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Pablo Picasso

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-{{Semi-protection longue}}+{{pp-semi-vandalism|expiry=January 3, 2008|small=yes}}
-{{sources}}+{{redirect|Picasso}}
-{{Infobox Artiste+{{Infobox Artist
-| nom =Pablo Picasso+| name = Pablo Picasso
-| image =Pablo picasso.jpg+| Born = Malaga Spain
-| taille_image =150px+| image = Pablo picasso 1.jpg
-| légende = Pablo Picasso+| imagesize = 230px
-| nom_de_naissance =Pablo Ruiz Picasso+| caption = Picasso (January 1962)
-| date_de_naissance ={{date|25|octobre|1881}}+| birthname = Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruiz y Picasso
-| lieu_de_naissance =[[Málaga]] +| birthdate = {{birth date|1881|10|25|mf=y}}
-| date_de_décès ={{date|8|avril|1973}}+| location = [[Málaga]], [[Spain]]
-| lieu_de_décès =[[Mougins]]+| deathdate = {{death date and age|1973|4|8|1881|10|25|mf=y}}
-| nationalité =[[Espagne|Espagnol]] {{flagicon|Espagne}}+| deathplace = [[Mougins]], [[France]]
-| activités =[[Artiste peintre]], [[sculpteur]]+| nationality = [[Spain|Spanish]]
-| formation =+| field = [[Painting]], [[Drawing]], [[Sculpture]], [[Printmaking]], [[Ceramics (art)|Ceramics]]
-| maître =+| training = Jose Ruíz (father), Academy of Arts, Madrid
-| élèves =+| movement = [[Cubism]]
-| mouvement =[[cubisme]], [[Surréalisme]]+| famous works = ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'' (1907)<br />''[[Guernica (painting)|Guernica]]'' (1937) [[The Weeping Woman]] (1937)<br />
-| œuvres =''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'', ''[[Guernica (Picasso)|Guernica]]''+| patrons =
-| mécènes =+| awards =
-| influencé_par =+
-| influence_de =+
-| récompenses =+
}} }}
-'''Pablo Ruiz Picasso''', né à [[Málaga]] ([[Espagne]]) le {{date|25|octobre|1881}} et mort le {{date|8|avril|1973}} à [[Mougins]] ([[France]]), était un artiste [[Espagne|espagnol]]. Il est principalement connu pour ses peintures, mais fut aussi sculpteur et est l'un des artistes majeurs du {{XXe siècle}}. Il est, avec [[Georges Braque]], le fondateur du mouvement [[cubisme|cubiste]].+'''Pablo Ruiz Picasso''' ([[October 25]], [[1881]] &ndash; [[April 8]], [[1973]]), often referred to simply as '''Picasso''', was a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[painter]] and [[Sculpture|sculptor]]. His full name is '''Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno''' '''María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Clito Ruiz y Picasso'''.<ref>[http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/cubism/Pablo-Picasso.html Biography of Picasso], retrieved on [[May 24]] 2007.</ref> One of the most recognized figures in 20th century [[art]], he is best known as the co-founder, along with [[Georges Braque]], of [[cubism]].
-==Biographie==+==Biography==
-===Enfance===+Pablo Picasso was born in [[Málaga]], [[Spain]], the first child of [[José Ruiz y Blasco]] and María Picasso y López. He was christened with the names Pablo, Diego, José, Francisco de Paula, Juan Nepomuceno, Maria de los Remedios, and Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad.<ref>{{cite book | last = O'Brian | first = Patrick | authorlink = Patrick O'Brian | title = Picasso: A Biography | publisher = W. W. Norton | date = 1994 | location = New York | pages = 14 | id = ISBN 0-393-31107-4}}</ref> Picasso's father was a painter whose specialty was the naturalistic depiction of birds and who for most of his life was also a [[professor]] of art at the School of Crafts and a [[curator]] of a local museum.
-Pablo Picasso était le premier enfant de Don José Ruiz et Maria Picasso Lopez. Son nom complet était ''Pablo Diego Jose Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispin Crispiniano de la Santisima Trinidad Ruiz Blasco Picasso y Lopez''. Il choisit le nom de sa mère, ou l'aurait choisi d'après le peintre génois [[Matteo Picasso]] (1794 Recco- 1879 Gênes) bien qu'il l'ait toujours dénié.+[[Image:Malaga Picasso-Geburtshaus2004.jpg|thumb|The house where Picasso was born, [[Málaga]]]]
 +The young Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age; according to his mother,<ref>{{cite book | last = Gereon Becht-Jördens | first = Peter M. Wehmeier | authorlink = Gereon Becht-Jördens, Peter M. Wehmeier | title = Picasso und die christliche Ikonographie: Mutterbeziehung und künstlerische Position | publisher = Dietrich Reimer Verlag | date = 2003 | location = Berlin | id = ISBN 3-496-01272-2}}</ref> his first word was "piz," a shortening of ''lápiz'', the Spanish word for [[pencil]].<ref>{{cite news | last = Hughes | first = Robert | title = Anatomy of a Minotaur | pages =
 +| publisher = Time Magazine | date = [[1971-11-01]] | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,905485,00.html | accessdate = 2007-08-23}}</ref> It was from his father that Picasso had his first formal academic art training, such as figure drawing and painting in oil. Although Picasso attended art schools throughout his childhood, often those where his father taught, he never finished his college-level course of study at the Academy of Arts (''Academia de San Fernando'') in [[Madrid]], leaving after less than a year.
-Le père de Picasso était peintre et professeur de dessin à l'école de [[Málaga]] appelée « San Telmo ». Pablo avait deux sœurs mais aucun frère.+===Personal life===
 +After studying art in Madrid, he made his first trip to Paris in 1900, the art capital of Europe. In Paris, he lived with [[Max Jacob]] (journalist and poet), who helped him learn French. Max slept at night and Picasso slept during the day as he worked at night. There were times of severe poverty, cold, and desperation. Much of his work had to be burned to keep the small room warm. In 1901, with his friend Soler, he founded the magazine ''Arte Joven'' in Madrid. The first edition was entirely illustrated by him. From that day, he started to simply sign his work ''Picasso'', while before he signed ''Pablo Ruiz y Picasso''.
-En [[1891]], la famille Ruiz-Picasso s'installe à [[La Corogne]]. Don José, le père, est nommé professeur à La Lonja de [[Barcelone]], en [[1895]].+In the early years of the 20th century, Picasso, still a struggling youth, divided his time between [[Barcelona]] and [[Paris]], where in 1904, he began a long-term relationship with [[Fernande Olivier]]. It is she who appears in many of the Rose period paintings. After acquiring fame and some fortune, Picasso left Olivier for Marcelle Humbert, whom Picasso called Eva. Picasso included declarations of his love for Eva in many Cubist works.
-=== Premières peintures ===+In [[Paris]], Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the [[Montmartre]] and [[Montparnasse]] quarters, including [[André Breton]], poet [[Guillaume Apollinaire]], and writer [[Gertrude Stein]]. Apollinaire was arrested on suspicion of [[art theft|stealing]] the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' from the [[Louvre]] in 1911. Apollonaire pointed to his friend Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning, but both were later exonerated.<ref name="monalisa25"> ''Time Magazine'', [http://www.time.com/time/2007/crimes/2.html ''STEALING THE MONA LISA, 1911'']. Consulted on August 15, 2007. </ref>
-Picasso a ainsi commencé la peinture dès son plus jeune âge, et il réalise ses premiers tableaux à huit ans. +
-Pendant l'été 1895, Pablo découvre [[Madrid]] et [[Barcelone]]. Il passe ses vacances à [[Malaga]] et revient par la mer à Barcelone. À cette occasion, il réalise des marines du voyage.+He maintained a number of mistresses in addition to his wife or primary partner. Picasso was married twice and had four children by three women. In the summer of 1918, Picasso married [[Olga Khokhlova]], a ballerina with [[Sergei Diaghilev]]'s troupe, for whom Picasso was designing a ballet, ''Parade'', in Rome; and they spent their honeymoon in the villa near Biarritz of the glamorous Chilean art patron [[Eugenia Errázuriz]]. Khokhlova introduced Picasso to high society, formal dinner parties, and all the social niceties attendant on the life of the rich in 1920s Paris. The two had a son, Paulo, who would grow up to be a dissolute motorcycle racer and chauffeur to his father. Khokhlova's insistence on social propriety clashed with Picasso's [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] tendencies and the two lived in a state of constant conflict. In 1927 Picasso met 17 year old [[Marie-Thérèse Walter]] and began a secret affair with her. Picasso's marriage to Khokhlova soon ended in separation rather than divorce, as French law required an even division of property in the case of divorce, and Picasso did not want Khokhlova to have half his wealth. The two remained legally married until Khokhlova's death in 1955. Picasso carried on a long-standing affair with [[Marie-Thérèse Walter]] and fathered a daughter, Maia, with her. Marie-Thérèse lived in the vain hope that Picasso would one day marry her, and hanged herself four years after Picasso's death.
-C'est dans l'hiver 1895, qu'il réalise sa première grande toile académique : la ''Première Communion'' (Barcelone, Musée Picasso).+
-En 1895, il entre à l'école des Beaux-Arts de Barcelone. Signant d'abord du nom de son père, Ruiz Blasco, il choisit finalement d'utiliser le nom de sa mère, '''Picasso''', à partir de 1901.+
-C'est en 1896, qu'il peint ''Science et Charité'' (Barcelone, Musée Picasso).+
-Durant l'été, il passe, de nouveau, ses vacances à Malaga. Picasso y peint des paysages et des [[corrida]]s. +
- +
-En septembre 1897 il part pour [[Madrid]] et triomphe, en octobre, au concours d'admission de l'[[académie San Fernando]]. +
- +
-Il revient à [[Barcelone]] en juin [[1898]], puis part pour [[Horta (Barcelone)|Horta]], le village de son ami Pallarès, situé au sud de l'[[Ebre]], près de la ville de [[Gandesa]]. +
- +
-Février [[1899]], nouveau retour de Picasso à [[Barcelone]], où il s'intègre au milieu d'« Els Quatre Gats », café phare de la bohème, et fait la connaissance de Jaime Sabartès et de Casagemas.+
- +
-Picasso expose le {{1er février}} [[1900]] à « Els Quatre Gats ».+
-Il part pour [[Paris]] avec Casagemas, en octobre, s'installe dans l'atelier de Nonell à [[Montmartre (Seine)|Montmartre]], rencontre le marchand Pedro Manach et Berthe Weill ; vend quelques [[pastel]]s à des amateurs.+
-Il rentre à [[Barcelone]] le [[20 décembre]], avec Casagemas que Picasso emmène avec lui à [[Malaga]]. +
- +
-À la mi-janvier [[1901]], Picasso part pour [[Madrid]]. Le [[17 février]], Casagemas se suicide à Paris.+
-En avril, retour à [[Barcelone]], en mai, départ pour Paris et s'installe au 130 ter boulevard de Clichy, où Casagemas avait son atelier.+
-=== Période bleue ===+[[Image:Dora Maar Au Chat.jpg|thumb|Pablo Picasso, ''[[Dora Maar au Chat]]'', [[1941]]]]
