Aluminium

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Modèle:Élément/Aluminium L’aluminium est un élément chimique, de symbole Al et de numéro atomique 13. C'est un élément important sur la planète Terre avec Modèle:Formatnum:1,5 % de la masse totale en élément Al.

C'est un métal argenté et malléable. Il est remarquable pour sa résistance à l'oxydation et sa faible densité.
En fait, il est très oxydable mais à l'air, il se forme une couche de quelques micromètres d'[[Alumine|oxyde d'aluminium (AlModèle:SubOModèle:Sub)]] imperméable qui protège le reste du métal et qui se reforme très rapidement. On parle alors d'une protection cinétique (contrairement à la protection thermodynamique car il est très oxydable).

Il est principalement extrait d'un minerai appelé bauxite où il est présent sous forme d'oxyde hydraté dont on extrait l'[[Alumine|alumine (AlModèle:SubOModèle:Sub)]]. Il pourrait également être extrait d'autres minéraux : néphéline, leucite, sillimanite, andalousite, muscovite.

L'aluminium est employé dans beaucoup d'industries pour faire de nombreux produits différents et il est très important pour l'économie mondiale. La Chine est un important pays producteur loin derrière l'Amérique du Nord (États-Unis et Canada).

Les composants structuraux faits à partir d'aluminium sont essentiels à l'industrie aérospatiale et très importants dans d'autres secteurs du transport et de la construction où sa faible densité, sa longévité et sa résistance sont nécessaires.

Sommaire

1 Histoire
2 Propriétés
- 2.1 Propriétés physiques
- 2.2 Propriétés chimiques
3 Toxicologie
4 Alliages remarquables et utilisations
5 Gisements
6 Production
7 Pollution
8 Voir aussi

