space Oddity", with light fare such as the droll "Kooks" (dedicated to his young son, known to the world as Zowie Bowie). Elsewhere, the album explored more serious themes on tracks such as "Oh! You Pretty Things" (a song taken to UK #12 by Herman's Hermits' Peter Noone in 1971), the semi-autobiographical "The Bewlay Brothers", and the Buddhist-influenced "Quicksand". Lyrically, the young songwriter also paid unusually direct homage to his influences with "Song for Bob Dylan", "Andy Warhol", and "Queen Bitch", which Bowie's somewhat cryptic liner notes indicate as a Velvet Underground pastiche. As with the single "Changes", Hunky Dory was not a big hit but it laid the groundwork for the move that would shortly lift Bowie into the first rank of stars, giving him four top-ten albums and eight top ten singles in the UK in eighteen months between 1972 and 1973.

Bowie's androgynous persona was taken a step further in June 1972 with the seminal concept album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, which presents a world destined to end in five years and tells the story of the ultimate rock star, Ziggy Stardust. The album's sound combined hard rock elements of The Man Who Sold the World with the lighter pop of Hunky Dory and the fast-paced glam rock pioneered by Marc Bolan's T.Rex. Many of the album's songs have become rock classics, including "Ziggy Stardust," "Moonage Daydream," "Hang on to Yourself," and "Suffragette City."

The Ziggy Stardust character became the basis for Bowie's first large-scale tour beginning in 1972, where he donned his famous flaming red hair and wild outfits. The tour featured a three-piece band representing the "Spiders from Mars": Ronson on guitar, Trevor Bolder on bass, and Mick Woodmansey on drums. The album made #5 in the UK on the strength of the #10 placing of the single "Starman". Their success made Bowie a star, and soon the six-month-old Hunky Dory eclipsed Ziggy Stardust, when it peaked at #3 on the UK chart. At the same time the non-album single "John, I’m Only Dancing" (not released in the U.S. until 1979) peaked at UK #12, and "All the Young Dudes", a song he had given to, and produced for, Mott the Hoople, made UK #3.

Around the same time Bowie began promoting and producing his rock and roll heroes. Former Velvet Underground singer Lou Reed's solo breakthrough Transformer was produced by Bowie and Mick Ronson. Iggy Pop and his band The Stooges signed with Bowie's management, MainMan Productions, and recorded their third album, Raw Power, in London. Though he was not present for the tracking of the album, Bowie later performed its much-debated mix.<ref>Buckley (2000): p.156</ref>

The Spiders From Mars came together again on Aladdin Sane, released in April 1973 and his first #1 album in the UK. Described by Bowie as "Ziggy goes to America",<ref>Pegg (2004): pp.281-283</ref> all the new songs were written on ship, bus or trains during the first leg of his US Ziggy Stardust tour. The album's cover, featuring Bowie shirtless with Ziggy hair and a red, black, and blue lightning bolt across his face, has been labeled as "startling as rock covers ever got."<ref name="Buckley pp.182-189">Buckley (2000): pp.182-189</ref> Aladdin Sane included the UK #2 hit "The Jean Genie", the UK #3 hit "Drive-In Saturday", and a rendition of The Rolling Stones' "Let's Spend the Night Together". Mike Garson joined Bowie to play piano on this album, and his solo on the title track has been cited as one of the album's highlights.<ref name="Buckley pp.182-189"/><ref>Carr & Murray (1981): pp.52-56</ref>

Bowie's later Ziggy shows, which included songs from both Ziggy Stardust and Aladdin Sane, as well as a few earlier tracks like "Changes" and "The Width of a Circle", were ultra-theatrical affairs filled with shocking stage moments, such as Bowie stripping down to a sumo wrestling loincloth or simulating oral sex with Ronson's guitar.<ref name="Bowie: An Illustrated Record p.7">Carr & Murray (1981): p.7</ref> Bowie toured and gave press conferences as Ziggy before a dramatic and abrupt on-stage "retirement" at London's Hammersmith Odeon on 3 July 1973. His announcement – "Of all the shows on this tour, this particular show will remain with us the longest, because not only is it the last show of the tour, but it's the last show that we'll ever do. Thank you." – has been preserved in a live recording of the show, belatedly released as a under the title Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture in 1983 after many years circulating as a bootleg.<ref>Carr & Murray (1981): p.116</ref>

Pin Ups, a collection of covers of his 1960s favourites, was released in October 1973, spawning a UK #3 hit in "Sorrow" and itself peaking at #1, making David Bowie the best-selling act of 1973 in the UK.<ref>Biography of David Bowie</ref> By this time, Bowie had broken up the Spiders from Mars and was attempting to move on from his Ziggy persona. Bowie's own back catalogue was now highly sought: The Man Who Sold the World had been re-released in 1972 along with the second David Bowie album (Space Oddity), while Hunky Dory's "Life on Mars?" was released as a single in 1973 and made #3 in the UK, the same year Bowie's novelty record from 1967, "The Laughing Gnome", hit #6.

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1974 to 1976: Soul, R&B, and The Thin White Duke

1974 saw the release of another ambitious album, Diamond Dogs, with a spoken word introduction and a multi-part song suite ("Sweet Thing/Candidate/Sweet Thing (reprise)"). Diamond Dogs was the product of two distinct ideas: a musical based on a wild future in a post-apocalyptic city, and setting George Orwell's 1984 to music ("1984", "Big Brother", "We Are the Dead").

Bowie also made plans to develop a Diamond Dogs movie, but didn't get very far. He mentioned later that there was some footage completed with scenes of havoc with people on roller skates, but it has remained unseen. Bowie had planned on actually writing a musical to 1984, but his interest waned after encountering difficulties in licensing the novel. He used some of the songs he had written for the project on Diamond Dogs.

The album — and an NBC television special, The 1980 Floor Show, broadcast at around the same time — demonstrated Bowie headed toward the genre of soul/funk music, the track "1984" being a prime example. The album spawned the hits "Rebel Rebel" (UK #5) and "Diamond Dogs" (UK #21), and itself went to #1 in the UK, making him the best-selling act of that country for the second year in a row. In the US, Bowie achieved his first major commercial success as the album went to #5.

To follow on the release of the album, Bowie launched a massive Diamond Dogs tour in North America from June to December 1974. Choreographed by Toni Basil, and lavishly produced with theatrical special effects, the high-budget stage production broke with contemporary standard practice for rock concerts by featuring no encores. It was filmed by Alan Yentob for the documentary Cracked Actor. The documentary seemed to confirm the rumours of his cocaine abuse, featuring a pasty and emaciated Bowie nervously sniffing in the backseat of a car and claiming that there was a fly in his milk.

Bowie commented that the resulting live album David Live ought to have been called "David Bowie Is Alive and Well and Living Only In Theory," presumably in reference to his addled and frenetic psychological state during this period. Nevertheless the album solidified his status as a superstar, going #2 in the UK and #8 in the US. It also spawned a UK #10 hit in a cover of "Knock on Wood".

After the opening leg of the tour, Bowie mostly jettisoned the elaborate sets. Then, when the tour resumed after a summer break in Philadelphia for recording new material, the Diamond Dogs sound no longer seemed apt. Bowie cancelled seven dates and made changes to the band, which returned to the road in October as the Philly Dogs tour.

For Ziggy Stardust fans who had not discerned the soul and funk strains already apparent in Bowie's recent work, the "new" sound was considered a sudden and jolting step. 1975's Young Americans was Bowie's definitive exploration of Philly soul — though he himself referred to the sound ironically as "plastic soul." It contained his first #1 hit in the US, "Fame", co-written with John Lennon (who also contributed backing vocals) and one of Bowie's new band members, guitarist Carlos Alomar. It was based on a riff Alomar had developed while covering The Flares's 1961 doo-wop classic "Footstompin'," which Bowie's band had taken to playing live during the Philly Dogs period. One of the backing vocalists on the album is a young Luther Vandross, who also co-wrote some of the material for Young Americans. The song Win featured a hypnotic guitar riff later taken by Beck for the track/live staple "Debra" off his Midnight Vultures album. Despite Bowie's unashamed recognition of the shallowness of his "plastic soul," he did earn the bona fide distinction of being one of the few white artists to be invited to appear on the popular "Soul Train." Another violently paranoid appearance on ABC's The Dick Cavett Show (1974 December 5) seemed to confirm rumours of Bowie's heavy cocaine use at this time. <ref>DVD, Dick Cavett Show: Rock Icons, disc 1</ref>

Young Americans was the album that cemented Bowie's stardom in the U.S.; though only peaking there at #9, as opposed to the #5 placing of Diamond Dogs, the album stayed on the charts almost twice as long. At the same time, the album achieved #2 in the UK while a re-issue of his old single "Space Oddity" became his first #1 hit in the UK, only a few months after "Fame" had achieved the same in the US.

Station to Station (1976) featured a darker version of this soul persona, called The Thin White Duke. Visually the figure was an extension of Thomas Jerome Newton, the character Bowie portrayed in The Man Who Fell to Earth. Station to Station was a transitional album, prefiguring the Krautrock and synthesizer music of his next releases, while further developing the funk and soul music of Young Americans. By this time Bowie had become heavily dependent on drugs, particularly cocaine; many critics have attributed the chopped rhythms and emotional detachment of the record to the influence of the drug, to which Bowie claimed to have been introduced in America. His emotional disturbance and megalomania at this time reached such a fever pitch^{[citation needed]} that Bowie refused to relinquish control of a satellite, booked for a world-wide broadcast of a live appearance preceding the release of Station to Station, at the request of the Spanish Government, who wished to put out a live feed regarding the death of Spanish Dictator Francisco Franco. Additionally, Bowie was withering physically after having lost an alarming amount of weight.

Nonetheless, there was another large tour, The 1976 World Tour, which featured a starkly lit set and highlighted new songs such as the dramatic and lengthy title track, the ballads "Wild Is the Wind" and "Word on a Wing", and the funkier "TVC 15" and "Stay". The core band that coalesced around this album and tour — rhythm guitarist Alomar, bassist George Murray, and drummer Dennis Davis — would remain a stable unit through the 1970s. Guest players included lead guitarist Earl Slick, Adrian Belew and Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band keyboardist, Roy Bittan. The tour was highly successful but also entrenched in controversy, as the media claimed that Bowie was advocating fascism. The accusation was false and had resulted from a misinterpretation of Bowie's essentially anti-Fascist message.

With the album at #3 in the US--his greatest success there ever--and the single "Golden Years" becoming a transatlantic top ten hit, Bowie hit a commercial peak while his sanity — by his own later admission — became twisted from cocaine: he overdosed several times during the year.

In 1974, Bowie had a year-long affair with French model Amanda Lear, who had been previously engaged to Bryan Ferry and pictured on Roxy Music's 1973 album For Your Pleasure. Bowie played an important part in getting Lear's career in music started.

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1976 to 1980: The Berlin era

Bowie's interest in the growing German music scene, as well as his drug addiction, prompted him to move to West Berlin to dry out and rejuvenate his career. Sharing an apartment in Schöneberg with his friend Iggy Pop, he co-produced three more of his own classic albums with Tony Visconti, while aiding Pop with his career. With Bowie as a co-writer and musician, Pop completed his first two solo albums, The Idiot and Lust for Life.

Bowie joined Pop's touring band in the spring, simply playing keyboard and singing backing vocals. The group performed in the UK, Europe, and the US from March to April 1977.<ref>Kris Needs (2007). "The Passenger", MOJO 60 Years of Bowie: p.65</ref>

The brittle sound of Station to Station proved a precursor to Low, the first of three albums that became known as the "Berlin Trilogy." Low was recorded with Brian Eno as an integral collaborator but, despite widespread belief, not the album's producer. Journalists often mistakenly give Eno production credits on the trilogy but, in fact, Bowie and Tony Visconti co-produced, with Eno co-writing some of the music, playing keyboards, and developing strategies. Bowie stressed in 2000: "Over the years not enough credit has gone to Tony Visconti on those particular albums. The actual sound and texture, the feel of everything from the drums to the way that my voice is recorded is Tony Visconti."^{[citation needed]}

Visconti said at the time, "Bowie wanted to make an album of music that was uncompromising and reflected the way he felt. He said he did not care whether or not he had another hit record, and that the recording would be so out of the ordinary that it might never get released".^{[citation needed]}

Partly influenced by the Krautrock sound of Kraftwerk and Neu! and the minimalist work of Steve Reich, Bowie journeyed to Neunkirchen near Cologne to meet the famed German producer Conny Plank. Plank was considered a revolutionary producer in German rock in the era, but had no interest in working with Bowie and refused him entry to the studio.^{[citation needed]} Bowie and his team persevered, however, and recorded new songs that were relatively simple, repetitive and stripped-down, a perverse reaction to punk rock, with the second side almost wholly instrumental. (By way of tribute, proto-punk Nick Lowe recorded an EP entitled "Bowi".) The album provided him with a surprise #3 hit in the UK when the BBC picked up the first single, "Sound and Vision", as its 'coming attractions' theme music. Low is renowned for being far ahead of its time, and Bowie himself has said "cut me and I bleed Low".^{[citation needed]} The album was produced in 1976 and released in early 1977.

The Low sessions also formalised Bowie's three-phase approach to making albums that he still favours today. Much of the band were present for the first five days only, after which Eno, Alomar and Gardiner remained to play overdubs. By the time Bowie wrote and recorded the lyrics everybody but Visconti and studio engineers had departed.

The next record, "Heroes", was similar in sound to Low, though slightly more accessible. The mood of these records fit the zeitgeist of the Cold War, symbolised by the divided city that provided its inspiration. The title track, a story of two lovers who met at the Berlin Wall, is one of Bowie's most-covered songs.<ref>Pegg (2000): pp.90-92</ref>

Also in 1977, Bowie appeared on the Granada music show Marc, hosted by his friend and fellow glam pioneer Marc Bolan of T. Rex, with whom he had regularly socialised and jammed before either achieved fame. He turned out to be the show's final guest, as Bolan was killed in a car crash shortly afterward.<ref>Bowie Golden Years: Marc</ref> Bowie was one of many superstars who attended the funeral.<ref> In pictures: Marc Bolan

 (2007-09-13)

. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. </ref>

For Christmas 1977, Bowie joined Bing Crosby, of whom he was an ardent admirer, in a recording studio to do "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy", a version of "Little Drummer Boy" with a new lyric.<ref>DVD, Bing Crosby, A Bing Crosby Christmas, Questar qd3175, ISBN 1-56855-683-7</ref> The two singers had originally met on Crosby's Christmas television special two years earlier (on the recommendation of Crosby's children — he had not heard of Bowie) and performed the song. One month after the record was completed, Crosby died.<ref> Farhi , Paul

  . 
 "
   Bing and Bowie: An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony 
     
 " , Washington Post
  , 2006-12-20
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-11-09
 . </ref> Five years later, the song would prove a worldwide festive hit, charting in the UK at #3 on Christmas Day 1982.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref>Bowie later remarked jokingly that he was afraid of being a guest artist, because "everyone I was going on with was kicking it", referring to Bolan and Crosby.<ref>Dave Thompson (2007). "Bowie and Bing", MOJO 60 Years of Bowie: p.64</ref>

Bowie and his band embarked on an extensive world tour in 1978 (including his first concerts in Australia and New Zealand) which featured music from both Low and "Heroes". A live album from the tour was released as Stage the same year. Songs from both Low and "Heroes" were later converted to symphonies by minimalist composer Phillip Glass. 1978 was also the year that saw Bowie narrating Sergei Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf.

1979's Lodger was the final album in Bowie's so-called "Berlin Trilogy", or "triptych" as Bowie calls it.<ref>Buckley (2000): p.27</ref> It featured the singles "Boys Keep Swinging", "DJ" and "Look Back in Anger" and, unlike the two previous LPs, did not contain any instrumentals. The style was a mix of New Wave and world music, including pieces such as "African Night Flight" and "Yassassin". A number of tracks were composed using the non-traditional Bowie/Eno composition techniques: "Boys Keep Swinging" was developed with the band members swapping their instruments while "Move On" contains the chords for an early Bowie composition, "All The Young Dudes", played backwards.<ref>Carr & Murray (1981): p.102-107</ref> This was Bowie's last album with Eno until Outside in 1995.

In 1980, Bowie did an about-face, integrating the lessons learnt on Low, Heroes, and Lodger while expanding upon them with chart success.<ref name="Carr & Murray pp.108-114">Carr & Murray (1981): pp.108-114</ref> Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) included the #1 hit "Ashes to Ashes", featuring the textural work of guitar-synthesist Chuck Hammer, and revisiting the character of Major Tom from "Space Oddity". The imagery Bowie used in the song's music video gave international exposure to the underground New Romantic movement and, with many of the followers of this phase being devotees, Bowie visited the London club "Blitz" — the main New Romantic hangout — to recruit several of the regulars (including Steve Strange of the band Visage) to act in the video, renowned as being one of the most innovative of all time.<ref>Pegg (2000): p.29</ref>

While Scary Monsters utilised principles that Bowie had learned in the Berlin era, it was considered by critics to be far more direct musically and lyrically, reflecting the transformation Bowie had gone through during his time in Germany and Europe. By 1980 Bowie had divorced his wife Angie, curbed the drug abuse of the "Thin White Duke" era, and radically changed his conception of how music should be written. The album had a hard rock edge that included conspicuous guitar contributions from King Crimson's Robert Fripp, The Who's Pete Townshend, and Television's Tom Verlaine.<ref name="Carr & Murray pp.108-114"/> As "Ashes to Ashes" hit #1 on the UK charts, Bowie opened a three-month run on Broadway starring as The Elephant Man on 1980 September 23.<ref name=Rees1991>Rock Movers & Shakers, Dafydd Rees & Luke Crampton, Billboard Books, 1991</ref>

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1980 to 1989: Bowie the superstar

In 1981, Queen released "Under Pressure", co-written and performed with Bowie. The song was a hit and became Bowie's third UK #1 single. In the same year Bowie made a cameo appearance in the German movie Christiane F. Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo, the real-life story of a 13 year-old girl in Berlin who becomes addicted to heroin and ends up prostituting herself. Bowie is credited with "special cooperation" in the credits and his music features prominently in the movie. The soundtrack was released in 1982 and contained a version of "Heroes" sung partially in German that had previously been included on the German pressing of its parent album. The same year Bowie appeared in the BBC's adaptation of Bertolt Brecht's play Baal. Coinciding with transmission of the film, a five-track EP of songs from the play was released as David Bowie in Bertolt Brecht's Baal, recorded at Hansa by the Wall the previous September. It would mark Bowie’s final new release on RCA, as 1983 saw him change record labels from RCA to EMI America.

Bowie scored his first truly commercial blockbuster with Let's Dance in 1983, a slick dance album co-produced by Chic's Nile Rodgers. It was a departure from Scary Monsters for which Bowie received a bit of inside criticism;<ref>Buckley (2000): p.400</ref> rather than revolting against 1980s dance music, he had in fact joined the scene. The title track went to #1 in the United States and United Kingdom and many now consider it a standard.

The album also featured the singles "Modern Love" and "China Girl", the latter causing something of a stir due to its suggestive promotional video. "China Girl" was a remake of a song which Bowie co-wrote several years earlier with Iggy Pop, who recorded it for The Idiot. In an interview by Kurt Loder, Bowie revealed that the motivation for recording China Girl was to help out his friend Iggy Pop financially, contributing to Bowie's history of support for musicians he admired. Let's Dance was also notable as a stepping stone for the career of the late Texan guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan, who played on the album and was to have supported Bowie on the consequent Serious Moonlight Tour. Vaughan, however, never joined the tour after various disputes with Bowie. Vaughan was replaced by the Bowie tour veteran Earl Slick. Frank and George Simms from The Simms Brothers Band appeared as backing vocalists for the tour. The Serious Moonlight Tour was a huge success, and a single performance at the US Festival actually scored Bowie a million dollars on its own.^{[citation needed]}

Bowie's next album was originally planned to be a live album recorded on the Serious Moonlight Tour, but EMI demanded another studio album instead. The resulting album, 1984's Tonight, was also dance-oriented, featuring collaborations with Tina Turner (and Iggy Pop), as well as various covers, including one of The Beach Boys' "God Only Knows". Critics labeled it a lazy effort, dashed off by Bowie simply to recapture Let's Dance's chart success, partially due to the fact most of the tracks were either covers or rerecordings of earlier material. Yet the album bore the transatlantic Top Ten hit "Blue Jean" whose complete video, a 22-minute short film directed by Julien Temple, reflected Bowie's long-standing interest in combining music with drama. This video would win Bowie his only Grammy to date, for Best Short-Form Music Video. It also featured "Loving the Alien", a remix of which was a minor hit in 1985. The album also has a pair of dance rewrites of "Neighborhood Threat" and "Tonight", old songs Bowie wrote with Iggy Pop which had originally appeared on Lust for Life.