-La ''période bleue'' correspond aux années [[1901]]-[[1904]]. Son nom vient du fait que le bleu est la teinte dominante de ses tableaux de cette époque, qui a débuté avec le suicide de son ami Carlos Casagemas, ce qui explique qu'elle soit marquée par les thèmes de la mort, de la vieillesse et de la pauvreté, ce qui ne l'empêche pas d'être satirique.Le premier tableau de cette période fut "la mort de casgemas"inspirer de la mort de son amie espagnole. Les pauvres, les mendiants et les aveugles sont largement décrits dans les tableaux de cette époque: ''Dama en Eden Concert'' (1903), ''La Vida'' (1903), ''Las Dos hermanas'' (1904). On peut ajouter que Picasso en peignant ses tableaux exprime la mélancolie. La période rose sera, elle, plus gaie, il utilisera des couleurs telles que le rouge et le rose.+The photographer and painter [[Dora Maar]] was also a constant companion and lover of Picasso. The two were closest in the late 1930s and early 1940s and it was Maar who documented the painting of [[Guernica (painting)|Guernica]].
-Entre le [[25 juin]] et le [[14 juillet]] [[1901]], Picasso et Iturrino font une exposition à la galerie Vollard, à [[Paris]]. Picasso fait la connaissance du poète [[Max Jacob]].+During the Second World War, Picasso remained in Paris while the Germans occupied the city. Picasso's artistic style did not fit the [[Nazi]] views of art, so he was not able to show his works during this time. Retreating to his studio, he continued to paint all the while. Although the Germans outlawed [[bronze]] casting in Paris, Picasso continued regardless, using bronze smuggled to him by the [[French resistance]].
-Pendant l'hiver, il peint ''Autoportrait bleu'' (Paris, Musée Picasso). +
- +
-Fin janvier [[1902]], il va à [[Barcelone]].+
-La galerie Berthe Weill, expose du 1{{er}} au [[15 avril]] des œuvres de Lemaire et de Picasso.+
-Il revient à Paris en octobre avec Sébastien Junyer.+
-Et il montre pour la première fois ses toiles bleues du [[15 novembre]] au [[15 décembre]] dans une exposition de groupe chez Berthe Weill.+
- +
-En janvier [[1903]], Picasso est de nouveau à [[Barcelone]]. Au printemps, il débute la toile ''La vie'' (Cleveland Museum of Fine Arts).+
-=== Période rose ===+After the [[liberation of Paris]] in 1944, Picasso began to keep company with a young art student, [[Françoise Gilot]]. The two eventually became lovers, and had two children together, Claude and [[Paloma Picasso|Paloma]]. Unique among Picasso's women, Gilot left Picasso in 1953, allegedly because of abusive treatment and [[infidelity|infidelities]]. This came as a severe blow to Picasso.
-À partir de [[1905]], il s'installe à [[Paris]], au ''[[Bateau-Lavoir]]'', dans l'atelier laissé par Paco Durrio. Là, il rencontre sa première compagne : [[Fernande Olivier]]. C'est le début de la ''période rose''. Comme précédemment, c'est l'utilisation des teintes « rougées » qui explique cette dénomination. Les thèmes abordés sont la joie et l'inquiétude existentielle. Il reste [[mélancolie|mélancolique]] et dominé par l'amour ; on y trouve aussi de nombreuses références au monde du zoo et du cirque. Il peint des masques, arlequins, dompteurs et clown. Picasso privilégia pendant cette période le travail sur le trait, le dessin, plutôt que sur la couleur... C'est aussi l'époque des maternités roses.+He went through a difficult period after Gilot's departure, coming to terms with his advancing age and his perception that, now in his 70s, he was no longer attractive, but rather grotesque to young women. A number of ink drawings from this period explore this theme of the hideous old dwarf as buffoonish counterpoint to the beautiful young girl, including several from a six-week affair with [[Geneviève Laporte]], who in June 2005 auctioned off the drawings Picasso made of her.
-Picasso fait la connaissance de [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] et d'[[André Salmon]].+Picasso was not long in finding another lover, [[Jacqueline Roque]]. Roque worked at the Madoura Pottery in Vallauris on the French Riviera, where Picasso made and painted ceramics. The two remained together for the rest of Picasso's life, marrying in 1961. Their marriage was also the means of one last act of revenge against Gilot. Gilot had been seeking a legal means to legitimize her children with Picasso, Claude and Paloma. With Picasso's encouragement, she had arranged to divorce her then husband, Luc Simon, and marry Picasso to secure her children's rights. Picasso then secretly married Roque after Gilot had filed for divorce in order to exact his revenge for her leaving him.
- +
-Du 25 février au 6 mars [[1905]], Picasso expose à la galerie Serrurier, ses premières toiles roses.+
-Au printemps, il peint ''[[Les Saltimbanques]]'' (Washington, National Gallery). Pendant l'été, il fait un séjour à [[Schoorl]] en [[Pays-Bas|Hollande]], et y peint ''les Trois Hollandaises'' (Paris, Musée National d'Art Moderne, dépôt au Musée Picasso).+
-En automne, il rencontre [[Gertrude Stein|Gertrude]] et [[Leo Stein]]. On commence à trouver dans ses toiles le thème de la mort d'[[Arlequin]]. [[Gertrude Stein]] le présente à [[Matisse]], pendant l'hiver [[1906]]. Le galeriste [[Ambroise Vollard]] achète la plupart des toiles roses en mars. En mai, il part avec [[Fernande Olivier]] pour [[Barcelone]], puis durant l'été à [[Gósol]], village isolé de haute-[[Catalogne]]. Ce séjour aura un impact majeur dans l'œuvre de Picasso, dont les peintures et les carnets de Gósol marquent les prémices de sa révolution [[cubisme|cubiste]] de l'année suivante. Le thème des deux frères apparaît.+Picasso had constructed a huge [[Gothic architecture|gothic]] structure and could afford large villas in the south of France, at Notre-dame-de-vie on the outskirts of Mougins, in the [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]]. By this time he was a celebrity, and there was often as much interest in his personal life as his art.
-Le portrait de [[Gertrude Stein]] ( New-York, Museum of Modern Art), commencé en hiver, est enfin achevé grâce à une peinture de Cézanne, "Madame Cézanne à l'éventail" que Gertrude Stein avait acquise au salon d'automne en 1904.+In addition to his manifold artistic accomplishments, Picasso had a film career, including a cameo appearance in [[Jean Cocteau]]'s ''Testament of Orpheus''. Picasso always played himself in his film appearances.
 +In 1955 he helped make the film ''Le Mystère Picasso'' ''(The Mystery of Picasso)'' directed by [[Henri-Georges Clouzot]].
-=== Influences africaines ===+Pablo Picasso died on [[April 8]], [[1973]] in [[Mougins]], [[France]], while he and his wife Jacqueline entertained friends for dinner. His [http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Last_words final words] were "Drink to me, drink to my health, you know I can't drink any more."<ref>http://www.digital-karma.org/culture/quotes/famous-peoples-last-words accessed online August 15, 2007</ref> He was interred at Castle Vauvenargues' park, in [[Vauvenargues, Bouches-du-Rhône|Vauvenargues]], [[Bouches-du-Rhône]]. Jacqueline Roque prevented his children Claude and Paloma from attending the funeral.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=DZYAOL8iY54C&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=picasso's+funeral&source=web&ots=6JjFOnxG0e&sig=5-gosrujWtj06JOV_TJzFqzDXJ0#PPP1,Ml],The Rich Die Richer and You Can too by By William D. Zabel, Published 1996 John Wiley and Sons, p.11. ISBN 0471155322 Accessed online August 15, 2007</ref>
-La période de Picasso sous influence africaine (1907-1909) est marquée au début par les deux figures du côté droit des ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon|Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'', qui ont été inspirées par les masques africains que Picasso possédait.+
-=== Cubisme ===+===Politics===
-De [[1907]] à [[1914]], il réalise avec [[Georges Braque]] des peintures qui seront appelées «cubistes». Elles sont caractérisées par une recherche sur la géométrie et les formes représentées : tous les objets se retrouvent divisés et réduits en formes géométriques simples, souvent des carrés. Cela signifie en fait qu'un objet n'est pas représenté tel qu'il apparaît visiblement, mais par des codes correspondant à sa réalité connue.+Picasso remained neutral during [[World War I]], the [[Spanish Civil War]] and [[World War II]], refusing to fight for any side or country. Picasso never commented on this but encouraged the idea that it was because he was a [[pacifism|pacifist]].{{Fact|date=August 2007}} Some of his contemporaries, including Braque, felt that this neutrality had more to do with cowardice than principle.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} As a Spanish citizen living in [[France]], Picasso was under no compulsion to fight against the invading [[Germany|Germans]] in either World War. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of [[Francisco Franco]] and [[Fascism|fascists]] through his art, he did not take up arms against them.
 +He also remained aloof from the [[Catalonia|Catalan]] independence movement during his youth despite expressing general support and being friendly with activists within it.
-Le cubisme consiste aussi à représenter sur une toile en deux dimensions un objet de l'espace. Picasso décompose l'image en multiples facettes (ou cubes, d'où le nom de [[cubisme]]) et détruit les formes du réel pour plonger dans des figures parfois étranges (comme une figure représentée sur une moitié de face, et sur l'autre de côté ).+In 1944 Picasso joined the [[French Communist Party]], attended an international [[peace]] conference in [[Poland]], and in 1950 received the [[Stalin]] Peace Prize from the Soviet government.<ref>''Picasso's Party Line'', ARTnews [http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=809] Retrieved May 31, 2007.</ref> But party criticism of a portrait of [[Stalin]] as insufficiently realistic cooled Picasso's interest in communist politics, though he remained a loyal member of the Communist Party until his death.
-L'œuvre fondatrice du [[cubisme]] est ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]''. Cette peinture fut commencée pendant l'hiver 1906-1907, et achevée début juillet [[1907]].+In a 1945 interview with Jerome Seckler, Picasso declared: "I am a communist and my painting is a communist painting. But if I were a shoemaker, royalist or communist or anything else, I would not necessarily hammer my shoes in any special way to show my politics." {{Fact|date=August 2007}}
-Au début de l'été, [[Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler]] fait une première visite au [[Bateau-Lavoir]]. En octobre, a lieu une rétrospective [[Cézanne]] au [[Salon d'automne]]. Pendant l'hiver 1908, Picasso peint ''L'Amitié'' (Leningrad, Ermitage), ''Nu debout'' (Boston, Fine Arts Museum). Il séjourne à la Rue-des-Bois, village à 60 km au nord de Paris, durant l'été et en octobre, il propose la version définitive des ''Trois femmes'' (Leningrad, Ermitage). +==Work==
- +Picasso's work is often categorized into periods. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are the [[Picasso's Blue Period|Blue Period]] (1901–1904), the [[Picasso's Rose Period|Rose Period]] (1905–1907), the [[Picasso's African Period|African-influenced Period]] (1908–1909), Analytic [[Cubism]] (1909–1912), and Synthetic [[Cubism]] (1912–1919).