-<!--SPELLING OF ALUMINIUM - Please see the talk page, this article is written using the British English spelling of "aluminium" and so 'ium' should be used.
+{{Élément/Aluminium}}
-However it also follows [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions %28chemistry%29#Element names]] for conventions on chemical names, so "sulfur", etc. should be maintained.-->
+L’'''aluminium''' est un [[élément chimique]], de [[liste des éléments par symbole|symbole]] ''Al'' et de [[numéro atomique]] 13. C'est un élément important sur la planète Terre avec {{unité|1,5|%}} de la masse totale en élément Al.
-{{redirect|Aluminum}}
-{{Infobox aluminium}}
-'''Aluminium''' ({{IPAEng|ˌæljʊˈmɪniəm}}, {{IPA|/ˌæljəˈmɪniəm/}}) or '''aluminum''' ({{IPA|/əˈluːmɪnəm/}}, see ''[[#Present-day spelling|spelling]]'' below) is a silvery white and [[ductile]] member of the [[poor metal]] group of [[chemical element]]s. It has the symbol '''Al'''; its [[atomic number]] is 13.
-Aluminium is the [[element abundance|most abundant metal]] in the [[Earth]]'s [[Crust (geology)|crust]], and the third most abundant element overall, after [[oxygen]] and [[silicon]]. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth’s solid surface. Aluminium is too reactive chemically to occur in nature as the free metal. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different [[mineral]]s.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Science is Fun | author = Bassam Z. Shakhashiri | url = http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/Aluminum/ALUMINUM.html | title = Chemical of the Week: Aluminum | accessdate = 2007-08-28}}</ref> The chief source of aluminium is [[bauxite]] [[ore]]. Aluminium is remarkable for its ability to resist [[corrosion]] (due to the phenomenon of [[passivation]]) and its light weight. Structural components made from aluminium and its [[aluminium alloy|alloy]]s are vital to the [[aerospace]] industry and very important in other areas of [[transport]]ation and building.
-==History==
+C'est un [[métal]] [[wikt:argenté|argenté]] et [[Malléabilité|malléable]]. Il est remarquable pour sa résistance à l'[[oxydation]] et sa faible [[densité]].
-Ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] used aluminium salts as dyeing mordants and as astringents for dressing wounds; [[alum]] is still used as a [[styptic]]. In 1761 [[Guyton de Morveau]] suggested calling the base alum ''alumine.''  In 1808, [[Humphry Davy]] identified the existence of a metal base of alum, which he at first termed ''alumium'' and later ''aluminum'' (see [[#Etymology|Etymology]] section, below).
+<br>En fait, il est très [[Oxydation|oxydable]] mais à l'[[air]], il se forme une couche de quelques [[micromètre]]s d'[[Alumine|oxyde d'aluminium (Al{{sub|2}}O{{sub|3}})]] imperméable qui protège le reste du métal et qui se reforme très rapidement. On parle alors d'une protection [[Cinétique chimique|cinétique]] (contrairement à la protection [[thermodynamique]] car il est très oxydable).
-[[Image:Eros-piccadilly-circus.jpg|thumb|left|The statue known as ''Eros'' in [[Piccadilly Circus]] London, was made in 1893 and is one of the first statues to be cast in aluminium.]]
+Il est principalement extrait d'un minerai appelé [[bauxite]] où il est présent sous forme d'oxyde hydraté dont on extrait l'[[Alumine|alumine (Al{{sub|2}}O{{sub|3}})]]. Il pourrait également être extrait d'autres minéraux : [[néphéline]], [[leucite]], [[sillimanite]], [[andalousite]], [[muscovite]].
-[[Friedrich Woehler|Friedrich Wöhler]] is generally credited with isolating aluminium ([[Latin]] ''alumen'', alum) in 1827 by mixing [[anhydrous]] [[aluminium chloride]] with [[potassium]]. The metal was, however, produced for the first time two years earlier (in an impure form) by the [[Denmark|Danish]] physicist and chemist [[Hans Christian Ørsted]].  Therefore, Ørsted can also be listed as the discoverer of the metal.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = ChemicalElements.com | title = Periodic Table: Aluminum | url = http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/al.html | author = Yinon Bentor | accessdate = 2007-08-11}}</ref> Further, [[Pierre Berthier]] discovered aluminium in bauxite ore and successfully extracted it.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Today in Science History | title = Pierre Berthier | url = http://www.todayinsci.com/7/7_03.htm#Berthier | accessdate = 2007-08-11}}</ref> The Frenchman [[Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville]] improved Wöhler's method in 1846 and described his improvements in a book in 1859, chief among these being the substitution of sodium for the considerably more expensive potassium.
-(Note: The title of Deville's book is "De l'aluminium, ses propriétés, sa fabrication" (Paris, 1859). It was rather likely that Deville also conceived  the idea of the [[electrolysis]] of aluminium oxide dissolved in cryolite; however, Charles Martin Hall and Paul Héroult might have developed the more practical process after Deville.)
+L'aluminium est employé dans beaucoup d'industries pour faire de nombreux produits différents et il est très important pour l'économie mondiale. La [[République populaire de Chine|Chine]] est un important pays producteur loin derrière l'Amérique du Nord (États-Unis et Canada).
-Before the [[Hall-Héroult process]] was developed, aluminium was initially found to be exceedingly difficult to extract from its various [[ore]]s. This made pure aluminium more valuable than gold. Bars of aluminium were exhibited alongside the [[France|French]] [[crown jewels]] at the [[Exposition Universelle (1855)|Exposition Universelle of 1855]], and [[Napoleon III  of France|Napoleon III]] was said to have reserved a set of aluminium dinner plates for his most honored guests.
+Les composants structuraux faits à partir d'aluminium sont essentiels à l'industrie [[aérospatiale]] et très importants dans d'autres secteurs du transport et de la construction où sa faible densité, sa longévité et sa résistance sont nécessaires.
-Aluminium was selected as the material to be used for the apex of the [[Washington Monument]] in 1884, a time when one [[ounce]] (30 grams) cost the daily wage of a common worker on the project;<ref>{{cite journal | author = George J. Binczewski | title = The Point of a Monument: A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument | journal = JOM | volume = 47 | issue = 11 | pages = 20- 25 | year = 1995 | url = http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9511/Binczewski-9511.html}}</ref> aluminium was about the same value as silver.
+==Histoire==
+[[Image:Al,13.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Aluminium à l'état naturel]]
+[[Image:Eros-piccadilly-circus.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Une des premières statues coulées en aluminium ([[1893]]), l'Ange de la charité chrétienne souvent appelé [[Éros|Eros]] trônant sur le [[Piccadilly Circus#Shaftesbury Memorial et Eros|Shaftesbury Memorial]] situé à [[Piccadilly Circus]], à [[Londres]]]]
-The [[Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company|Cowles companies]] supplied aluminium alloy in quantity in the [[United States]] and [[England]] using [[smelting|smelters]] like the furnace of [[Carl Wilhelm Siemens]] by 1886.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cowles' Aluminium Alloys|pages=13|date=January 1886|journal=The Manufacturer and Builder|location=New York|volume=18|issue=1|publisher=Western and Company, via Cornell University Library|url=http://moa.cit.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fmanu%2Fmanu0018%2F&tif=00019.TIF|accessdate=2007-10-27}} and {{cite book|author=McMillan, Walter George|title=A Treatise on Electro-Metallurgy|publisher=Charles Griffin and Company, J.B. Lippincott Company, via Google Books scan of New York Public Library copy|location=London, Philadelphia|date=1891|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DDAKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA302|pages=302-305|accessdate=2007-10-26}} and {{cite book|author=Sackett, William Edgar, John James Scannell and Mary Eleanor Watson|title=New Jersey's First Citizens|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cNgDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA103|publisher=J.J. Scannell via Google Books scan of New York Public Library copy|location=New Jersey|date=1917/1918|pages=103-105|accessdate=2007-10-25}}</ref> [[Charles Martin Hall]] of [[Ohio]] in the U.S. and [[Paul Héroult]] of [[France]] independently developed the [[Hall-Heroult process|Hall-Héroult electrolytic process]] that made extracting aluminium from minerals cheaper and is now the principal method used worldwide. The Hall-Heroult process cannot produce Super Purity Aluminium directly. Hall's process,<ref name="Hall-patent">{{US patent reference|number = 400664|y = 1889 | m=04|d=02|inventor=[[Charles Martin Hall]]|title=Process of Reducing Aluminium from its Fluoride Salts by Electrolysis}}</ref> in 1888 with the financial backing of [[Alfred E. Hunt]], started the Pittsburgh Reduction Company today known as [[Alcoa]]. Héroult's process was in production by 1889 in [[Switzerland]] at Aluminium Industrie, now [[Alcan]], and at [[British Aluminium]], now [[Luxfer Group]] and Alcoa, by 1896 in [[Scotland]].<ref name=Wallace>{{cite book|author=Donald Holmes Wallace|title=Market Control in the Aluminum Industry|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E-acdJWbo90C&pg=PA6|date=1977|origyear=1937|pages=6|isbn=0-4050-9786-7|publisher=Harvard University Press via Ayer Publishing via Google Books limited view|accessdate=2007-10-27}}</ref>
+En [[1807]], [[Humphry Davy]], après avoir découvert que le [[sodium]] et le [[potassium]] entraient dans la composition de l'[[alun]], suppose qu'il s'y trouve aussi un autre [[métal]], qu'il baptise « aluminium » (en [[latin]], « alun » se dit « alumen »).
+[[Pierre Berthier]] découvre dans une mine près des [[Les Baux-de-Provence|Baux-de-Provence]] en [[1821]] un minerai contenant plus de 50&nbsp;% d'oxyde d'aluminium. Ce minerai sera appelé [[bauxite]].
-By 1895 the metal was being used as a building material as far away as [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] in the dome of the Chief Secretary's Building.
+On attribue généralement la découverte et l'isolement de l'aluminium à [[Friedrich Wöhler]] en [[1827]]. Toutefois, deux ans plus tôt, le chimiste et physicien danois [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] avait réussi à produire une forme impure du métal. Wöhler fut le premier à mettre en évidence les propriétés chimiques et physiques de l'aluminium, dont la plus notable est la légèreté.
-In November 2007 the price of aluminium on [[NYMEX]] was around $1.10 or $1.20 a pound.