In 1985, Bowie performed several of his greatest hits at Wembley for Live Aid. At the end of his set, which comprised "Rebel Rebel", "TVC 15", "Modern Love" and "'Heroes'", he introduced a film of the Ethiopian famine, for which the event was raising funds, which was set to the song "Drive" by the Cars. At the event, the video to a fundraising single was premièred – Bowie performing a duet with Mick Jagger on a version of "Dancing in the Street", which quickly went to #1 on release. In the same year Bowie worked with the Pat Metheny Group on the song "This Is Not America", which was featured in the film The Falcon and the Snowman. This song was the centrepiece of the album, a collaboration intended to underline the espionage thriller's central themes of alienation and disaffection.

Image:BowieRaR87.jpg

Bowie performing in 1987

In 1986, Bowie contributed several songs to as well as acted in the film Absolute Beginners. The movie was not well reviewed but Bowie's theme song rose to #2 in the UK charts. He also took a role in the 1986 Jim Henson film Labyrinth, as Jareth, the Goblin King who steals the baby brother of a girl named Sarah (played by Jennifer Connelly), in order to turn him into a goblin. Bowie wrote five songs for the film, the script of which which was partially written by Monty Python's Terry Jones.

Bowie's final solo album of the 80s was 1987's Never Let Me Down, where he ditched the light sound of his two earlier albums, instead offering harder rock with an industrial/techno dance edge. The album, which peaked at #6 in the UK, contained hit singles "Day In, Day Out", "Time Will Crawl", and "Never Let Me Down". Although a commercial success, it drew some of the harshest criticism of Bowie's career, condemned by some critics as a "faceless" piece of product.^{[citation needed]} Bowie himself later described it as "my nadir" and "an awful album".<ref>James McNair (2007). "Tumble & Twirl", MOJO 60 Years of Bowie: p.101</ref>

Bowie decided to tour again in 1987, supporting the Never Let Me Down album. The Glass Spider Tour was preceded by nine promotional press shows before the 86-concert tour actually started on 30 May 1987. In addition to the actual band, that included Peter Frampton on lead guitar, five dancers appeared on stage for almost the entire duration of each concert. Taped pieces of dialogue were also performed by Bowie and the dancers in the middle of songs, creating an overtly theatrical effect. Several visual gimmicks were also recreated from Bowie's earlier tours. Critics of the tour described it as overproduced and claimed it pandered to then-current stadium rock trends in its special effects and dancing.<ref>Andy Fyfe (2007). "Too Dizzy", MOJO 60 Years of Bowie: pp.88-91</ref> However, fans that saw the shows from the Glass Spider Tour were treated to many of Bowie's classics and rarities, in addition to the newer material.

In August of 1988, Bowie portrayed Pontius Pilate in the Martin Scorsese film The Last Temptation of Christ.<ref name=Rees1991/>

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1989 to 1991: Tin Machine

In 1989, for the first time since the early 1970s, Bowie formed a regular band, Tin Machine, a hard-rocking quartet, along with Reeves Gabrels, Tony Sales, and Hunt Sales. Tin Machine released two studio albums and a live record. The band received mixed reviews and a somewhat lukewarm reception from the public, but Tin Machine heralded the beginning of a long-lasting collaboration between Bowie and Gabrels.

The original album, Tin Machine (1989), was a success, holding the number three spot on the charts of the UK. Tin Machine launched its first world tour, featuring a now unshaven David Bowie and additional guitarist Eric Schermerhorn, that year. Despite the success of the Tin Machine venture, Bowie was mildly frustrated that many of his ideas were either rejected or changed by the band.

Image:David Bowie Chile.jpg

David Bowie performing at Rock In Chile Festival, September 27 1990

Bowie began the 1990s with a stadium tour, in which he played mostly his biggest hits. The Sound + Vision Tour (named after the Low single) was conceived and directed by choreographer Edouard Lock of the Québécois contemporary dance troupe La La La Human Steps, who Bowie collaborated and performed with on stage and in his videos. The tour drew large crowds, perhaps in part because he had declared that this would be the last time he would play the hits.^{[citation needed]}

Though he surprised no one when he later reneged on that promise and also on the promise that his set in each country would be focused on the favourite hits voted by phone poll in that country - an idea quickly jettisoned when a campaign by the British magazine NME resulted in a landslide in favour of The Laughing Gnome, it is true that his later tours generally featured few of those hits, and when they appeared, they were often radically reworked in their arrangement and delivery.

Bowie's negative press-image continued when the cover of Tin Machine's second album became unusually controversial, due to the presence of naked statues as its cover art. The coverage only seemed to invite unrelated negative commentary about Bowie to further permeate the public discourse.

After the less successful second album Tin Machine II and the complete failure of live album Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby, Bowie tired of having to work in a group setting where his creativity was limited, and finally disbanded Tin Machine to work on his own. But the Tin Machine venture did show that Bowie had learned some harsh lessons from the previous decade, and was determined to get serious about concentrating on music more than commercial success.

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1992 to 1999: Electronica

In 1992 he performed his hit "Heroes" and "Under Pressure" (with Annie Lennox) at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert. 1993 saw the release of the soul, jazz and hip-hop influenced Black Tie White Noise, which reunited Bowie with Let's Dance producer Nile Rodgers. Though considered by some critics to be musically far superior to Let's Dance, the public was still unsure whether or not it was ready to be receptive of Bowie again. The album, however, met the number one spot on the UK charts with singles such as "Jump They Say" (a top 10 hit), and "Miracle Goodnight".

Undaunted, Bowie explored new directions on albums such as The Buddha of Suburbia (1993), based on incidental music composed for a TV series. The album still contained some of the new elements introduced in Black Tie White Noise, except with more of a twist in the direction of alternative rock. The album's odd success later led to a 1994 re-release in the United States, and Bowie hails it as being an album of entirely his own, original, and newly created work. The album was further re-released in the UK in 2007, after being unavailable for many years, and with fans paying very high prices on eBay for copies.

The ambitious, quasi-industrial release Outside (1995), supposed to be the first volume in a subsequently abandoned non-linear narrative of art and murder, reunited him with Brian Eno. The album introduced the characters of one of Bowie's short stories, and was quite an interesting success. The album put Bowie back into the mainstream scene of rock music with its singles such as "The Hearts Filthy Lesson", "Strangers When We Meet"/"The Man Who Sold The World" and "Hallo Spaceboy". "The Hearts Filthy Lesson" featured in the closing credits of the movie Se7en, while "I'm Deranged" featured on the soundtrack of David Lynch's Lost Highway.

In September 1995, Bowie began the Outside Tour with Gabrels again joining Bowie as his live band's guitarist. In a move that was equally lauded and ridiculed by Bowie fans and critics, Bowie chose Nine Inch Nails as the tour partner (Trent Reznor also contributed a remix of "The Hearts Filthy Lesson" for the single release of the track). NIN and Bowie toured as a co-headlining act. Although initially successful, the tour was cancelled early due to poor sales.^{[citation needed]} However, Reznor has gone on record numerous times as being heavily influenced by Bowie. The Outside Tour continued without NIN into Europe until 20 February 1996, with a further European/Japanese festival tour in summer 1996.

On January 17, 1996, David Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at the eleventh annual induction ceremony.<ref> Rock and Role Hall of Fame Induction Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction

. rockhall.com

.</ref>

Receiving some of the strongest critical response since Let's Dance, was Earthling (1997), which incorporated experiments in British jungle and drum and bass and included a single released over the Internet, called "Telling Lies". There was ultra-sustained energy in this album, along with lesser experiments in techno drum rhythms, while still holding to Bowie's own musical concepts.

Singles such as "Little Wonder" were the forefront of the album. There was a corresponding world tour, which was fairly successful. Bowie's track in the Paul Verhoeven film Showgirls, "I'm Afraid of Americans" was remixed by Trent Reznor for a single release. The video's heavy rotation (also featuring Reznor) contributed to Bowie's newfound relevancy in the late 1990s and his overall image restoration.

On January 9, 1997, Bowie played a concert at Madison Square Garden to celebrate his 50th birthday (although his birthday was the previous day). Guest performers included Billy Corgan, Frank Black, Sonic Youth, Robert Smith of The Cure, Placebo and Lou Reed whose 1972 album Transformer Bowie co-produced with Mick Ronson.

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1999 to present: Neoclassicist Bowie

In 1998, David Bowie had reunited with Tony Visconti to record a song for The Rugrats Movie called "(Safe in This) Sky Life". Although the track was edited out of the final cut, and did not feature on the film's soundtrack album, the reunion led to the pair pursuing a new collaborative effort. "(Safe In This) Sky Life" was later re-recorded and released as a single b-side in 2002 where it was retitled "Safe".<ref>The Complete David Bowie, Nicholas Pegg, 2006 Reynolds & Hearn Ltd</ref> Amongst their earliest work together in this period, was a reworking of Placebo's track " Without You I'm Nothing", from the album of the same name - Visconti overseeing the additional production required when Bowie's harmonised vocal was added to the original version for a strictly limited edition single release.

1999 found Bowie composing the soundtrack for a computer game called "Omikron: The Nomad Soul". David Bowie and his wife, Iman, made appearances as characters in the game. That same year, re-recorded tracks from the game and new music was released in the album 'hours...' featured "What's Really Happening", the lyrics for which were written by Alex Grant, the winner of Bowie's "Cyber Song Contest" Internet competition. This album presented Bowie's exit from heavy electronica, with an emphasis on more live instruments, and, through songs like "Thursday's Child" and "Survive", a thematic move into Bowie's sense of his own aging and sentimentality. After this album, Bowie's guitarist, Reeves Gabrels, quit working with Bowie, feeling that the music was becoming "too soft".

Plans surfaced after the release of 'hours...' for an album titled Toy, which would feature new versions of some of Bowie's earliest pieces as well as three new songs. Sessions for the album commenced in 2000, but the album was never released, leaving a number of tracks, some as yet unheard, on the editing floor.<ref>Illustrated db Discography</ref>

In October 2001, Bowie opened The Concert for New York City with a cover of Paul Simon's "America" performed on omnichord and then launched into a rocking version of "Heroes" dedicated to his local ladder. Also in 2001 he made two guest appearances on the Rustic Overtones album Viva Nueva!.

Bowie and Visconti continued collaboration with the production of a new album of completely original songs instead.The result of the sessions was the 2002 album Heathen, notable for its dark and atmospheric sound and Bowie's largest chart success in recent years. Heathen was nominated for the 2002 Mercury Prize and included a cover of the Pixies song "Cactus", which was another offshoot of Bowie's consistent interest in the band. Singles for "Slow Burn" (which featured guitar by Bowie's old friend, Pete Townshend), "I've Been Waiting for You", and "Everyone Says 'Hi'" were released along with numerous B-sides featuring pieces from the Toy sessions and "Safe", a reworking of "Sky Life". The songs "Afraid" and "Uncle Floyd" (retitled "Slip Away") from Toy were also released as album tracks as songs reminiscent of an earlier style.

In 2003, a report in the Sunday Express named Bowie as the second-richest entertainer in the UK (behind Sir Paul McCartney), with an estimated fortune of £510 million. However, the 2005 Sunday Times Rich List credited him with a little over £100 million.

In September 2003, Bowie released a new album, Reality, and announced a world tour. 'A Reality Tour' was the best-selling tour of the following year. However, it was cut short after Bowie suffered chest pain while performing on stage in the northwestern German town of Scheeßel on June 25 2004. Originally thought to be a pinched nerve in his shoulder, the pain was later diagnosed as an acutely blocked artery; an emergency angioplasty was performed at St. Georg Hospital in Hamburg by Dr Karl Heinz Kuck.<ref>BBC News</ref>

He was discharged in early July 2004 and continued to spend time recovering. Bowie later admitted he had suffered a minor heart attack, resulting from years of heavy smoking and touring. The tour was cancelled for the time being, with hopes that he would go back on tour by August, though this did not materialise. He recuperated back in New York City.<ref>BBC News</ref>

In October 2004, Bowie released a live DVD of the tour, entitled A Reality Tour of his performances in Dublin, Ireland on 22 November and 23 November 2003, which included songs spanning the full length of Bowie's career, although mostly focusing on his more recent albums.

During the tour, Bowie was hit in his damaged left eye with a lollipop stick while performing in Oslo, Norway. Bowie was reported to have stopped the concert and to have yelled "You fucking wanker! You little fucker!" at the lollipop thrower. He later resumed the concert and apologised to the crowd for his response.<ref>CMT</ref>

Still recuperating from his operation, Bowie worked off-stage and relaxed from studio work for the first time in several years. In 2004, a duet of his classic song "Changes" with Butterfly Boucher appeared in Shrek 2. The soundtrack for the film The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou featured David Bowie songs performed in Portuguese by cast member Seu Jorge (who adapted the lyrics to make them relevant to the film's story). Most of the David Bowie songs featured in the film were originally from David Bowie (debut album), Space Oddity, Hunky Dory, The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars and Diamond Dogs. Bowie commented, "Had Seu Jorge not recorded my songs acoustically in Portuguese I would never have heard this new level of beauty which he has imbued them with".<ref>Forbes</ref>

Despite hopes for a comeback, in 2005, Bowie announced that he had made no plans for any performances during the year. After a relatively quiet year, Bowie recorded the vocals for the song "(She Can) Do That", co-written by Brian Transeau, for the movie Stealth. Rumours flew about the possibility of a new album, but no announcements were made. In April 2005, film writer and director Darren Aronofsky revealed Bowie was working on a rock opera adaptation of the comic book Watchmen.<ref name="Suicide Girls interview"> Daniel Robert Epstein

  . 
 "
   Darren Aronofsky - The Fountain 
     
 " , Suicide Girls , Suicide Girls
  , 1 April 2005
 
 . </ref>

David Bowie finally returned to the stage on September 8 2005, alongside Arcade Fire, for the nationally televised event Fashion Rocks, his first gig since the heart attack. Bowie has shown interest in the Montreal band since he was seen at one of their shows in New York City nearly a year earlier. Bowie had requested the band to perform at the show, and together they performed the Arcade Fire's song "Wake Up" from their album Funeral, as well as Bowie's own "Five Years". He joined them again on September 15 2005, singing "Queen Bitch" and "Wake Up" from Central Park's Summerstage as part of the CMJ Music Marathon.

Bowie contributed back-up vocals for TV on the Radio's song "Province" from their album Return to Cookie Mountain.<ref>Pitchfork Media</ref> He made other occasional appearances, as in his commercial with Snoop Dogg for XM Satellite Radio. He appeared on Danish alt-rockers Kashmir's 2005 release, No Balance Palace, which was produced by Tony Visconti. The album also featured a spoken word performance by Lou Reed, making it the second project involving both Bowie and Reed in two years, since Reed's 2003 The Raven.

On February 8, 2006, David Bowie was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In November, Bowie performed at the Black Ball in New York for the Keep a Child Alive Foundation alongside his wife, Iman, and Alicia Keys. He duetted with Keys on "Changes", and also performed "Wild is the Wind" and "Fantastic Voyage".

For 2006, Bowie once again announced a break from performance, but he made a surprise guest appearance at David Gilmour's May 29 2006 concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London. He sang "Arnold Layne" and "Comfortably Numb", closing the concert. The former performance was released, on December 26 2006, as a single.

In May 2007, it was announced that Bowie would curate the High Line Festival in the abandoned railway park in New York called the High Line where he would select various musicians and artists to perform.<ref>2007 NYC Show As Bowie Curates first High Line Festival</ref>

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Discography

This is a discography of David Bowie's studio albums. See David Bowie discography for details about singles and other albums.

David Bowie (1967, Did Not Chart)
David Bowie (1969, rereleased in 1972 as Space Oddity, when it reached UK #17, US #16)
The Man Who Sold the World (1970, UK #26, US #105)
Hunky Dory (1971, UK #3, US #93)
The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972, UK #5, US #75)
Aladdin Sane (1973, UK #1, US #17)
Pin Ups (1973, UK #1, US #23)
Diamond Dogs (1974, UK #1, US #5)
Young Americans (1975, UK #2, US #9)
Station to Station (1976, UK #5, US #3)
Low (1977, UK #2, US #11)
"Heroes" (1977, UK #3, US #35)
Lodger (1979, UK #4, US #20)
Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) (1980, UK #1, US #12)
Christiane F.(film soundtrack) (1981, US #135)
Let's Dance (1983, UK #1, US #4)
Tonight (1984, UK #1, US #11)
Labyrinth (film soundtrack) (1986, Did Not Chart)
Never Let Me Down (1987, UK #6, US #34)
Tin Machine (with Tin Machine) (1989, UK #3, US #28)
Tin Machine II (with Tin Machine) (1991, UK #23, US #126)
Black Tie White Noise (1993, UK #1, US #39)
The Buddha of Suburbia (1993, UK #87)
Outside (1995, UK #8, US #21)
Earthling (1997, UK #6, US #39)
'hours...' (1999, UK #5, US #47)
Toy (2001, Unreleased)
Heathen (2002, UK #5, US #14)
Reality (2003, UK #3, US #29)

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Awards

The Saturn Awards

Best Actor, The Man Who Fell to Earth (1977)

Daytime Emmy Award

Outstanding Special Class Special, Hollywood Rocks the Movies: The 1970s (2003, Shared with Kevin Burns, David Sehring, and Patty Ivins Specht)

Grammy Awards

Best Video, Short Form (1984)

BRIT Awards

Best British Male Solo Artist (1984)
Outstanding Contribution To Music (1996)

Webby Awards

Outstanding Contribution To Music (2007)

He has also previously declined the British honour Commander of the British Empire in 2000, and knighthood in 2003.^{[citation needed]}

[modifier]

Acting career

Image:David Bowie as Nikola Tesla.jpg

Bowie as Nikola Tesla in the movie The Prestige

Bowie's first major film role in The Man Who Fell to Earth in 1976, earned acclaim. Bowie's character Thomas Jerome Newton is an alien from a planet that is dying from a lack of water. In 1979's Just a Gigolo, an Anglo-German co-production directed by David Hemmings, Bowie played the lead role of a Prussian officer Paul von Pryzgodski returning from World War I who is discovered by a Baroness (Marlene Dietrich) and put into her Gigolo Stable.

In the eighties, Bowie continued with film roles and also starred in the Broadway production of The Elephant Man (1980-1981). In 1982, he made a cameo appearance as himself in Christiane F., focusing on a young girl's drug addiction. Bowie also starred in The Hunger (1983), a revisionist vampire movie with Catherine Deneuve and Susan Sarandon. In the film, Bowie and Deneuve are vampire lovers, with her having made him a vampire centuries ago. While she is truly ageless, he discovers to his horror that although immortal, he can still age and rapidly becomes a pathetic, monstrous husk as the film progresses. In Nagisa Oshima's film Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983), based on Laurens van der Post's novel The Seed and the Sower, Bowie played Major Jack Celliers, a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp. Another famous musician, Ryuichi Sakamoto, played the camp commandant who begins to be undermined by Celliers' bizarre behavior. Bowie had a cameo as The Shark in Yellowbeard, a 1983 pirate comedy made by some of the members of Monty Python, and a small part as Colin the hit man in the 1985 film Into the Night. During this time Bowie was also asked to play the villain Max Zorin in the James Bond film A View to a Kill (1985), but turned down the role, stating that "I didn't want to spend five months watching my stunt double fall off mountains."<ref>The Complete David Bowie by Nicholas Pegg (2004, Reynolds & Hearn Ltd) p.561.</ref>

Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence impressed some critics but his next major film project, the rock musical Absolute Beginners (1986), was both a critical and box office disappointment. The same year he appeared in the Jim Henson cult classic, the dark fantasy Labyrinth (1986), playing Jareth, the king of the goblins. Jareth is a powerful, mysterious creature who has an antagonistic yet strangely flirtatious relationship with Sarah (Jennifer Connelly), the film's teenage heroine. Appearing in heavy make-up and a mane-like wig, Bowie sings a variety of new songs specially composed for the film's soundtrack. Bowie also played a sympathetic Pontius Pilate in Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988). He was briefly considered for the role of The Joker by Tim Burton and Sam Hamm for 1989's Batman. Hamm recalls "David Bowie would be kind of neat because he's very funny when he does sinister roles". The role ended up going to Jack Nicholson.<ref>Batman Movie Online: Behind the Scenes</ref>

Bowie portrayed a disgruntled restaurant employee opposite Rosanna Arquette in the 1991 film The Linguini Incident, and played mysterious FBI agent Phillip Jeffries in David Lynch's Twin Peaks: Fire Walk With Me (1992). He took the small but pivotal role of Andy Warhol in Basquiat, artist/director Julian Schnabel's 1996 biopic of the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat – Bowie had met Warhol and been a guest at The Factory, though their relationship was a cool one (Warhol did not appreciate Bowie's 1971 composition, Andy Warhol, feeling that it was poking fun at him, though wrote about him in glowing terms in his diaries when they occasionally met in the 1980s).^{[citation needed]}

In 1998 Bowie also co-starred in an Italian film called Gunslinger's Revenge (renamed from the original Il Mio West<ref>Appearance in Il Mio West, Italian film, 1998: IMDB.com website.</ref>). However, it was not released in the United States until 2005. In it he plays the most feared gunslinger in the region.<ref>Gunslinger's Revenge, 2005 US release of Il Mio West : review at the Reel Film website.</ref>

Before appearing in The Hunger, a TV horror serial based on the 1938 movie, Bowie was invited by musician Goldie to play the aging gangster Bernie in Andrew Goth's Brighton Rock inspired movie, Everybody Loves Sunshine (later re-released as B.U.S.T.E.D), indicating that however some commentators may have felt about Bowie dipping into Jungle music on his album Earthling, one of the most influential figures involved in the form was interested in what Bowie had to do in the genre (also appearing on Goldie's album, Saturnz Return around the same time). He played the title role in the 2000 film, Mr. Rice's Secret, in which he is the neighbour of a terminally ill twelve year old. Shortly after Mr Rice dies, the boy discovers that Mr. Rice has planned a special treasure hunt which will lead to an important secret.