-En mai [[1909]], il va à [[Barcelone]], et à Horta de Ebro avec [[Fernande Olivier]]. Là, il peint les ''Paysages'' (New-York, Museum of Modern Art). À Paris, en septembre, il déménage au 11 [[boulevard de Clichy]], et réalise des sculptures : ''Tête de Fernande'' (Paris, Musée Picasso). +
- +
-En [[1910]], il fait les portraits d'[[Ambroise Vollard]] (Moscou, Musée Pouchkine), de [[Uhde]] (St.Louis, Collection Pulitzer) et de [[Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler]] (Chicago, Art Institute). Picasso part pour [[Céret]], village de Catalogne française, en juillet [[1911]]. [[Fernande Olivier]] et [[Braque]] le rejoignent en août. Le 5 septembre, il rentre à Paris. Picasso est absent de la salle cubiste au [[Salon d'automne]] qui commence le 1{{er}} octobre.+
-À l'automne, entre dans sa vie, [[Eva Gouel]], qu'il appelle « Ma jolie » dans ses toiles. +In 1939 - 40 the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in [[New York City]], under its director [[Alfred Barr]], a Picasso enthusiast, held a major and highly successful retrospective of his principal works up until that time. This exhibition lionized the artist, brought into full public view in America the scope of his artistry, and resulted in a reinterpretation of his work by contemporary art historians and scholars.<small><ref>The MoMA retrospective of 1939-40 - see Michael FitzGerald, ''Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995. (pp.243-62)</ref></small>
- +
-Les premiers [[collage]]s et les premiers assemblages sont réalisés pendant l'hiver [[1912]], ''Nature morte à la chaise cannée'' (Paris, Musée Picasso), ''Guitare(s) en carton'' (Paris, Musée Picasso).+
-Le 18 mai, il part de [[Céret]] pour [[Avignon]] et le 25 juin s'installe à [[Sorgues]]. Il déménage 242 [[boulevard Raspail]]. +
-Picasso et [[Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler]] signent le 18 décembre une lettre-contrat. Vers le 10 mars [[1913]], il va avec Eva Gouel, à Céret. Le ''verre d'absinthe'' est peint au printemps [[1914]]. Après le départ pour Avignon, en juin, il fait un retour au portrait, en juillet. Éva meurt le 14 décembre [[1915]].+===Before 1901===
 +Picasso's training under his father began before 1890. His progress can be traced in the collection of early works now held by the [[Museu Picasso]]<!--MUSEU is not a typo--> in [[Barcelona]], which provides one of the most comprehensive records extant of any major artist's beginnings.<ref>Cirlot,1972, p.6</ref> During 1893 the juvenile quality of his earliest work falls away, and by 1894 his career as a painter can be said to have begun.<ref>Cirlot, 1972, p. 14</ref> The academic realism apparent in the works of the mid-1890s is well displayed in ''The First Communion'' (1896), a large composition that depicts his sister, Lola. In the same year, at the age of 14, he painted ''Portrait of Aunt Pepa'', a vigorous and dramatic portrait that Juan-Eduardo Cirlot has called "without a doubt one of the greatest in the whole history of Spanish painting."<ref>Cirlot, 1972, p.37</ref>
-Trois formes de cubisme émergent : le [[précubisme]], ou cubisme cezannien, le [[cubisme analytique]] et le [[cubisme synthétique]].+In 1897 his realism became tinged with [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist]] influence, in a series of landscape paintings rendered in non naturalistic violet and green tones. What some call his Modernist period (1899-1900) followed. His exposure to the work of [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti|Rossetti]], [[Théophile Steinlen|Steinlen]], [[Toulouse-Lautrec]] and [[Edvard Munch]], combined with his admiration for favorite old masters such as [[El Greco]], led Picasso to a personal version of modernism in his works of this period.<ref>Cirlot, 1972, p. 87-108.</ref>
-===Les ballets russes===+===Blue Period===
-Pendant la [[Première Guerre mondiale]], Picasso séjourne à [[Rome]] avec [[Jean Cocteau]], à partir du [[17 février]] [[1916]]. Il s'installe Via Margutta, d'où il voit la [[Villa Médicis]]. Outre de nombreux portraits dessinés, il peint ''L'Italienne'', ''L'Arlequin'' et ''femme au collier''.+[[Image:Femme aux Bras Croisés, Picasso.jpg|thumb|upright|Pablo Picasso, ''Femme aux Bras Croisés,'' 1902]]
-En mai, [[Cocteau]] présente [[Diaghilev]] à Picasso. Il travaille comme décorateur pour le ballet ''[[Parade (ballet)|Parade]]'' de [[Léonide Massine]] et les [[Ballets russes]] de [[Serge de Diaghilev]], sur une musique d’[[Erik Satie]]. Il rencontre [[Stravinski]] et la danseuse [[Olga Khokhlova]] qui devint sa femme. Dans une veine décorative, Picasso réalisa plusieurs portraits d’elle et de leur fils (''Paul en Pierrot'' en 1925). +{{details|Picasso's Blue Period}}
 +Picasso's Blue Period (1901–1904) consists of somber paintings rendered in shades of blue and blue-green, only occasionally warmed by other colors. This period's starting point is uncertain; it may have begun in Spain in the spring of 1901, or in Paris in the second half of the year.<ref>Cirlot, 1972, p.127.</ref> In his austere use of color and sometimes doleful subject matter—[[prostitute]]s and [[beggar]]s are frequent subjects—Picasso was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas. Starting in autumn of 1901 he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas, culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting ''[[La Vie]]'', painted in 1903 and now in the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].<ref>Wattenmaker, Distel, et al.,1993, p. 304</ref>
-Fin mars [[1917]], il voyage à [[Naples]] et à [[Pompei]] et revient à Paris, fin avril.+The same mood pervades the well-known etching ''[[The Frugal Repast]]'' (1904), which depicts a blind man and a sighted woman, both emaciated, seated at a nearly bare table. Blindness is a recurrent theme in Picasso's works of this period, also represented in ''The Blindman's Meal'' (1903, the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]) and in the portrait of ''Celestina'' (1903). Other frequent subjects are [[artists]], [[acrobat]]s and [[harlequin]]s. The harlequin, a comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, became a personal symbol for Picasso.
-Le [[18 mai]], la première de Parade a lieu au Châtelet.+
-Puis en juin, Picasso part pour [[Madrid]] avec la troupe de Diaghilev et Olga, et le 12 juillet, un banquet est offert en son honneur à [[Barcelone]]. +
-Du [[23 janvier]] au [[15 février]] [[1918]], Picasso expose avec [[Matisse]] chez [[Paul Guillaume]].+===Rose Period===
-Il se marie avec Olga à l'église russe de Paris, le [[12 juillet]]. [[Cocteau]], [[Max Jacob]] et [[Guillaume Apollinaire|Apollinaire]] sont les témoins.+{{details|Picasso's Rose Period}}
-Pendant un séjour à [[Biarritz]], il peint ''Les baigneuses'' (Paris, Musée Picasso).+The Rose Period (1904–1906)<ref>Wattenmaker, Distel, et al.,1993, p. 194</ref> is characterized by a more cheery style with orange and pink colors, and again featuring many harlequins. Picasso met Fernande Olivier, a model for sculptors and artists, in Paris in 1904, and many of these paintings are influenced by his warm relationship with her, in addition to his increased exposure to French painting. The generally upbeat and optimistic mood of paintings in this period is reminiscent of the 1899-1901 period (i.e. just prior to the Blue Period) and 1904 can be considered a transition year between the two periods.
-En mai [[1919]], Picasso part pour [[Londres]] travailler au ballet Le Tricorne sur une musique [[Manuel de Falla]]. Pendant l'été, il séjourne à [[Biarritz]] chez Mme Errazuriz puis s'installe avec Olga à [[Saint-Raphaël (Var)|Saint-Raphaël]] (Côte d'Azur). +[[Image:Chicks-from-avignon.jpg|thumb|Pablo Picasso, ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]],'' [[1907]] [[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York]]]]
 +===African-influenced Period===
 +{{details|Picasso's African Period}}
 +Picasso's African-influenced Period (1907–1909) begins with the two figures on the right in his painting, ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'', which were inspired by African artifacts. Formal ideas developed during this period lead directly into the Cubist period that follows.
-Son fils Paulo naît le [[4 février]] [[1921]] . Durant l'été, il s'installe avec Olga et Paulo à [[Fontainebleau]]. Il y peint les ''Femmes à la fontaine'' (Paris, Musée Picasso et New-York, Museum of Modern Art) et ''Les trois musiciens'' (New-York, Museum of Modern Art et Philadelphie, Museum of Art). +===Cubism===
-En juin [[1922]], lors d'un séjour à [[Dinard]] (Bretagne, Côte de la Manche), il peint ''Deux femmes courant sur la plage'' (''La course'') (Paris, Musée Picasso).+{{details|Cubism}}
-Puis, en décembre, il réalise le décor pour L'[[Antigone]] de [[Cocteau]], créée par [[Charles Dullin]] au [[Théâtre de l'Atelier]]. +====Analytic cubism====
-En [[1923]], il fait un nouveau séjour estivale sur la Côte d'Azur ([[Cap d'Antibes]]) et peint ''La flûte de Pan'' (Paris, Musée Picasso). +
-Et c'est en [[1924]], en été, alors qu'il se trouve à la villa La Vigie à [[Juan-les-Pins]] (Côte d'Azur), qu'il fait son ''Carnet de dessins abstraits'' et qu'il peint ''Paul en arlequin'' (Paris, Musée Picasso).+
-Pendant cette période des [[années 1920]], dans un climat de reconnaissance mondaine, il peignit des tableaux marqués par un retour à la figuration et au classicisme : ''Trois Femmes à la fontaine'' (1921), et des œuvres inspirées par la mythologie comme les ''Flûtes de Pan'' (1923).+Analytic cubism (1909–1912) is a style of painting Picasso developed along with [[Braque]] using monochrome brownish colours. Both artists took apart objects and "analyzed" them in terms of their shapes. Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time are very similar to each other.
-=== Surréalisme ===+[[Image:Picasso three musicians moma 2006.jpg|thumb|Pablo Picasso, ''[[Three Musicians]],'' 1921, the [[Museum of Modern Art]]]]
-L’année [[1925]] fut celle d’une rupture radicale dans la production du peintre. Il peignit des tableaux très violents montrant des créatures difformes, convulsives, prises dans les rets d’une rage hystérique : ''Femme dans un fauteuil'' (1926) et ''Baigneuse assise'' (1930). L’influence des poètes [[Surréalisme|surréalistes]] fut indéniable dans cette volonté de dépeindre de l’intérieur l’[[enfer]] personnel. Cependant il adoptait une approche plus pragmatique que celle du « rêve calqué sur la toile » des surréalistes.+====Synthetic cubism====
- +{{details|Synthetic cubism}}
-En juin-juillet [[1925]], il achève ''La danse'' (Tate Gallery) et peint ''Le baiser'' (Musée Picasso, Paris).+Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) is a further development of Cubism in which cut paper fragments—often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages—are pasted into compositions, marking the first use of [[collage]] in fine art.
-Le [[14 novembre]], il participe à la première exposition surréaliste de la Galerie Pierre. +
-En [[1926]], il fait ''Le peintre et son modèle'' (Paris, Musée Picasso), les ''Guitare(s) à clous'', (Paris, Musée Picasso).+
-C'est en janvier [[1927]] qu'il rencontre [[Marie-Thérèse Walter]]. +
