Un article de Vev.
| Version du 21 décembre 2007 à 22:35 DumZiBoT (Discuter) (Bot: Lien BA pour bar:Google) ← Différence précédente |
Version actuelle Moshino31 (Discuter) |
||
| Ligne 1: | Ligne 1: | ||
| - | {{2autres|l'entreprise Google Inc.|le moteur de recherche|Google (moteur de recherche)}} | + | {{2otheruses|the corporation|the search engine|Google search}} |
| - | {{Infobox Société | + | {{Infobox_Company |
| - | |nom officiel = Google | + | | company_name = Google Inc. |
| - | |logo = [[Image:Google logo.png|230px]] | + | | company_logo = [[Image:Google.png|240px]]<!-- FAIR USE of Google.png: see image description page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Google.png for rationale --> |
| - | |forme juridique = [[Public company|Public]] ({{nasdaq|GOOG}} et {{lse|GGEA}}) | + | | company_type = [[public company|Public]] ({{nasdaq|GOOG}}), ({{lse|GGEA}}) |
| - | |dates-clés = [[1998]] : création à [[Menlo Park]] ([[Comté de San Mateo]], [[Californie]], [[États-Unis|É.-U.]]) | + | | foundation = <!--Creation: {{flagicon|California}}[[Stanford University]], [[California]] (January 1996<br />Incorporation:-->[[Menlo Park, California]] ([[September 7]] [[1998]])<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/2004-04-29-google-timeline_x.htm |title=The Rise of Google |journal=[[USA Today]] |date=[[April 29]], [[2004]] |accessdate=2007-08-01}}</ref> |
| - | |slogan = | + | | location_city = [[Mountain View, California]] |
| - | |siège (ville) = [[Mountain View]] en [[Californie]], dans le [[Comté de Santa Clara]] | + | | location_country = [[United States|USA]] |
| - | |siège (pays) = États-Unis | + | | key_people = [[Eric E. Schmidt]], CEO/Director<br />[[Sergey Brin]], Co-Founder, Technology President<br />[[Larry Page]], Co-Founder, Products President<br />[[George Reyes]], CFO |
| - | |personnages-clés = [[Eric Schmidt|Eric E. Schmidt]], [[Président-directeur général|directeur]]<br />[[Sergey Brin]], directeur technique<br />[[Lawrence E. Page|Larry E. Page]], directeur produits<br />[[George Reyes]], [[directeur financier]] | + | | industry = [[Internet]], [[Computer software]] |
| - | |secteurs d'activités = [[Internet]] | + | | products = See [[list of Google products]] |
| - | |produits = | + | | revenue = [[United States dollar|US$]]10.604 billion {{profit}}73% (2006)<ref name="financialtables">{{cite web |url=http://investor.google.com/fin_data.html |title=Financial Tables |publisher=Google Investor Relations |accessdate=2007-02-23}}</ref> |
| - | |filiales = | + | | net_income = US$3.077 billion {{profit}}29% (2006)<ref name="financialtables" /> |
| - | |effectif = 15 916 (octobre [[2007]]) | + | | assets=US$18.473 billion (2006)<ref name="financialtables" /> |
| - | |chiffre d'affaires = {{profit}} 10,6 milliards [[Dollar US|USD]] ([[2006]]) | + | |equity=US$17.039 billion (2006)<ref name="financialtables" /> |
| - | |résultat net = 3,07 milliards [[Dollar US|USD]] ([[2006]]) | + | | num_employees = 15,916 ([[September 30]] [[2007]])<ref name=q32007results>"[http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/revenues_q307.html Google Announces Third Quarter 2007 Results]." [[October 18]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[October 22]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | |site web = [http://www.google.com www.google.com] | + | | company_slogan = [[Don't be evil]] |
| - | }} | + | | homepage = [http://www.google.com/ www.google.com]}} |
| - | '''Google, [[Inc]].''' {{phonétique|[gugœl]}} est une société fondée le {{Date|27|septembre|1998}} dans la [[Silicon Valley]] en [[Californie]] par [[Larry Page]] et [[Sergey Brin]], auteurs du '''[[Google (moteur de recherche)|moteur de recherche Google]]'''. Depuis [[2001]], [[Eric Schmidt]] en est le [[Président Directeur Général|PDG]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]). La société compte environ 16 000 employés dont la plupart travaillent au siège mondial : le [[Googleplex]] à [[Mountain View]]. Google s'est donné comme mission d'« organiser l'information à l'échelle mondiale et de la rendre universellement accessible et utile ». | + | '''Google Inc.''' ({{nasdaq|GOOG}} and {{lse|GGEA}}) is an [[United States|American]] [[public company|public corporation]], specializing in [[Internet search]] and [[online advertising]]. The company is based in [[Mountain View, California]], and has 15,916 full-time employees (as of [[September 30]] [[2007]]).<ref name=q32007results /> It is the largest American company (by [[market capitalization]]) that is not part of the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]].{{fact|date=December 2007}} |