+Le chimiste français [[Henri Sainte-Claire Deville]] améliore en [[1846]] la méthode de Wöhler en réduisant le minerai par le [[sodium]]. Il publie ses recherches dans un livre en [[1856]]. Cette méthode est utilisée à travers toute l'Europe pour la fabrication de l'aluminium, mais elle reste extrêmement coûteuse. Le métal est d'ailleurs utilisé pour fabriquer des bijoux, dont la valeur sera évidemment réduite à néant quelques décennies plus tard.
-==Etymology==
+* [[1855]] : Les nouveaux métals sont exposés à l'exposition universelle de Paris.
-===Nomenclature history===
+* Le Premier site industriel producteur d'aluminium au monde s'installe à [[Salindres]] dans le [[Gard]].
-The earliest citation given in the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] for any word used as a name for this element is ''alumium'', which Humphry Davy employed in 1808 for the metal he was trying to isolate electrolytically from the mineral ''[[alumina]]''. The citation is from his journal ''Philosophical Transactions'': "Had I been so fortunate as..to have procured the metallic substances I was in search of, I should have proposed for them the names of silicium, alumium, zirconium, and glucium."<ref>"alumium", ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Ed. J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner, second edition Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. OED Online Oxford University Press. Accessed [[October 29]] [[2006]]. Citation is listed as "1808 SIR H. DAVY in Phil. Trans. XCVIII. 353". The ellipsis in the quotation is as it appears in the ''OED'' citation. </ref>
+* [[1876]] : [[William Frishmuth]] réalise la première coulée d'aluminium. En [[1884]], il réalise la coiffe du [[Washington Monument]] en ce métal.
+* [[1886]] : de manière indépendante, [[Paul Héroult]] et [[Charles Martin Hall]] découvrent une nouvelle méthode de production de l'aluminium en remarquant qu'il est possible de dissoudre l'[[alumine]] et de décomposer le mélange par [[électrolyse]] ([[Production de l'aluminium par électrolyse|procédé Héroult-Hall]]) pour donner le métal brut en fusion. Pour cette découverte, Hall obtient un brevet (400655) la même année. Ce procédé permet d'obtenir de l'aluminium de manière relativement économique. La méthode mise au point par Héroult et Hall est toujours utilisée aujourd'hui.
+* [[1887]] : [[Karl Josef Bayer]] décrit une méthode connue sous le nom de ''[[Extraction de l'alumine|procédé Bayer]]'' pour obtenir de l'alumine à partir de la bauxite. Cette découverte permet de faire entrer l'aluminium dans l'ère de la production de masse.
+*[[1888]] : les premières sociétés de production d'aluminium sont fondées en [[Suisse]], [[France]] et aux [[États-Unis]].
-By 1812, Davy had settled on  ''aluminum,'' which, as other sources note,{{Fact|date=July 2007}}  matches its Latin root. He wrote in the journal ''Chemical Philosophy'': "As yet Aluminum has not been obtained in a perfectly free state."<ref>"aluminum", ''ibid''. Citation is listed as "1812 SIR H. DAVY ''Chem. Philos.'' I. 355"</ref> But the same year, an anonymous contributor to the ''[[Quarterly Review]],'' a British political-literary journal, objected to ''aluminum'' and proposed the name ''aluminium'', "for so we shall take the liberty of writing the word, in preference to aluminum, which has a less classical sound."<ref>"aluminium", ''ibid''. Citation is listed as "1812 ''Q. Rev.'' VIII. 72"</ref>
+== Propriétés ==
+=== Propriétés physiques ===
+L'aluminium est un métal mou, léger, mais résistant avec un aspect argent-gris mat, dû à une couche mince d'oxydation de 5 à 10&nbsp;[[Mètre#Description des sous-multiples|nm]] qui se forme rapidement quand on l'expose à l'air et qui empêche la corrosion de progresser dans des conditions normale d'exposition chimiques. Ce film se forme spontanément très rapidement quand l'aluminium est mis en contact avec un milieu oxydant comme l'[[dioxygène|oxygène]] de l'air. À la différence de la plupart des métaux, il est utilisable même s'il est oxydé en surface. On peut même dire que sans cette couche d'oxyde, il serait impropre à la plupart de ses applications. Il est possible d'augmenter artificiellement l'épaisseur de cette couche d'oxydation par [[anodisation]], ce qui permet d'augmenter la protection et de décorer les pièces en colorant la couche d'oxyde. Contrairement à l'aluminium qui est un très bon [[Conducteur (physique)|conducteur]], l'oxyde d'aluminium est un excellent [[isolant]].
-The ''-ium'' suffix had the advantage of conforming to the precedent set in other newly discovered elements of the time: potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and [[strontium]] (all of which Davy had isolated himself). Nevertheless, ''-um'' spellings for elements were not unknown at the time, as for example [[platinum]], known to Europeans since the sixteenth century, [[molybdenum]], discovered in 1778, and [[tantalum]], discovered in 1802.
+L'aluminium a une [[densité]] (2,7) environ trois fois plus faible que celle de l'[[acier]] ou du [[cuivre]] ; il est malléable, [[ductilité|ductile]] et facilement usiné et moulé.
+Il possède une excellente résistance à la corrosion et une grande longévité.
+Il est également non magnétique et ne provoque pas d'étincelles.
+C'est le deuxième métal le plus malléable et le sixième le plus ductile.
+[[Image:Lingot aluminium.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Lingot]] d'aluminium]]
-Americans adopted ''-ium'' to fit the standard form of the periodic table of elements, for most of the nineteenth century, with ''aluminium'' appearing in [[Noah Webster|Webster's]] Dictionary of 1828. In 1892, however, Charles Martin Hall used the ''-um'' spelling in an advertising handbill for his new electrolytic method of producing the metal, despite his constant use of the ''-ium'' spelling in all the patents<ref name="Hall-patent"/> he filed between 1886 and 1903.<ref>{{cite web | author = Peter Meiers | publisher = The History of Fluorine, Fluoride and Fluoridation | title = Manufacture of Aluminum | url =http://www.fluoride-history.de/p-aluminum.htm}}</ref> It has consequently been suggested that the spelling reflects an easier to pronounce word with one fewer syllable, or that the spelling on the flier was a spelling mistake. Hall's domination of production of the metal ensured that the spelling ''aluminum'' became the standard in North America; the ''Webster Unabridged Dictionary'' of 1913, though, continued to use the ''-ium'' version.
+=== Propriétés chimiques ===
+En solution, l'aluminium se trouve le plus généralement sous la forme d'[[ion]]s Al{{exp|3+}}.
+Il s'oxyde lentement à froid et rapidement à chaud pour former l'[[alumine]] Al<small>2</small>O<small>3</small>.
+L'action des acides sur l'aluminium produit l'ion cité plus haut.
-In 1926, the [[American Chemical Society]] officially decided to use ''aluminum'' in its publications; American dictionaries typically label the spelling ''aluminium'' as a British variant.
+La réaction de Al avec NaOH produit de l'aluminate de sodium NaAlO2 et du gaz dihydrogène H<sub>2</sub>, selon l'équation :<br />
-===Present-day spelling===
+Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O --> 2 NaAlO<sub>2</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>
-In the UK and other countries using [[American and British English spelling differences|British spelling]], only ''aluminium'' is used. In the United States, the spelling ''aluminium'' is largely unknown, and the spelling ''aluminum'' predominates.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}</ref><ref>John Bremner, ''Words on Words: A Dictionary for Writers and Others Who Care about Words'', page 22–23. ISBN 0-231-04493-3</ref> The [[Canadian Oxford Dictionary]] prefers ''aluminum'', whereas the Australian [[Macquarie Dictionary]] prefers ''aluminium''. The spelling in virtually all other languages is analogous to the ''-ium'' ending.
-The [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC) adopted ''Aluminium'' as the standard international name for the element in 1990, but three years later recognized ''aluminum'' as an acceptable variant. Hence their periodic table includes both, but places ''aluminium'' first.<ref>[http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table/index.html IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements]</ref> IUPAC officially prefers the use of ''Aluminium'' in its internal publications, although several IUPAC publications use the spelling ''aluminum''.<ref>[http://www.iupac.org/general/search.php?restrict=publications&query=aluminum&submit=Search IUPAC Web site publication search for 'aluminum']</ref>
+Les hydroxydes d'aluminium s'obtiennent en général en précipitant une solution contenant des cations Al{{exp|3+}} à l'aide d'une base. Cette méthode permet de former selon les conditions de précipitation différentes phases cristallographique tel que la bayerite, la boehmite, la gibbsite.
-==Isotopes==
+== Toxicologie ==
-{{main|isotopes of aluminium}}
-Aluminium has nine [[isotope]]s, whose mass numbers range from 23 to 30. Only <sup>27</sup>Al ([[stable isotope]]) and <sup>26</sup>Al ([[radioactive decay|radioactive]] isotope, [[half life|''t''<sub>1/2</sub>]] = 7.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> [[year|y]]) occur naturally, however <sup>27</sup>Al has a natural abundance of 99.9+ %.  <sup>26</sup>Al is produced from [[argon]] in the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] by [[spallation]] caused by [[cosmic-ray]] [[proton]]s. Aluminium isotopes have found practical application in dating [[ocean|marine]] sediments, manganese nodules, glacial ice, [[quartz]] in [[Rock (geology)|rock]] exposures, and [[meteorite]]s. The ratio of <sup>26</sup>Al to <sup>10</sup>[[beryllium|Be]] has been used to study the role of transport, deposition, [[sediment]] storage, burial times, and erosion on 10<sup>5</sup> to 10<sup>6</sup> year time scales.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[Cosmogenic]] <sup>26</sup>Al was first applied in studies of the [[Moon]] and meteorites. Meteorite fragments, after departure from their parent bodies, are exposed to intense cosmic-ray bombardment during their travel through space, causing substantial <sup>26</sup>Al production. After falling to Earth, atmospheric shielding protects the meteorite fragments from further <sup>26</sup>Al production, and its decay can then be used to determine the meteorite's terrestrial age. Meteorite research has also shown that <sup>26</sup>Al was relatively abundant at the time of formation of our planetary system. Most meteoriticists believe that the energy released by the decay of <sup>26</sup>Al was responsible for the melting and [[planetary differentiation|differentiation]] of some [[asteroids]] after their formation 4.55 billion years ago.<ref>Robert T. Dodd, ''Thunderstones and Shooting Stars'', pp. 89-90. ISBN 0-674-89137-6.</ref>