In 2001, Bowie appeared as himself in the film Zoolander, volunteering himself to be a walkoff judge between Ben Stiller's character Zoolander, and Owen Wilson's character, Hansel. Bowie portrayed Nikola Tesla alongside Christian Bale and Hugh Jackman in The Prestige, directed by Christopher Nolan. It follows the bitter competition between two magicians around the turn of the century. Bowie has voice-acted in the animated movie Arthur and the Minimoys (known as Arthur and the Invisibles in the U.S.); his role in the film is the villain, Maltazard.

In 2006, Bowie appeared as himself in an episode of Extras. Bowie (in the context of the show) improvised and sung a song mocking the main character, played by Ricky Gervais. He also lent his voice to a character in the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Atlantis SquarePantis" as "Lord Royal Highness" who, like Bowie, has mismatched eyes.

Modèle:Further

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Personal life

Bowie met his first wife Angela in 1969. According to Bowie, they were "fucking the same bloke" (record executive Calvin Mark Lee).<ref>Anecdotage.com</ref> Angie's sense of fashion and outrage has been credited as a significant influence in Bowie's early career and rise to fame.<ref name="Strange Fascination pp.92-93">Buckley (2000): pp.92-93</ref> They married on 19 March, 1970 at Bromley Register Office in Beckenham Lane, Kent, England where she permanently took his adopted last name. Their son was born on 30 May, 1971 and named Zowie (Zowie later preferred to be known as Joe/Joey, although now he has reverted to his legal birth name - "Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones"). They separated after eight years of marriage and divorced on 8 February, 1980, in Switzerland. The marriage has been cited as one of convenience for both.<ref name="Strange Fascination pp.92-93"/>

Bowie 'outed' himself in an interview with Melody Maker in January 1972, a move coinciding with the first shots in his campaign for stardom as Ziggy Stardust.<ref name="Bowie: An Illustrated Record p.7"/> In a 1976 interview with Playboy, Bowie said: "It's true - I am a bisexual. But I can't deny that I've used that fact very well. I suppose it's the best thing that ever happened to me." He distanced himself from that in a 1983 interview with Rolling Stone, saying his earlier declaration of bisexuality was "the biggest mistake I ever made".<ref>Buckley (2000): p.401</ref> In 1993, he made the claim that he had always been a "closet heterosexual", and that his interest in homosexual and bisexual culture was more a product of the times and situation than his own feelings. Bowie stated, "It wasn't something I was comfortable with at all."<ref>The Ziggy Stardust Companion</ref> He expressed a different view in a 2002 interview with Blender: "I had no problem with people knowing I was bisexual. But I had no inclination to hold any banners or be a representative of any group of people. I knew what I wanted to be, which was a songwriter and a performer, and I felt that bisexuality became my headline over here for so long. America is a very puritanical place, and I think it stood in the way of so much I wanted to do."<ref> Collis , Clark

  . 
 "
   Dear Superstar: David Bowie 
     
 " , Blender
  , 2002-08
 
 . </ref>

Bowie married his second wife, the Somali-born supermodel Iman Abdulmajid, in 1992. The couple have a daughter, Alexandria Zahra Jones (known as Lexi). He also has a stepdaughter, Zulekha, by Iman's first marriage. The couple make their home in Manhattan and London.

In September 2007, he made a contribution of U.S.$10,000 to the NAACP<ref>"

   Pop music icon makes contribution to Jena defense effort 
     
 "
 . </ref> for the Jena Six Legal Defense Fund to help with legal bills of six black teenagers arrested and charged with crimes related to their  involvement in the assault of a white teenager in Jena.<ref>Donation to the Jena Six: article at the MonstersAndCritics.com website. Retrieved on December 6 2007.</ref>

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In popular culture

The 1998 Todd Haynes film Velvet Goldmine drew its title from a Ziggy-era Bowie song and contained many events paralleling Bowie's life on and off stage; the relationship between the two main characters, Curt Wild (played by Ewan McGregor) and Brian Slade (played by Jonathan Rhys-Meyers) was loosely based on that of Iggy Pop and David Bowie during the 1970s. The tagline "The rise of a star ... the fall of a legend" recalls the name "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust", and the film contains numerous references to Bowie's career. In an interview with the band Placebo, Bowie noted that he liked the story, but the movie felt more like the early 1980s than the early 1970s. He did not permit his own songs to be used in the film when requested, and he threatened to sue.[1]

In the Venture Bros season 2 finale, Showdown at Cremation Creek David Bowie is revealed as the sovereign of The Guild of Calamitous Intent.

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Notes

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References

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External links

www.davidbowie.com/ Le site officiel de David Bowie]//www.davidbowie.com Official David Bowie website]

www.davidbowie.com/ Le site officiel de David Bowie]//www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp08176&rNo=0&role=art David Bowie's portrait by Stephen Finer in the National Portrait Gallery]

David Bowie at Rollingstone
Sixty things about David Bowie - by BBC News for Bowie's 60th Birthday
David Bowie's 1999 Commencement Address to the Berklee College of Music

www.davidbowie.com/ Le site officiel de David Bowie]//rbmaradio.com/ARCHIVE.153.0.php?extID=0&showID=408 RBMA Radio On Demand - Sound Obsession - Volume 6 - David Bowie Special - Kirk Degiorgio (The Beauty Room, As One)] www.davidbowie.com/ Le site officiel de David Bowie]//www.illustrated-db-discography.nl David Bowie Discography] at Illustrated-db-Discography.nl