| - | Sur la période s'étalant de juin 2000 à novembre 2004, Google aurait [[indexé]] plus de 8 milliards de [[pages Web]], 1 milliard d'[[image]]s . | + | Google was co-founded by [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]] while they were students at [[Stanford University]] and the company was first incorporated as a [[privately held company]] on [[September 7]], [[1998]]. Google's [[initial public offering]] took place on [[August 19]], [[2004]], raising [[United States dollar|US$]]1.67 billion, making it worth US$23 billion. Through a series of new product developments, acquisitions and partnerships, the company has expanded its initial search and advertising business into other areas, including web-based [[email]], online mapping, office productivity, and video sharing, among others. |
| - | Début 2007, Google valait quelque 160 milliards de dollars à la bourse de Wall Street. Google possèderait le parc de serveurs le plus important du monde avec environ 450 000 machines réparties sur plus de 25 sites de par le monde<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/14/technology/14search.html?pagewanted=2&ei=5088&en=c96a72bbc5f90a47&ex=1307937600&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss New York Times, 14 juin 2006]</ref>. | + | |
| - | == Historique == | + | ==History== |
| - | === Lancement du moteur de recherche : Google est né=== | + | [[Image:Google1998.png|thumb|left|Google in 1998]] |
| + | {{main|History of Google}} | ||
| + | Google began in [[January]] [[1996]], as a research project by [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]], two [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] students at [[Stanford University]], [[California]].<ref name="milestones">"[http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html Corporate Information: Google Milestones]." ''Google.'' Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2007]].</ref> They hypothesized that a search engine that analyzed the relationships between websites would produce better ranking of results than existing techniques, which ranked results according to the number of times the search term appeared on a page.<ref>Page, Lawrence; Brin, Sergey; Motwani, Rajeev; Winograd, Terry. "[http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8090/pub/1999-66 The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web]." [[November 11]], [[1999]].</ref> Their search engine was originally nicknamed "BackRub" because the system checked [[backlinks]] to estimate a site's importance.<ref>Battelle, John. "[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html?tw=wn_tophead_4 The Birth of Google]." ''[[Wired Magazine]].'' August, 2005.</ref> A small search engine called Rankdex was already exploring a similar strategy.<ref>Li, Yanhong. "[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=707687 Toward a qualitative search engine]." ''Internet Computing, IEEE.'' '''2 (4),''' July-August, 1998, 24-29.</ref> | ||
| - | En [[1996]], Google, alors baptisé ''BackRub'', est le nom d'un projet de recherche sur lequel travaillent deux étudiants de l'[[université Stanford]] : [[Lawrence E. Page|Larry Page]] et [[Sergey Brin]]. Leur projet concerne les [[moteurs de recherche]]. Ils imaginent qu'un moteur de recherche qui analyserait les relations entre les sites Web pourrait donner de meilleurs résultats que ceux donnés par les moteurs de recherche de l'époque, [[Altavista]] notamment. | + | Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. Originally, the search engine used the [[Stanford University]] website with the domain ''google.stanford.edu''. The domain ''google.com'' was registered on [[September 15]], [[1997]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://whois.dnsstuff.com/tools/whois.ch?ip=google.com | title=WHOIS - google.com | accessdate=2007-08-10}}</ref> and the company was incorporated as ''Google Inc.'' on [[September 7]], [[1998]] at a friend's garage in [[Menlo Park, California]]. The total initial investment raised for the new company eventually amounted to almost US$1.1 million, including a US$100,000 check by [[Andy Bechtolsheim]], one of the founders of [[Sun Microsystems]].<ref>Google. "[http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html Google Milestones]." Retrieved on [[July 12]], [[2006]].</ref> |