+L'aluminium est reconnu pour ses effets néfastes à haute dose sur le [[système nerveux]] (il est cependant un oligo-élément essentiel, sa carence entraînant un retard intellectuel). Des personnes exposées à des taux élevés d'aluminium (suite à une ou plusieurs [[vaccination]]s<ref>[http://www.vaccination.inoz.com/ingredie.html Vaccine Ingredients]</ref>{{exp|,}}<ref>[http://www.canv.ch/dossiers/vaccination/vaccinations2_composition.htm CANV - Composition des vaccins]</ref> ou un traitement de [[dialyse]]) peuvent développer des complications au niveau du système nerveux central, comme l'[[encéphalopathie]], l'[[épilepsie]] et des troubles de [[Mémoire (psychologie)|mémoire]]. L'accumulation d'aluminium dans l'organisme peut aussi jouer un rôle dans d'autres maux comme le [[psoriasis]], les insuffisances hépatorénales chroniques, l’[[anémie]], l’[[ostéomalacie]] (os cassants ou mous), l’intolérance au [[glucose]] et les [[arrêt cardiaque|arrêts cardiaques]] chez les humains. Les cellules du cerveau des patients atteints d’[[Maladie d'Alzheimer|Alzheimer]] contiennent de 10 à 30 fois plus d’aluminium que la normale<ref>HARRINGTON CR et col. « Alzheimer’s disease-like changes. » Lancet 1994-343-993, 7</ref>.
+On peut trouver de l'aluminium dans les [[aliment]]s, l'[[eau]], les déodorants, les [[vaccination|vaccins]] et les [[médicament]]s. Les ustensiles de cuisine et le papier d'aluminium peuvent également en libérer (en quantité généralement négligeable) dans les aliments. C'est pourquoi son utilisation dans la fabrication de conduites d'eau est prohibée dans plusieurs pays.
-==Properties==
+== Alliages remarquables et utilisations==
-Aluminium is a soft, lightweight, [[malleable]] [[metal]] with appearance ranging from silvery to dull gray, depending on the surface roughness. Aluminium is nontoxic, nonmagnetic, and nonsparking. The [[Yield (engineering)|yield strength]] of pure aluminium is 7–11 [[MPa]], while [[aluminium alloy]]s have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa.<ref name=polmear>I. J. Polmear, ''Light Alloys'', Arnold, 1995 </ref> Aluminium has about one-third the [[density]] and [[Elastic modulus|stiffness]] of [[steel]]. It is [[Ductility|ductile]], and easily [[machining|machined]], [[casting|cast]], and [[extrusion|extruded]].
+En tonnage et en valeur, l'aluminium est le métal le plus utilisé après le [[fer]], grâce à sa légèreté et sa bonne conductivité électrique et thermique. L'aluminium pur est mou et fragile, mais avec des petites quantités de [[cuivre]], [[magnésium]], [[manganèse]], [[silicium]] et d'autres éléments, il peut former des [[alliage]]s aux propriétés variées.
-[[Corrosion]] resistance is excellent due to a thin surface layer of [[aluminium oxide]] that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further [[oxidation]]. The strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to [[Galvanic cell|galvanic]] reactions with alloyed [[copper]].<ref name=polmear/>
+Parmi les secteurs utilisant l'aluminium, on peut citer :
+* les transports ([[automobile]]s, [[avion]]s, [[camion]]s, [[train]]s, [[bateau]]x, etc.) ;
+* l'[[emballage]] (boîtes de conserve, papier aluminium, canettes, barquettes, [[aérosol]]s, etc.) et notamment les emballages alimentaires ;
+* la construction (fenêtres, portes, etc.) ;
+* les biens de consommation (appareils, ustensiles de cuisine etc.) ;
+* les fils électriques (la conductivité de l'aluminium ne représente que 60&nbsp;% de celle du [[cuivre]], mais l'aluminium est plus léger et moins cher) ;
+* de l'aluminium très pur (99,980 à 99,999&nbsp;%) est employé en [[électronique]] et pour les [[Disque compact|CD]].
-Aluminium atoms are arranged in an [[Face-centered cubic|FCC]] structure. Aluminium has a high [[stacking-fault energy]] of approximately 200 mJ/m².<ref>G. E. Dieter, ''Mechanical Metallurgy'', McGraw-Hill, 1988</ref>
+En [[géomorphologie]] et [[paléosismologie]], l'isotope {{exp|26}}Al, créé par les rayons cosmiques, est utilisé pour la [[datation par isotopes cosmogéniques]] de surfaces ou la détermination de taux d'[[érosion]].
-Aluminium is one of the few metals that retain full silvery reflectance in finely powdered form, making it an important component of silver paints. Aluminium mirror finish has the highest reflectance of any metal in the 200–400 nm ([[ultraviolet|UV]]) and the 3000–10000 nm (far [[infrared|IR]]) regions, while in the 400–700 nm visible range it is slightly outdone by [[silver]] and in the 700–3000 (near IR) by silver, [[gold]], and copper.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
+== Gisements ==
+[[Image:Bauxite hérault.JPG|thumb|190px|right|[[Bauxite]] ([[Hérault]]) ]]
+[[Image:Aluminium - world production trend.svg|thumb|190px|Production mondiale d'aluminium]]
-Aluminium is a good [[Heat conduction|thermal]] and [[electrical conductor]], by weight better than copper. Aluminium is capable of being a [[superconductor]], with a superconducting critical temperature of 1.2 [[Kelvin|kelvins]].<ref>{{cite journal|author= John F. Cochran and D. E. Mapother|title=Superconducting Transition in Aluminum |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.111.132| journal=Physical Review |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=132-142| month=July| year=1958}}</ref>
+L'aluminium est un élément abondant dans la [[croûte terrestre]] mais il se trouve rarement sous sa forme pure<ref>[http://webmineral.com/specimens/AluminumSmall.jpg Photo d'un fragment naturel de roche contenant de l'aluminium]</ref>. C'est le troisième élément le plus abondant dans la croûte terrestre ( {{unité|8|%}} de la masse) après l'[[oxygène]] et le [[silicium]].
+L'aluminium est très difficile à extraire des roches qui le contiennent et a donc été longtemps très rare et précieux.
-==Production and refinement==
+Le principal minerai d'aluminium est la [[bauxite]].
-Although aluminium is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust (believed to be 7.5 to 8.1 percent), it is rare in its free form, occurring in oxygen-deficient environments such as [[volcanic]] mud, and it was once considered a [[precious metal]] more valuable than gold. [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]], emperor of the French, is reputed to have given a banquet where the most honoured guests were given aluminium utensils, while the other guests had to make do with gold ones.<ref>{{cite journal | title = "Silver" from clay | author = S Venetski | journal = [[Metallurgist]] | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 451-453 | date = July 1969 | doi = 10.1007/BF00741130 | format = translated}}</ref><ref>ChemMatters October 1990 Page 14</ref> Aluminium has been produced in commercial quantities for just over 100 years.
-Aluminium is a reactive metal that is difficult to extract from ore, aluminium oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). For example, direct reduction with [[carbon]] is not economically viable, since aluminium oxide has a melting point of about 2,000 °C. Therefore, it is extracted by electrolysis; that is, the aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten [[cryolite]] and then reduced to the pure metal. By this process, the operational temperature of the reduction cells is around 950 to 980 °C. Cryolite is found as a mineral in Greenland, but in industrial use it has been replaced by a synthetic substance. Cryolite is a mixture of aluminium, [[sodium]], and [[calcium]] [[fluoride]]s: (Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub>). The aluminium oxide (a white powder) is obtained by refining bauxite in the [[Bayer process]] of [[Karl Bayer]]. (Previously, the [[Deville process]] was the predominant refining technology.)
+== Production ==
+{{Article détaillé|Extraction de l'alumine|Production de l'aluminium par électrolyse|Liste de producteurs d'aluminium}}
-The electrolytic process replaced the [[Wöhler process]], which involved the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with [[potassium]]. Both of the [[electrode]]s used in the electrolysis of aluminium oxide are carbon. Once the ore is in the molten state, its ions are free to move around. The reaction at the [[cathode]] — the negative terminal — is
+La [[bauxite]] contient de l'[[alumine]] (Al{{sub|2}}O{{sub|3}}), qu'il faut d'abord extraire.
-:Al<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Al
+Pour cela la bauxite doit être traitée par une solution de [[soude]].
-Here the aluminium ion is being [[redox|reduced]] (electrons are added). The aluminium metal then sinks to the bottom and is tapped off.
+On obtient un précipité de Al(OH){{sub|3}} qui donne de l'alumine par chauffage.
+L'aluminium est extrait par [[électrolyse]]: l'alumine est introduite dans des cuves d'électrolyse avec des additifs comme la [[cryolithe]] (Na{{sub|3}}AlF{{sub|6}}),  le fluorure de calcium (CaF{{sub|2}}), le fluorure de lithium et d'aluminium (Li{{sub|3}}AlF{{sub|6}}) et le fluorure d'aluminium (AlF{{sub|3}}) afin d'abaisser le point de fusion de {{formatnum:2040}}°C à 960°C.
-At the positive electrode ([[anode]]), oxygen is formed:
+La production d'une tonne d'aluminium nécessite de 4 à 5&nbsp;tonnes de bauxite. Elle nécessite entre {{formatnum:13000}} et {{formatnum:17000}}&nbsp;[[Kilowatt-heure|kWh]] (entre 47 et 61&nbsp;[[Joule|GJ]]). Lors de l'électrolyse, sont émis des gaz polluants tels que du [[dioxyde de carbone]] (CO{{sub|2}}), du [[monoxyde de carbone]] (CO), des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), et des fluorures gazeux. Dans les meilleurs usines, le [[monoxyde de carbone]] (CO) et les
-:2 O<sup>2−</sup> → O<sub>2</sub> + 4 e<sup>−</sup>
+hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) sont brulés ou recyclés comme source de carbone, et les fluorures sont retournés dans le bain d'électrolyse.
-This carbon anode is then oxidized by the oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide. The anodes in a reduction cell must therefore be replaced regularly, since they are consumed in the process:
+===Statistiques de production <ref>{{en}} [http://www.world-aluminium.org/Statistics International Aluminium Institute]</ref>===
-:O<sub>2</sub> + C → CO<sub>2</sub>
+La production mondiale d'aluminium secondaire à partir du recyclage s'est élevée à 7,6&nbsp;Mt en 2005, soit 20&nbsp;% de la production totale de ce métal.
-Unlike the anodes, the cathodes are not oxidised because there is no oxygen present at the cathode. The carbon cathode is protected by the liquid aluminium inside the cells. Nevertheless, cathodes do erode, mainly due to electrochemical processes. After five to ten years, depending on the current used in the electrolysis, a cell has to be rebuilt because of cathode wear.
+[[Image:Production alu primaire.png|400px|right|thumb|Production mondiale d'aluminium primaire. Source : International Aluminium Institute]]
+{| class="wikitableleft"