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David Bowie

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Career overview

Biography

1947 to 1967: Early years

1969 to 1973: Psychedelic folk to glam rock

1974 to 1976: Soul, R&B, and The Thin White Duke

1976 to 1980: The Berlin era

1980 to 1989: Bowie the superstar

1989 to 1991: Tin Machine

1992 to 1999: Electronica

1999 to present: Neoclassicist Bowie

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-{{Voir homonymes|Bowie}}
+{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians -->
-{{sources}}
+| Name                = David Bowie
+| Img                 = David Bowie.jpg
-{{Infobox Musique (artiste)
+| Img_capt            = David Bowie, 2006.
- | charte couleur = vocal
+| Img_size            =
- | nom            = David Bowie
+| Landscape           =
- | nom naissance  = David Robert Jones
+| Background          = solo_singer
- | nom alias      = [[Ziggy Stardust]] (ou parfois Lady Stardust), Halloween Jack, Aladdin Sane, The Thin White Duke, The Dame
+| Birth_name          = David Jones
- | image          = [[Image:David_Bowie.jpg|250px|David Bowie en 2006]]
+| Born                = {{Birth date and age|1947|1|8|df=yes}}
- | image légende  = David Bowie en 2006
+| Origin              = [[Brixton]], [[England]]
- | naissance      = {{Date|8|janvier|1947}} ([[Londres]])
+| Years_active        = 1964—present
- | décès          =
+| Instrument          = [[Singer|Vocals]], [[Multi-instrumentalist|Multiple instruments]]
- | décès lieu     =
+| Genre               = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[glam rock]], [[art rock]], [[blue-eyed soul]], [[experimental music]]
- | années actives = Depuis 1964
+| Alias               = "Ziggy Stardust"<br>"The Thin White Duke"
- | genre          = [[Rock]], [[Glam rock]], [[Protopunk]], [[Art rock]], [[Pop (musique)|Pop]], [[Blue-eyed soul]]
+| Associated_acts     = [[Tin Machine]]<br>[[Iggy Pop]]<br>[[Lou Reed]]<br>[[Brian Eno]]<br>[[Mott the Hoople]]
- | label          =
+| Label               =
- | entourage      = [[Brian Eno]]<br/>[[Reeves Gabrels]]<br/>[[Mick Ronson]]<br/>[[Queen]]<br/>[[Marc Bolan]]<br/>[[Placebo (groupe)|Placebo]]
+| URL                 = [http://www.davidbowie.com www.davidbowie.com]
- | instrument     = [[Voix]], [[clavier (musique)|clavier]], [[guitare]], [[saxophone]], [[Instrument de percussion|percussions]], [[Dubreq Stylophone|stylophone]]
- | type voix      =
- | profession     = [[Auteur-compositeur-interprète]]
- | site officiel  = [http://www.davidbowie.com www.davidbowie.com]
 }}
+'''David Bowie''' ({{pronEng|ˈboʊiː}}) (born '''David Robert Jones''' on [[8 January]] [[1947]]) is an [[England|English]] [[singer]], [[songwriter]], [[actor]], [[multi-instrumentalist]], [[Record producer|producer]], [[Arrangement|arranger]], and [[audio engineer]].
-'''David Bowie''', de son vrai nom '''David Robert Jones''', est un auteur-compositeur et chanteur de [[rock]] [[Angleterre|anglais]], né le [[8 janvier]] [[1947]] à [[Londres]].
+Active in five decades of [[rock music]] and frequently reinventing his music and image, Bowie is widely regarded as an influential innovator, particularly for his work through the 1970s.<Ref>[http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:bx2m96oo3epo~T1 David Bowie] by Stephen Thomas Erlewine; URL accessed March 21, 2007</ref> Bowie has taken cues from a wide range of [[fine art]], [[philosophy]] and [[literature]].
-== Biographie ==
+He is also a [[film]] and [[stage actor]], [[music video director]], and [[visual artist]].
-=== Les débuts folk ===
+==Career overview==
+Although he released an album and numerous singles earlier, David Bowie first caught the eye and ear of the public in the autumn of 1969, when his space-age mini-[[melodrama]] "[[Space Oddity]]" reached the top five of the [[UK singles chart]]. After a three-year period of experimentation he re-emerged in 1972 during the [[glam rock]] era as a flamboyant, [[androgynous]] alter ego [[Ziggy Stardust]], spearheaded by the hit single "[[Starman (song)|Starman]]"  and the album ''[[The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars]]''. The relatively short-lived Ziggy persona epitomised a career often marked by musical innovation, reinvention and striking visual presentation.
-Il débute son activité d'auteur-compositeur en [[1964 en musique|1964]] en jouant avec différents groupes des titres qui n'arrivent pas à percer, malgré la publication de quelques singles. Devenu ''David Bowie'' pour éviter la confusion avec le chanteur des [[The Monkees|Monkees]] [[Davy Jones (Musicien)|Davy Jones]], il enregistre son premier album, simplement intitulé ''[[David Bowie (album)|David Bowie]]'', chez [[Decca Records|Decca]], en [[1967 en musique|1967]]. Son écoute est déroutante, puisqu'il semble s'agir d'un disque de musique pour enfants influencé par [[Anthony Newley]]. Decca ne le réédite que ponctuellement, aux moments cruciaux de sa carrière.
+In 1975, Bowie achieved his first major American crossover success with the number-one single "[[Fame (David Bowie song)|Fame]]" and the hit album ''[[Young Americans (album)|Young Americans]]'', which the singer identified as "plastic soul". The sound constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees.<ref>Carr & Murray (1981): pp.68-74</ref>
-C'est en [[1969 en musique|1969]] qu'il se révèle au grand public avec le titre ''[[Space Oddity (chanson)|Space Oddity]]'' qui fait écho aux émotions suscitées par les premiers pas de l'homme sur la Lune. La chanson est utilisée comme générique pour les émissions de la [[BBC]] consacrées à la mission [[Programme Apollo|Apollo]]. Ce morceau, dont les paroles peuvent se lire à deux niveaux, celui d'un astronaute qui largue les amarres ou celui d'un [[junkie]], trahit ses premières influences, notamment celle des [[Pink Floyd]] de [[Syd Barrett]]. Cependant, le disque enregistré dans la foulée déçoit : Bowie peine à imposer une quelconque personnalité musicale, entre ballades légères et vague influence [[Bob Dylan|dylanienne]]. L'album, initialement intitulé ''Man Of Word / Man Of Music'', est un flop et ne réemerge dans les charts anglais que quelques années plus tard, en pleine Ziggymania, avec une nouvelle pochette et rebaptisé ''[[Space Oddity]]''.
+He then confounded the expectations of both his record label and his American audiences by recording the [[minimalist]] album ''[[Low (album)|Low]]'' – the first of three collaborations with [[Brian Eno]]. His most experimental works to date, the so-called "[[Berlin Trilogy]]" nevertheless produced three UK top-five albums. The anthem-like, towering title track of the second work ''[["Heroes"]]'' (1977) is ranked 46 on [[Rolling Stone|''Rolling Stone'' magazine's]] [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]. <ref>{{cite web| title = 500 Greatest Songs of All Time| work = Rolling Stone Magazine| publisher = Rolling Stone| url =http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs}}</ref>
-=== Les années glam ===
+After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s, Bowie had UK number ones with the 1980 single "[[Ashes to Ashes (song)|Ashes to Ashes]]" and its parent album, ''[[Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)]]''. He paired with [[Queen (band)|Queen]] for the 1981 UK chart-topper "[[Under Pressure]]", but consolidated his commercial – and, until then, most profitable – sound in 1983 with the album ''[[Let's Dance]]'', which yielded the hit singles "[[China Girl]]", "[[Modern Love (song)|Modern Love]]", and most famously, the [[Let's Dance (David Bowie song)|title track]].
-L'année 1970 voit naitre l'amorce d'une collaboration avec [[Tony Visconti]], déjà producteur et bassiste du single ''[[Space Oddity (chanson)|Space Oddity]]'', ainsi qu'avec [[Mick Ronson]], guitariste, avec lesquels il sort l'album ''[[The Man Who Sold the World]]'' en [[1971 en musique|1971]]. Il produit son premier coup d'éclat dans les médias en posant habillé en femme sur la pochette, tout en proposant un rock finalement très incisif sur les morceaux ''All The Madmen'' et ''The Width of a Circle'', ainsi que les ''hits'' ''After All'' et ''The Man Who Sold The World''. Cet album annonce le futur son de [[Ziggy Stardust]].
+Since the mid-1980s only a handful of Bowie’s recordings have entered public consciousness. In the [[BBC|BBC's]] 2002 poll of the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Bowie ranked 29. Throughout his career he has sold an estimated 136 million albums, and ranks among the ten best-selling acts in UK pop history.
-Pour ''[[Hunky Dory]]'', toujours en 1971, [[Ken Scott]], ancien ingénieur du son des [[Beatles]], prend la place de Tony Visconti à la production. L'album, ponctué d'hommages explicites à [[Bob Dylan]] et [[Andy Warhol]], est plus posé, piano et arrangements de cordes l'emportant ''(Changes'', ''[[Life on Mars?]])'', malgré un ''Queen Bitch'' très  rapproché du [[The Velvet Underground|Velvet Underground]]". Cet album se clôt par un ''The Bewlay Brothers'' crépusculaire où Bowie évoque son frère [[schizophrénie|schizophrène]].
+In 2004, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine ranked him 39th on their list of the [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty/ 100 Greatest Artists of All Time].<ref>{{cite web| title = The Immortals: The First Fifty| work = Rolling Stone Issue 946| publisher = Rolling Stone| url =http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty}}</ref> He is ranked as the number 4 artist of all time on [[Acclaimed Music|Acclaimedmusic.net]].<ref>{{cite web| title = The Top 1000 Artists of All Time | publisher = Acclaimedmusic.net| url =http://acclaimedmusic.net/Current/1948-09art.htm
+| accessdate = 2007-12-14 }}</ref>
-Contribuant largement à l'invention du [[glam rock]] et à ses outrances vestimentaires, Bowie se teint les cheveux en rouge, joue de son ambiguïté sexuelle et devient un phénomène médiatique avant même d'être un gros vendeur de disques, ce qui lui vaudra longtemps la réputation de n'être qu'un coup commercial. [[1972 en musique|1972]] voit l'explosion de David Bowie au [[Royaume-Uni]] : il « devient » alors [[Ziggy Stardust]] et joue avec les Spiders From Mars : Mick Ronson à la guitare, [[Trevor Bolder]] à la basse et [[Mick Woodmansey]] à la batterie. L'album ''[[The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars]]'' est un énorme succès et Bowie enchaîne les tournées, rassemblant des milliers de fans admirateurs du personnage et de l'atmosphère dégagée par Ziggy. Cet ''[[alter ego]]'' de Bowie, mélange d'[[Iggy Pop]], de [[Marc Bolan]] et, d'une manière plus décalée, de [[Vince Taylor]] ou du [[Legendary Stardust Cowboy]], arrive au bon moment alors que reflue la vague musicale des années 1960. Les [[Beatles]] et le ''[[Swinging London]]'' ne sont plus qu'un souvenir, des groupes comme [[Led Zeppelin]] ou [[Free]] s'adressent à un public adulte : le public adolescent va donc se ruer sur [[T-Rex (groupe)|T-Rex]] (qui a préparé le terrain avec ''[[Electric Warrior]]''), Bowie et plus tard [[Roxy Music]] ou [[Mott The Hoople]]. Bowie a aussi bien compris qu'il est désormais inutile d'attendre que la musique change le monde. Comme l'a chanté [[John Lennon]] dès 1970, « ''the dream is over'' » (« le rêve est fini »). Il se place donc exclusivement sur le terrain du fantasme, de l'outrance, incarnant la décadence des mœurs dénoncée par les médias anglais les plus conservateurs.
+==Biography==
+===1947 to 1967: Early years===
-Après une tournée sur le continent américain, montée grâce à l'avance extorquée à [[RCA Records]] par son manager, le redoutable [[Tony Defries]], Bowie publie en [[1973 en musique|1973]] ce qui est considéré comme l'un de ses meilleurs disques, ''[[Aladdin Sane]]''. Marqué par le son du piano de [[Mike Garson]] qui l'accompagne sur plusieurs albums ultérieurs, cet album exploite de façon plus brute le même filon que son prédécesseur.
+David Robert Jones was born in [[Brixton]], [[London]], to a father from [[Tadcaster]] in [[Yorkshire]] and a mother from an [[Irish people|Irish]] family;<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0670006/ "Episode for 29 November 2003"]. ''[[Parkinson (TV series)]]''. [[November 29]] [[2003]].</ref> Bowie's parents were married shortly after his birth.<ref>[http://www.bowiewonderworld.com/faq.htm#p06 Bowieworld.com]</ref>  He lived at 40 Stansfield Road in [[Brixton]] until he was six years old, when his family moved to [[Bromley]] in [[Kent]] (now part of [[Greater London]]). He was educated at Bromley Technical High School<ref>later renamed [[Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication|Ravensbourne College]]</ref> in Keston, Bromley (as was [[Peter Frampton]], whose father Owen was head of the Art department)<ref>Buckley (2000): p.27</ref> and lived with his parents until he was eighteen.
-Sous l'impulsion de son manager, il finit par se débarrasser symboliquement de Ziggy sur scène en juin 1973 à l'Hammersmith Odeon. La presse est prévenue la veille et le concert est enregistré par RCA à des fins commerciales. Sur les bandes, il prononce la phrase devenue célèbre : « Non seulement ce concert est le dernier de la tournée, mais c'est aussi le dernier que nous ferons jamais ». Il redevient David Bowie, sort l'album de reprises de titres des années 1960 ''Pin Ups'' (1973), produit des artistes tels que [[Lou Reed]] ou Mott The Hoople et tente de mixer le ''[[Raw Power]]'' d'[[Iggy and the Stooges]], dont l'enregistrement tourne à la catastrophe technique. ''Pin Ups'' marque aussi la fin des Spiders From Mars et un vide artistique, ou tout au moins une baisse dans la qualité et le visuel des albums.
+When Bowie was age fifteen, his friend George Underwood, wearing a ring on his finger, punched him in the left eye during a fight over a girl. Bowie was forced to stay out of school for eight months so that doctors could conduct operations in attempts to repair his potentially-blinded eye.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gillman|first=Peter|coauthors=Leni Gillman|title=Alias David Bowie|pages=p.85|isbn=0-450-413468}}</ref><ref name="Buckley p.24">Buckley (2000): p.24</ref> Underwood and Bowie remained good friends; Underwood went on to do artwork for Bowie's earlier albums.<ref>{{cite web | title=David Bowie Album Covers| work=GeorgeUnderwood.com | url=http://www.georgeunderwood.com/pages/Album_covers/93 album covers}}</ref> Doctors could not fully repair the damage, leaving his pupil permanently [[mydriasis|dilated]]. As a result of the injury, Bowie has faulty [[depth perception]]. Bowie has stated that although he can see with his injured eye, his colour vision was mostly lost and a brownish tone is constantly present. The colour of the irises is still the same blue, but since the pupil of the injured eye is wide open, the colour of that eye is commonly mistaken to be different.<ref name="Buckley p.24"/>
-=== Halloween Jack ===
+Bowie's interest in music was sparked at the age of nine when his father brought home a collection of American [[Gramophone record|45s]], including [[Fats Domino]], [[Chuck Berry]] and, most particularly, [[Little Richard]]. Upon listening to "[[Tutti Frutti (song)|Tutti Frutti]]", Bowie would later say, "I had heard God".<ref>Peter Doggett (2007). "Teenage Wildlife", ''MOJO 60 Years of Bowie'': pp.8-9</ref> His half-brother Terry introduced him to [[Jazz|modern jazz]] and Bowie's enthusiasm for players like [[Charlie Mingus]] and [[John Coltrane]] led his mother to give him a plastic [[saxophone]] for Christmas in 1959. Graduating to a real instrument, he formed his first band in 1962, the Konrads. He then played with various blues/beat groups, such as The King Bees, [[The Manish Boys]], The Lower Third and [[The Riot Squad]] in the mid-1960s, releasing his first record, the single "Liza Jane", with the King Bees in 1964. His early work shifted through the [[blues]] and [[Elvis]]-esque music while working with many British [[Pop music|pop]] styles.
-Avec ''[[Diamond Dogs]]'' ([[1974 en musique|1974]]), David Bowie semble pour la première fois marquer le pas. Il a du mal à maîtriser ce projet dans lequel il s’embarque sans producteur, et surtout sans [[Mick Ronson]], jusque-là épine dorsale du son des Spiders From Mars. L’album est censé à l'origine être une comédie musicale adaptée du roman ''[[1984 (roman)|1984]]'', avec une tournée-revue du rock « décadent » qu’il incarne alors, mais il se heurte rapidement au refus des ayants-droit de [[George Orwell]]. ''Diamond Dogs'' décrit donc une société future apocalyptique avec un nouveau personnage, Halloween Jack. Mais c’est aussi la période où le chanteur s’enfonce dans une addiction massive à la [[cocaïne]]. Isolé en studio, il sombre rapidement dans un abîme de paranoïa et de [[mégalomanie]]. Seul [[Tony Visconti]], appelé en renfort, arrive à sauver l'enregistrement de la faillite totale.
+During the early 1960s, Bowie was performing either under his own name or the stage name "Davie Jones", and briefly even as "Davy Jones", creating confusion with [[Davy Jones (actor)|Davy Jones]] of [[The Monkees]]. To avoid this, in 1966 he chose "Bowie" for his stage name, after the [[Battle of the Alamo|Alamo]] hero [[Jim Bowie]] and his famous [[Bowie knife]].<ref>Buckley (2000): p.33</ref> During this time, he recorded singles for [[Parlophone Records|Parlophone]] under the name of [[The Manish Boys]] and Davy Jones and for [[Pye Records|Pye]] under the name David Bowie (and The Lower Third), all without success.
-S'il souffre d'un manque d'homogénéité et des parties de guitares à la limite de l'amateurisme, jouées par Bowie lui-même, ''Diamond Dogs'' et son ambiance glauque semblent particulièrement appréciés de son auteur. Il s'agit du seul album dont il supervisera personnellement la remasterisation pour l'édition CD.
+Bowie released his first album in 1967 for the [[Decca Records]] offshoot [[Deram Records|Deram]], simply called ''[[David Bowie (album)|David Bowie]]'', an amalgam of [[Pop music|pop]], [[psychedelic rock|psychedelia]], and [[music hall]]. Around the same time he issued a novelty single utilising speeded-up [[The Chipmunks|Chipmunk]]-style vocals, "[[The Laughing Gnome]]", with the B-side "The Gospel According to Tony Day". None of these managed to chart, and he would not cut another record for two years. His Deram material from the album and various singles was later recycled in a multitude of compilations.
-L’ambitieuse tournée américaine ''Diamond Dogs'' est un naufrage, ce dont témoigne le ''[[David Live]]'' de 1974. Bowie semble lessivé, dépassé par son succès et incapable de contrôler son image publique. Il apparaît à la dérive, et beaucoup prédisent la fin du phénomène.
+Influenced by the dramatic arts, he studied with [[Lindsay Kemp]] — from [[avant-garde]] [[theatre]] and [[mime artist|mime]] to [[Commedia del Arte|Commedia dell'arte]] — and much of his work would involve the creation of characters or personae to present to the world. During 1967, Bowie sold his first song to another artist, "Oscar" (an early stage name of actor-musician [[Paul Nicholas]]). Bowie wrote Oscar's third single, "Over the Wall We Go", which satirised life in a British prison.<ref>Carr & Murray (1981): p.117</ref> In late 1968, his then-manager, Kenneth Pitt, produced a half-hour promotional film called ''[[Love You Till Tuesday]]'' featuring Bowie performing a number of songs, but it went unreleased until 1984.
-=== D'une station à l'autre ===
+===1969 to 1973: Psychedelic folk to glam rock===
+Bowie's first flirtation with fame came in 1969 with his single "[[Space Oddity]]," written the previous year but recorded and released to coincide with the first [[moon landing]].<ref>Pegg (2004): pp.197-201</ref> This [[ballad]] told the story of [[Major Tom]], an [[astronaut]] who becomes lost in space, though it has also been interpreted as an [[allegory]] for taking drugs.<ref>Buckley (2000): p.74</ref> It became a Top 5 [[United Kingdom|UK]] hit. The corresponding album, his second, was originally titled ''David Bowie'', which caused some confusion as both of Bowie's first and second albums were released with that name in the UK (in the U.S. the second album bore the title ''Man of Words, Man of Music''). In 1972, this album was re-released as ''[[Space Oddity (album)|Space Oddity]]''.
-Dans ces conditions, la parution de ''[[Young Americans (album)|Young Americans]]'' en [[1975 en musique|1975]] fait l'effet d'une bonne surprise. Bowie fait subir à son personnage une métamorphose radicale, qui emprunte esthétiquement au cabaret allemand de l’entre-deux-guerres et musicalement aux musiques noires nord-américaines. La surprise est totale et la renaissance artistique s’accompagne de la réussite commerciale ; le single ''Fame'', co-écrit avec [[John Lennon]], est son premier numéro 1 américain et l’album se classe bien des deux côtés de l’Atlantique.
+Bowie put the finishing touches to "Space Oddity" (the track) while living with Mary Finnigan as her lodger. Finnigan and Bowie joined forces with Christina Ostrom and the late Barrie Jackson to run a Folk Club on Sunday nights at The Three Tuns [[Public house|pub]] in [[Beckenham]] High Street, south London.<ref>[http://www.bowiewonderworld.com/features/beckenham2.htm The Three Tuns pub and the Beckenham Arts Lab]: ''BowieWonderworld.com'' website. Retrieved on [[September 22]] [[2007]].</ref> This soon morphed into the Beckenham Arts Lab and became extremely popular. In August 1969, The Arts Lab hosted a Free Festival in a local park, later immortalised by Bowie in his song "[[Memory of a Free Festival]]".<ref>[http://www.bowiewonderworld.com/features/beckenham.htm "Memory of a Free Festival"], hosted by the Beckenham Arts Lab: ''BowieWonderworld.com'' website. Retrieved on [[September 22]] [[2007]].</ref>
-Il tourne également en 1975 le film ''[[L'Homme qui venait d'ailleurs]] (The Man Who Fell To Earth)'' de [[Nicolas Roeg]], qui va mettre en valeur sa nature d'extra-terrestre. Ce premier rôle sur grand écran le voit incarner Thomas Jerome Newton, alien échoué sur terre qui cherche à regagner sa planète d'origine, dévastée par une catastrophe écologique. Le script, écrit pour Bowie par Roeg (qui a déjà fait tourner [[Mick Jagger]] dans ''[[Performance (film)|Performance]]'') lui va comme un gant, et il se contente de laisser sa présence fantomatique imprimer la pellicule. Par un étrange retournement de situation, on voit à la fin son personnage se recycler dans la chanson et devenir rock star (des exemplaires de ''Young Americans'' sur des présentoirs figurent son album). L'extraterrestre incarne David Bowie. Deux photos du film serviront aux pochettes de ''[[Station to Station]]'' et ''[[Low (album)|Low]]''.
+In 1970, Bowie released his third album, ''[[The Man Who Sold the World]]'', rejecting the [[Steel-string guitar|acoustic guitar]] sound of the previous album and replacing it with the heavy [[Rock and roll|rock]] backing provided by [[Mick Ronson]], who would be a major collaborator through 1973. Much of the album resembles British [[heavy metal]] of the period, but the album provided some unusual musical detours, such as the [[The Man Who Sold the World (song)|title track]]'s use of [[Latin (music)|Latin]] sounds and rhythms. The song provided an unlikely hit for UK pop singer [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]] and would be performed by many groups over the years, including [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]. In the original UK cover of the album, Bowie is seen in a dress, an early example of him exploiting his [[androgyny|androgynous]] appearance. In the U.S., the album was originally released in completely different cartoon-like cover which did not feature Bowie.