-Il exécute le grand collage du ''[[Minotaure]]'' (Paris, Musée National d'Art Moderne) en janvier [[1928]], et à l'automne, réalise des sculptures en fer avec [[Julio González]]. C'est au printemps [[1929]] qu'il peint ''La femme au jardin'' (Paris, Musée Picasso). C'est l'année aussi de ces dernières vacances à [[Dinard]].+
-Il peint le ''Grand nu au fauteuil rouge'' (Paris, Musée Picasso) et en février [[1930]] : ''Crucifixion''. À l'automne [[1930]], Marie-Thérèse déménage au 44, rue de la Boétie. Il achète le château de [[Boisgeloup]], près de [[Gisors]], 80 km au nord-ouest de [[Paris]], en juin, et s'y installera en mai [[1931]].+
- +
-''Deux figures au bord de la mer'' (Paris, Musée Picasso) est peint en janvier [[1931]], et en mars, ''Nature morte sur un guéridon''.+
-Cette année-là, voit l'édition de deux livres majeurs : ''Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide'' (Lausanne, Skira) et ''Le Chef d'œuvre inconnu de Balzac'' (Paris, Ambroise Vollard). +===Classicism and surrealism===
- +{{details|Classicism}}
-En [[1932]], ''Jeune fille devant le miroir'' (New-York Museum of Modern Art) est finie. Une rétrospective à la galerie Georges Petit, puis au Kunsthaus de [[Zurich]], a lieu en juin. Picasso travaille à Boisgeloup aux têtes sculptées d'après Marie-Thérèse et à la série de dessins d'après ''[[Retable d'Issenheim|La Crucifixion]]'' de [[Grünewald]]. +{{details|surrealism}}
 +In the period following the upheaval of [[World War I]] Picasso produced work in a [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical]] style. This "return to order" is evident in the work of many European artists in the 1920s, including [[Derain]], [[Giorgio de Chirico]], and the artists of the [[New Objectivity]] movement. Picasso's paintings and drawings from this period frequently recall the work of [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres|Ingres]].
-Le premier numéro de ''Minotaure'' avec une couverture de Picasso, paraît le [[25 mai]] [[1933]]. Il passe les vacances de l'été [[1933]] à [[Cannes]] avec Olga et Paulo. En septembre, il peint à Boisgeloup, ''La Mort du torero'' (Paris, Musée Picasso). +During the 1930s, the [[minotaur]] replaced the harlequin as a motif which he used often in his work. His use of the minotaur came partly from his contact with the [[surrealism|surrealists]], who often used it as their symbol, and appears in Picasso's ''Guernica''.{{Fact|date=August 2007}}
- +
-De juin à septembre [[1934]], il fait des séries de corridas, peintes, dessinées et gravées. En août, il voyage en [[Espagne]] avec Olga et Paulo, et se rend aux corridas de [[Burgos]] et de [[Madrid]]. Il visite le Musée d'Art catalan de [[Barcelone]].+
-Il réalise une série de sculptures à texture moulée : ''Femme au feuillage'', ''Femme à l'orange'' (Paris, Musée Picasso). +
- +
-Au printemps [[1935]], la galerie Pierre expose des papiers collés. Minotauromachie est gravée. Il se sépare d'Olga en juin, et le [[5 octobre]], naît Maya, fille de Marie-Thérèse. +
- +
-Le [[25 mars]] [[1936]] voit le départ secret de Picasso avec Marie-Thérèse et Maya pour [[Juan-les-Pins]]+
-Il fait des gouaches et des dessins sur le thème du Minotaure. Cette même année, il est nommé Directeur du [[Musée du Prado]].+
-Début août, Picasso part pour [[Mougins]] et [[Dora Maar]] l'y rejoint.+
-=== Guernica et pacifisme ===+[[Image:PicassoGuernica.jpg|thumb|Pablo Picasso, ''[[Guernica (painting)|Guernica]]'', 1937, [[Museo Reina Sofia]]]]
-[[Image:picasso qga.jpg|thumb|300px|Quai des Grands Augustins]]+Arguably Picasso's most famous work is his depiction of the German [[bombing of Guernica]] during the [[Spanish Civil War]] — [[Guernica (painting)|''Guernica'']]. This large canvas embodies for many the inhumanity, brutality and hopelessness of war.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} Asked to explain its symbolism, Picasso said, "It isn't up to the painter to define the symbols. Otherwise it would be better if he wrote them out in so many words! The public who look at the picture must interpret the symbols as they understand them."<ref>http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/guernica/gmain.html</ref>
-À la suite du [[bombardement]], le [[26 avril]] [[1937]], de [[Guernica]] pendant la [[guerre civile espagnole]], horrifié par ce crime, Picasso se lance dans la création d'une de ses œuvres les plus célèbres : ''Guernica''. Elle symbolise toute l'horreur de la guerre et la colère ressentie par Picasso à la mort de nombreuses victimes innocentes, causée par le bombardement des avions nazis à la demande du [[général Franco]]. <br />Chez lui à Paris pendant la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]], Picasso aurait rencontré dans son atelier des officiers allemands très intéressés par son travail. Les officiers apercevant la célèbre peinture ''Guernica'' lui auraient demandé : « C'est vous qui avez fait cela ? », Picasso aurait répondu : « Non... vous »<ref name="Guernica-Penrose"/>. <br />Très opposé à la guerre, il peint la célèbre ''[[Colombe de la paix]]'' (1949) à l'occasion de son adhésion au [[Conseil Mondial de la Paix]]. Il reçoit à ce titre un [[prix international de la paix]] en 1955.+
-Guernica fut exposé dans le Pavillon Espagnol de l'Exposition Internationale.+''Guernica'' hung in New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]] for many years. In 1981 ''Guernica'' was returned to Spain and exhibited at the [[Casón del Buen Retiro]]. In 1992 the painting hung in Madrid's [[Reina Sofía Museum]] when it opened.
-En octobre-décembre [[1937]], il peint ''La femme qui pleure'' (Paris, Musée Picasso), puis en [[1938]], fait un grand collage, ''Les Femmes à leur toilette'' (Paris, Musée National d'Art Moderne).+===Later works===
 +[[Image:2004-09-07 1800x2400 chicago picasso.jpg|thumb|upright|Picasso sculpture in [[Chicago]]]]
 +Picasso was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the [[3rd Sculpture International]] held at the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]] in the summer of 1949.
 +In the 1950s Picasso's style changed once again, as he took to producing reinterpretations of the art of the great masters. He made a series of works based on [[Diego Velázquez|Velazquez's]] painting of [[Las Meninas]]. He also based paintings on works of art by [[Goya]], [[Poussin]], [[Édouard Manet|Manet]], [[Courbet]] and [[Delacroix]].
-En juillet [[1938]], il va à [[Mougins]] avec [[Dora Maar]]. +He was commissioned to make a [[maquette]] for a huge 50&nbsp;foot high [[public art|public sculpture]] to be built in [[Chicago]], known usually as the ''[[Chicago Picasso]]''. He approached the project with a great deal of enthusiasm, designing a sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controversial. What the figure represents is not known; it could be a bird, a horse, a woman or a totally abstract shape. The sculpture, one of the most recognizable landmarks in downtown Chicago, was unveiled in 1967. Picasso refused to be paid $100,000 for it, donating it to the people of the city.
-Début juillet [[1939]], avec [[Dora Maar]], il part chez [[Man Ray]] à [[Antibes]], d'où le tableau ''Pêche de nuit à Antibes'' (New-York, Museum of Modern Art).+
-De septembre [[1939]] au début de [[1940]], il est à [[Royan]], ''Séquence de Femmes au chapeau''. +
- +
-En [[1941]], il écrit sa première pièce surréaliste, ''Le Désir attrapé par la queue'', publiée en [[1944]]. +
- +
-Entre [[1942]] et [[1943]] il réalise l'assemblage, ''Tête de taureau'' (Paris, Musée Picasso), ''L'Aubade'' (Paris, Musée National d'Art Moderne), ''L'Homme au mouton'' (Paris, Musée Picasso).+
-Il rencontre [[Françoise Gilot]] en mai [[1943]].+[[Image:Picasso-Necklace.jpg|thumb|left|Pablo Picasso, ''Nude Woman with a Necklace'', 1968, [[Tate]]]]
 +Picasso's final works were a mixture of styles, his means of expression in constant flux until the end of his life. Devoting his full energies to his work, Picasso became more daring, his works more colourful and expressive, and from 1968 through 1971 he produced a torrent of paintings and hundreds of copperplate etchings. At the time these works were dismissed by most as pornographic fantasies of an impotent old man or the slapdash works of an artist who was past his prime. One long time admirer, Douglas Cooper, called them "the incoherent scribblings of a frenetic old man".{{Fact|date=August 2007}} Only later, after Picasso's death, when the rest of the art world had moved on from abstract expressionism, did the critical community come to see that Picasso had already discovered [[neo-expressionism]] and was, as so often before, ahead of his time.
-=== Engagement au parti communiste ===+==Legacy==
-Après la fin de la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]], ses tableaux deviennent plus optimistes, plus gais, montrant, comme l'indique le titre d'un tableau de [[1946]], la ''Joie de vivre'' qu'il ressent alors.+[[Image:Kvinnohuvud1-hstd.JPG|thumb|upright|Picasso sculpture in [[Halmstad]]]]
 +At the time of his death many of his paintings were in his possession, as he had kept off the art market what he didn't need to sell. In addition, Picasso had a considerable collection of the work of other famous artists, some his contemporaries, such as [[Henri Matisse]], with whom he had exchanged works. Since Picasso left no will, his death duties (estate tax) to the French state were paid in the form of his works and others from his collection. These works form the core of the immense and representative collection of the [[Musée Picasso]] in Paris. In 2003, relatives of Picasso inaugurated a museum dedicated to him in his birthplace, Málaga, Spain, the [[Museo Picasso Málaga]].
-Le [[19 mars]] [[1944]] a lieu une représentation privée du ''Désir attrapé par la queue''.+The [[Museu Picasso]] in [[Barcelona]] features many of Picasso's early works, created while he was living in Spain, including many rarely seen works which reveal Picasso's firm grounding in classical techniques. The museum also holds many precise and detailed figure studies done in his youth under his father's tutelage, as well as the extensive collection of Jaime Sabartés, Picasso's close friend from his Barcelona days who, for many years, was Picasso's personal secretary.
-Picasso habite chez Marie-Thérèse durant l'insurrection de Paris, en août [[1944]].+
-Il adhère, le [[5 octobre]], au [[Parti communiste français]] et le [[7 octobre]] s'ouvre le Salon d'Automne et la rétrospective Picasso. +
- +
-''Le charnier'' (New-York, Museum of Modern Art) est peint en avril-mai [[1945]] d'après le souvenir de la découverte en décembre 1944, du corps supplicié de son ami le jeune poète surréaliste [[Robert Rius]].+
-Picasso part avec [[Dora Maar]] pour le [[Cap d'Antibes]], en juillet, et+
-le [[26 novembre]] Françoise revient vivre chez Picasso. +
- +
-En [[1946]], Picasso rejoint Françoise à [[Golfe-Juan]], il visite [[Matisse]] à [[Nice]].+
-Puis en juillet, avec Françoise, il part pour [[Ménerbes]] ([[Vaucluse]]).+
-En août, il s'installe chez Louis Fort à [[Golfe-Juan]], +