+! width="40" | Année
+! width="60" | Afrique
+! width="60" | Amérique<br/>du Nord
+! width="60" | Amérique<br/>latine
+! width="60" | Asie
+! width="60" | Europe<br/>et Russie
+! width="60" | Océanie
+! width="60" | Total
+|----- align="right"
+| align=center| 1973
+| 249
+| {{formatnum:5039}}
+| 229
+| {{formatnum:1439}}
+| {{formatnum:2757}}
+| 324
+| {{formatnum:10037}}
+|----- {{ligne grise}} align=right
+| align=center| 1978
+| 336
+| {{formatnum:5409}}
+| 413
+| {{formatnum:1126}}
+| {{formatnum:3730}}
+| 414
+| 11&nbsp;428
+|----- align=right
+| align=center| 1982
+| 501
+| {{formatnum:4343}}
+| 795
+| {{formatnum:1103}}
+| {{formatnum:3306}}
+| 548
+| {{formatnum:10496}}
+|----- {{ligne grise}} align=right
+| align=center| 1987
+| 572
+| {{formatnum:4889}}
+| {{formatnum:1486}}
+| 927
+| {{formatnum:3462}}
+| {{formatnum:1273}}
+| {{formatnum:12604}}
+|----- align=right
+| align=center| 1992
+| 617
+| {{formatnum:6016}}
+| {{formatnum:1949}}
+| {{formatnum:1379}}
+| {{formatnum:3319}}
+| {{formatnum:1483}}
+| {{formatnum:14763}}
+|-----  {{ligne grise}} align=right
+| align=center| 1997
+| {{formatnum:1106}}
+| {{formatnum:5930}}
+| {{formatnum:2116}}
+| {{formatnum:1910}}
+| {{formatnum:6613}}
+| {{formatnum:1804}}
+| {{formatnum:19479}}
+|-----  align=right
+| align=center| 2003
+| {{formatnum:1428}}
+| {{formatnum:5945}}
+| {{formatnum:2275}}
+| {{formatnum:2457}}
+| {{formatnum:8064}}
+| {{formatnum:2198}}
+| {{formatnum:21935}}
+|----- {{ligne grise}} align=right
+| align=center| 2004
+| {{formatnum:1711}}
+| {{formatnum:5110}}
+| {{formatnum:2356}}
+| {{formatnum:2735}}
+| {{formatnum:8433}}
+| {{formatnum:2246}}
+| {{formatnum:22591}}
+|----- align=center
+| colspan=8 | <small>Production d'aluminium en milliers de tonnes</small>
+|}
+{{clr}}
-[[Image:Aluminium - world production trend.svg|thumb|World production trend of aluminium]]
+===Recyclage===
-Aluminium electrolysis with the [[Hall-Héroult]] process consumes a lot of energy, but alternative processes were always found to be less viable economically and/or ecologically. The world-wide average specific energy consumption is approximately 15±0.5 [[kilowatt-hour]]s per kilogram of aluminium produced from alumina. (52 to 56 [[megajoule|MJ]]/kg). The most modern smelters reach approximately 12.8 kW·h/kg (46.1 MJ/kg). (Compare this to the [[heat of reaction]], 31 MJ/kg, and the [[Gibbs free energy]] of reaction, 29 MJ/kg.) Reduction line current for older technologies are typically 100 to 200 kA. State-of-the-art smelters operate with about 350 kA. Trials have been reported with 500 kA cells.
+L'aluminium a une excellente recyclabilité. Pour recycler l'aluminium, on le fait simplement fondre. En plus des bénéfices environnementaux, le [[recyclage]] de l'aluminium est beaucoup moins coûteux que l'extraction à partir du minerai de [[bauxite]]. Il nécessite 95&nbsp;% d'[[énergie]] en moins et une tonne d'aluminium recyclé permet d'économiser quatre tonnes de bauxite. En sautant l'étape de l'électrolyse, qui réclame beaucoup d'énergie, on évite les rejets polluants qui lui sont associés. L'aluminium est quasi recyclable à l'infini sans perdre ses qualités, à condition de ne pas fondre dans un même bain des alliages de composition différente.
-Recovery of the metal via [[recycling]] has become an important facet of the aluminium industry. Recycling involves melting the scrap, a process that uses only five percent of the energy needed to produce aluminium from ore. However, a significant part (up to 15% of input material) is lost as [[dross]] (ash-like oxide).<ref>{{cite web | title = Benefits of Recycling | publisher = Ohio Department of Natural Resources | url = http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/recycling/awareness/facts/benefits.htm}}</ref> Recycling was a low-profile activity until the late 1960s, when the growing use of aluminium [[beverage can]]s brought it to the public consciousness.
+Le recyclage de l'aluminium est pratiqué depuis les années 1900 et ne cesse de progresser : dans la consommation d'aluminium en Europe, la part d'origine recyclage est passée de 50&nbsp;% en 1980  à plus de 70&nbsp;% en 2000.  Il existe différentes filières industrielles de récupération de l'aluminium. En France, l'aluminium ménager est récupéré avec les [[emballage]]s dans le cadre du [[tri sélectif]]. Dans les centres de tri, l'aluminium est trié manuellement ou plus couramment grâce à des machines de tri par [[courants de Foucault]]. Il est ensuite broyé avant d'être refondu par des affineurs d'aluminium pour redonner du métal utilisable, appelé aluminium de seconde fusion. L'aluminium de seconde fusion est utilisé essentiellement pour la fabrication de pièces de fonderie pour l'automobile (blocs moteur, culasses, pistons, etc.)
-Electric power represents about 20% to 40% of the cost of producing aluminium, depending on the location of the smelter. Smelters tend to be situated where electric power is both plentiful and inexpensive, such as [[South Africa]], the [[South Island]] of [[New Zealand]], Australia, the [[People's Republic of China]], the [[Middle East]], [[Russia]], [[Quebec]] and [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]], and [[Iceland]].
+Après la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]] la pénurie a conduit à refondre des alliages d'aluminium pour en faire des pièces n'exigeant pas de caractéristiques mécaniques précises, et en particulier des ustensiles de cuisine. La composition des alliages obtenus n'était pas appréciée des fondeurs qui les qualifiaient de « ''cochonium'' ». Les casseroles ainsi réalisées se piquaient ([[Corrosion aqueuse#La piqûration|corrosion par piqûre]]), sous l'effet de l'acidité des aliments. Les conséquences d'une alimentation polluée ont déjà été évoquées.
-[[Image:Aluminium output2.PNG|thumb|right|Aluminium output in 2005]]
-In 2005, the People's Republic of China was the top producer of aluminium with almost one-fifth world share followed by Russia, Canada and USA reports the [[British Geological Survey]].
-Over the last 50 years, Australia has become a major producer of bauxite ore and a major producer and exporter of alumina.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Australian Aluminium Council | url = http://www.aluminium.org.au/Page.php?s=1005 | title = The Australian Industry | accessdate = 2007-08-11}}</ref> Australia produced 62 million tonnes of bauxite in 2005. The Australian deposits have some refining problems, some being high in silica but have the advantage of being shallow and relatively easy to mine.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Australian Aluminium Council | url = http://www.aluminium.org.au/Page.php?s=1007 | title = Australian Bauxite | accessdate = 2007-08-11}}</ref>
+Dans certains pays en voie de développement, le recyclage non contrôlé de matières à base d'aluminium  conduit encore de nos jours à réaliser des ustensiles alimentaires avec des teneurs en éléments nocifs (nickel, cuivre, etc.).
-{{seealso|Category:Aluminium minerals}}
+Néanmoins, le recyclage des alliages d'aluminium, effectué sérieusement, avec un contrôle précis de la composition, donne d'excellents résultats.
-==Chemistry==
+===Les cinq premiers producteurs mondiaux===
-===Oxidation state one===
+Les cinq principaux producteurs mondiaux sont, en 2006 et en millions de tonnes<ref>''Les Echos'', lundi 24 décembre 2007, page 26</ref> :
-{{Unreferencedsection|date=May 2007}}
+*[[Rio Tinto]] [[Alcan]]
+*[[UC Rusal]] (Russie)
+*[[Alcoa]]
+*[[Hydro Al]]
+*[[Chalco]]
-* AlH is produced when aluminium is heated in an atmosphere of [[hydrogen]].
+== Pollution ==
-* Al<sub>2</sub>O is made by heating the normal oxide, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, with silicon at 1800 °C in a [[vacuum]].
+Deux types de pollutions sont engendrées par la production de l'aluminium :
-* Al<sub>2</sub>S can be made by heating Al<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> with aluminium shavings at 1300 °C in a vacuum. It quickly [[Disproportionation|disproportionates]] to the starting materials. The selenide is made in a parallel manner.
+* Une pollution fluorée lors de la transformation de l'alumine en aluminium.
-*AlF, AlCl and AlBr exist in the gaseous phase when the tri-halide is heated with aluminium.
+* Des rejets gazeux au-dessus des cuves d'électrolyse doivent être captés.
-Aluminium halides usually exist in the form AlX<sub>3</sub>.
-e.g. AlF<sub>3</sub>, AlCl<sub>3</sub>, AlBr<sub>3</sub>, AlI<sub>3</sub> etc.
-===Oxidation state two===
+== Voir aussi ==
-* [[Aluminium monoxide]], AlO, is present when aluminium powder burns in oxygen.
+=== Liens internes ===
+* [[Institut d'histoire de l'aluminium]]
+* [[Liste de producteurs d'aluminium]]
-===Oxidation state three===
+==== Métallurgie extractive de l'aluminium ====
-* [[Fajans' rules]] show that the simple trivalent cation Al<sup>3+</sup> is not expected to be found in anhydrous salts or binary compounds such as Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The hydroxide is a weak base and aluminium salts of weak acids, such as carbonate, can't be prepared. The salts of strong acids, such as nitrate, are stable and soluble in water, forming hydrates with at least six molecules of [[water of crystallization]].
+* [[Alumine]]
-* [[Aluminium hydride]], (AlH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>n</sub>, can be produced from [[trimethylaluminium]] and an excess of hydrogen. It burns explosively in air. It can also be prepared by the action of aluminium chloride on [[lithium hydride]] in [[ether]] solution, but cannot be isolated free from the solvent.
+* [[Bauxite]]
-* [[Aluminium carbide]], Al<sub>4</sub>C<sub>3</sub> is made by heating a mixture of the elements above 1000 °C. The pale yellow crystals have a complex lattice structure, and react with water or dilute acids to give [[methane]]. The [[metal acetylide|acetylide]], Al<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, is made by passing [[acetylene]] over heated aluminium.
+* [[Extraction de l'alumine]]
-* [[Aluminium nitride]], AlN, can be made from the elements at 800 °C. It is hydrolysed by water to form [[ammonia]] and [[aluminium hydroxide]].
+* [[Production de l'aluminium par électrolyse]]
-* [[Aluminium phosphide]], AlP, is made similarly, and hydrolyses to give [[phosphine]].
-* Aluminium oxide, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, occurs naturally as corundum, and can be made by burning aluminium in oxygen or by heating the hydroxide, nitrate or sulfate. As a gemstone, its hardness is only exceeded by [[diamond]], [[boron nitride]], and [[carborundum]]. It is almost insoluble in water.
-* [[Aluminium hydroxide]] may be prepared as a gelatinous precipitate by adding ammonia to an aqueous solution of an aluminium salt. It is [[amphoteric]], being both a very weak acid, and forming aluminates with [[alkali]]s. It exists in various crystalline forms.