| - | Le [[nom de domaine]] ''google.com'' est enregistré le [[15 septembre]] [[1997]]. | + | The founders originally were keen to acquire the domain "Googol.com". It was registered to a local Silicon Valley engineer (Tim Beauchamp) who was using it as a site for math and astronomy. He did not want to relinquish the domain at the time.<ref name="googoloriginaldomain">Original Owner."[http://books.google.com/books?id=4BKKFJDqlpkC&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=%22googol+com%22+tim+beauchamp&source=web&ots=bVsg7FGnw9&sig=PlT-u4p3FguHKeph2nq_c3uE4Oc From Altoids to Zima: The Surprising Stories Behind 125 Famous Brand Names By Evan Morris]" Retrieved on [[November 13]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | Les deux étudiants recherchent des fonds pour créer leur entreprise. Ils renomment le projet ''Google'', en référence au mot [[Gogol (nombre)|Gogol]] (''voir ci dessous [[Google#Origine du nom|Origine du nom]]''). [[Andy Bechtolsheim]], un des fondateurs de [[Sun Microsystems]], leur offre 100 000 dollars, après avoir vu ce dont était capable leur moteur de recherche. Grâce notamment à leurs familles et amis, ils arriveront à réunir un million de dollars et pourront lancer la société ''Google Inc.'' le [[7 septembre]] [[1998]]. Leur premier bureau sera un garage à [[Menlo Park]], comme c'est souvent la tradition dans la [[Silicon Valley]]. | + | In March 1999, the company moved into offices in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], home to several other noted [[Silicon Valley]] technology startups.<ref name="165univave">Fried, Ian. "[http://news.com.com/2100-1040-960790.html A building blessed with tech success]." ''[[CNET]].'' [[October 4]], [[2002]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in [[Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California|Mountain View]] at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from [[Silicon Graphics]] (SGI) in 2003.<ref name="sgibldg">Olsen, Stefanie. "[http://news.com.com/Googles+movin+on+up/2110-1032_3-1025111.html Google's movin' on up]." ''[[CNET]].'' [[July 11]], [[2003]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since come to be known as the [[Googleplex]] (a play on the word [[googolplex]], a 1 followed by a [[googol]] zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] for US$319 million.<ref name="googleplexpurchase">Staff Writer. "[http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics]." ''Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal.'' [[June 16]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | En février [[1999]], c'est 500 000 requêtes par jour que Google doit gérer, puis en août 3 millions. En mars, la société déménage à [[Palo Alto]]. Le moteur de recherche qui était jusque-là en [[Version d'un logiciel|version bêta]], achève sa phase de test le 10 septembre. | + | The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design and usability.<ref name="simpledesign">Thompson, Bill. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3334531.stm Is Google good for you?]" ''[[BBC News]].'' [[December 19]] [[2003]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> In 2000, Google began selling [[advertising|advertisements]] associated with search [[keyword (internet search)|keywords]].<ref name="milestones" /> The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.<ref name="milestones" /> Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and clickthroughs, with bidding starting at US$.05 per click.<ref name="milestones" /> This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by [[Yahoo! Search Marketing|Goto.com]] (later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by [[Yahoo!]] and rebranded as [[Yahoo! Search Marketing]]).<ref name="goto strong">Sullivan, Danny. "[http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=2166331 GoTo Going Strong]." ''The Search Engine Report.'' [[July 1]] [[1998]].</ref><ref name="cnet p4p">Pelline, Jeff. "[http://news.com.com/Pay-for-placement+gets+another+shot/2100-1023_3-208309.html Pay-for-placement gets another shot]." ''[[CNET]].'' [[February 19]], [[1998]].</ref><ref name="glaser">Glaser, Ken. "Who Will GoTo.com?" [http://www.onlinepress.com/ OnlinePress.com].'' [[February 20]], [[1998]].</ref> While many of its [[dot-com]] rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.<ref name="milestones" /> |