-et débute le travail au château d'Antibes en octobre.+
-=== Période de Vallauris ===+The film ''[[Surviving Picasso]]'' was made about Picasso in 1996, as seen through the eyes of [[Françoise Gilot]]. [[Anthony Hopkins]] played Picasso in the movie.
-Le {{date|15|mai|1947}}, naît son fils [[Claude Picasso|Claude]]. En juin, il part pour [[Golfe-Juan]]. Lorsque Picasso visite [[Vallauris]] à l'été 1946, il se rend chez Georges et Suzanne Ramié et modèle trois pièces de céramique. Lorsqu'il reviendra l'année suivante, il retrouve ses pièces et débute alors une période intense de production de céramique qu'on estime à près de 4500 pièces. Il s'installera à Vallauris en 1948 avec [[Françoise Gilot]].+
-Le {{date|25|août|1948}}, Picasso va au Congrès des Intellectuels pour la Paix à [[Wroclaw]]. Il revient à Vallauris à la mi-septembre. Il peint les deux versions de ''La Cuisine'' (l'une est actuellement au [[Musée Picasso (Paris)|Musée Picasso de Paris]] et l'autre au [[Museum of Modern Art]] de [[New York]]). +Some paintings by Picasso rank among the [[list of most expensive paintings|most expensive paintings in the world]].
- +* "[[Nude on a black armchair]]" - sold for [[United States dollar|USD]] $45.1 million in 1999 to [[Les Wexner]], who then donated it to the [[Wexner Center for the Arts]].
-En février 1949, ''La Colombe'' est choisie par [[Louis Aragon|Aragon]] pour l'affiche du Congrès de la Paix qui ouvre à [[Paris]] le 20 avril. Le {{date|19|avril|1949}}, naît [[Paloma Picasso|Paloma]].+* ''[[Les Noces de Pierrette]]'' - sold for more than [[United States dollar|USD]] $51 million in 1999.
- +* ''[[Garçon à la pipe]]''- sold for [[United States dollar|USD]] $104 million at [[Sotheby's]] on [[May 4]], [[2004]], establishing a new price record.
-Le {{date|6|août|1950}}, [[Laurent Casanova]] inaugure ''L'Homme au mouton'' à Vallauris. Picasso exécute ''La Chèvre'', ''La Femme à la poussette'', ''[[la Petite Fille sautant à la corde]]''. Le {{date|15|janvier|1951}}, il peint ''[[Massacre en Corée]]''. +* ''[[Dora Maar au Chat]]'' - sold for [[United States dollar|USD]] $95.2 million at Sotheby's on [[May 3]], [[2006]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/12627809/|title=Picasso portrait sells for $95.2 million|accessdate=May 4|accessyear=2006}}</ref>
- +
-En [[1952]], il dessine ''La Guerre'' et ''la Paix'' pour la décoration de la [[chapelle de Vallauris]], il écrit une seconde pièce de théâtre : ''Les Quatre Petites Filles''. +
- +
-L'affaire du ''Portrait de Staline'' dans ''[[Les Lettres françaises]]'' se déroule en mars 1953. Françoise Gilot part pour Paris avec les enfants. +
- +
-Il fait les portraits de [[Sylvette David]], en avril 1954. En juin, il rencontre [[Jacqueline Roque]]. C'est en décembre que débute la série des variations sur ''les Femmes d'Alger'' de [[Delacroix]]. Il s'installe en mai 1955, avec Jacqueline, à la [[villa La Californie]] à [[Cannes]]. En juin, a lieu une rétrospective au [[Musée des Arts décoratifs]].+
-Pendant l'été il travaille avec [[Henri-Georges Clouzot]] pour le film ''[[le Mystère Picasso]]''. +
- +
-En 1956, ''Les Baigneurs'', les sculptures en bois (Stuttgard, Staatsgalerie) sont coulées en bronze. Il peint ''L'Atelier de La Californie''. +
- +
-Le {{date|17|août|1957}}, il commence le travail sur ''[[Les Ménines]]'' (Barcelone, Musée Picasso). +
- +
-Le {{date|29|mars|1958}} a lieu la présentation de la décoration pour l'[[UNESCO]] : ''La Chute d'Icare''. En septembre, Picasso achète le château de [[Vauvenargues]] et peint ''La Baie de Cannes''. +
- +
-Les premiers dessins d'après ''Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe'' de [[Manet]] sont faits le 10 août 1959. +
- +
-Il se marie avec Jacqueline à Vallauris, le 2 mars 1961, et en juin, s'installe au mas Notre-Dame-de-Vie à [[Mougins]] (près de Cannes). Il travaille sur les tôles découpées et peintes, ''La Chaise'', ''la Femme aux bras écartés'', ''la Femme à l'enfant'', ''les Footballeurs''. +
- +
-En novembre 1962, il peint, ''l'Enlèvement des sabines'' dont une version se trouve au [[Musée national d'art moderne]] de Paris. +
- +
-L'inauguration de la rétrospective au [[Grand Palais]] et au [[Petit Palais]] se déroule le {{date|19|novembre|1966}}. +
- +
-Au printemps 1967, Picasso est expulsé de son atelier de la [[rue des Grands-Augustins]]{{refnec}}. +
- +
-En janvier 1970, le Musée Picasso de Barcelone reçoit la donation des œuvres conservées par sa famille. Une exposition se déroule au [[Palais des Papes]] d'[[Avignon]] de mai à octobre. +
- +
-En avril 1971, la galerie Louise Leiris expose les 194 dessins réalisés entre le 15 décembre 1969 et le 12 janvier 1971. Nouvelle exposition à la galerie Louise Leiris, en janvier [[1973]], qui montre cette fois les 156 gravures réalisées entre fin 1970 et mars 1972.+
-Picasso décéde le {{date|8|avril|1973}}, et est enterré dans le parc du château de [[Vauvenargues]] dans les [[Bouches-du-Rhône]].+==Awards==
 +*[[Stalin]] Peace Prize (1950)
 +*[[International Lenin Peace Prize]] (1962)
-Une exposition de 201 toiles se tient au [[Palais des Papes]] d'[[Avignon]] de mai à septembre 1973.+==Children==
 +* Paulo ([[February 4]], [[1921]] - [[June 5]], [[1975]]) (Born Paul Joseph Picasso) - with [[Olga Khokhlova]]
 +* Maia ([[September 5]], [[1935]] - ) (Born Maria de la Concepcion Picasso) - with [[Marie-Thérèse Walter]]
 +* Claude ([[May 15]], [[1947]] -) (Born Claude Pierre Pablo Picasso) - with [[Françoise Gilot]]
 +* [[Paloma Picasso|Paloma]] ([[April 19]], [[1949]] - ) (Born Anne Paloma Picasso) - with [[Françoise Gilot]]
-== Œuvres == 
-* ''La Première Communion'' (1895-1896)  
-* ''Femme à la mantille'' (1894), [[Musée Picasso (Málaga)]] 
-* ''Autoportrait mal coiffé'' (1896) [[Musée Picasso (Barcelone)]] 
-* ''Autoportrait aux cheveux courts'' (1896), [[Musée Picasso (Barcelone)]] 
-* ''Autoportrait'' (1899-1900) 
-* ''Autoportrait Yo, Picasso'' (printemps 1901), collection particulière (New York) 
-* ''Maternidad, Picasso (1901) 
-* ''Autoportrait : Yo'' (1901), John Hay Whitney Collection (New York) 
-* ''Dans un café'' (1902) 
-* ''[[Autoportrait 1901 (Pablo Picasso)|Autoportrait]]'' (fin 1901), [[Musée Picasso (Paris)]]  
-* ''Madame Soler'' (1903), [[Pinakothek der Moderne]], [[Munich]] 
-* ''Dama en Eden Concert'' (1903) 
-* ''Repasseuse''(1903) 
-* ''La Tragédie'' (1903) 
-* ''La Vie'' (1903) 
-* ''Portrait de Jaime Sabarté'' (1904) 
-* ''Garçon à la pipe'' (1905), collection particulière 
-* ''Harlekin, assis'' (1905) 
-* ''Les Saltimbanques'' (1905) 
-* ''La Femme à l'éventail'' (1905) 
-* ''Portrait de Gertrude Stein'' (1906) 
-* ''Tête d'un jeune homme'' (1906) 
-* ''Tête d'une femme'' (1906) 
-* ''Deux nus'' (1906) 
-* ''Autoportrait'' (printemps 1906), Gellman Collection (Mexico) 
-* ''Autoportrait'' (été 1906), collection particulière 
-* ''Autoportrait à la palette'' (été/automne 1906), Philadelphia Museum of Art (Philadelphie) 
-* ''Marin, roulant une cigarette'' (1907) 
-* ''Autoportrait'' (été 1907), Národni Gallery (Prague) 
-* ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'' (1907), [[Museum of Modern Art]] (New York) 
-* ''Nu jaune'' (1907) 
-* ''Coupe des fruits avec des poires et des pommes'' (1908) 
-* ''Maisons sur une colline (Horta de Ebro)'' (1909) 
-* ''Femme en vert'' (1909), Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, Holanda  
-* ''Tête de femme (Fernande) (1909), [[Stadel Museum]] à [[Francfort]]. 
-* ''Portrait de Georges Braque'' (1910) 
-* ''Violon'' (1912) 
-* ''[[Nature morte à la chaise cannée]]'' (printemps 1912), [[Musée Picasso (Paris)]] 
-* ''Guitare et journal'' (1916) 
-* ''Arlequin'', (1917, Musée Picasso de Barcelone). 
-* ''Olga Kokhlova à la mantille'' (1917), [[Musée Picasso (Málaga)]]  
-* ''Les Baigneuses'' (1918) 
-* ''Nature morte devant une fenêtre à St. Raphael (1919) 
-* ''Portrait de la famille Sisley'' (1919) 
-* ''Baignants'' (1920) 
-* ''Les Trois Musiciens'' (1921), [[Museum of Modern Art]] (New York) 
-* ''Maternité'' (1921-1922), [[Musée Picasso (Malaga)]] 
-* ''Portrait de Paulo au bonnet blanc'' (1923), [[Musée Picasso (Málaga)]] 
-* ''Olga au col de fourrure'' (1923), [[Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille]] 
-* ''Paul en Arlequin'' (1924) [[Musée Picasso (Paris)]] 
-* ''Nature morte à la charlotte'' (1924), [[Centre Georges-Pompidou]] (Paris) 
-* ''Buste de jeune fille'' (1926), portrait de [[Marie-Thérèse Walter]] au [[Musée d'art moderne et contemporain de Strasbourg]]. 
-* ''Marie-Thérèse à 21 ans'' dessin dérobé en février 2007 collection privée de Diana Widmaier, petite-fille du peintre. 
-* ''Grand nu au fauteuil rouge'' (1929), [[Musée Picasso (Paris)|Musée Picasso de Paris]] 
-* ''Le Sculpteur'' (1931) 
-* ''[[La Lecture (Picasso)|La Lecture]]'' (1932) 
-* ''Minotauromachie'' (1935) 
-* ''[[Femmes lisant]]'' (1935) 
-* ''[[La Dépouille de Minotaure en costume d'Arlequin]]'' rideau de scène de la pièce de [[Romain Rolland]], ''Le 14 juillet'', [[Les Abattoirs]] de Toulouse 
-* ''[[Guernica (Picasso)|Guernica]]'' (1937) [[Musée Reina Sofía|musée de la Reine Sofia]] (Madrid) 
-* ''[[Maya à la poupée]]'' (1937), collection privée de Diana Widmaier, petite-fille du peintre (dérobé en février 2007, retrouvé le 7 août 2007) 
-* ''[[Maya à la poupée et au cheval de bois]]'', huile sur toile datée du 22 janvier (1938) 
-* ''La femme qui pleure'' (1937) 
-* ''Portrait de femme au col vert'' (1938), [[Musée Picasso (Málaga)]] 
-* ''[[Dora Maar au chat]]'' (1941), collection particulière, acheté pour 95,2 M€ en [[mai 2006]] par un russe. 
-* ''La [[Colombe de la paix]]'' (1949) 
-* ''Buste de femme, les bras croisés derrière la tête'' (1939), [[Musée Picasso (Málaga)]]  
-* ''Le Pull-over jaune'' (1939) 
-* ''Femme dans un fauteuil'' (1946), [[Musée Picasso (Málaga)]] 
-* ''La Joie de vivre'' (1946) 
-* ''La Colombe de la paix'' (1949) 
-* ''[[Massacre en Corée]]'' (1951) 
-* ''Madame Z ou Jacqueline aux fleurs'' (1954), collection particulière 
-* ''Jacqueline au rocking-chair'' (1954), Pinacothèque de Paris 
-* ''Jacqueline assise'' (1954), [[Musée Picasso (Málaga)]]  
-* ''Jacqueline en costume turc'' (avril 1955), collection particulière  
-* ''Jacqueline assise'' (1955) 
-* ''Las Palomas'' (1957) 
-* ''Portait de Jacqueline'', huile sur toile datée du 11 février 1961, collection privée de Diana Widmaier, petite-fille du peintre (dérobé le 27 février 2007, retrouvé le 7 août 2007) 
-* ''[[Homme assis]] (autoportrait)'' (1965), collection particulière 
-* ''Le Matador'' (1970) 
-* ''Baigneuse'' (1971), [[Musée Picasso (Málaga)]] 
-* ''Autoportrait'' (30 juin 1972), Fuji Television Gallery (Tokyo) 
-* ''Las Meninas'' 
-* ''Tête d'Arlequin'', vendu 15,16M$ en 2007. 
-* ''Mousquetaire et nu assis'' vendu aux enchères 9,954 millions d'euros en juin 2007. 
-===Livres illustrés=== 