-* [[Aluminium sulfide]], Al<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>, may be prepared by passing [[hydrogen sulfide]] over aluminium powder. It is [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphic]].
-* [[Aluminium iodide]], (AlI<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, is a [[dimer]] with applications in [[organic synthesis]].
-* [[Aluminium fluoride]], AlF<sub>3</sub>, is made by treating the hydroxide with HF, or can be made from the elements. It consists of a giant molecule which sublimes without melting at 1291 °C. It is very inert. The other trihalides are dimeric, having a bridge-like structure.
-* Aluminium fluoride/water complexes: When aluminium and fluoride are together in aqueous solution, they readily form complex ions such as AlF(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub><sup>+2</sup>, AlF<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub><sup>0</sup>, AlF<sub>6</sub><sup>-3</sup>. Of these, AlF<sub>6</sub><sup>-3</sup> is the most stable. This is explained by the fact that aluminium and fluoride, which are both very compact ions, fit together just right to form the octahedral aluminium hexafluoride complex. When aluminium and fluoride are together in water in a 1:6 molar ratio, AlF<sub>6</sub><sup>-3</sup> is the most common form, even in rather low concentrations.
-* Organo-metallic compounds of empirical formula AlR<sub>3</sub> exist and, if not also giant molecules, are at least dimers or trimers. They have some uses in organic synthesis, for instance trimethylaluminium.
-* Alumino-hydrides of the most electropositive elements are known, the most useful being [[lithium aluminium hydride]], Li[AlH<sub>4</sub>]. It decomposes into lithium hydride, aluminium and hydrogen when heated, and is hydrolysed by water. It has many uses in organic chemistry, particularly as a reducing agent. The aluminohalides have a similar structure.
-===Clusters===
-In the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' of [[14 January]] [[2005]] it was reported that clusters of 13 aluminium atoms (Al<sub>13</sub>) had been made to behave like an [[iodine]] atom; and, 14 aluminium atoms (Al<sub>14</sub>) behaved like an [[alkaline earth]] atom. The researchers also bound 12 iodine atoms to an Al<sub>13</sub> cluster to form a new class of polyiodide. This discovery is reported to give rise to the possibility of a new characterisation of the [[periodic table]]: [[superatom]]s. The research teams were led by Shiv N. Khanna ([[Virginia Commonwealth University]]) and A. Welford Castleman Jr ([[Penn State University]]).<ref>{{cite press release | title = Clusters of Aluminum Atoms Found to Have Properties of Other Elements Reveal a New Form of Chemistry | date = [[13 January]] [[2005]] | publisher = Eberly College of Science | url = http://www.science.psu.edu/alert/Castleman1-2005.htm}}</ref>
+==== Alliage d'aluminium ====
+*[[Alliages d'aluminium pour corroyage]]
+*[[Alliages d'aluminium pour fonderie]]
-==Applications==
+==== Transformation de l'aluminium ====
-===General use===
+*[[Fonderie d'aluminium]]
-[[Image:Aluminum Metal coinless.jpg|thumb|left|A piece of aluminium metal.]]
+*[[Fabrication des feuilles et bandes d'aluminium]]
-Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year= |title = aluminum | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |publisher= |location= |url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-64454}}</ref> Global production of aluminium in 2005 was 31.9 million tonnes. It exceeded that of any other metal except [[iron]] (837.5 million tonnes).<ref>{{cite book | title = World Mineral Production: 2001 - 2005 | author = L E Hetherington, T J Brown, A J Benham, P A J Lusty, N E Idoine | year = 2007 | publisher = British Geological Survey | isbn = 978-0-85272-592-4 | format = available online | url = http://www.mineralsuk.com/britmin/wmp_2001_2005.pdf}}</ref>
-Relatively pure aluminium is encountered only when corrosion resistance and/or workability is more important than strength or hardness. A thin layer of aluminium can be deposited onto a flat surface by [[physical vapor deposition]] or (very infrequently) [[chemical vapor deposition]] or other chemical means to form [[optical coating]]s and [[mirror]]s. When so deposited, a fresh, pure aluminium film serves as a good reflector (approximately 92%) of [[visible light]] and an excellent reflector (as much as 98%) of medium and far infrared.
-Pure aluminium has a low [[tensile strength]], but when combined with thermo-mechanical processing, aluminium alloys display a marked improvement in mechanical properties, especially when [[tempering|tempered]]. Aluminium alloys form vital components of [[aircraft]] and [[rocket]]s as a result of their high strength-to-weight ratio. Aluminium readily forms alloys with many elements such as copper, [[zinc]], [[magnesium]], [[manganese]] and [[silicon]] (e.g., [[duralumin]]). Today, almost all bulk metal materials that are referred to loosely as "aluminium," are actually alloys. For example, the common [[aluminium foil]]s are alloys of 92% to 99% aluminium.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = How Products are Made | author = L. S. Millberg | url = http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Aluminum-Foil.html | title = Aluminum Foil | accessdate = 2007-08-11}}</ref>
+=== Liens externes ===
-Some of the many uses for aluminium metal are in:
+* [http://www.alu-scout.com/perl/lp.pl?SESID=1389542jzxcv301418&file=index.htm&lang=fr Alu-Scout - La plateforme interactive d`information et d'échange du domaine de l`aluminium]
-* Transportation ([[automobile]]s, aircraft, [[truck]]s, [[railway car]]s, marine vessels, [[bicycle]]s etc.)
+* [http://www.ac-nantes.fr:8080/peda/disc/scphy/dochtml/olymp98/partie1.htm Micrographies comparant la surface brillante et la surface mate du papier aluminium]
-* Packaging ([[aluminium can|cans]], foil, etc.)
+* [http://aluminium.matter.org.uk/content/html/fre/default.asp aluMATTER - un site web librement accessible qui vise à fournir des outils de formation en ligne innovants et interactifs relatifs à la science et aux technologies de l'aluminium]
-* [[Water purification|Water treatment]]
+* [http://www.histalu.org Site de l'Institut d'histoire de l'aluminium (IHA).]
-* Treatment against fish parasites such as ''[[Gyrodactylus salaris]]''.
-* Construction ([[window]]s, [[door]]s, [[siding]], building wire, etc.)
-* [[Cooking utensil]]s
-* [[Electrical transmission line]]s for power distribution
-* [[MKM steel]] and [[Alnico]] magnets
-* Super purity aluminium (SPA, 99.980% to 99.999% Al), used in electronics and [[compact disc|CDs]].
-* [[Heat sink]]s for electronic appliances such as [[transistor]]s and [[Central processing unit|CPUs]].
-* Powdered aluminium is used in [[paint]], and in [[pyrotechnic]]s such as [[solid rocket]] fuels and [[thermite]].
-* In the blades of [[theatrical property|prop]] [[sword]]s and [[knives]] used in [[stage combat]].
-===Aluminium compounds===
+=== Notes et références ===
-* Aluminium ammonium sulfate ([Al(NH<sub>4</sub>)](SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), [[ammonium alum]] is used as a [[mordant]], in water purification and sewage treatment, in [[paper]] production, as a [[food additive]], and in [[leather]] tanning.
+{{références|colonnes=2}}
-* Aluminium acetate is a [[salt]] used in solution as an [[astringent]].
+{| align="right"
+|-
+| {{Wiktionnaire|aluminium|aluminium}}
+| {{Commons|Aluminium|l'aluminium}}
+|}
-* Aluminium borate (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is used in the production of [[glass]] and [[ceramic]].
+{{portail chimie}}
-* Aluminium borohydride (Al(BH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>) is used as an additive to [[jet fuel]].
+{{lien BA|es}}
-* [[Aluminium chloride]] (AlCl<sub>3</sub>) is used: in paint manufacturing, in [[antiperspirant]]s, in [[petroleum]] [[refining]] and in the production of synthetic [[rubber]].
+ {{Lien AdQ|es}}
-* Aluminium chlorohydride is used as an antiperspirant and in the treatment of [[hyperhidrosis]].
+[[Catégorie:Aluminium|*]]
-* Aluminium fluorosilicate (Al<sub>2</sub>(SiF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>3</sub>) is used in the production of synthetic [[gemstone]]s, glass and ceramic.
-* [[Aluminium hydroxide]] (Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>) is used: as an [[antacid]], as a mordant, in [[water]] purification, in the manufacture of glass and ceramic and in the waterproofing of fabrics.
-* [[Aluminium oxide]] (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), alumina, is found naturally as [[corundum]] ([[ruby|rubies]] and [[sapphire]]s), [[emery (mineral)|emery]], and is used in glass making. Synthetic ruby and sapphire are used in [[laser]]s for the production of [[coherent light]].
-* [[Aluminium phosphate]] (AlPO<sub>4</sub>) is used in the manufacture: of glass and ceramic, [[Wood pulp|pulp]] and paper products, [[cosmetics]], paints and [[varnish]]es and in making dental [[cement]].
-* [[Aluminium sulfate]] (Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>) is used: in the manufacture of paper, as a mordant, in a [[fire extinguisher]], in water purification and sewage treatment, as a food additive, in fireproofing, and in leather tanning.
-* In many vaccines, certain aluminium salts serve as an immune [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvant]] (immune response booster) to allow the protein in the vaccine to achieve sufficient potency as an immune stimulant.
-===Aluminium alloys in structural applications===
-[[Image:Aluminium_foam.jpg|thumb|Aluminium foam]]
-{{main|Aluminium alloy}}
-Aluminium alloys with a wide range of properties are used in engineering structures. Alloy systems are classified by a number system ([[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]]) or by names indicating their main alloying constituents ([[DIN]] and [[International Organization of Standardization|ISO]]).
-The strength and durability of aluminium alloys vary widely, not only as a result of the components of the specific alloy, but also as a result of heat treatments and manufacturing processes. A lack of knowledge of these aspects has from time to time led to improperly designed structures and gained aluminium a bad reputation. (See main article)
-One important structural limitation of aluminium alloys is their [[Fatigue (material)|fatigue]] strength.  Unlike steels, aluminium alloys have no well-defined [[fatigue limit]], meaning that fatigue failure will eventually occur under even very small cyclic loadings. This implies that engineers must assess these loads and design for a [[Fatigue (material)#Design against fatigue|fixed life]] rather than an infinite life.