| - | === Le moteur assoit sa renommée === | + | The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol",<ref>Koller, David. "[http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html Origin of the name, "Google."] ''[[Stanford University]].'' January, 2004.</ref><ref>Hanley, Rachael. "[http://daily.stanford.org/article/2003/2/12/fromGoogolToGoogle From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns]." ''[[The Stanford Daily]].'' [[February 12]], [[2003]]. Retrieved on [[July 14]], [[2006]].</ref> which refers to 10<sup>100</sup>, the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "[[google (verb)|google]]", was added to the ''[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' and the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."<ref>Harris, Scott D. "[http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm Dictionary adds verb: to google]{{deadlink|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm|date=July 2007|date=August 2007}}." ''[[San Jose Mercury News]].'' [[July 7]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[July 7]] [[2006]].</ref><ref>Bylund, Anders. "[http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/ To Google or Not to Google]{{deadlink|url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/|date=August 2007|date=August 2007}}." ''[[The Motley Fool]] via [[MSNBC]].'' [[July 5]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[July 7]], [[2006]].</ref> |
| - | En juin [[2000]], Google est le premier [[moteur de recherche]] à avoir référencé un demi-milliard de [[pages Web]]. Google signe cette année-là un partenariat avec [[Yahoo!]], commence à proposer la publicité ciblée en fonction des mots-clés. À la fin de l'année, la [[Google Toolbar]] est proposée en téléchargement. | + | |
| - | Larry Page et Sergey Brin font appel en mars [[2001]], à [[Eric Schmidt]], le président de [[Novell]], pour prendre la direction de l'entreprise. Le [[4 septembre]] [[2001]], Google obtient la validation de son brevet concernant [[PageRank]]. | + | A [[patent]] describing part of Google's ranking mechanism ([[PageRank]]) was granted on [[September 4]], [[2001]].<ref name="patent">Page, Lawrence. "[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6285999 Method for node ranking in a linked database]." ''[[European Patent Organisation]].'' [[September 4]], [[2001]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]] [[2007]].</ref> The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. |
| - | === Rachat et création de nouveaux services === | + | ===Financing and initial public offering=== |
| - | La compagnie se spécialise dans la détection de petites sociétés jugées prometteuses et susceptibles d'être valorisées par une synergie avec ses activités. | + | The first funding for Google as a company was secured in the form of a [[United States dollar|US$]]100,000 contribution from [[Andy Bechtolsheim]], co-founder of [[Sun Microsystems]], given to a corporation which did not yet exist.<ref name="Bechtolsheim">Kopytoff, Verne; Fost, Dan. "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/04/29/MNGLD6CFND34.DTL For early Googlers, key word is $$$]." ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]].'' [[April 29]], [[2004]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> Around six months later, a much larger round of funding was announced, with the major investors being rival venture capital firms [[Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers]] and [[Sequoia Capital]].<ref name="Bechtolsheim" /> |
| - | En [[2001]], Google lance le service [[Google Catalogs]]. | + | Google's initial public offering took place on [[August 19]], [[2004]]. 19,605,052 [[stock|shares]] were offered at a price of US$85 per share.<ref name="IPO">Elgin, Ben. "[http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2004/tc20040819_6843_tc120.htm Google: Whiz Kids or Naughty Boys?]" ''[[Business Week]].'' [[August 19]], [[2004]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref><ref>http://investor.google.com/pdf/2004_AnnualReport.pdf</ref> Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as [[square root of two|√2]] ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised US$1.67 billion, and gave Google a [[market capitalization]] of more than US$23 billion.<ref name="washpost">Webb, Cynthia L. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14939-2004Aug19.html Google's IPO: Grate Expectations]." ''[[Washington Post]].'' [[August 19]], [[2004]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> The vast majority of Google's 271 million shares remained under Google's control. Many of Google's employees became instant [[paper millionaires]]. [[Yahoo!]], a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google as of [[August 9]], [[2004]], ten days before the IPO.<ref name="yahooshares">Kuchinskas, Susan. "[http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/3392781 Yahoo and Google Settle]." ''[http://www.internetnews.com/ internetnews.com].'' [[August 9]], [[2004]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | * '''Deja News''' : Archive d'[[USENET]] créée en 1995. Achetée en février 2001 et rebaptisée Google Groups. | + | |