-En 1931, il participe à l'édition de deux livres majeurs accompagnés d'[[estampe]]s. D'une part, ''[[Les Métamorphoses]]'' d'[[Ovide]], avec 30 [[gravure]]s à l'[[eau-forte]] et ''[[Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu]]'' de [[Honoré de Balzac|Balzac]], avec 13 [[gravure]]s à l'eau forte. Au total, Picasso illustrera plus de 150 ouvrages durant sa vie parmi lesquels des chefs d'œuvres du {{XXe siècle}} : le ''[[Chant des morts]]'' de [[Reverdy]] avec 125 lithographies, ''la Célestine'', avec 66 eaux-fortes et aquatintes, Vingt poèmes de Gongora avec 41 eaux-fortes et aquatintes, ''[[L'Histoire naturelle]]'' de [[Buffon]] avec 31 [[gravure]]s à l'aquatinte, la tauromaquia avec 27 gravures à l'eau-forte et [[aquatinte]] etc. 
-===Sa cote ===+==References==
-En [[novembre 1999]], un portrait de [[Dora Maar]], intitulé ''Femme assise dans un jardin'', s'est vendu pour une somme supérieure à 45,8 millions d'euros, ce fut à l'époque la deuxième enchère jamais atteinte par l'artiste. Depuis, ''Dora Maar au chat'' (1941) s'est vendue 95,2 millions de dollars en mai 2006 à la surprise générale (l'estimation n'en donnait pas plus de 50 millions), sans toutefois détrôner le ''Garçon à la pipe'' (1905) vendu 104,2 millions de dollars deux ans plus tôt.+===Notes===
 +{{Reflist}}
-==Anecdotes==+===Sources===
-===Réponse de Picasso à l'ambassadeur nazi===+*[[Museum of Modern Art|The Museum of Modern Art]]. ''Pablo Picasso, a retrospective''. Ed. William Rubin, chronology by Jane Fluegel. [[New York]]. 1980. ISBN 0-87070-519-9
-À [[Otto Abetz]], l'ambassadeur du régime nazi à Paris qui lui aurait demandé devant une photo de la toile de ''[[Guernica]]'', un peu indigné lors d'une visite à son atelier : « C'est vous qui avez fait cela ? », Picasso aurait répondu : « Non... vous »<ref name="Guernica-Penrose">''Picasso'' par [[Roland Penrose]] (1958), collection Champs chez [[Flammarion]] nº607 p393.</ref>. De plus aux visiteurs allemands des années 1940, il distribuait des photos de ''Guernica'', les narguant d'un « Emportez-les. Souvenirs ! souvenirs ! »<ref name="Guernica-Penrose"/>+*Becht-Jördens, Gereon; Wehmeier, Peter M. (2003). ''Picasso und die christliche Ikonographie. Mutterbeziehung und künstlerische Position''. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. ISBN 3-469-01272-2
 +*Cirlot, Juan-Eduardo (1972). ''Picasso: birth of a genius''. New York and Washington: Praeger.
 +*Cowling, Elizabeth; Mundy, Jennifer (1990). ''On Classic Ground: Picasso, Léger, de Chirico and the New Classicism 1910-1930''. London: Tate Gallery. ISBN 1-85437-043-X
 +*Fitzgerald, Michael C. ''Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995.
 +*[[Eugenio Fernández Granell]], [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/7573154&referer=brief_results ''Picasso's Guernica : the end of a Spanish era''] (Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Research Press, 1981) ISBN 0835712060 9780835712064 9780835712064 0835712060
 +*Ledor, Kobi, MD. "[http://ledorfineart.com/forum.html A Guide to Collecting Picasso's Prints]"
 +*Mallen Enrique (2003). The Visual Grammar of Pablo Picasso. Berkeley Insights in Linguistics & Semiotics Series. Berlin: Peter Lang.
 +*Mallen, Enrique (2005). La Sintaxis de la Carne: Pablo Picasso y Marie-Thérèse Walter. Santiago de Chile: Red Internacional del Libro.
 +*Picasso, Olivier Widmaier. (2004). ''Picasso: The Real Family Story''. Prestel Publ. ISBN 3-7913-3149-3
 +*Rubin, William, ed. (1980) ''Pablo Picasso, a retrospective''. Chronology by Jane Fluegel. Museum of Modern Art|The Museum of Modern Art. New York. ISBN 0-87070-519-9
 +*Wattenmaker, Richard J.; Distel, Anne, et al. (1993). ''Great French Paintings from the Barnes Foundation''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-40963-7
 +*Nill, Raymond M. "A Visual Guide to Pablo Picasso's Works". New York: B&H Publishers, 1987.
-===Guernica à l'ONU===+== See also ==
-Depuis 1985, une reproduction de ''Guernica'' siège à l'entrée du [[Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies]] à [[New York]]. Elle y a été placée pour rappeler les horreurs de la guerre. Néanmoins, le 5 février 2003, un grand voile bleu recouvrait la puissante œuvre anti-guerre alors que [[Colin Powell]] et [[John Negroponte]] tentaient de trouver des appuis à la guerre en Irak au Conseil de sécurité. Selon les diplomates américains, « il serait inapproprié que Collin Powell parle aux médias du monde de la guerre en Irak entre l’image d’un cheval agonisant et d’une mère tenant son enfant mort entre les mains »...+*[[Light_writing#Recent_history|Light writing]], a technique used by Picasso many years before it came into current (2007) vogue
 +*[[List of most expensive paintings]]
 +*[[Picasso museums]]
 +*[[Pablo Picasso (song)|The Modern Lovers' song "Pablo Picasso"]]
 +*[[Band on the Run]], Paul McCartney's song:''Picasso's Last Words (Drink To Me'').
-===Les Picasso du musée des Beaux-arts de [[Bâle]]===+== External links ==
-Une compagnie d'assurance suisse avait acheté deux tableaux de Picasso pour diversifier ses placements et servir de garantie pour les risques assurés. Suite à une catastrophe aérienne, elle dût acquitter de lourds remboursements. Elle décida alors de se séparer des tableaux de Picasso confiés en dépôt au musée des Beaux-arts. Plusieurs citoyens bâlois demandèrent alors une votation, sorte de référendum local, pour que les Picasso soient achetés par le canton de Bâle. Cette votation fut couronnée de succès. Les tableaux restèrent donc au musée, informé de cette démarche Picasso offrit un<ref>Ou plusieurs, à vérifier.</ref> tableau au musée, la ville le gratifia alors du titre de citoyen d'honneur. Le poète belge Louis-Philippe Kammans cite cette histoire dans son poème ''Autour d'un musée'' consacré au musée des Beaux-arts :+{{wikiquote}}
 +{{Commons|Pablo Picasso}}
 +* [http://www.picasso.fr/anglais/ Official website]
 +* [http://picasso.tamu.edu/ On-Line Picasso Project]: Comprehensive summary of his life and his work.
 +* [http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/cubism/Pablo-Picasso.html Pablo Picasso - Biography, Quotes & Paintings], retrieved [[June 14]] 2007.
 +* [http://samizdateditions.com/issue7/picasso1.html Poems by Picasso in English translation] from [[Samizdat (poetry magazine)]]
 +*[http://maryadamart.com/Cubism_The_Big_Picture.htm Cubism, The Big Picture]
-...Et le peuple Bâlois dans un référendum+=== Museums ===
 +[[Image:HotelSale hinten.JPG|thumb|Picasso Museum, [[Paris]], (Hotel Salé, 1659)]]
 +* [http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_bio_126.html Guggenheim Museum Biography]
 +* [http://www.hiloartmuseum.org Hilo Art Museum, (Hilo Hawaii, USA)]
 +* [http://www.honoluluacademy.org/cmshaa/academy/index.aspx?id=959 Honolulu Academy of Arts]
 +* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pica/hd_pica.htm Metropolitan Museum of Arts, New York]
 +* [http://www.musee-picasso.fr/ Musée National Picasso (Paris, France)]
 +* [http://www.antibes-juanlespins.com/fr/culture/musees/picasso/ Musée Picasso (Antibes, France)]
 +* [http://www.museopicassomalaga.org/ Museo Picasso Málaga (Málaga, Spain)]
 +* [http://www.museupicasso.bcn.es/ Museu Picasso (Barcelona, Spain)]
 +* [http://www.smb.spk-berlin.de/smb/sammlungen/details.php?objectId=22&lang=en Museum Berggruen (Berlin, Germany)]
 +* [http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A4609 Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)]
 +* [http://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/psearch?Request=A&Person=24750 National Gallery of Art] list of paintings
-dimanche a décidé de donner huit millions+=== Essays ===
 +* [http://www.aestheticrealism.org/News-ck.htm ''Power and Tenderness in Men and in Picasso's 'Minotauromachy' '' by Chaim Koppelman]
-pour deux beaux Picasso qui valent cette somme+{{Pablo Picasso}}
- +
-et qu'ils iront chérir les dimanches en rond...+
- +
-== Les musées Picasso ==+
-[[Image:HotelSale hinten.JPG|thumbnail|right|290px|[[Musée Picasso (Paris)]] à l'[[hôtel Salé]]]]+
-* [[Musée Picasso (Barcelone)]]+
-* [[Musée Picasso (Horta de Sant Joan)]]+
-* [[Musée Picasso (Lucerne)]]+
-* [[Musée Picasso (Málaga)]] +
-* [[Musée Picasso (Münster)]]+
-* [[Musée Picasso (Paris)]] +
-* [[Musée Picasso de Vallauris]]+
-* [[Musée Picasso d'Antibes]]+
- +
-==Enfants==+
-* [[Paulo Picasso]] ([[4 février]], [[1921]] - [[5 juin]], [[1975]]) - avec [[Olga Khokhlova]]+
-* [[Maya Widmaier-Picasso]] ([[5 septembre]], [[1935]] - ) - avec [[Marie-Thérèse Walter]]+
-* [[Claude Picasso]]([[15 mai]], [[1947]]) - avec [[Françoise Gilot]]+
-* [[Paloma Picasso]] ([[19 avril]], [[1949]] - ) - avec [[Françoise Gilot]]+
- +
-==Note==+
-<references />+
- +
-==Voir aussi==+
-[[:Catégorie:Tableau de Picasso]]+
-{{commons|Pablo Picasso|Picasso}}+
-=== Articles connexes ===+
-* [[Picasso à Vallauris]]+
-* [[Peindre le Siècle 101 Portraits majeurs 1900-2000]]+
-===Bibliographie===+
-* Léo Steinberg, ''Trois études sur Picasso'', coll. Arts et Esthétiques n° 9, Éditions Carré, 1996 {{ISBN|2-908393-44-1}}+
-* Élisabeth Lièvre-Crosson, ''Du cubisme au surréalisme'', coll. Les essentiels n°20, Milan, 1995 {{ISBN|2-84113-272-2}}+
-* ''Picasso, Form und Graphik/Sammlung Ludwig Köln'', VG Bild Kunst, Bonn, 1996, {{ISBN|3-930054-24-8}}+
-* Catalogue ''Musée Picasso de Barcelone'', Editorial Escudo de Oro, {{ISBN|84-378-0925-8}}+
-*''Picasso'' par Ingo F. Walther chez [[Taschen]], 2000, {{ISBN|3822861731}}.+
- +
-===Liens externes===+
-* [http://www.picasso.fr Site officiel]+
-* [http://gw.geneanet.org/index.php3?b=lavieremoise&lang=fr;p=pablo;n=picasso Généalogie]+
-* [http://www.musee-picasso.fr Musée Picasso à Paris]+
-* [http://www.boheme-magazine.net/php/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=697 Un Œil sur l'Art : ''Les Demoiselles d'Avignon'']+
-* {{en}} [http://picasso.tamu.edu On-line Picasso Project], une base de données sur Picasso, y compris de très nombreuses images d'œuvres.+
-* {{en}} [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/picasso_pablo.html Pablo Picasso dans Artcyclopedia]+
- +
-{{multi bandeau|portail histoire de l'art|portail peinture|Portail Espagne}}+
 +{{Persondata
 +|NAME=Picasso, Pablo
 +|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Pablo Ruiz y Picasso
 +|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Spain|Spanish]] [[painter]] and [[Sculpture|sculptor]]
 +|DATE OF BIRTH=[[October 25]], [[1881]]
 +|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Málaga]], [[Spain]]
 +|DATE OF DEATH=[[April 8]], [[1973]]
 +|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Mougins]], [[France]]
 +}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Picasso, Pablo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Picasso, Pablo}}
-[[Catégorie:peintre]]+[[Category:Pablo Picasso|*]]
-[[Catégorie:peintre cubiste]]+[[Category:Modern painters]]
-[[Catégorie:peintre espagnol]]+[[Category:Spanish painters]]
-[[Catégorie:naissance en 1881]]+[[Category:Spanish sculptors]]
-[[Catégorie:décès en 1973]]+[[Category:Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War]]
-[[Catégorie:Picasso|*]]+[[Category:Spanish potters]]
 +[[Category:Cubism]]
 +[[Category:Andalusian people]]
 +[[Category:Spanish atheists]]
 +[[Category:Spanish communists]]
 +[[Category:French Communist Party members]]
 +[[Category:1881 births]]
 +[[Category:1973 deaths]]
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Version actuelle