-Another important property of aluminium alloys is their sensitivity to heat.
-Workshop procedures involving heating are complicated by the fact that aluminium, unlike steel, will melt without first glowing red. Forming operations where a [[blow torch]] is used therefore requires some expertise, since no visual signs reveal how close the material is to melting. Aluminium alloys, like all structural alloys, also are subject to internal stresses following heating operations such as welding and casting. The problem with aluminium alloys in this regard is their low [[melting point]], which make them more susceptible to distortions from thermally induced stress relief. Controlled stress relief can be done during manufacturing by heat-treating the parts in an oven, followed by gradual cooling -- in effect [[annealing (metallurgy)|annealing]] the stresses.
-The low melting point of aluminium alloys has not precluded their use in rocketry; even for use in constructing combustion chambers where gases can reach 3500&nbsp;K. The [[Agena]] upper stage engine used a regeneratively cooled aluminium design for some parts of the nozzle, including the thermally critical throat region.
-===Household wiring===
-{{seealso|Aluminium wire}}
-Aluminium has about 65% of the conductivity of copper, the traditional household wiring material.  In the 1960s aluminium was considerably cheaper than copper, and so was introduced for household electrical wiring in the United States, even though many fixtures had not been designed to accept aluminium wire.  However, in some cases the greater [[coefficient of thermal expansion]] of aluminium causes the wire to expand and contract relative to the dissimilar metal [[screw]] connection, eventually loosening the connection.  Also, pure aluminium has a tendency to ''[[Creep (deformation)|creep]]'' under steady sustained pressure (to a greater degree as the temperature rises), again loosening the connection.  Finally, [[Galvanic corrosion]] from the dissimilar metals increased the electrical resistance of the connection.
-All of this resulted in overheated and loose connections, and this in turn resulted in fires.  Builders then became wary of using the wire, and many jurisdictions outlawed its use in very small sizes in new construction.  Eventually, newer fixtures were introduced with connections designed to avoid loosening and overheating.  At first they were marked "Al/Cu", but they now bear a "CO/ALR" coding.  In older assemblies, workers forestall the heating problem using a properly-done [[crimp (metalworking)|crimp]] of the aluminium wire to a short "[[pigtail]]" of copper wire.  Today, new alloys, designs, and methods are used for aluminium wiring in combination with aluminium terminations.
-==Precautions==
-Aluminium is a [[neurotoxin]] that alters the function of the [[blood-brain barrier]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Banks, W.A. | coauthors = Kastin, A.J. | year = 1989 | title = Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in membrane function at the blood-brain barrier. | journal = Neurosci Biobehav Rev | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 47-53 | doi = 10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80051-X}}</ref> It is one of the few abundant elements that appear to have no beneficial function to living cells. A small percent of people are [[allergy|allergic]] to it &mdash; they experience [[contact dermatitis]] from any form of it: an itchy [[rash]] from using [[styptic]] or [[antiperspirant]] products, [[Digestion|digestive]] disorders and inability to absorb nutrients from eating food cooked in aluminium pans, and [[vomiting]] and other symptoms of [[poisoning]] from ingesting such products as [[Amphojel]], and [[Maalox]] (antacids). In other people, aluminium is not considered as toxic as [[heavy metal]]s, but there is evidence of some toxicity if it is consumed in excessive amounts. The use of aluminium [[cookware]], popular because of its [[corrosion]] resistance and good [[heat conduction]], has not been shown to lead to aluminium toxicity in general. Excessive consumption of [[antacid]]s containing aluminium compounds and excessive use of aluminium-containing antiperspirants are more likely causes of [[toxicity]].  In research published in the [[Journal of Applied Toxicology]], [[Dr. Philippa D. Darby]] of the [[University of Reading]] has shown that aluminium [[salt]]s increase [[estrogen]]-related [[gene expression]] in human [[breast cancer]] cells grown in the laboratory. These salts' estrogen-like effects have led to their classification as a [[metalloestrogen]].
-It has been suggested that aluminium is a cause of [[Alzheimer's disease]], as some [[brain plaque]]s have been found to contain the metal. Research in this area has been inconclusive; aluminium accumulation may be a consequence of the Alzheimer's damage, not the cause. In any event, if there is any toxicity of aluminium it must be via a very specific mechanism, since total human exposure to the element in the form of naturally occurring clay in soil and dust is enormously large over a lifetime.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences | title = Alzheimer's Disease and Aluminum | date = October 2005 | url = http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/faq/aluminum.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = Michael Hopkin | title = Death of Alzheimer victim linked to aluminium pollution| publisher = news @ nature.com | id = {{doi|10.1038/news060417-10}} | date = [[21 April]] [[2006]]}}</ref>
-[[mercury (element)|Mercury]] applied to the surface of an [[aluminium alloy]] can damage the protective oxide surface film by forming [[Mercury-aluminum amalgam|amalgam]]. This may cause further corrosion and weakening of the structure. For this reason, mercury [[thermometer]]s are not allowed on many [[airliner]]s, as aluminium is used in many aircraft structures.
-Powdered aluminium can react with [[Iron(III) oxide|Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] to form [[Iron|Fe]] and [[Al2O3|Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]]. This mixture is known as [[thermite]], which burns with a high energy output. Thermite can be produced inadvertently during grinding operations, but the high [[ignition temperature]] makes incidents unlikely in most workshop environments.
-===Aluminium and plants (phytoremediation)===
-<!-- Am hoping to fill up this section with a bit more chemistry when I come across it. If you feel that this does not deserve a sub-paragraph, thank you for moving it to the discussion page where I can come back to it as information comes -->
-Aluminium is primary among the factors that contribute to the loss of plant production on acid soils. Although it is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils, the concentration in acid soils of toxic Al<sup>3+</sup> [[cation]]s increases and disturbs root growth and function.
-[[Wheat]]'s [[adaptation]] to allow aluminium tolerance is such that the aluminium induces a release of [[organic compound]]s that bind to the harmful aluminium [[cations]]. [[Sorghum]] is believed to have the same tolerance mechanism. The first gene for aluminium tolerance has been identified in wheat. A group in the U.S. Department of Agriculture showed that sorghum's aluminium tolerance is controlled by a single gene, as for wheat. This is not the case in all plants.
-==See also==
-*[[Aluminium alloy]]
-*[[Aluminium battery]]
-*[[Aluminium in Africa]]
-*[[Aluminium foil]]
-*[[Beverage can]]
-*[[:Category:Aluminium compounds]]
-*[[:Category:Aluminium companies]]
-==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
-==External links==
-{{Commons|Aluminium}}
-{{wiktionarypar|aluminium}}
-*[http://www.crnindia.com/commodity/aluminium.html Aluminium as a traded commodity]
-*[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Al/index.html WebElements.com &ndash; Aluminium]
-*[http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/aluminum/aluminum_table12.html World production of primary aluminium, by country]
-*[http://www.world-aluminium.org/About+Aluminium/Story+of/In+history History of Aluminium]
-*[http://aluminium.matter.org.uk aluMATTER: Free on-line e-Learning resources on aluminium science and technology]
-[[Category:Aluminium| ]]
-[[Category:Recyclable materials]]
-[[Category:Rocket fuels|Aluminium]]
-[[Category:Electrical conductors]]
-[[Category:Pyrotechnic fuels]]
-[[Category:Airship technology]]
-{{Link FA|es}}
-{{Link FA|fr}}
-[[cv:Алюмини]]
 [[af:Aluminium]]
 [[ar:ألمونيوم]]
 [[ast:Aluminiu]]
 [[az:Alüminium]]
+[[be:Алюміній]]
+[[bg:Алуминий]]
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-[[zh-min-nan:Al (goân-sò͘)]]
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-[[bg:Алуминий]]
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+[[co:Alluminiu]]
 [[cs:Hliník]]
-[[co:Alluminiu]]
 [[cy:Alwminiwm]]
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 [[de:Aluminium]]
-[[et:Alumiinium]]
 [[el:Αργίλιο]]
+[[en:Aluminium]]
+[[eo:Aluminio]]
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-[[eo:Aluminio]]
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-[[fr:Aluminium]]
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 [[gd:Almain]]
 [[gl:Aluminio (elemento)]]
-[[ko:알루미늄]]
+[[he:אלומיניום]]
-[[hy:Ալյումին]]
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-[[io:Aluminio]]
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+[[hu:Alumínium]]
+[[hy:Ալյումին]]
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-[[he:אלומיניום]]
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+[[jbo:jinmrmalume]]
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-[[lv:Alumīnijs]]
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-[[jbo:jinmrmalume]]
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-[[hu:Alumínium]]
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+[[mn:Хөнгөн цагаан]]
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-[[mn:Хөнгөн цагаан]]
+[[nds:Aluminium]]
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-[[ja:アルミニウム]]
+[[nn:Aluminium]]
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-[[nn:Aluminium]]
 [[nov:Aluminie]]
 [[oc:Alumini]]
-[[uz:Alyuminiy]]
+[[pam:Aluminiu]]
-[[nds:Aluminium]]
 [[pl:Glin]]
 [[pt:Alumínio]]
-[[ksh:Allu]]
+[[qu:Ch'aqu q'illay]]
 [[ro:Aluminiu]]
-[[qu:Ch'aqu q'illay]]
 [[ru:Алюминий]]
 [[scn:Alluminiu]]
+[[sh:Aluminijum]]
 [[simple:Aluminium]]
 [[sk:Hliník]]
 [[sl:Aluminij]]
 [[sr:Алуминијум]]
-[[sh:Aluminijum]]
-[[fi:Alumiini]]
 [[sv:Aluminium]]
+[[sw:Alumini]]
 [[ta:அலுமினியம்]]
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-[[th:อะลูมิเนียม]]
-[[vi:Nhôm]]
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+[[th:อะลูมิเนียม]]
 [[tr:Alüminyum]]
 [[uk:Алюміній]]
-[[zh-yue:鋁]]
+[[uz:Alyuminiy]]
+[[vi:Nhôm]]
 [[zh:铝]]
+[[zh-min-nan:Al (goân-sò͘)]]
+[[zh-yue:鋁]]