-Sorti en [[1976 en musique|1976]], ''Station to Station'' semble issu de séances de studios avortées pour la bande originale de ''L'Homme qui venait d'ailleurs'' (finalement composée par [[John Phillips]]), mais la chronologie reste floue, Bowie lui-même, à la pointe de sa toxicomanie à l'époque, ayant déclaré qu'il ne se rappelait même plus l'avoir enregistré. Le chanteur y est accompagné par [[Roy Bittan]], clavier de [[Bruce Springsteen]], d'une nouvelle recrue à la guitare, [[Earl Slick]], et de l'équipe de ''Young Americans''. L'album propose une forme mutante et très tendue de [[funk]] froid et roboratif, Bowie semble de nouveau sur la corde raide, au bord du gouffre. Malgré tout, le disque se classe très bien dans les charts américains, de même que le single ''Golden Years'', écrit à l'origine pour [[Elvis Presley]], qui le refuse. La tournée ''Station to Station'' impose le personnage effrayant mais très élégant du ''Thin White Duke'' (« Maigre Duc Blanc ») et une esthétique dépouillée empruntée à l'expressionnisme allemand et à [[Bertolt Brecht]].
+His next record, ''[[Hunky Dory]]'' in 1971, saw the partial return of the fey pop singer of "Space Oddity", with light fare such as the droll "[[Kooks (song)|Kooks]]" (dedicated to his young son, known to the world as [[Zowie Bowie]]). Elsewhere, the album explored more serious themes on tracks such as "[[Oh! You Pretty Things]]" (a song taken to UK #12 by [[Herman's Hermits]]' [[Peter Noone]] in 1971), the semi-autobiographical "[[The Bewlay Brothers]]", and the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]-influenced "[[Quicksand (David Bowie song)|Quicksand]]". Lyrically, the young songwriter also paid unusually direct homage to his influences with "[[Song for Bob Dylan]]", "[[Andy Warhol (David Bowie song)|Andy Warhol]]", and "[[Queen Bitch]]", which Bowie's somewhat cryptic liner notes indicate as a [[Velvet Underground]] pastiche. As with the single "[[Changes (David Bowie song)|Changes]]", ''Hunky Dory'' was not a big hit but it laid the groundwork for the move that would shortly lift Bowie into the first rank of stars, giving him four top-ten albums and eight top ten singles in the UK in eighteen months between 1972 and 1973.
-Durant la même période, la vie personnelle de Bowie se délite, rongée par ses abus, et il abîme son image publique avec des déclarations ambigües sur le nazisme, reniées depuis. Le chanteur semble se perdre dans le miroir que lui renvoie son œuvre et dans la galerie de personnages qu'il incarne alors tour à tour. Cette désincarnation passagère le mènera à des écarts fameux comme l'interview accordée à ''[[Playboy]]'' en 1976 où il compare favorablement Hitler, « la première rock star », à Mick Jagger pour son art de la mise en scène et du maniement des foules.
+Bowie's androgynous persona was taken a step further in June 1972 with the seminal [[concept album]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars]]'', which presents a world destined to end in five years and tells the story of the ultimate rock star, Ziggy Stardust. The album's sound combined [[hard rock]] elements of ''The Man Who Sold the World'' with the lighter pop of ''Hunky Dory'' and the fast-paced [[glam rock]] pioneered by [[Marc Bolan]]'s [[T.Rex (band)|T.Rex]]. Many of the album's songs have become rock classics, including "[[Ziggy Stardust (song)|Ziggy Stardust]]," "[[Moonage Daydream]]," "[[Hang on to Yourself]]," and "[[Suffragette City]]."
-=== La trilogie berlinoise ===
+The Ziggy Stardust character became the basis for Bowie's first large-scale tour beginning in 1972, where he donned his famous flaming red hair and wild outfits. The tour featured a three-piece band representing the "Spiders from Mars": Ronson on guitar, [[Trevor Bolder]] on bass, and [[Mick Woodmansey]] on drums. The album made #5 in the UK on the strength of the #10 placing of the single "[[Starman (song)|Starman]]". Their success made Bowie a star, and soon the six-month-old ''Hunky Dory'' eclipsed ''Ziggy Stardust'', when it peaked at #3 on the UK chart. At the same time the non-album single "[[John, I’m Only Dancing]]" (not released in the U.S. until 1979) peaked at UK #12, and "[[All the Young Dudes (song)|All the Young Dudes]]", a song he had given to, and produced for, [[Mott the Hoople]], made UK #3.
-Après la tempête médiatique de 1976 vient la rédemption avec la « période berlinoise » (1977-1979), pendant laquelle il va au-delà de la mode [[punk]] en éditant la « trilogie » ''[[Low (album)|Low]]'', ''[[Heroes (album)|"Heroes"]]'' et ''[[Lodger]]'' avec [[Brian Eno]], ancien membre de [[Roxy Music]]. Ziggy a alors perdu la plupart de ses fans, mais David Bowie conquiert une nouvelle génération d'admirateurs. Il est un des rares musiciens de son époque à sortir indemne de la vague punk.
+Around the same time Bowie began promoting and producing his rock and roll heroes. Former [[Velvet Underground]] singer [[Lou Reed]]'s solo breakthrough ''[[Transformer (album)|Transformer]]'' was produced by Bowie and [[Mick Ronson]]. [[Iggy Pop]] and his band [[The Stooges]] signed with Bowie's management, MainMan Productions, and recorded their third album, ''[[Raw Power]]'', in London. Though he was not present for the tracking of the album, Bowie later performed its much-debated [[Audio mixing|mix]].<ref>Buckley (2000): p.156</ref>
-Influencé par le [[Krautrock]] de [[Can]], [[NEU!]] ou [[Kraftwerk]], Bowie se redéfinit en tant qu'artiste et jette les bases d'une fructueuse période qui le voit abandonner le costume monochrome du ''Thin White Duke'' et de la rock-star capricieuse et mégalomane pour celui d'une avant-garde européenne continentale, semant au passage une partie de son public, notamment américain. Bowie semble se réhumaniser.
+The Spiders From Mars came together again on ''[[Aladdin Sane]]'', released in April 1973 and his first #1 album in the UK. Described by Bowie as "Ziggy goes to America",<ref>Pegg (2004): pp.281-283</ref> all the new songs were written on ship, bus or trains during the first leg of his US ''Ziggy Stardust'' tour. The album's cover, featuring Bowie shirtless with Ziggy hair and a red, black, and blue [[lightning]] bolt across his face, has been labeled as "startling as rock covers ever got."<ref name="Buckley pp.182-189">Buckley (2000): pp.182-189</ref> ''Aladdin Sane'' included the UK #2 hit "[[The Jean Genie]]", the UK #3 hit "[[Drive-In Saturday]]", and a rendition of [[The Rolling Stones]]' "[[Let's Spend the Night Together]]". [[Mike Garson]] joined Bowie to play piano on this album, and his solo on the [[Aladdin Sane (song)|title track]] has been cited as one of the album's highlights.<ref name="Buckley pp.182-189"/><ref>Carr & Murray (1981): pp.52-56</ref>
-Très inspirés, ''Low'' et ''"Heroes"'' sont divisés entre des morceaux rapides déchirés par les guitares de [[Robert Fripp]], d'[[Adrian Belew]] ou de [[Carlos Alomar]], et de lents instrumentaux remplis de nappes rêveuses de synthétiseurs, et de la stratégie oblique chère à Brian Eno. Les albums sont risqués, certains morceaux plutôt abscons, mais Bowie y gagne une grande reconnaissance artistique célébrée par toute la jeune [[New wave (musique)|New Wave]] anglaise du début des années 1980. Le compositeur américain [[Philip Glass]] s'inspire de certains morceaux de ''Low'' et ''"Heroes"'' qu'il réenregistre dans les années 1990. ''Lodger'' est plus conventionnel dans sa structure, mais Bowie s'y aventure vers des territoires inusités où une influence world ''(African Night Flight'', ''Yassassin)'' annonce les [[Talking Heads]] de ''[[Fear Of Music]]'' ou ''[[Remain In Lights]]''.
+Bowie's later Ziggy shows, which included songs from both ''Ziggy Stardust'' and ''Aladdin Sane'', as well as a few earlier tracks like "Changes" and "[[The Width of a Circle]]", were ultra-theatrical affairs filled with shocking stage moments, such as Bowie stripping down to a [[sumo|sumo wrestling]] loincloth or simulating [[oral sex]] with Ronson's guitar.<ref name="Bowie: An Illustrated Record p.7">Carr & Murray (1981): p.7</ref> Bowie toured and gave [[press conference]]s as Ziggy before a dramatic and abrupt on-stage "retirement" at London's [[Hammersmith Odeon]] on [[3 July]] [[1973]]. His announcement – "Of all the shows on this tour, this particular show will remain with us the longest, because not only is it the last show of the tour, but it's the last show that we'll ever do. Thank you." – has been preserved in a live recording of the show, belatedly released as a  under the title ''[[Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture]]'' in 1983 after many years circulating as a bootleg.<ref>Carr & Murray (1981): p.116</ref>
-Il compose et produit au cours de la même période deux albums d'[[Iggy Pop]], ''[[The Idiot]]'' et ''[[Lust for Life]]'', avec qui il trouve le temps de jouer en concert, tenant le clavier. ''The Idiot'' est très proche de ''Low'' et ''"Heroes"'' dans sa conception.
+''[[Pin Ups]]'', a collection of covers of his 1960s favourites, was released in October 1973, spawning a UK #3 hit in "[[Sorrow (song)|Sorrow]]" and itself peaking at #1, making David Bowie the best-selling act of 1973 in the UK.<ref>[http://www.biobble.com/en/2006-568/David_Bowie_biography.html Biography of David Bowie]</ref> By this time, Bowie had broken up the Spiders from Mars and was attempting to move on from his Ziggy persona. Bowie's own back catalogue was now highly sought: ''The Man Who Sold the World'' had been re-released in 1972 along with the second ''David Bowie'' album (''Space Oddity''), while ''Hunky Dory'''s "[[Life on Mars?]]" was released as a single in 1973 and made #3 in the UK, the same year Bowie's novelty record from 1967, "[[The Laughing Gnome]]", hit #6.
-De retour de Berlin, Bowie entreprend simultanément une carrière d'acteur et joue dans la pièce ''Elephant Man'' à [[Broadway]] qui connaît un succès énorme, et apparaît dans le film ''[[Moi, Christiane F., 13 ans, droguée, prostituée...]]'' de [[Ulrich Edel]], où il joue son propre rôle.
+===1974 to 1976: Soul, R&B, and The Thin White Duke===
+saw the release of another ambitious album, ''[[Diamond Dogs]]'', with a [[spoken word]] introduction and a multi-part song [[suite]] ("[[Sweet Thing]]/[[Candidate (David Bowie song)|Candidate]]/Sweet Thing (reprise)"). ''Diamond Dogs'' was the product of two distinct ideas: a musical based on a wild future in a post-[[apocalypse|apocalyptic]] city, and setting [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]]'' to music ("[[1984 (song)|1984]]", "[[Big Brother (song)|Big Brother]]", "[[We Are the Dead]]").
-=== Les années MTV ===
+Bowie also made plans to develop a ''Diamond Dogs'' movie, but didn't get very far. He mentioned later that there was some footage completed with scenes of havoc with people on roller skates, but it has remained unseen. Bowie had planned on actually writing a musical to ''1984'', but his interest waned after encountering difficulties in licensing the novel. He used some of the songs he had written for the project on ''Diamond Dogs''.
-[[Image:BowieRaR87.jpg|thumb|Bowie en 1987, lors du ''Glass Spider Tour''.]]
+The album — and an [[NBC]] television special, ''The 1980 Floor Show'', broadcast at around the same time — demonstrated Bowie headed toward the genre of [[soul (music)|soul]]/[[funk]] music, the track "1984" being a prime example. The album spawned the hits "[[Rebel Rebel]]" (UK #5) and "[[Diamond Dogs (song)|Diamond Dogs]]" (UK #21), and itself went to #1 in the UK, making him the best-selling act of that country for the second year in a row. In the US, Bowie achieved his first major commercial success as the album went to #5.
-[[1980 en musique|1980]] est l'année du succès planétaire avec l'album ''[[Scary Monsters]]'' qui atteint la première place des ventes dans pratiquement tous les pays d'[[Europe]], avec notamment le titre ''[[Ashes to Ashes (chanson)|Ashes to Ashes]]'', où il se moque du Major Tom de ''[[Space Oddity (chanson)|Space Oddity]]'' (« ''We know Major Tom's a junkie'' »). L'album s'approprie les sons de l'''after-punk'' avec des guitares très agressives ''(Scary Monsters and Super Creeps'', ''It's no Game part 1)'' qui se conjuguent avec un côté plus dansant ''(Fashion)''. Bowie semble alors intouchable.
+To follow on the release of the album, Bowie launched a massive ''Diamond Dogs'' tour in North America from June to December 1974. Choreographed by [[Toni Basil]], and lavishly produced with theatrical [[special effects]], the high-budget stage production broke with contemporary standard practice for rock concerts by featuring no encores. It was filmed by [[Alan Yentob]] for the documentary ''[[Cracked Actor]]''.  The documentary seemed to confirm the rumours of his cocaine abuse, featuring a pasty and emaciated Bowie nervously sniffing in the backseat of a car and claiming that there was a fly in his milk.
-À l'aune de cette carrière exemplaire, le tête-à-queue musical de ''[[Let's Dance (album de David Bowie)|Let's Dance]]'' (''[[1983 en musique|1983]]'') peut étonner avec le recul. Bowie embrasse sans arrière-pensée la nouvelle ère [[MTV]], alors que beaucoup de musiciens de sa génération disparaissent. Aux côtés d'artistes comme [[Madonna]] ou [[Michael Jackson]], il contribue au ton éphémère et consumériste propre aux années 1980 et devient une machine purement commerciale : ''Let's Dance'' se vend à 14 millions d'exemplaires. Les clips imposent sa nouvelle image d'éphèbe blond décoloré, les publicités s'enchaînent, tout comme les films (''[[Les Prédateurs]]'', ''[[Furyo]]'') ; David Bowie semble partout. La tournée mondiale ''Serious Moonlight Tour'' le fait pour la première fois se produire dans les stades, et 200 000 personnes viennent le voir en deux jours à Paris à l'[[hippodrome d'Auteuil]].  Pourtant, après ''[[Tonight]]'' ([[1984 en musique|1984]]), qui se vend encore bien, c'est une relative traversée du désert qui l'attend, commerciale autant qu'artistique. D'un point de vue critique, le fond semble atteint avec l'album ''[[Never Let Me Down]]'' de [[1987 en musique|1987]]. La tournée mondiale qui suit, incorporant [[Peter Frampton]] à la guitare, bien que très ambitieuse (décor, troupe de danseurs) et malgré sa volonté de faire revivre un catalogue prestigieux, ne fait pas l'unanimité et est un échec financier.
+Bowie commented that the resulting live album ''[[David Live]]'' ought to have been called "David Bowie Is Alive and Well and Living Only In Theory," presumably in reference to his addled and frenetic psychological state during this period. Nevertheless the album solidified his status as a superstar, going #2 in the UK and #8 in the US. It also spawned a UK #10 hit in a cover of "[[Knock on Wood (song)|Knock on Wood]]".
-En [[1986]], il tient encore le rôle principal masculin dans le film familial ''[[Labyrinthe (film)|Labyrinth]]'' de [[Jim Henson]] dont il signe une partie de la BO, en tant que Jareth, le roi des Kobolds, aux côtés de [[Jennifer Connelly]].
+After the opening leg of the tour, Bowie mostly jettisoned the elaborate sets. Then, when the tour resumed after a summer break in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] for recording new material, the ''Diamond Dogs'' sound no longer seemed apt. Bowie cancelled seven dates and made changes to the band, which returned to the road in October as the ''Philly Dogs'' tour.
-=== La renaissance artistique ===
+For Ziggy Stardust fans who had not discerned the soul and funk strains already apparent in Bowie's recent work, the "new" sound was considered a sudden and jolting step. 1975's ''[[Young Americans (album)|Young Americans]]'' was Bowie's definitive exploration of [[Philly soul]] — though he himself referred to the sound ironically as "plastic soul." It contained his first #1 hit in the US, "[[Fame (David Bowie song)|Fame]]", co-written with [[John Lennon]] (who also contributed backing vocals) and one of Bowie's new band members, guitarist [[Carlos Alomar]]. It was based on a riff Alomar had developed while covering The Flares's 1961 [[doo-wop]] classic "Footstompin'," which Bowie's band had taken to playing live during the ''Philly Dogs'' period. One of the backing vocalists on the album is a young [[Luther Vandross]], who also co-wrote some of the material for ''Young Americans''. The song ''Win'' featured a hypnotic guitar riff later taken by [[Beck]] for the track/live staple "Debra" off his ''Midnight Vultures'' album.  Despite Bowie's unashamed recognition of the shallowness of his "plastic soul," he did earn the bona fide distinction of being one of the few white artists to be invited to appear on the popular "[[Soul Train]]." Another violently paranoid appearance on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC's]] ''[[The Dick Cavett Show]]'' ([[1974]] [[December 5]]) seemed to confirm rumours of Bowie's heavy [[cocaine]] use at this time. <ref>DVD, Dick Cavett Show: Rock Icons, disc 1</ref>
-Sévèrement descendu par la critique tout au long des années 1980 et alors que toute inspiration semble l'avoir déserté, Bowie décide en [[1988]] de fonder le groupe [[Tin Machine]] avec [[Reeves Gabrels]] et les frères Sales, rythmique d'Iggy Pop période 1977. Fortement influencés par le rock indépendant américain de la fin des années 1980 ([[Pixies]], [[Throwing Muses]], [[Hüsker Dü]], ...), trois albums (dont un live) diversement appréciés par la critique mais radicalement différents de ses productions antérieures lui permettent de commencer les années 1990 sur de meilleures bases. Malgré le très mauvais accueil critique (en Angleterre, le [[New Musical Express|NME]] titre à l'époque « Est-ce que Tin Machine est de la merde ? »), le premier Tin Machine propose quelques bons morceaux comme ''Heaven's in Here'', ''I Can't Read'', et un ton d'ensemble marqué par la guitare dissonnante et très [[Robert Fripp|frippienne]] de Reeves Gabrels, qui collaborera par la suite avec Bowie jusqu'en 1999. ''[[Tin Machine II]]'' et le ''[[Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby|live]]'' sont plus anecdotiques.
+''Young Americans'' was the album that cemented Bowie's stardom in the U.S.; though only peaking there at #9, as opposed to the #5 placing of ''Diamond Dogs'', the album stayed on the charts almost twice as long. At the same time, the album achieved #2 in the UK while a re-issue of his old single "Space Oddity" became his first #1 hit in the UK, only a few months after "Fame" had achieved the same in the US.
-[[1989 en musique|1989]] voit les débuts de la campagne de réedition des albums de David Bowie, indisponibles depuis longtemps. Celle-ci très bien orchestrée, d'un catalogue devenu mythique avec les années, a plus contribué à lui créer un nouveau public et à le recrédibiliser, en faisant oublier les années 1980, que quoi que ce soit d'autre.
+''[[Station to Station]]'' (1976) featured a darker version of this soul persona, called [[The Thin White Duke]]. Visually the figure was an extension of Thomas Jerome Newton, the character Bowie portrayed in ''[[The Man Who Fell to Earth (film)|The Man Who Fell to Earth]]''. ''Station to Station'' was a transitional album, prefiguring the [[Krautrock]] and synthesizer music of his next releases, while further developing the funk and soul music of ''Young Americans''. By this time Bowie had become heavily dependent on drugs, particularly cocaine; many critics have attributed the chopped rhythms and emotional detachment of the record to the influence of the drug, to which Bowie claimed to have been introduced in America. His emotional disturbance and megalomania at this time reached such a fever pitch{{Fact|date=December 2007}} that Bowie refused to relinquish control of a satellite, booked for a world-wide broadcast of a live appearance preceding the release of ''[[Station to Station]]'', at the request of the Spanish Government, who wished to put out a live feed regarding the death of Spanish Dictator [[Francisco Franco]]. Additionally, Bowie was withering physically after having lost an alarming amount of weight.
-[[Image:David Bowie Chile.jpg|thumb|David Bowie en concert en 1990.]]
+Nonetheless, there was another large tour, ''The 1976 World Tour'', which featured a starkly lit set and highlighted new songs such as the dramatic and lengthy [[Station to Station (song)|title track]], the ballads "[[Wild Is the Wind]]" and "[[Word on a Wing]]", and the funkier "[[TVC 15]]" and "[[Stay (David Bowie song)|Stay]]". The core band that coalesced around this album and tour — rhythm guitarist Alomar, bassist [[George Murray (musician)|George Murray]], and drummer [[Dennis Davis]] — would remain a stable unit through the 1970s. Guest players included lead guitarist [[Earl Slick]], [[Adrian Belew]] and [[Bruce Springsteen]]'s [[E Street Band]] keyboardist, [[Roy Bittan]]. The tour was highly successful but also entrenched in controversy, as the media claimed that Bowie was advocating [[fascism]]. The accusation was false and had resulted from a misinterpretation of Bowie's [http://bowiezone.net/69301/69322.html essentially anti-Fascist message].
-Le premier album solo du « nouveau Bowie » post-Tin Machine (''[[Black Tie White Noise]]'' en 1993) n'est pourtant pas complètement convaincant. Trop orienté [[dance]], il ne lui permet pas, malgrès des ventes honorables, de renouer avec le public rock qui l'a redécouvert à la faveur des réeditions.
+With the album at #3 in the US--his greatest success there ever--and the single "[[Golden Years (song)|Golden Years]]" becoming a transatlantic top ten hit, Bowie hit a commercial peak while his sanity — by his own later admission — became twisted from cocaine: he overdosed several times during the year.
-A la fin de l'année sort  ''[[The Buddha Of Suburbia]]'', BO (ou plutôt « musique inspirée ») d'une mini-série du même nom diffusée sur la BBC. L'album passe quasi inaperçu, sans promo et éclipsé par le ''[[The Singles Collection|Singles Collection]]'' qui sort au même moment.
-Pourtant, plus encore que le précédent, ce disque témoigne du retour en forme de son auteur. Austère dans son orchestration (Bowie et le multi-instrumetiste Erdal Kizilcay sont les seuls musiciens, collaborations mises à part) et sa production (Bowie et le très discret David Richards) l'objet avec son mélange jazz, new age, pop et électronique préfigure de belle manière (certes parfois bancale et maladroitre mais surtout audacieuse) son suivant, ''[[1. Outside]]''.
-En [[1995 en musique|1995]] sort ''[[1. Outside]]'', concocté avec [[Brian Eno]]. Cet album complexe et ambitieux, qui raconte l'histoire d'un détective sur les traces d'un tueur en série, est ressenti comme une certaine renaissance de l'artiste par de nombreux fans. Pour la première fois depuis bien longtemps, Bowie, inspiré par le rock industriel ([[Nine Inch Nails]]) et la techno, prend des risques.
+In 1974, Bowie had a year-long affair with French model [[Amanda Lear]], who had been previously engaged to [[Bryan Ferry]] and pictured on [[Roxy Music]]'s 1973 album ''[[For Your Pleasure]]''. Bowie played an important part in getting Lear's career in music started.
-En [[1997]] vient ''[[Earthling]]'', réalisé avec [[Reeves Gabrels]], hybride de jungle, techno et drum'n'bass enregistré rapidement à New York et auto-produit. Bowie multiplie à cette période les collaborations ([[Photek]], [[Goldie]]).
+===1976 to 1980: The Berlin era===
-Toujours en 1997, il donnera pour ses 50 ans un concert à la hauteur du mythe au [[Madison Square Garden]] de New York, avec une pléiade d'artistes de la scène rock pour de fanstastiques duos. Étaient présents [[Frank Black]], [[the Foo Fighters]], [[Robert Smith]], [[Sonic Youth]], [[Lou Reed]] et [[Billy Corgan]].
+Bowie's interest in the growing German music scene, as well as his drug addiction, prompted him to move to West [[Berlin]] to dry out and rejuvenate his career. Sharing an apartment in [[Schöneberg]] with his friend [[Iggy Pop]], he co-produced three more of his own classic albums with Tony Visconti, while aiding Pop with his career. With Bowie as a co-writer and musician, Pop completed his first two solo albums, ''[[The Idiot (album)|The Idiot]]'' and ''[[Lust for Life (album)|Lust for Life]]''.
-David Bowie participe alors au développement du jeu vidéo ''[[The Nomad Soul]]''. Contacté à l'origine pour écrire une ou deux musiques, il est enthousiasmé par le projet et se charge de toute la bande originale avec Reeves Gabrels. Il incarne en plus deux personnages : le charismatique Boz, chef des Éveillés, ainsi que le chanteur d'un groupe interdit par les autorités. Le joueur peut d'ailleurs assister à trois concerts virtuels de l'avatar de Bowie, et acheter les chansons de l'album ''[['hours...']]'', sorti presque en même temps que le jeu en [[1999 en musique|1999]].