Modèle:Pp-semi-vandalism Modèle:Redirect Modèle:Infobox Artist Pablo Ruiz Picasso (October 25, 1881April 8, 1973), often referred to simply as Picasso, was a Spanish painter and sculptor. His full name is Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Clito Ruiz y Picasso.<ref>Biography of Picasso, retrieved on May 24 2007.</ref> One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism.

Sommaire

Biography

Pablo Picasso was born in Málaga, Spain, the first child of José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. He was christened with the names Pablo, Diego, José, Francisco de Paula, Juan Nepomuceno, Maria de los Remedios, and Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Picasso's father was a painter whose specialty was the naturalistic depiction of birds and who for most of his life was also a professor of art at the School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum.

Image:Malaga Picasso-Geburtshaus2004.jpg
The house where Picasso was born, Málaga

The young Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age; according to his mother,<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> his first word was "piz," a shortening of lápiz, the Spanish word for pencil.<ref> Hughes , Robert


  . 
 "
   Anatomy of a Minotaur 
     
 " , Time Magazine
  , 1971-11-01
 
  . Retrieved on 2007-08-23
 . </ref> It was from his father that Picasso had his first formal academic art training, such as figure drawing and painting in oil. Although Picasso attended art schools throughout his childhood, often those where his father taught, he never finished his college-level course of study at the Academy of Arts (Academia de San Fernando) in Madrid, leaving after less than a year.

Personal life

After studying art in Madrid, he made his first trip to Paris in 1900, the art capital of Europe. In Paris, he lived with Max Jacob (journalist and poet), who helped him learn French. Max slept at night and Picasso slept during the day as he worked at night. There were times of severe poverty, cold, and desperation. Much of his work had to be burned to keep the small room warm. In 1901, with his friend Soler, he founded the magazine Arte Joven in Madrid. The first edition was entirely illustrated by him. From that day, he started to simply sign his work Picasso, while before he signed Pablo Ruiz y Picasso.

In the early years of the 20th century, Picasso, still a struggling youth, divided his time between Barcelona and Paris, where in 1904, he began a long-term relationship with Fernande Olivier. It is she who appears in many of the Rose period paintings. After acquiring fame and some fortune, Picasso left Olivier for Marcelle Humbert, whom Picasso called Eva. Picasso included declarations of his love for Eva in many Cubist works.

In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton, poet Guillaume Apollinaire, and writer Gertrude Stein. Apollinaire was arrested on suspicion of stealing the Mona Lisa from the Louvre in 1911. Apollonaire pointed to his friend Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning, but both were later exonerated.<ref name="monalisa25"> Time Magazine, STEALING THE MONA LISA, 1911. Consulted on August 15, 2007. </ref>

He maintained a number of mistresses in addition to his wife or primary partner. Picasso was married twice and had four children by three women. In the summer of 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova, a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev's troupe, for whom Picasso was designing a ballet, Parade, in Rome; and they spent their honeymoon in the villa near Biarritz of the glamorous Chilean art patron Eugenia Errázuriz. Khokhlova introduced Picasso to high society, formal dinner parties, and all the social niceties attendant on the life of the rich in 1920s Paris. The two had a son, Paulo, who would grow up to be a dissolute motorcycle racer and chauffeur to his father. Khokhlova's insistence on social propriety clashed with Picasso's bohemian tendencies and the two lived in a state of constant conflict. In 1927 Picasso met 17 year old Marie-Thérèse Walter and began a secret affair with her. Picasso's marriage to Khokhlova soon ended in separation rather than divorce, as French law required an even division of property in the case of divorce, and Picasso did not want Khokhlova to have half his wealth. The two remained legally married until Khokhlova's death in 1955. Picasso carried on a long-standing affair with Marie-Thérèse Walter and fathered a daughter, Maia, with her. Marie-Thérèse lived in the vain hope that Picasso would one day marry her, and hanged herself four years after Picasso's death.

The photographer and painter Dora Maar was also a constant companion and lover of Picasso. The two were closest in the late 1930s and early 1940s and it was Maar who documented the painting of Guernica.

During the Second World War, Picasso remained in Paris while the Germans occupied the city. Picasso's artistic style did not fit the Nazi views of art, so he was not able to show his works during this time. Retreating to his studio, he continued to paint all the while. Although the Germans outlawed bronze casting in Paris, Picasso continued regardless, using bronze smuggled to him by the French resistance.

After the liberation of Paris in 1944, Picasso began to keep company with a young art student, Françoise Gilot. The two eventually became lovers, and had two children together, Claude and Paloma. Unique among Picasso's women, Gilot left Picasso in 1953, allegedly because of abusive treatment and infidelities. This came as a severe blow to Picasso.

He went through a difficult period after Gilot's departure, coming to terms with his advancing age and his perception that, now in his 70s, he was no longer attractive, but rather grotesque to young women. A number of ink drawings from this period explore this theme of the hideous old dwarf as buffoonish counterpoint to the beautiful young girl, including several from a six-week affair with Geneviève Laporte, who in June 2005 auctioned off the drawings Picasso made of her.

Picasso was not long in finding another lover, Jacqueline Roque. Roque worked at the Madoura Pottery in Vallauris on the French Riviera, where Picasso made and painted ceramics. The two remained together for the rest of Picasso's life, marrying in 1961. Their marriage was also the means of one last act of revenge against Gilot. Gilot had been seeking a legal means to legitimize her children with Picasso, Claude and Paloma. With Picasso's encouragement, she had arranged to divorce her then husband, Luc Simon, and marry Picasso to secure her children's rights. Picasso then secretly married Roque after Gilot had filed for divorce in order to exact his revenge for her leaving him.

Picasso had constructed a huge gothic structure and could afford large villas in the south of France, at Notre-dame-de-vie on the outskirts of Mougins, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. By this time he was a celebrity, and there was often as much interest in his personal life as his art.

In addition to his manifold artistic accomplishments, Picasso had a film career, including a cameo appearance in Jean Cocteau's Testament of Orpheus. Picasso always played himself in his film appearances. In 1955 he helped make the film Le Mystère Picasso (The Mystery of Picasso) directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot.

Pablo Picasso died on April 8, 1973 in Mougins, France, while he and his wife Jacqueline entertained friends for dinner. His final words were "Drink to me, drink to my health, you know I can't drink any more."<ref>http://www.digital-karma.org/culture/quotes/famous-peoples-last-words accessed online August 15, 2007</ref> He was interred at Castle Vauvenargues' park, in Vauvenargues, Bouches-du-Rhône. Jacqueline Roque prevented his children Claude and Paloma from attending the funeral.<ref>[1],The Rich Die Richer and You Can too by By William D. Zabel, Published 1996 John Wiley and Sons, p.11. ISBN 0471155322 Accessed online August 15, 2007</ref>

Politics

Picasso remained neutral during World War I, the Spanish Civil War and World War II, refusing to fight for any side or country. Picasso never commented on this but encouraged the idea that it was because he was a pacifist.[citation needed] Some of his contemporaries, including Braque, felt that this neutrality had more to do with cowardice than principle.[citation needed] As a Spanish citizen living in France, Picasso was under no compulsion to fight against the invading Germans in either World War. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Francisco Franco and fascists through his art, he did not take up arms against them. He also remained aloof from the Catalan independence movement during his youth despite expressing general support and being friendly with activists within it.

In 1944 Picasso joined the French Communist Party, attended an international peace conference in Poland, and in 1950 received the Stalin Peace Prize from the Soviet government.<ref>Picasso's Party Line, ARTnews [2] Retrieved May 31, 2007.</ref> But party criticism of a portrait of Stalin as insufficiently realistic cooled Picasso's interest in communist politics, though he remained a loyal member of the Communist Party until his death.

In a 1945 interview with Jerome Seckler, Picasso declared: "I am a communist and my painting is a communist painting. But if I were a shoemaker, royalist or communist or anything else, I would not necessarily hammer my shoes in any special way to show my politics."[citation needed]

Work

Picasso's work is often categorized into periods. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are the Blue Period (1901–1904), the Rose Period (1905–1907), the African-influenced Period (1908–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919).