Année	Afrique	Amérique du Nord	Amérique latine	Asie	Europe et Russie	Océanie	Total
1973	249	Modèle:Formatnum:5039	229	Modèle:Formatnum:1439	Modèle:Formatnum:2757	324	Modèle:Formatnum:10037
1978	336	Modèle:Formatnum:5409	413	Modèle:Formatnum:1126	Modèle:Formatnum:3730	414	11 428
1982	501	Modèle:Formatnum:4343	795	Modèle:Formatnum:1103	Modèle:Formatnum:3306	548	Modèle:Formatnum:10496
1987	572	Modèle:Formatnum:4889	Modèle:Formatnum:1486	927	Modèle:Formatnum:3462	Modèle:Formatnum:1273	Modèle:Formatnum:12604
1992	617	Modèle:Formatnum:6016	Modèle:Formatnum:1949	Modèle:Formatnum:1379	Modèle:Formatnum:3319	Modèle:Formatnum:1483	Modèle:Formatnum:14763
1997	Modèle:Formatnum:1106	Modèle:Formatnum:5930	Modèle:Formatnum:2116	Modèle:Formatnum:1910	Modèle:Formatnum:6613	Modèle:Formatnum:1804	Modèle:Formatnum:19479
2003	Modèle:Formatnum:1428	Modèle:Formatnum:5945	Modèle:Formatnum:2275	Modèle:Formatnum:2457	Modèle:Formatnum:8064	Modèle:Formatnum:2198	Modèle:Formatnum:21935
2004	Modèle:Formatnum:1711	Modèle:Formatnum:5110	Modèle:Formatnum:2356	Modèle:Formatnum:2735	Modèle:Formatnum:8433	Modèle:Formatnum:2246	Modèle:Formatnum:22591
Production d'aluminium en milliers de tonnes

Aluminium

Un article de Vev.

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Histoire

Propriétés

Propriétés physiques

Propriétés chimiques

Toxicologie

Alliages remarquables et utilisations

Gisements

Production

Statistiques de production <ref>(en) International Aluminium Institute</ref>

Recyclage

Les cinq premiers producteurs mondiaux

Pollution

Voir aussi

Liens internes

Métallurgie extractive de l'aluminium

Alliage d'aluminium

Transformation de l'aluminium

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