+Bowie joined Pop's touring band in the spring, simply playing keyboard and singing backing vocals. The group performed in the UK, Europe, and the US from March to April 1977.<ref>[[Kris Needs]] (2007). "The Passenger", ''MOJO 60 Years of Bowie'': p.65</ref>
-C'est à cette époque, lors de la tournée 1999/2000, que Bowie commence à reprendre sur scène quelques-unes de ses plus vieilles chansons, de l'époque où il ne se faisait même pas encore appeler David Bowie. L'idée germe dans son esprit de préparer un album entier composé quasi-intégralement de ré-enregistrements de ces chansons préhistoriques. Cela donne ''Toy'', dont les chansons sont enregistrées avec Tony Visconti et les artworks dessinés, mais qui ne sortira pourtant jamais.
+The brittle sound of ''Station to Station'' proved a precursor to ''[[Low (album)|Low]]'', the first of three albums that became known as the "[[Berlin Trilogy]]." ''Low'' was recorded with [[Brian Eno]] as an integral collaborator but, despite widespread belief, not the album's producer. Journalists often mistakenly give Eno production credits on the trilogy but, in fact, Bowie and [[Tony Visconti]] co-produced, with Eno co-writing some of the music, playing keyboards, and developing strategies. Bowie stressed in 2000: "Over the years not enough credit has gone to Tony Visconti on those particular albums. The actual sound and texture, the feel of everything from the drums to the way that my voice is recorded is Tony Visconti."{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
-Viennent enfin les albums ''[[Heathen]]'' [[2002]] (enregistré dans la foulée de ''Toy'', dont quelques chansons réapparaissent sur cet album) et ''[[Reality]]'' [[2003]], qui marquent les retrouvailles avec le producteur Tony Visconti. Ces deux disques sont les premiers publiés par Sony sous la double étiquette Columbia et Iso, label créé par Bowie.
+Visconti said at the time, "Bowie wanted to make an album of music that was uncompromising and reflected the way he felt. He said he did not care whether or not he had another hit record, and that the recording would be so out of the ordinary that it might never get released".{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
-=== Les problèmes de santé ===
+Partly influenced by the [[Krautrock]] sound of [[Kraftwerk]] and [[Neu!]] and the minimalist work of [[Steve Reich]], Bowie journeyed to [[Neunkirchen-Seelscheid|Neunkirchen]] near [[Cologne]] to meet the famed German producer [[Conny Plank]]. Plank was considered a revolutionary producer in German rock in the era, but had no interest in working with Bowie and refused him entry to the studio.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Bowie and his team persevered, however, and recorded new songs that were relatively simple, repetitive and stripped-down, a perverse reaction to [[punk rock]], with the second side almost wholly instrumental. (By way of tribute, proto-punk [[Nick Lowe]] recorded an EP entitled "Bowi".) The album provided him with a surprise #3 hit in the UK when the BBC picked up the first single, "[[Sound and Vision]]", as its 'coming attractions' theme music. ''Low'' is renowned for being far ahead of its time, and Bowie himself has said "cut me and I bleed Low".{{Fact|date=December 2007}} The album was produced in 1976 and released in early 1977.
-Après la sortie de ''Reality'', Bowie se lance dans sa première grande tournée mondiale depuis 1997, baptisée ''A Reality Tour''. Plusieurs concerts ont été reportés en décembre 2003 pour raisons de santé mais la tournée se prolonge jusqu’à la mi-2004. Le chanteur et son groupe entament alors une tournée des festivals d'été en Europe, mais les quinze dernières dates sont annulées lorsque Bowie subit en urgence une [[angioplastie]]. Il n'y a eu ni nouveau disque ni concert de David Bowie depuis cette date. Il enregistre néanmoins quelques duos, notamment sur les disques de jeunes groupes (avec [[TV on the Radio]] ou le groupe danois [[Kashmir (groupe)|Kashmir]]), et fait quelques apparitions sur scène, avec le groupe canadien [[Arcade Fire]], pour des concerts à but caritatif, ou en hommage à [[Syd Barrett]] aux côtés de [[David Gilmour]].
+The ''Low'' sessions also formalised Bowie's three-phase approach to making albums that he still favours today.  Much of the band were present for the first five days only, after which Eno, Alomar and Gardiner remained to play overdubs.  By the time Bowie wrote and recorded the lyrics everybody but Visconti and studio engineers had departed.
-A la fin de l'année [[2005]], Bowie affirme préparer un nouvel album, qu'il promet « étrange ». Celui-ci ne devrait pas sortir avant la fin 2007.
+The next record, ''[["Heroes"]]'', was similar in sound to ''Low'', though slightly more accessible. The mood of these records fit the [[zeitgeist]] of the [[Cold War]], symbolised by the divided city that provided its inspiration. The [["Heroes" (song)|title track]], a story of two lovers who met at the [[Berlin Wall]], is one of Bowie's most-covered songs.<ref>Pegg (2000): pp.90-92</ref>
-== Discographie ==
+Also in 1977, Bowie appeared on the Granada music show ''Marc'', hosted by his friend and fellow glam pioneer [[Marc Bolan]] of [[T. Rex (band)|T. Rex]], with whom he had regularly socialised and jammed before either achieved fame. He turned out to be the show's final guest, as Bolan was killed in a car crash shortly afterward.<ref>[http://members.ol.com.au/rgriffin/GoldenYears/770909Marc.html Bowie Golden Years: Marc]</ref> Bowie was one of many superstars who attended the funeral.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6988837.stm |title=In pictures: Marc Bolan|accessdate=2007-11-09 |date=2007-09-13}}</ref>
-=== Albums studio ===
+For [[Christmas]] 1977, Bowie joined [[Bing Crosby]], of whom he was an ardent admirer, in a recording studio to do "[[Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy]]", a version of "[[Little Drummer Boy]]" with a new lyric.<ref>DVD, Bing Crosby, ''A Bing Crosby Christmas'', Questar qd3175, ISBN 1-56855-683-7</ref> The two singers had originally met on Crosby's Christmas television special two years earlier (on the recommendation of Crosby's children — he had not heard of Bowie) and performed the song. One month after the record was completed, Crosby died.<ref>{{cite news |last=Farhi| first=Paul| title =Bing and Bowie: An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony | publisher =''Washington Post'' | date= 2006-12-20 | url =http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/19/AR2006121901260.html | accessdate =2007-11-09}}</ref> Five years later, the song would prove a worldwide festive hit, charting in the UK at #3 on Christmas Day 1982.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bronson |first=Fred |title=The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits |year=1990 |publisher=Billboard Books |isbn=0-823-07677-6 |page=572}}</ref>Bowie later remarked jokingly that he was afraid of being a guest artist, because "everyone I was going on with was kicking it", referring to Bolan and Crosby.<ref>Dave Thompson (2007). "Bowie and Bing", ''MOJO 60 Years of Bowie'': p.64</ref>
-{| class="wikitable"
-!align="center" rowspan=2 |Année
-!align="left" rowspan=2 |Album
-!align="center" colspan=6 |Charts
-|-
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[France]]<br/>{{flagicon|France}} <small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Canada]]<br/>{{flagicon|Canada}} <small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Belgique]]<br/>{{flagicon|Belgique}}<small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Suisse]]<br/>{{flagicon|Suisse}}<small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Royaume-Uni]]<br/>{{flagicon|UK}}<small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[États-Unis]]<br/>{{flagicon|US}}<small>
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1967 en musique|1967]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[David Bowie (album)|David Bowie]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1969 en musique|1969]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|'''''[[Space Oddity|Space Oddity/Man of Words]]'''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|17
-|align="center" valign="top"|16
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1970 en musique|1970]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[The Man Who Sold the World]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|26
-|align="center" valign="top"|105
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1971 en musique|1971]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Hunky Dory]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|3
-|align="center" valign="top"|93
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1972 en musique|1972]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|45
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|5
-|align="center" valign="top"|75
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1973 en musique|1973]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|'''''[[Aladdin Sane]]'''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|89
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|'''1'''
-|align="center" valign="top"|17
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1973 en musique|1973]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|'''''[[Pin Ups]]'''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|'''1'''
-|align="center" valign="top"|23
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1974 en musique|1974]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|'''''[[Diamond Dogs]]'''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|'''1'''
-|align="center" valign="top"|5
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1975 en musique|1975]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Young Americans (album)|Young Americans]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|2
-|align="center" valign="top"|9
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1976 en musique|1976]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Station to Station]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|5
-|align="center" valign="top"|3
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1977 en musique|1977]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Low (album)|Low]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|2
-|align="center" valign="top"|11
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1977 en musique|1977]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|'''''[["Heroes"]]'''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|3
-|align="center" valign="top"|35
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1979 en musique|1979]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Lodger]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|4
-|align="center" valign="top"|20
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1980 en musique|1980]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|'''1'''
-|align="center" valign="top"|12
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1983 en musique|1983]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Let's Dance (album de David Bowie)|Let's Dance]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|17
-|align="center" valign="top"|'''1'''
-|align="center" valign="top"|4
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1984 en musique|1984]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|'''''[[Tonight]]'''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|8
-|align="center" valign="top"|'''1'''
-|align="center" valign="top"|11
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1987 en musique|1987]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|'''''[[Never Let Me Down]]'''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|18
-|align="center" valign="top"|6
-|align="center" valign="top"|34
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1993 en musique|1993]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Black Tie White Noise]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|18
-|align="center" valign="top"|'''1'''
-|align="center" valign="top"|39
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1993 en musique|1993]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|'''''[[The Buddha Of Suburbia]]'''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|87
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1995 en musique|1995]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[1. Outside]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|22
-|align="center" valign="top"|8
-|align="center" valign="top"|21
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1997 en musique|1997]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Earthling]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|9
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|20
-|align="center" valign="top"|6
-|align="center" valign="top"|39
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1999 en musique|1999]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [['hours...']] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|7
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|18
-|align="center" valign="top"|5
-|align="center" valign="top"|47
-|-
-|align="center" |[[2002 en musique|2002]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|'''''[[Heathen]]'''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|3
-|align="center" valign="top"|9
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|7
-|align="center" valign="top"|5
-|align="center" valign="top"|14
-|-
-|align="center" |[[2003 en musique|2003]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Reality]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|2
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|4
-|align="center" valign="top"|5
-|align="center" valign="top"|3
-|align="center" valign="top"|29
-|}
-==== Avec Tin Machine ====
+Bowie and his band embarked on an extensive world tour in 1978 (including his first concerts in Australia and New Zealand) which featured music from both ''Low'' and ''"Heroes"''. A live album from the tour was released as ''[[Stage (album)|Stage]]'' the same year. Songs from both ''Low'' and ''"Heroes"'' were later converted to symphonies by minimalist composer [[Phillip Glass]]. 1978 was also the year that saw Bowie narrating [[Sergei Prokofiev]]'s ''[[Peter and the Wolf]]''.
-{| class="wikitable"
+'s ''[[Lodger (album)|Lodger]]'' was the final album in Bowie's so-called "[[Berlin Trilogy]]", or "triptych" as Bowie calls it.<ref>Buckley (2000): p.27</ref> It featured the singles "[[Boys Keep Swinging]]", "[[DJ (song)|DJ]]" and "[[Look Back in Anger (song)|Look Back in Anger]]" and, unlike the two previous [[LP album|LPs]], did not contain any instrumentals. The style was a mix of [[New Wave (music)|New Wave]] and [[world music]], including pieces such as "[[African Night Flight]]" and "[[Yassassin]]". A number of tracks were composed using the non-traditional Bowie/Eno composition techniques: "Boys Keep Swinging" was developed with the band members swapping their instruments while "Move On" contains the chords for an early Bowie composition, "All The Young Dudes", played backwards.<ref>Carr & Murray (1981): p.102-107</ref> This was Bowie's last album with Eno until ''[[Outside (album)|Outside]]'' in 1995.
-!align="center" rowspan=2 |Année
-!align="left" rowspan=2 |Album
-!align="center" colspan=6 |Charts
-|-
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[France]]<br/>{{flagicon|France}} <small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Canada]]<br/>{{flagicon|Canada}} <small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Belgique]]<br/>{{flagicon|Belgique}}<small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Suisse]]<br/>{{flagicon|Suisse}}<small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Royaume-Uni]]<br/>{{flagicon|UK}}<small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[États-Unis]]<br/>{{flagicon|US}}<small>
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1989 en musique|1989]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Tin Machine (album)|Tin Machine]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|3
-|align="center" valign="top"|28
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1991 en musique|1991]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Tin Machine II]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|23
-|align="center" valign="top"|126
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1992 en musique|1992]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|}
-=== Albums live ===
+In 1980, Bowie did an about-face, integrating the lessons learnt on ''Low'', ''Heroes'', and ''Lodger'' while expanding upon them with chart success.<ref name="Carr & Murray pp.108-114">Carr & Murray (1981): pp.108-114</ref> ''[[Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)]]'' included the #1 hit "[[Ashes to Ashes (song)|Ashes to Ashes]]", featuring the textural work of guitar-synthesist [[Chuck Hammer]], and revisiting the character of Major Tom from "Space Oddity". The imagery Bowie used in the song's [[music video]] gave international exposure to the underground [[New Romantic]] movement and, with many of the followers of this phase being devotees, Bowie visited the London club "Blitz" — the main New Romantic hangout — to recruit several of the regulars (including [[Steve Strange]] of the band [[Visage]]) to act in the video, renowned as being one of the most innovative of all time.<ref>Pegg (2000): p.29</ref>
-{| class="wikitable"
+While ''Scary Monsters'' utilised principles that Bowie had learned in the Berlin era, it was considered by critics to be far more direct musically and lyrically, reflecting the transformation Bowie had gone through during his time in Germany and Europe. By 1980 Bowie had divorced his wife Angie, curbed the drug abuse of the "Thin White Duke" era, and radically changed his conception of how music should be written. The album had a hard rock edge that included conspicuous guitar contributions from [[King Crimson|King Crimson's]] [[Robert Fripp]], [[The Who|The Who's]] [[Pete Townshend]], and [[Television (band)|Television's]] [[Tom Verlaine]].<ref name="Carr & Murray pp.108-114"/> As "Ashes to Ashes" hit #1 on the UK charts, Bowie opened a three-month run on Broadway starring as [[The Elephant Man]] on [[1980]] [[September 23]].<ref name=Rees1991>''Rock Movers & Shakers'', Dafydd Rees & Luke Crampton, Billboard Books, 1991</ref>
-!align="center" rowspan=2 |Année
-!align="left" rowspan=2 |Album
-!align="center" colspan=6 |Charts
-|-
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[France]]<br/>{{flagicon|France}} <small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Canada]]<br/>{{flagicon|Canada}} <small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Belgique]]<br/>{{flagicon|Belgique}}<small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Suisse]]<br/>{{flagicon|Suisse}}<small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[Royaume-Uni]]<br/>{{flagicon|UK}}<small>
-!align="center" valign="top" width="80"|<small> [[États-Unis]]<br/>{{flagicon|US}}<small>
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1974 en musique|1974]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[David Live]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|165
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|2
-|align="center" valign="top"|8
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1978 en musique|1978]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Stage (album)|Stage]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|162
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|5
-|align="center" valign="top"|44
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1982 |1982]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[David Bowie At The Philadelphia Tower]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|
-|align="center" valign="top"|
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1983 en musique|1983]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|17
-|align="center" valign="top"|89
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1994 en musique|1994]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Santa Monica '72]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|74
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|-
-|align="center" |[[1999 en musique|1999]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[LiveAndWell.com]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|-
-|align="center" |[[2000 en musique|2000]]
-|align="left" valign="top"|''''' [[Bowie at the Beeb]] '''''
-|align="center" valign="top"|27
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|-
-|align="center" valign="top"|88
-|align="center" valign="top"|7
-|align="center" valign="top"|181
-|}
-=== Autres disques ===
+===1980 to 1989: Bowie the superstar===
-*''[[Peter and the Wolf (album)|Peter and the Wolf]]'' ([[1978]]) (composé par [[Sergueï Prokofiev]], Bowie est le narrateur)
+In 1981, [[Queen (band)|Queen]] released "[[Under Pressure]]", co-written and performed with Bowie. The song was a hit and became Bowie's third UK #1 single. In the same year Bowie made a cameo appearance in the German movie ''[[Christiane F. - Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo (film)|Christiane F. Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo]]'', the real-life story of a 13 year-old girl in Berlin who becomes addicted to [[heroin]] and ends up prostituting herself. Bowie is credited with "special cooperation" in the credits and his music features prominently in the movie. The soundtrack was released in 1982 and contained a version of "[[Heroes (song)|Heroes]]" sung partially in German that had previously been included on the German pressing of its parent album. The same year Bowie appeared in the BBC's adaptation of [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s play [[Baal (play)|''Baal'']]. Coinciding with transmission of the film, a five-track [[EP]] of songs from the play was released as [[Baal (EP)|''David Bowie in Bertolt Brecht's Baal'']], recorded at Hansa by the Wall the previous September. It would mark Bowie’s final new release on RCA, as 1983 saw him change record labels from RCA to [[EMI America]].
-*''[[Christiane F (album)|Christiane F]]'' ([[1981]]) (bande originale)
-*''[[Labyrinth (album)|Labyrinth]]'' ([[1986]]) (bande originale)
-*''[[The Singles Collection]]'' ([[1993]])
-*''[[Toy]]'' (''inédit'')
-===Bootlegs===
+Bowie scored his first truly commercial blockbuster with ''[[Let's Dance]]'' in 1983, a slick dance album co-produced by [[Chic (band)|Chic's]] [[Nile Rodgers]]. It was a departure from ''Scary Monsters'' for which Bowie received a bit of inside criticism;<ref>Buckley (2000): p.400</ref> rather than revolting against 1980s dance music, he had in fact joined the scene. The [[Let's Dance (David Bowie song)|title track]] went to #1 in the United States and United Kingdom and many now consider it a standard.
-* ''[[My radio sweetheart]]'' ([[1974]])
-* ''[[Ziggy 2]]'' ([[1974]])
-* ''[[Duet at the Mantra]]'' ([[1978]])
-* ''[[Janine]]'' ([[1984]])
-=== VHS/DVD ===
+The album also featured the singles "[[Modern Love (song)|Modern Love]]" and "[[China Girl]]", the latter causing something of a stir due to its suggestive promotional video. "China Girl" was a remake of a song which Bowie co-wrote several years earlier with [[Iggy Pop]], who recorded it for ''The Idiot''. In an interview by [[Kurt Loder]], Bowie revealed that the motivation for recording China Girl was to help out his friend Iggy Pop financially, contributing to Bowie's history of support for musicians he admired. ''Let's Dance'' was also notable as a stepping stone for the career of the late [[Texas|Texan]] guitarist [[Stevie Ray Vaughan]], who played on the album and was to have supported Bowie on the consequent ''Serious Moonlight Tour''. Vaughan, however, never joined the tour after various disputes with Bowie. Vaughan was replaced by the Bowie tour veteran [[Earl Slick]]. Frank and George Simms from [[The Simms Brothers Band]] appeared as backing vocalists for the tour. The Serious Moonlight Tour was a huge success, and a single performance at the US Festival actually scored Bowie a million dollars on its own.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