| - | * '''Outride''' : ''spin-off'' du ''Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)''. Achat de propriété industrielle en septembre 2001 et incorporation dans le moteur de recherche Google. | + | |
| - | En mai [[2002]] : Google lance [[Google Labs]], le laboratoire des services et applications de la société. Le 12 juin 2002, Sergey Brin annonce officiellement à [[Paris]] l'ouverture de la filiale française. En décembre, lancement de [[Froogle]], un service d'achat en ligne. | + | Google's post-IPO stock performance has been very good as well, with shares hitting US$700 for the first time on [[October 31]], [[2007]],<ref>[[Daily Telegraph]] Issue 47,409 Business Section Page B5 date, [[7 November]], [[2007]]</ref> due to strong sales and earnings in the advertising market, as well as the release of new features such as the [[Google Desktop|desktop search function]] and personalized home page.<ref name="bowlingforgoogle">La Monica, Paul R. "[http://money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm Bowling for Google]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[May 25]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[February 28]] [[2007]].</ref> The surge in stock price is fueled primarily by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and [[mutual fund]]s.<ref name="bowlingforgoogle" /> |
| - | En février [[2003]] Google rachète [[Pyra Labs]], le propriétaire de [[Blogger]], un service de création de blogs. Google gère au quotidien 200 millions de requêtes par jour soit 56 % des requêtes mondiales. En mai, [[Google News]] est décliné en version francophone. | + | The company is listed on the [[NASDAQ]] stock exchange under the [[ticker]] symbol '''GOOG''' and under the [[London Stock Exchange]] under the ticker symbol '''GGEA''' |
| - | * '''Applied Semantics''' : Achat de cette société de publicité contextuelle en avril 2003 et usage dans le service ''Adwords''. | + | ===Growth=== |
| - | * '''Kaltix''' (3 employés) : compagnie de recherche acquise en septembre 2003. | + | While the company's primary business interest is in the web content arena, Google has begun experimenting with other markets, such as [[radio]] and print publications. On [[January 17]], [[2006]], Google announced that its purchase of a radio advertising company "dMarc", which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio.<ref>Levingston, Steven. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/17/AR2006011701333.html Google Buys Company To Expand Into Radio]." ''[[Washington Post]].'' [[January 18]], [[2006]].</ref> This will allow Google to combine two niche advertising media—the Internet and radio—with Google's ability to laser-focus on the tastes of consumers. Google has also begun an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the [[Chicago Sun-Times]].<ref>Gonsalves, Antone. "[http://www.informationweek.com/industries/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=175803378 Google Confirms Testing Ads in Sun-Times Newspaper]." ''[[Information Week]]''. " [[January 10]], [[2006]].</ref> They have been filling unsold space in the newspaper that would have normally been used for in-house advertisements. |
| - | L'année [[2004]] marque pour Google l'apogée de sa domination en matière de recherche : 84,9% des requêtes sur le Web sont faites auprès de Google{{citation nécessaire}}. On peut expliquer cela grâce notamment à ses partenariats avec [[Yahoo]], [[AOL]] et [[Cable News Network|CNN]]. En effet, ces sociétés ont signé des accords pour que Google soit le moteur de recherche de leurs sites. C'est justement en février 2004 que Yahoo se sépare de Google pour développer son propre moteur de recherche. Cette année-là Google lance [[Gmail]] et [[Google Desktop Search]]. | + | Google was added to the [[S&P 500 index]] on [[March 30]], [[2006]]. It replaced [[Burlington Resources]], a major oil producer based in [[Houston]] which was acquired by [[ConocoPhillips]]. |