In 1939 - 40 the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, under its director Alfred Barr, a Picasso enthusiast, held a major and highly successful retrospective of his principal works up until that time. This exhibition lionized the artist, brought into full public view in America the scope of his artistry, and resulted in a reinterpretation of his work by contemporary art historians and scholars.<ref>The MoMA retrospective of 1939-40 - see Michael FitzGerald, Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995. (pp.243-62)</ref>

Before 1901

Picasso's training under his father began before 1890. His progress can be traced in the collection of early works now held by the Museu Picasso in Barcelona, which provides one of the most comprehensive records extant of any major artist's beginnings.<ref>Cirlot,1972, p.6</ref> During 1893 the juvenile quality of his earliest work falls away, and by 1894 his career as a painter can be said to have begun.<ref>Cirlot, 1972, p. 14</ref> The academic realism apparent in the works of the mid-1890s is well displayed in The First Communion (1896), a large composition that depicts his sister, Lola. In the same year, at the age of 14, he painted Portrait of Aunt Pepa, a vigorous and dramatic portrait that Juan-Eduardo Cirlot has called "without a doubt one of the greatest in the whole history of Spanish painting."<ref>Cirlot, 1972, p.37</ref>

In 1897 his realism became tinged with Symbolist influence, in a series of landscape paintings rendered in non naturalistic violet and green tones. What some call his Modernist period (1899-1900) followed. His exposure to the work of Rossetti, Steinlen, Toulouse-Lautrec and Edvard Munch, combined with his admiration for favorite old masters such as El Greco, led Picasso to a personal version of modernism in his works of this period.<ref>Cirlot, 1972, p. 87-108.</ref>

Blue Period

Image:Femme aux Bras Croisés, Picasso.jpg
Pablo Picasso, Femme aux Bras Croisés, 1902

Modèle:Details Picasso's Blue Period (1901–1904) consists of somber paintings rendered in shades of blue and blue-green, only occasionally warmed by other colors. This period's starting point is uncertain; it may have begun in Spain in the spring of 1901, or in Paris in the second half of the year.<ref>Cirlot, 1972, p.127.</ref> In his austere use of color and sometimes doleful subject matter—prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects—Picasso was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas. Starting in autumn of 1901 he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas, culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting La Vie, painted in 1903 and now in the Cleveland Museum of Art.<ref>Wattenmaker, Distel, et al.,1993, p. 304</ref>

The same mood pervades the well-known etching The Frugal Repast (1904), which depicts a blind man and a sighted woman, both emaciated, seated at a nearly bare table. Blindness is a recurrent theme in Picasso's works of this period, also represented in The Blindman's Meal (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art) and in the portrait of Celestina (1903). Other frequent subjects are artists, acrobats and harlequins. The harlequin, a comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, became a personal symbol for Picasso.

Rose Period

Modèle:Details The Rose Period (1904–1906)<ref>Wattenmaker, Distel, et al.,1993, p. 194</ref> is characterized by a more cheery style with orange and pink colors, and again featuring many harlequins. Picasso met Fernande Olivier, a model for sculptors and artists, in Paris in 1904, and many of these paintings are influenced by his warm relationship with her, in addition to his increased exposure to French painting. The generally upbeat and optimistic mood of paintings in this period is reminiscent of the 1899-1901 period (i.e. just prior to the Blue Period) and 1904 can be considered a transition year between the two periods.

African-influenced Period

Modèle:Details Picasso's African-influenced Period (1907–1909) begins with the two figures on the right in his painting, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, which were inspired by African artifacts. Formal ideas developed during this period lead directly into the Cubist period that follows.

Cubism

Modèle:Details

Analytic cubism

Analytic cubism (1909–1912) is a style of painting Picasso developed along with Braque using monochrome brownish colours. Both artists took apart objects and "analyzed" them in terms of their shapes. Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time are very similar to each other.

Synthetic cubism

Modèle:Details Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) is a further development of Cubism in which cut paper fragments—often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages—are pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art.

Classicism and surrealism

Modèle:Details Modèle:Details In the period following the upheaval of World War I Picasso produced work in a neoclassical style. This "return to order" is evident in the work of many European artists in the 1920s, including Derain, Giorgio de Chirico, and the artists of the New Objectivity movement. Picasso's paintings and drawings from this period frequently recall the work of Ingres.

During the 1930s, the minotaur replaced the harlequin as a motif which he used often in his work. His use of the minotaur came partly from his contact with the surrealists, who often used it as their symbol, and appears in Picasso's Guernica.[citation needed]

Arguably Picasso's most famous work is his depiction of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil WarGuernica. This large canvas embodies for many the inhumanity, brutality and hopelessness of war.[citation needed] Asked to explain its symbolism, Picasso said, "It isn't up to the painter to define the symbols. Otherwise it would be better if he wrote them out in so many words! The public who look at the picture must interpret the symbols as they understand them."<ref>http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/guernica/gmain.html</ref>

Guernica hung in New York's Museum of Modern Art for many years. In 1981 Guernica was returned to Spain and exhibited at the Casón del Buen Retiro. In 1992 the painting hung in Madrid's Reina Sofía Museum when it opened.

Later works

Picasso was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the summer of 1949. In the 1950s Picasso's style changed once again, as he took to producing reinterpretations of the art of the great masters. He made a series of works based on Velazquez's painting of Las Meninas. He also based paintings on works of art by Goya, Poussin, Manet, Courbet and Delacroix.

He was commissioned to make a maquette for a huge 50 foot high public sculpture to be built in Chicago, known usually as the Chicago Picasso. He approached the project with a great deal of enthusiasm, designing a sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controversial. What the figure represents is not known; it could be a bird, a horse, a woman or a totally abstract shape. The sculpture, one of the most recognizable landmarks in downtown Chicago, was unveiled in 1967. Picasso refused to be paid $100,000 for it, donating it to the people of the city.

Image:Picasso-Necklace.jpg
Pablo Picasso, Nude Woman with a Necklace, 1968, Tate

Picasso's final works were a mixture of styles, his means of expression in constant flux until the end of his life. Devoting his full energies to his work, Picasso became more daring, his works more colourful and expressive, and from 1968 through 1971 he produced a torrent of paintings and hundreds of copperplate etchings. At the time these works were dismissed by most as pornographic fantasies of an impotent old man or the slapdash works of an artist who was past his prime. One long time admirer, Douglas Cooper, called them "the incoherent scribblings of a frenetic old man".[citation needed] Only later, after Picasso's death, when the rest of the art world had moved on from abstract expressionism, did the critical community come to see that Picasso had already discovered neo-expressionism and was, as so often before, ahead of his time.

Legacy

At the time of his death many of his paintings were in his possession, as he had kept off the art market what he didn't need to sell. In addition, Picasso had a considerable collection of the work of other famous artists, some his contemporaries, such as Henri Matisse, with whom he had exchanged works. Since Picasso left no will, his death duties (estate tax) to the French state were paid in the form of his works and others from his collection. These works form the core of the immense and representative collection of the Musée Picasso in Paris. In 2003, relatives of Picasso inaugurated a museum dedicated to him in his birthplace, Málaga, Spain, the Museo Picasso Málaga.

The Museu Picasso in Barcelona features many of Picasso's early works, created while he was living in Spain, including many rarely seen works which reveal Picasso's firm grounding in classical techniques. The museum also holds many precise and detailed figure studies done in his youth under his father's tutelage, as well as the extensive collection of Jaime Sabartés, Picasso's close friend from his Barcelona days who, for many years, was Picasso's personal secretary.

The film Surviving Picasso was made about Picasso in 1996, as seen through the eyes of Françoise Gilot. Anthony Hopkins played Picasso in the movie.

Some paintings by Picasso rank among the most expensive paintings in the world.


. Retrieved on May 4 , 2006 . </ref>

Awards

Children


References

Notes

<references />

Sources

  • The Museum of Modern Art. Pablo Picasso, a retrospective. Ed. William Rubin, chronology by Jane Fluegel. New York. 1980. ISBN 0-87070-519-9
  • Becht-Jördens, Gereon; Wehmeier, Peter M. (2003). Picasso und die christliche Ikonographie. Mutterbeziehung und künstlerische Position. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. ISBN 3-469-01272-2
  • Cirlot, Juan-Eduardo (1972). Picasso: birth of a genius. New York and Washington: Praeger.
  • Cowling, Elizabeth; Mundy, Jennifer (1990). On Classic Ground: Picasso, Léger, de Chirico and the New Classicism 1910-1930. London: Tate Gallery. ISBN 1-85437-043-X
  • Fitzgerald, Michael C. Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995.
  • Eugenio Fernández Granell, Picasso's Guernica : the end of a Spanish era (Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Research Press, 1981) ISBN 0835712060 9780835712064 9780835712064 0835712060
  • Ledor, Kobi, MD. "A Guide to Collecting Picasso's Prints"
  • Mallen Enrique (2003). The Visual Grammar of Pablo Picasso. Berkeley Insights in Linguistics & Semiotics Series. Berlin: Peter Lang.
  • Mallen, Enrique (2005). La Sintaxis de la Carne: Pablo Picasso y Marie-Thérèse Walter. Santiago de Chile: Red Internacional del Libro.
  • Picasso, Olivier Widmaier. (2004). Picasso: The Real Family Story. Prestel Publ. ISBN 3-7913-3149-3
  • Rubin, William, ed. (1980) Pablo Picasso, a retrospective. Chronology by Jane Fluegel. Museum of Modern Art|The Museum of Modern Art. New York. ISBN 0-87070-519-9
  • Wattenmaker, Richard J.; Distel, Anne, et al. (1993). Great French Paintings from the Barnes Foundation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-40963-7
  • Nill, Raymond M. "A Visual Guide to Pablo Picasso's Works". New York: B&H Publishers, 1987.

See also

External links

Modèle:Wikiquote

{{#tag:ImageMap| Image:Commons-logo.svg|50px|commons:Accueil default commons:Accueil desc none}}

Wikimedia Commons propose des documents multimédia libres sur Pablo Picasso.

www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.picasso.fr/anglais/ Official website] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//picasso.tamu.edu/ On-Line Picasso Project]: Comprehensive summary of his life and his work. www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/cubism/Pablo-Picasso.html Pablo Picasso - Biography, Quotes & Paintings], retrieved June 14 2007. www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//samizdateditions.com/issue7/picasso1.html Poems by Picasso in English translation] from Samizdat (poetry magazine)

Museums

Image:HotelSale hinten.JPG
Picasso Museum, Paris, (Hotel Salé, 1659)

www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_bio_126.html Guggenheim Museum Biography] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.hiloartmuseum.org Hilo Art Museum, (Hilo Hawaii, USA)] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.honoluluacademy.org/cmshaa/academy/index.aspx?id=959 Honolulu Academy of Arts] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pica/hd_pica.htm Metropolitan Museum of Arts, New York] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.musee-picasso.fr/ Musée National Picasso (Paris, France)] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.antibes-juanlespins.com/fr/culture/musees/picasso/ Musée Picasso (Antibes, France)] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.museopicassomalaga.org/ Museo Picasso Málaga (Málaga, Spain)] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.museupicasso.bcn.es/ Museu Picasso (Barcelona, Spain)] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.smb.spk-berlin.de/smb/sammlungen/details.php?objectId=22&lang=en Museum Berggruen (Berlin, Germany)] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A4609 Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)] www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/psearch?Request=A&Person=24750 National Gallery of Art] list of paintings

Essays

www.picasso.fr Site officiel]//www.aestheticrealism.org/News-ck.htm Power and Tenderness in Men and in Picasso's 'Minotauromachy' by Chaim Koppelman]

Modèle:Pablo Picasso

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