-* ''[[Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (film)|Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture]]'' (1983, VHS, DVD en 2003)
+Bowie's next album was originally planned to be a live album recorded on the Serious Moonlight Tour, but EMI demanded another studio album instead. The resulting album, 1984's ''[[Tonight (album)|Tonight]]'', was also dance-oriented, featuring collaborations with [[Tina Turner]] (and Iggy Pop), as well as various covers, including one of [[The Beach Boys]]' "[[God Only Knows]]". Critics labeled it a lazy effort, dashed off by Bowie simply to recapture ''Let's Dance'''s chart success, partially due to the fact most of the tracks were either covers or rerecordings of earlier material. Yet the album bore the transatlantic Top Ten hit "[[Blue Jean (song)|Blue Jean]]" whose complete video, a 22-minute short film directed by [[Julien Temple]], reflected Bowie's long-standing interest in combining music with [[drama]]. This video would win Bowie his only [[Grammy]] to date, for Best Short-Form Music Video. It also featured "[[Loving the Alien]]", a remix of which was a minor hit in 1985. The album also has a pair of dance rewrites of "[[Neighborhood Threat]]" and "[[Tonight (song)|Tonight]]", old songs Bowie wrote with Iggy Pop which had originally appeared on ''[[Lust for Life (album)|Lust for Life]]''.
-* ''Love You Till Tuesday'' (1984, VHS, DVD en 2005)
-* ''Serious Moonlight'' (1984, VHS, DVD en 2006)
-* ''Glass Spider'' (1988, VHS, DVD en 2007)
-* ''Bowie – The Video Collection'' (1993, VHS)
-* ''Black Tie White Noise'' (1993, VHS, DVD en 2005)
-* ''Best of Bowie'' (2002, DVD)
-* ''A Reality Tour'' (2004, DVD)
-== Filmographie en tant qu'acteur ==
+In 1985, Bowie performed several of his greatest hits at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley]] for [[Live Aid]]. At the end of his set, which comprised "Rebel Rebel", "TVC 15", "Modern Love" and "'Heroes'", he introduced a film of the [[Ethiopia]]n [[famine]], for which the event was raising funds, which was set to the song "Drive" by the [[the Cars|Cars]]. At the event, the video to a [[fundraising]] single was premièred – Bowie performing a duet with [[Mick Jagger]] on a version of "[[Dancing in the Street (cover)|Dancing in the Street]]", which quickly went to #1 on release. In the same year Bowie worked with the [[Pat Metheny Group]] on the song "[[This Is Not America]]", which was featured in the film ''[[The Falcon and the Snowman]]''. This song was the centrepiece of the album, a collaboration intended to underline the espionage thriller's central themes of alienation and disaffection.
+[[Image:BowieRaR87.jpg|thumb|right|Bowie performing in 1987]]
+In 1986, Bowie contributed several songs to as well as acted in the film ''[[Absolute Beginners (movie)|Absolute Beginners]]''. The movie was not well reviewed but Bowie's theme song rose to #2 in the UK charts. He also took a role in the 1986 [[Jim Henson]] [[film]] ''[[Labyrinth (film)|Labyrinth]]'', as Jareth, the Goblin King who steals the baby brother of a girl named Sarah (played by [[Jennifer Connelly]]), in order to turn him into a goblin. Bowie wrote five songs for the film, the script of which which was partially written by [[Monty Python]]'s [[Terry Jones]].
-*''[[The Image]]'' ([[1967]])
+Bowie's final solo album of the 80s was [[1987 in music|1987's]] ''[[Never Let Me Down]]'', where he ditched the light sound of his two earlier albums, instead offering harder rock with an [[Industrial music|industrial]]/[[techno]] dance edge. The album, which peaked at #6 in the UK, contained hit singles "Day In, Day Out", "Time Will Crawl", and "Never Let Me Down". Although a commercial success, it drew some of the harshest criticism of Bowie's career, condemned by some critics as a "faceless" piece of product.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Bowie himself later described it as "my [[nadir]]" and "an awful album".<ref>James McNair (2007). "Tumble & Twirl", ''[[Mojo (magazine)|MOJO]] 60 Years of Bowie'': p.101</ref>
-*''[[les Soldats vierges]]'' (''The Virgin Soldiers'', [[1969]]) ''un soldat''
-*''[[Love You Till Tuesday]]'' ([[1969]])
-*''[[L'Homme qui venait d'ailleurs]]'' (''The man who fell to earth'', [[1976]]) ''Thomas Jerome Newton''
-*''[[Just a Gigolo]]'' ([[1979]])  ''Paul''
-*''[[The Snowman]]'' ([[1982]]) ''le narrateur''
-*''[[Les Prédateurs]]'' (''The Hunger'', [[1983]]) ''John''
-*''[[Furyo]]'' (''Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence'', [[1983]]) ''Jack « Strafer » Celliers''
-*''[[Yellowbeard]]'' ([[1983]])
-*''[[Jazzin' for Blue Jean]]'' ([[1984]])
-*''[[Série noire pour une nuit blanche]]'' (''Into the Night'', [[1985]]) ''Colin Morris''
-*''[[Absolute Beginners]]'' ([[1986]]) ''Vendice Partners''
-*''[[Labyrinthe (film)|Labyrinthe]]'' (''Labyrinth'', [[1986]]) ''Jareth''
-*''[[La Dernière Tentation du Christ]]'' (''The Last Temptation of Christ'', [[1988]]) ''[[Ponce Pilate]]''
-*''[[The Linguini Incident]]'' ([[1991]]) ''Monte''
-*''[[Twin Peaks (film, 1992)|Twin Peaks]]'' (''Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me'', [[1992]]) ''Phillip Jeffries''
-*''[[Basquiat]]'' ([[1996]]) ''[[Andy Warhol]]''
-*''[[Il Mio West]]'' ([[1998]]) ''Jack Sikora''
-*''[[Everybody Loves Sunshine]]'' ([[1999]]) ''Bernie''
-*''[[Mr. Rice's Secret]]'' ([[2000]]) ''monsieur Rice''
-*''[[Zoolander]]'' ([[2001]]) David Bowie
-*''[[Mayor of Sunset Strip]]'' ([[2001]])
-*''[[Arthur et les Minimoys (film)|Arthur et les Minimoys]]'' ([[2006]]), de ''[[Luc Besson]]'', la voix de Maltazard (en VO)
-*''[[Le Prestige (film)|Le Prestige]]'' (''The Prestige'', [[2006]]) '' Nikola Tesla ''
-==Anecdotes==
+Bowie decided to tour again in 1987, supporting the ''Never Let Me Down'' album. The ''Glass Spider Tour'' was preceded by nine promotional press shows before the 86-concert tour actually started on [[30 May]] [[1987]]. In addition to the actual band, that included [[Peter Frampton]] on lead guitar, five dancers appeared on stage for almost the entire duration of each concert. Taped pieces of dialogue were also performed by Bowie and the dancers in the middle of songs, creating an overtly theatrical effect. Several visual gimmicks were also recreated from Bowie's earlier tours. Critics of the tour described it as overproduced and claimed it pandered to then-current [[stadium rock]] trends in its special effects and dancing.<ref>Andy Fyfe (2007). "Too Dizzy", ''MOJO 60 Years of Bowie'': pp.88-91</ref> However, fans that saw the shows from the ''Glass Spider Tour'' were treated to many of Bowie's classics and rarities, in addition to the newer material.
-* En fait, David Bowie n'a pas les yeux [[Hétérochromie|vairons]] (un œil bleu et l'autre vert), contrairement à la légende, mais une de ses pupilles est restée dilatée suite à une bagarre survenue dans sa prime jeunesse, qui lui a laissé cette séquelle. Fait surprenant, son camarade George Underwood avec qui il s'était battu, a travaillé sur ses premières pochettes de disques (notamment, l'arrière de la pochette du vinyle de [[Space Oddity]] et la pochette américaine de [[The Man Who Sold the World]]).
-* David a choisi son pseudonyme, ''Bowie'', du nom du héros américain Jim Bowie, célèbre pour la bataille de l'Alamo et pour son couteau, le "Bowie knife".
-* En 1964, David Bowie apparaît dans l'émission ''Tonight'' sur la [[BBC]], en tant que président de la Société pour la prévention de la cruauté envers les hommes aux cheveux longs.
-* En 1978, David Bowie participe à l'entreprise de restauration du [[Hollywood Sign]] en payant pour la lettre H.
-* En fait de "trilogie berlinoise", seul [[Heroes]] a été produit à Berlin. [[Low]] a été enregistré en France, au Château d'Hérouville, [[Lodger]] en Suisse au Mountain Studios.
-* De 1980 à 1981, David Bowie incarne [[John Merrick]] dans la pièce ''The Elephant Man'' de [[Bernard Pomerance]], mise en scène par [[Jack Hofsiss]].
-* [[Mark Chapman]] l'assassin de [[John Lennon]] assista peu de temps avant de commettre son crime à une représentation de [[The Elephant Man]]. Il fut retrouvé dans une de ses poches aprés l'assassinat une liste de noms de personnalités comportant le nom de David Bowie.
-* David Bowie a au moins inspiré en partie deux albums concepts des années 70, Nadir's Big Chance de [[Peter Hammill]], qui raconte l'histoire d'un jeune chanteur prêt à tout pour sortir de sa condition, et [[The Wall]] de [[Pink Floyd]], où la dérive fachiste et autistique de Pink rappelle fortement celle du David Bowie de 1976 qui pour le coup s'était lui aussi rasé les sourcils.
-* David Bowie serait à l'origine de la réputation de [[transsexuelle]] d'[[Amanda Lear]] pour la promotion de son 1{{e}} album, selon les dires de la dame.{{référence nécessaire}},
-* Tout au long de sa carrière, le créateur de Ziggy n'a eu de cesse de piller son propre travail. Un exemple ? La ligne de basse de l'introduction de "Strangers When We Meet", sur l'album Outside, est la réplique exacte de celle d'une de ses premières chansons, "Join the gang".
-* David Bowie est le premier artiste à avoir coté ses plus célèbres chansons en bourse.
-* David Bowie a appelé son premier fils Zowie Bowie. Ce dernier a été autorisé à changer de prénom.
-== Citations ==
+In August of 1988, Bowie portrayed [[Pontius Pilate]] in the [[Martin Scorsese]] film ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ (film)|The Last Temptation of Christ]]''.<ref name=Rees1991/>
-* « Ce n'est pas du rock'n'roll, c'est un génocide. » (''Diamond Dogs'', 1974)
-* « La pire plaisanterie que Dieu puisse faire, c'est de faire de vous un artiste, mais un artiste médiocre. » (1980)
-* « Les grands artistes sont ceux qui ont toujours su s'arrêter à temps. Parfois je suis allé un peu trop loin, pas beaucoup, mais juste assez pour tout gâcher. » (1995)
-* « Je ne sais pas comment écrire une chanson. Je me suis forcé à être un bon écrivain. » (2002)
-== Liens externes ==
+===1989 to 1991: Tin Machine===
+In 1989, for the first time since the early 1970s, Bowie formed a regular band, [[Tin Machine]], a hard-rocking quartet, along with [[Reeves Gabrels]], [[Tony Sales]], and [[Hunt Sales]]. Tin Machine released two studio albums and a live record. The band received mixed reviews and a somewhat lukewarm reception from the public, but Tin Machine heralded the beginning of a long-lasting collaboration between Bowie and Gabrels.
-*[http://www.davidbowie.com/ Le site officiel de David Bowie]
+The original album, ''[[Tin Machine (album)|Tin Machine]]'' (1989), was a success, holding the number three spot on the charts of the UK. Tin Machine launched its first world tour, featuring a now unshaven David Bowie and additional guitarist Eric Schermerhorn, that year. Despite the success of the Tin Machine venture, Bowie was mildly frustrated that many of his ideas were either rejected or changed by the band.
-*[http://www.bowieart.com/ Le site officiel de David Bowie, peintre]
+[[Image:David Bowie Chile.jpg|thumb|left|David Bowie performing at Rock In Chile Festival, [[September 27]] [[1990]]]]
-*[http://www.bewlay-brothers.com/ bewlay-brothers.com : Le site du fan club français dédié à David Bowie]
+Bowie began the 1990s with a stadium tour, in which he played mostly his biggest hits. ''The Sound + Vision Tour'' (named after the ''Low'' single) was conceived and directed by choreographer [[Edouard Lock]] of the [[Québécois]] [[contemporary dance]] troupe [[La La La Human Steps]], who Bowie collaborated and performed with on stage and in his videos. The tour drew large crowds, perhaps in part because he had declared that this would be the last time he would play the hits.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
-*[http://www.manofmusic.com/ Manofmusic : site français dédié à David Bowie]
-*[http://jilstardust.free.fr/ JilStardust World : Site consacré à la discographie de David Bowie]
-*[http://www.teenagewildlife.com/ Le plus important site de fans de David Bowie (en anglais)]
-*[http://www.bowiewonderworld.com/ BowieWonderworld: En anglais mais excellent pour les nouvelles et l'actualité du chanteur]
-*[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp08176&rNo=0&role=art  Le portrait de David Bowie par [[Stephen Finer]], [[National Portrait Gallery (Royaume-Uni)]]]
-*[http://www.para-doxa.fr/ David Bowie par Dave-Jay]
-==Bibliographie==
+Though he surprised no one when he later reneged on that promise and also on the promise that his set in each country would be focused on the favourite hits voted by phone poll in that country - an idea quickly jettisoned when a campaign by the British magazine ''[[NME]]'' resulted in a landslide in favour of ''[[The Laughing Gnome]]'', it is true that his later tours generally featured few of those hits, and when they appeared, they were often radically reworked in their arrangement and delivery.
-*Le Rock Dandy, [[David Bowie]]
-*Nicolas Ungemuth, ''David Bowie''.
-*Jérôme Soligny, ''David Bowie''.
-*David Buckey, ''David Bowie : Une étrange fascination''.
-*Pierre Robin, ''David Bowie : Du provocateur au séducteur ultramoderne''. – [[Paris]] : B. Giovanangeli, [[2005]]. – 252 p., 23 cm. – ISBN 2-909034-76-3.
-* 2002 : ''Moonage Daydream : the life and times of [[Ziggy Stardust]]''  photos [[Mick Rock]] - textes David Bowie  ([[Genesis Publications]])
-{{David Bowie}}
+Bowie's negative press-image continued when the cover of Tin Machine's second album became unusually controversial, due to the presence of naked statues as its cover art. The coverage only seemed to invite unrelated negative commentary about Bowie to further permeate the public discourse.
-{{Multi bandeau|portail musique|portail rock}}
+After the less successful second album ''[[Tin Machine II]]'' and the complete failure of live album ''[[Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby]]'', Bowie tired of having to work in a group setting where his creativity was limited, and finally disbanded Tin Machine to work on his own. But the Tin Machine venture did show that Bowie had learned some harsh lessons from the previous decade, and was determined to get serious about concentrating on music more than commercial success.
+===1992 to 1999: Electronica===
+In 1992 he performed his hit "Heroes" and "Under Pressure" (with [[Annie Lennox]]) at the [[Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert]]. 1993 saw the release of the soul, [[jazz]] and [[hip hop music|hip-hop]] influenced ''[[Black Tie White Noise]]'', which reunited Bowie with ''Let's Dance'' producer [[Nile Rodgers]]. Though considered by some critics to be musically far superior to ''Let's Dance'', the public was still unsure whether or not it was ready to be receptive of Bowie again. The album, however, met the number one spot on the UK charts with singles such as "Jump They Say" (a top 10 hit), and "Miracle Goodnight".
+Undaunted, Bowie explored new directions on albums such as ''[[The Buddha of Suburbia (soundtrack)|The Buddha of Suburbia]]'' (1993), based on incidental music composed for a TV series. The album still contained some of the new elements introduced in ''Black Tie White Noise'', except with more of a twist in the direction of [[alternative rock]]. The album's odd success later led to a 1994 re-release in the United States, and Bowie hails it as being an album of entirely his own, original, and newly created work. The album was further re-released in the UK in 2007, after being unavailable for many years, and with fans paying very high prices on [[eBay]] for copies.
+The ambitious, quasi-[[industrial music|industrial]] release ''[[Outside (album)|Outside]]'' (1995), supposed to be the first volume in a subsequently abandoned non-linear narrative of art and murder, reunited him with [[Brian Eno]]. The album introduced the characters of one of Bowie's short stories, and was quite an interesting success. The album put Bowie back into the mainstream scene of rock music with its singles such as "[[The Hearts Filthy Lesson]]", "[[Strangers When We Meet (David Bowie song)|Strangers When We Meet]]"/"[[The Man Who Sold The World]]" and "[[Hallo Spaceboy]]". "The Hearts Filthy Lesson" featured in the closing credits of the movie ''[[Se7en]]'', while "I'm Deranged" featured on the soundtrack of [[David Lynch]]'s ''[[Lost Highway]]''.
+In September 1995, Bowie began the ''Outside Tour'' with Gabrels again joining Bowie as his live band's guitarist. In a move that was equally lauded and ridiculed by Bowie fans and critics, Bowie chose [[Nine Inch Nails]] as the tour partner ([[Trent Reznor]] also contributed a [[remix]] of "The Hearts Filthy Lesson" for the single release of the track). NIN and Bowie toured as a co-headlining act. Although initially successful, the tour was cancelled early due to poor sales.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} However, Reznor has gone on record numerous times as being heavily influenced by Bowie. The ''Outside Tour'' continued without NIN into Europe until 20 February 1996, with a further European/Japanese festival tour in summer 1996.
+On [[January 17]], [[1996]], David Bowie was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] at the eleventh annual induction ceremony.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction| work=rockhall.com | url=http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=70 Rock and Role Hall of Fame Induction}}</ref>
+Receiving some of the strongest critical response since ''Let's Dance'', was ''[[Earthling (album)|Earthling]]'' (1997), which incorporated experiments in British jungle and drum and bass and included a single released over the [[Internet]], called "Telling Lies". There was ultra-sustained energy in this album, along with lesser experiments in techno drum rhythms, while still holding to Bowie's own musical concepts.
+Singles such as "Little Wonder" were the forefront of the album. There was a corresponding world tour, which was fairly successful. Bowie's track in the Paul Verhoeven film [[Showgirls]], "[[I'm Afraid of Americans]]" was remixed by Trent Reznor for a single release. The video's heavy rotation (also featuring Reznor) contributed to Bowie's newfound relevancy in the late 1990s and his overall image restoration.
+On [[January 9]], [[1997]], Bowie played a concert at [[Madison Square Garden]] to celebrate his 50th birthday (although his birthday was the previous day). Guest performers included [[Billy Corgan]], [[Frank Black]], [[Sonic Youth]], [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] of [[The Cure]], [[Placebo]] and [[Lou Reed]] whose 1972 album ''[[Transformer (album)|Transformer]]'' Bowie co-produced with Mick Ronson.
+===1999 to present: Neoclassicist Bowie===
+In 1998, David Bowie had reunited with [[Tony Visconti]] to record a song for ''The [[Rugrats]] Movie'' called "(Safe in This) Sky Life". Although the track was edited out of the final cut, and did not feature on the film's [[soundtrack]] album, the reunion led to the pair pursuing a new collaborative effort. "(Safe In This) Sky Life" was later re-recorded and released as a single b-side in 2002 where it was retitled "Safe".<ref>''The Complete David Bowie'', Nicholas Pegg, 2006 Reynolds & Hearn Ltd</ref>
+Amongst their earliest work together in this period, was a reworking of [[Placebo (band)| Placebo's]] track "[[Without You I'm Nothing (Placebo song)| Without You I'm Nothing]]", from the album of the same name - Visconti overseeing the additional production required when Bowie's harmonised vocal was added to the original version for a strictly limited edition single release.
+found Bowie composing the soundtrack for a computer game called "[[Omikron: The Nomad Soul]]". David Bowie and his wife, [[Iman (model)|Iman]], made appearances as characters in the game. That same year, re-recorded tracks from the game and new music was released in the album ''[['hours...' (album)|'hours...']]'' featured "What's Really Happening", the [[lyrics]] for which were written by Alex Grant, the winner of Bowie's "Cyber Song Contest" Internet competition. This album presented Bowie's exit from heavy electronica, with an emphasis on more live instruments, and, through songs like "[[Thursday's Child]]" and "[[Survive (David Bowie song)|Survive]]", a thematic move into Bowie's sense of his own aging and sentimentality. After this album, Bowie's guitarist, Reeves Gabrels, quit working with Bowie, feeling that the music was becoming "too soft".
+Plans surfaced after the release of '' 'hours...' '' for an album titled ''[[Toy (David Bowie album)|Toy]]'', which would feature new versions of some of Bowie's earliest pieces as well as three new songs. Sessions for the album commenced in 2000, but the album was never released, leaving a number of tracks, some as yet unheard, on the editing floor.<ref>[http://www.illustrated-db-discography.nl/Toy.htm Illustrated db Discography]</ref>
+In October 2001, Bowie opened [[The Concert for New York City]] with a cover of [[Paul Simon]]'s "[[America (Paul Simon song)|America]]" performed on [[omnichord]] and then launched into a rocking version of "[[Heroes (David Bowie song)|Heroes]]" dedicated to his local ladder. Also in 2001 he made two guest appearances on the [[Rustic Overtones]] album ''[[Viva Nueva!]]''.
+Bowie and Visconti continued collaboration with the production of a new album of completely original songs instead.The result of the sessions was the 2002 album ''[[Heathen (album)|Heathen]]'', notable for its dark and atmospheric sound and Bowie's largest chart success in recent years. ''Heathen'' was nominated for the 2002 [[Mercury Prize]] and included a cover of the [[Pixies]] song "[[Cactus (song)|Cactus]]", which was another offshoot of Bowie's consistent interest in the band. Singles for "[[Slow Burn (song)|Slow Burn]]" (which featured guitar by Bowie's old friend, [[Pete Townshend]]), "[[I've Been Waiting for You (Bowie single)|I've Been Waiting for You]]", and "[[Everyone Says 'Hi']]" were released along with numerous B-sides featuring pieces from the ''Toy'' sessions and "Safe", a reworking of "Sky Life". The songs "[[Afraid (David Bowie song)|Afraid]]" and "Uncle Floyd" (retitled "[[Slip Away]]") from ''Toy'' were also released as album tracks as songs reminiscent of an earlier style.
+In 2003, a report in the ''[[Express (newspaper)|Sunday Express]]'' named Bowie as the second-richest entertainer in the UK (behind Sir [[Paul McCartney]]), with an estimated fortune of £510 million. However, the 2005 ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' credited him with a little over £100 million.
+In September 2003, Bowie released a new album, ''[[Reality (album)|Reality]]'', and announced a world tour. '[[A Reality Tour]]' was the best-selling tour of the following year. However, it was cut short after Bowie suffered chest pain while performing on stage in the northwestern German town of [[Scheeßel]] on [[June 25]] [[2004]]. Originally thought to be a pinched nerve in his shoulder, the pain was later diagnosed as an acutely blocked [[artery]]; an emergency [[angioplasty]] was performed at St. Georg Hospital in Hamburg by Dr Karl Heinz Kuck.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3878889.stm BBC News]</ref>
+He was discharged in early July 2004 and continued to spend time recovering. Bowie later admitted he had suffered a minor [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], resulting from years of heavy smoking and touring. The tour was cancelled for the time being, with hopes that he would go back on tour by August, though this did not materialise. He recuperated back in New York City.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3878889.stm BBC News]</ref>
+In October 2004, Bowie released a live DVD of the tour, entitled ''[[A Reality Tour (film)|A Reality Tour]]'' of his performances in Dublin, Ireland on [[22 November]] and [[23 November]] [[2003]], which included songs spanning the full length of Bowie's career, although mostly focusing on his more recent albums.
+During the tour, Bowie was hit in his damaged left eye with a lollipop stick while performing in Oslo, Norway. Bowie was reported to have stopped the concert and to have yelled "You fucking wanker! You little fucker!" at the lollipop thrower. He later resumed the concert and apologised to the crowd for his response.<ref>[http://www.cmt.com/artists/news/1488580/06222004/bowie_david.jhtml CMT]</ref>
+Still recuperating from his operation, Bowie worked off-stage and relaxed from studio work for the first time in several years. In 2004, a duet of his classic song "[[Changes (David Bowie song)|Changes]]" with [[Butterfly Boucher]] appeared in ''[[Shrek 2]]''. The soundtrack for the film ''[[The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou]]'' featured David Bowie songs performed in Portuguese by cast member [[Seu Jorge]] (who adapted the lyrics to make them relevant to the film's story). Most of the David Bowie songs featured in the film were originally from ''David Bowie'' (debut album), ''Space Oddity'', ''Hunky Dory'', ''The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars'' and ''Diamond Dogs''. Bowie commented, "Had Seu Jorge not recorded my songs acoustically in Portuguese I would never have heard this new level of beauty which he has imbued them with".<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/feeds/prnewswire/2005/11/14/prnewswire200511141546PR_NEWS_B_WES_LA_LAM135.html Forbes]</ref>
+Despite hopes for a comeback, in 2005, Bowie announced that he had made no plans for any performances during the year. After a relatively quiet year, Bowie recorded the vocals for the song "(She Can) Do That", co-written by Brian Transeau, for the movie ''[[Stealth (movie)|Stealth]]''. Rumours flew about the possibility of a new album, but no announcements were made. In April 2005, film writer and director [[Darren Aronofsky]] revealed Bowie was working on a rock opera adaptation of the comic book ''[[Watchmen]]''.<ref name="Suicide Girls interview">{{cite news | url=http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Darren+Aronofsky+-+The+Fountain/  | title=Darren Aronofsky - The Fountain | publisher=Suicide Girls | author=Daniel Robert Epstein | work=Suicide Girls | date=[[1 April]] [[2005]]}}</ref>
+David Bowie finally returned to the stage on [[September 8]] [[2005]], alongside [[Arcade Fire]], for the nationally televised event Fashion Rocks, his first gig since the heart attack. Bowie has shown interest in the [[Montreal]] band since he was seen at one of their shows in [[New York City]] nearly a year earlier. Bowie had requested the band to perform at the show, and together they performed the Arcade Fire's song "Wake Up" from their album ''[[Funeral (album)|Funeral]]'', as well as Bowie's own "[[Five Years]]". He joined them again on [[September 15]] [[2005]], singing "[[Queen Bitch]]" and "Wake Up" from Central Park's Summerstage as part of the CMJ Music Marathon.
+Bowie contributed back-up vocals for [[TV on the Radio]]'s song "Province" from their album ''Return to Cookie Mountain''.<ref>[http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/37017/TV_on_the_Radio_New_Album_Details_Revealed Pitchfork Media]</ref> He made other occasional appearances, as in his commercial with [[Snoop Dogg]] for [[XM Satellite Radio]]. He appeared on Danish alt-rockers [[Kashmir (band)|Kashmir's]] 2005 release, ''[[No Balance Palace]]'', which was produced by Tony Visconti. The album also featured a spoken word performance by Lou Reed, making it the second project involving both Bowie and Reed in two years, since Reed's 2003 ''[[The Raven (Lou Reed album)|The Raven]]''.
+On [[February 8]], [[2006]], David Bowie was awarded the [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]]. In November, Bowie performed at the Black Ball in New York for the Keep a Child Alive Foundation alongside his wife, Iman, and [[Alicia Keys]]. He duetted with Keys on "Changes", and also performed "Wild is the Wind" and "Fantastic Voyage".
+For 2006, Bowie once again announced a break from performance, but he made a surprise guest appearance at [[David Gilmour]]'s [[May 29]] [[2006]] concert at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[London]]. He sang "[[Arnold Layne]]" and "[[Comfortably Numb]]", closing the concert. The former performance was released, on [[December 26]] [[2006]], as a single.
+In May 2007, it was announced that Bowie would curate the High Line Festival in the abandoned railway park in New York called the [[High Line (New York City)|High Line]] where he would select various musicians and artists to perform.<ref>[http://www.davidbowie.com/news/newsContent.php?currentSection=NEWS&currentSubSection=Bowie%20News&id=20060508 2007 NYC Show As Bowie Curates first High Line Festival]</ref>
+==Discography==
+This is a discography of David Bowie's studio albums. See [[David Bowie discography]] for details about singles and other albums.
+<!-- Please do not list unconfirmed albums (2. Contamination; Me, Myself and I) or any non-studio album (David Live, Stage, etc.) For a discussion on the inclusion of such albums, see the "Toy" discussion on the talk page.-->
+# ''[[David Bowie (album)|David Bowie]]'' (1967, ''Did Not Chart'')
+# ''[[Space Oddity (album)|David Bowie]]'' (1969, rereleased in 1972 as ''Space Oddity'', when it reached UK #17, US #16)
+# ''[[The Man Who Sold the World]]'' (1970, UK #26, US #105)
+# ''[[Hunky Dory]]'' (1971, UK #3, US #93)
+# ''[[The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars]]'' (1972, UK #5, US #75)
+# ''[[Aladdin Sane]]'' (1973, UK #1, US #17)
+# ''[[Pin Ups]]'' (1973, UK #1, US #23)
+# ''[[Diamond Dogs]]'' (1974, UK #1, US #5)
+# ''[[Young Americans (album)|Young Americans]]'' (1975, UK #2, US #9)
+# ''[[Station to Station]]'' (1976, UK #5, US #3)
+# ''[[Low (album)|Low]]'' (1977, UK #2, US #11)
+# ''[["Heroes"]]'' (1977, UK #3, US #35)
+# ''[[Lodger (album)|Lodger]]'' (1979, UK #4, US #20)
+# ''[[Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)]]'' (1980, UK #1, US #12)
+# ''[[Christiane F. (album)|Christiane F.(film soundtrack)]]'' (1981, US #135)
+# ''[[Let's Dance (David Bowie album)|Let's Dance]]'' (1983, UK #1, US #4)
+# ''[[Tonight (album)|Tonight]]'' (1984, UK #1, US #11)
+# ''[[Labyrinth (album)|Labyrinth (film soundtrack)]]'' (1986, ''Did Not Chart'')
+# ''[[Never Let Me Down]]'' (1987, UK #6, US #34)
+# ''[[Tin Machine (album)|Tin Machine]]'' (with [[Tin Machine]]) (1989, UK #3, US #28)
+# ''[[Tin Machine II]]'' (with Tin Machine) (1991, UK #23, US #126)
+# ''[[Black Tie White Noise]]'' (1993, UK #1, US #39)
+# ''[[The Buddha of Suburbia (album)|The Buddha of Suburbia]]'' (1993, UK #87)
+# ''[[Outside (album)|Outside]]'' (1995, UK #8, US #21)
+# ''[[Earthling (album)|Earthling]]'' (1997, UK #6, US #39)
+# ''[['hours...']]'' (1999, UK #5, US #47)
+# ''[[Toy (album)|Toy]]'' (2001, Unreleased)
+# ''[[Heathen (album)|Heathen]]'' (2002, UK #5, US #14)
+# ''[[Reality (album)|Reality]]'' (2003, UK #3, US #29)
+<!-- Please do not list unconfirmed albums (2. Contamination; Me, Myself and I) or any non-studio album (David Live, Stage, etc.) For a discussion on the inclusion of such albums, see the "Toy" discussion on the talk page.-->
+==Awards==
+[[The Saturn Awards]]<br>
+*Best Actor, ''[[The Man Who Fell to Earth]]'' (1977)
+[[Daytime Emmy Award]]<br>
+*Outstanding Special Class Special, ''Hollywood Rocks the Movies: The 1970s'' (2003, Shared with [[Kevin Burns]], David Sehring, and Patty Ivins Specht)
+[[Grammy Awards]]<br>
+*Best Video, Short Form (1984)
+[[BRIT Awards]]<br>
+*Best British Male Solo Artist (1984)
+*Outstanding Contribution To Music (1996)
+[[Webby Awards]]<br>
+*Outstanding Contribution To Music (2007)
+He has also previously declined the British honour [[Order of the British Empire|Commander of the British Empire]] in 2000, and [[knight]]hood in 2003.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
+==Acting career==
+[[Image:David Bowie as Nikola Tesla.jpg|thumb|right|Bowie as [[Nikola Tesla]] in the movie ''[[The Prestige (film)|The Prestige]]'']]
+Bowie's first major film role in ''[[The Man Who Fell to Earth (film)|The Man Who Fell to Earth]]'' in 1976, earned acclaim. Bowie's character Thomas Jerome Newton is an alien from a planet that is dying from a lack of water. In [[1979 in film|1979's]] ''[[Schöner Gigolo, armer Gigolo|Just a Gigolo]]'', an Anglo-German co-production directed by [[David Hemmings]], Bowie played the lead role of a Prussian officer Paul von Pryzgodski returning from [[World War I]] who is discovered by a Baroness ([[Marlene Dietrich]]) and put into her Gigolo Stable.
+In the eighties, Bowie continued with film roles and also starred in the Broadway production of ''[[The Elephant Man]]'' (1980-1981). In 1982, he made a cameo appearance as himself in ''[[Christiane F.]]'', focusing on a young girl's drug addiction. Bowie also starred in ''[[The Hunger]]'' (1983), a revisionist [[vampire]] movie with [[Catherine Deneuve]] and [[Susan Sarandon]]. In the film, Bowie and Deneuve are vampire lovers, with her having made him a vampire centuries ago. While she is truly ageless, he discovers to his horror that although immortal, he can still age and rapidly becomes a pathetic, monstrous husk as the film progresses. In [[Nagisa Oshima]]'s film ''[[Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence]]'' (1983), based on [[Laurens van der Post]]'s novel ''The Seed and the Sower'', Bowie played Major Jack Celliers, a prisoner of war in a [[Japan]]ese [[internment camp]]. Another famous musician, [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]], played the camp commandant who begins to be undermined by Celliers' bizarre behavior. Bowie had a cameo as The Shark in ''[[Yellowbeard]]'', a 1983 pirate comedy made by some of the members of [[Monty Python]], and a small part as Colin the [[hit man]] in the 1985 film ''[[Into the Night (film)|Into the Night]]''. During this time Bowie was also asked to play the villain [[Max Zorin]] in the [[James Bond]] film ''[[A View to a Kill]]'' (1985), but turned down the role, stating that "I didn't want to spend five months watching my stunt double fall off mountains."<ref>''The Complete David Bowie'' by Nicholas Pegg (2004, Reynolds & Hearn Ltd) p.561.</ref>
+''Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence'' impressed some critics but his next major film project, the rock musical ''[[Absolute Beginners (film)|Absolute Beginners]]'' (1986), was both a critical and box office disappointment. The same year he appeared in the [[Jim Henson]] cult classic, the dark fantasy ''[[Labyrinth (film)|Labyrinth]]'' (1986), playing Jareth, the king of the [[goblin]]s. Jareth is a powerful, mysterious creature who has an antagonistic yet strangely flirtatious relationship with Sarah ([[Jennifer Connelly]]), the film's teenage heroine. Appearing in heavy make-up and a mane-like wig, Bowie sings a variety of new songs specially composed for the film's soundtrack. Bowie also played a sympathetic [[Pontius Pilate]] in [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[The Last Temptation of Christ (film)|The Last Temptation of Christ]]'' (1988). He was briefly considered for the role of [[Joker (comics)|The Joker]] by [[Tim Burton]] and [[Sam Hamm]] for 1989's ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]''. Hamm recalls "David Bowie would be kind of neat because he's very funny when he does sinister roles". The role ended up going to [[Jack Nicholson]].<ref>[http://www.batmanmovieonline.com/behindthescenes/articles/samhamm.htm Batman Movie Online: Behind the Scenes]</ref>
+Bowie portrayed a disgruntled restaurant employee opposite [[Rosanna Arquette]] in the 1991 film ''[[The Linguini Incident]]'', and played mysterious [[FBI]] agent [[Phillip Jeffries]] in David Lynch's ''[[Fire Walk With Me|Twin Peaks: Fire Walk With Me]]'' (1992). He took the small but pivotal role of [[Andy Warhol]] in ''[[Basquiat]]'', artist/director [[Julian Schnabel]]'s 1996 [[biopic]] of the artist [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]] – Bowie had met Warhol and been a guest at [[The Factory]], though their relationship was a cool one (Warhol did not appreciate Bowie's 1971 composition, ''Andy Warhol'', feeling that it was poking fun at him, though wrote about him in glowing terms in his diaries when they occasionally met in the 1980s).{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
+In 1998 Bowie also co-starred in an [[Italy|Italian]] film called ''Gunslinger's Revenge'' (renamed from the original ''Il Mio West''<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0148508/ Appearance in ''Il Mio West''], Italian film, 1998: [[IMDB]].com website.</ref>). However, it was not released in the [[United States]] until 2005. In it he plays the most feared gunslinger in the region.<ref>[http://www.reelfilm.com/gunsrvng.htm ''Gunslinger's Revenge''], 2005 US release of ''Il Mio West'' : review at the ''Reel Film'' website.</ref>
+Before appearing in ''[[The Hunger (serial)|The Hunger]]'', a TV horror serial based on the 1938 movie, Bowie was invited by musician [[Goldie]] to play the aging gangster Bernie in Andrew Goth's ''[[Brighton Rock (film)|Brighton Rock]]'' inspired movie, ''Everybody Loves Sunshine'' (later re-released as ''B.U.S.T.E.D''), indicating that however some commentators may have felt about Bowie dipping into Jungle music on his album ''Earthling'', one of the most influential figures involved in the form was interested in what Bowie had to do in the genre (also appearing on Goldie's album, ''Saturnz Return'' around the same time). He played the title role in the 2000 film, ''Mr. Rice's Secret'', in which he is the neighbour of a terminally ill twelve year old. Shortly after Mr Rice dies, the boy discovers that Mr. Rice has planned a special treasure hunt which will lead to an important secret.
+In 2001, Bowie appeared as himself in the film ''[[Zoolander]]'', volunteering himself to be a walkoff judge between [[Ben Stiller|Ben Stiller's]] character Zoolander, and [[Owen Wilson|Owen Wilson's]] character, Hansel. Bowie portrayed [[Nikola Tesla]] alongside [[Christian Bale]] and [[Hugh Jackman]] in ''[[The Prestige (film)|The Prestige]]'', directed by [[Christopher Nolan]]. It follows the bitter competition between two magicians around the turn of the century. Bowie has voice-acted in the animated movie ''[[Arthur and the Minimoys]]'' (known as ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' in the U.S.); his role in the film is the villain, Maltazard.
+In 2006, Bowie appeared as himself in an episode of ''[[Extras (TV series)|Extras]]''. Bowie (in the context of the show) improvised and sung a song mocking the main character, played by [[Ricky Gervais]]. He also lent his voice to a character in the ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' episode "Atlantis SquarePantis" as  "[[Royal Highness (SpongeBob SquarePants)|Lord Royal Highness]]" who, like Bowie, has mismatched eyes.
+{{further|[[David Bowie filmography]]}}
+==Personal life==
+Bowie met his first wife [[Angela Bowie|Angela]] in 1969. According to Bowie, they  were "fucking the same bloke" (record executive Calvin Mark Lee).<ref>[http://www.anecdotage.com/index.php?aid=10116 Anecdotage.com]</ref> Angie's sense of fashion and outrage has been credited as a significant influence in Bowie's early career and rise to fame.<ref name="Strange Fascination pp.92-93">Buckley (2000): pp.92-93</ref>  They married on [[19 March]], [[1970]] at Bromley Register Office in Beckenham Lane, [[Kent]], [[England]] where she permanently took his adopted last name. Their son was born on [[30 May]], [[1971]] and named [[Duncan Jones|Zowie]] (Zowie later preferred to be known as Joe/Joey, although now he has reverted to his legal birth name - "Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones").  They separated after eight years of marriage and divorced on [[8 February]], [[1980]], in [[Switzerland]]. The marriage has been cited as one of convenience for both.<ref name="Strange Fascination pp.92-93"/>
+Bowie '[[The closet|outed]]' himself in an interview with ''[[Melody Maker]]'' in January 1972, a move coinciding with the first shots in his campaign for stardom as [[The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars|Ziggy Stardust]].<ref name="Bowie: An Illustrated Record p.7"/> In a 1976 interview with ''[[Playboy]]'', Bowie said: "It's true - I am a [[bisexuality|bisexual]]. But I can't deny that I've used that fact very well. I suppose it's the best thing that ever happened to me."  He distanced himself from that in a 1983 interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', saying his earlier declaration of bisexuality was "the biggest mistake I ever made".<ref>Buckley (2000): p.401</ref>  In 1993, he made the claim that he had always been a "closet heterosexual", and that his interest in homosexual and bisexual culture was more a product of the times and situation than his own feelings. Bowie stated, "It wasn't something I was comfortable with at all."<ref>[http://www.5years.com/shape.htm The Ziggy Stardust Companion]</ref> He expressed a different view in a 2002 interview with ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'': "I had no problem with people knowing I was bisexual. But I had no inclination to hold any banners or be a representative of any group of people.  I knew what I wanted to be, which was a songwriter and a performer, and I felt that bisexuality became my headline over here for so long.  America is a very puritanical place, and I think it stood in the way of so much I wanted to do."<ref>{{cite news |last=Collis| first=Clark| title =
+Dear Superstar: David Bowie | publisher =''Blender'' | date= 2002-08 | url =http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=366}}</ref>
+Bowie married his second wife, the [[Somalia|Somali]]-born [[supermodel]] [[Iman (model)|Iman Abdulmajid]], in 1992. The couple have a daughter, Alexandria Zahra Jones (known as Lexi). He also has a stepdaughter, Zulekha, by Iman's first marriage. The couple make their home in Manhattan and London.
+In September 2007, he made a contribution of U.S.$10,000 to the NAACP<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.naacp.org/news/press/2007-09-18/index.htm | title = Pop music icon makes contribution to Jena defense effort }}</ref> for the [[Jena Six]] Legal Defense Fund to help with legal bills of six black teenagers arrested and charged with crimes related to their  involvement in the assault of a white teenager in [[Jena, Louisiana|Jena]].<ref>[http://people.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1358004.php Donation to the Jena Six]: article at the ''MonstersAndCritics.com'' website. Retrieved on [[December 6]] [[2007]].</ref>
+==In popular culture==
+*The 1998 [[Todd Haynes]] film ''[[Velvet Goldmine]]'' drew its title from a Ziggy-era Bowie song and contained many events paralleling Bowie's life on and off stage; the relationship between the two main characters, Curt Wild (played by [[Ewan McGregor]]) and Brian Slade (played by [[Jonathan Rhys-Meyers]]) was loosely based on that of Iggy Pop and David Bowie during the 1970s. The tagline "The rise of a star ... the fall of a legend" recalls the name "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust", and the film contains numerous references to Bowie's career. In an interview with the band [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]], Bowie noted that he liked the story, but the movie felt more like the early 1980s than the early 1970s. He did not permit his own songs to be used in the film when requested, and he threatened to sue.[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120879/trivia]
+*In the [[Venture Bros]] season 2 finale, [[Showdown at Cremation Creek]] David Bowie is revealed as the sovereign of The Guild of Calamitous Intent.
+==See also==
+*[[Bowie Bonds]]
+*[[Best selling music artists]] - World's top selling music artists chart.
+*[[List of number-one hits (United States)]]
+*[[List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)]]
+*[[List of Number 1 Dance Hits (United States)]]
+*[[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart]]
+*[[List of people who have declined a British honour]]
+*[[100 Greatest Britons]]
+*[[Symphony No. 1 (Glass)|Low Symphony]] and [[Symphony No. 4 (Glass)|Heroes Symphony]]
+==Notes==
+{{Reflist|2}}
+==References==
+*{{cite book|last=Buckley| first=David|year=2000| origyear=1999 |title=Strange Fascination - David Bowie: The Definitive Story |location=London |publisher=Virgin |isbn=075350457X}}
+*{{cite book|last=Carr |first=Roy |authorlink=Roy Carr |coauthors=[[Charles Shaar Murray|Murray, Charles Shaar]] | year=1981| title=Bowie: An Illustrated Record |location=New York| publisher=Avon|isbn=0380779668}}
+*{{cite book|last=Pegg |first=Nicholas |authorlink=Nicholas Pegg |year=2004| origyear=2000 |title=The Complete David Bowie |location=London |publisher= Reynolds & Hearn |isbn=1903111730}}
+==External links==
+*[http://www.davidbowie.com Official David Bowie website]
+*{{MusicBrainz artist|id=5441c29d-3602-4898-b1a1-b77fa23b8e50|name=David Bowie}}
+* {{imdb name|name=David Bowie|id=0000309}}
+* {{allmusic|name=David Bowie|id=11:jq6jtr49kl6x}}
+*[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp08176&rNo=0&role=art David Bowie's portrait by [[Stephen Finer]] in the National Portrait Gallery]
+* [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/davidbowie/biography David Bowie] at Rollingstone
+* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6230201.stm Sixty things about David Bowie] - by [[BBC]] News for Bowie's 60th Birthday
+* [http://www.berklee.edu/commencement/past/default.html David Bowie's 1999 Commencement Address to the [[Berklee College of Music]]]
+*[http://rbmaradio.com/ARCHIVE.153.0.php?extID=0&showID=408 RBMA Radio On Demand - Sound Obsession - Volume 6 - David Bowie Special - Kirk Degiorgio (The Beauty Room, As One)]
+*[http://www.illustrated-db-discography.nl David Bowie Discography] at ''Illustrated-db-Discography.nl''
+{{David bowie}}
+<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
+{{Persondata
+|NAME=Bowie, David
+|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=David Robert Jones, Thin White Duke, Ziggy Stardust
+|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[England|English]] [[singer]], [[songwriter]], [[multi-instrumentalist]], [[Record producer|producer]], [[Arrangement|arranger]] and [[audio engineer]]
+|DATE OF BIRTH={{Birth date and age|1947|1|8|mf=y}}
+|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Brixton]], [[London]]
+|DATE OF DEATH=
+|PLACE OF DEATH=
+}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Bowie, David}}
-[[Catégorie:David Bowie|*]]
+[[Category:David Bowie| ]]
-[[Catégorie:Chanteur britannique]]
+[[Category:English singer-songwriters]]
-[[Catégorie:Chanteur de rock]]
+[[Category:English male singers]]
-[[Catégorie:Acteur anglais]]
+[[Category:English baritones]]
-[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1947]]
+[[Category:English songwriters]]
-[[Catégorie:Nom de scène]]
+[[Category:English multi-instrumentalists]]
+[[Category:Multi-instrumentalists]]
+[[Category:English rock musicians]]
+[[Category:Art rock]]
+[[Category:English record producers]]
+[[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
+[[Category:Ivor Novello Award winners]]
+[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees as a Performer‎]]
+[[Category:English actor-singers]]
+[[Category:English film actors]]
+[[Category:English television actors]]
+[[Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
+[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners]]
+[[Category:Music from London]]
+[[Category:English Buddhists]]
+[[Category:People from Brixton]]
+[[Category:Bisexual musicians]]
+[[Category:1947 births]]
+[[Category:Living people]]
+[[Category:LGBT composers|Bowie, David]]
+[[Category:People of Irish descent in Great Britain]]
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