| - | * '''[[Blogger]]''' (Pyra Labs) : Achat en mai 2004, reconception complète par les spécialistes de Google, devenue aujourd'hui (2005) l'un des principaux hébergeurs de [[blog]]s. | + | ===Philanthropy=== |
| - | * '''[[Picasa]]''' : Créateurs d'un programme de gestion de photos à 30$ lancé en octobre 2001. Intégré à ''Blogger'' en juillet 2004. ''Picasa'' devint alors un produit gratuit incorporant le fameux bouton Google "J'ai de la chance!". Ce logiciel reste régulièrement primé par différents magazines de micro-informatique aux USA. | + | In 2004, Google formed a non-profit philanthropic wing, [[Google.org]], with a start-up fund of US$1 billion.<ref name="philanthropy">"[http://www.google.org/about.html About the Foundation]." ''[[Google.org]].'' Retrieved on [[October 11]], [[2007]].</ref> The express mission of the organization is to create awareness about [[climate change]], global public health, and [[global poverty]]. One of its first projects is to develop a viable [[plug-in hybrid]] [[electric vehicle]] that can attain 100 [[fuel economy in automobiles|mpg]]. The current director is Dr. [[Larry Brilliant]].<ref>Hafner, Katie. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html Philanthropy Google’s Way: Not the Usual]." ''[[The New York Times]].'' [[September 14]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[October 11]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | * '''Keyhole''' : Compagnie de cartographie fondée en 2001. Achetée en octobre 2004 dans le cadre du projet ''Google Maps''. Réduction immédiate de son prix de 69,95 $ à 29,95 $, et intégration de ses photos satellite dans Google Maps. | + | |
| - | * '''Zipdash''' : Compagnie de gestion de trafic acquise en 2004 et incorporée discrètement dans Google Maps. Le nom de ''Zipdash'' n'est apparu que dans le rapport annuel 2004 de Google. | + | |
| - | * '''Where2''' : Compagnie de cartographie australienne mentionnée également dans le rapport 2004, mais sans précisions. Probablement liée au développement de Google Maps. | + | |
| - | En août 2005, Google rachète [[Android]], une start-up spécialisée dans le développement d'applications de [[téléphonie mobile]]. | + | ===Acquisitions=== |
| - | * '''[[Urchin Software Corporation|Urchin]]''' : Compagnie d'analyse statistique du Web, acquise en mars 2005. | + | {{seealso|List of Google acquisitions}} |
| - | * '''Dodgeball''' (2 employés) : Compagnie d'analyse de cliques (voir [[Théorie des graphes]]) en matière de téléphonie mobile. La compagnie est venue spontanément chercher Google pour soutenir son développement financier. Liée aujourd'hui au projet [[Google Mobile]]. | + | Since 2001, Google has acquired several small start-up companies, often consisting of innovative teams and products. One of the earlier companies that Google bought was [[Pyra Labs]]. They were the creators of [[Blogger (service)|Blogger]], a weblog publishing platform, first launched in 1999. This acquisition led to many premium features becoming free. Pyra Labs was originally formed by [[Evan Williams (blogger)|Evan Williams]], yet he left Google in 2004. In early 2006, Google acquired Upstartle, a company responsible for the online word processor, [[Writely]]. The technology in this product was used by Google to eventually create [[Google Docs & Spreadsheets]]. |
| - | En [[2006]], Google, tout comme les autres{{ref nécessaire}} [[moteurs de recherche]], accepte de brider son [[moteur de recherche]] afin de mieux s'implanter en [[République populaire de Chine|Chine]]. Ainsi à dater du 28 janvier [[2006]], une recherche images sur « Tiananmen » affiche dans Google.fr la célèbre photo d'un étudiant barrant la route des chars, symbole des [[manifestations de la place Tian'anmen]], tandis que sur Google.cn les résultats affichent des portraits de familles joyeuses ou photos de monuments. Il faut toutefois noter qu'une telle censure s'applique aussi à des sites racistes, islamistes ou révisionnistes dans les versions française et allemande de Google. | + | In February 2006, software company Adaptive Path sold Measure Map, a [[weblog]] statistics application, to Google. Registration to the service has since been temporarily disabled. The last update regarding the future of Measure Map was made on [[April 6]], [[2006]] and outlined many of the service's known issues.<ref>"[http://groups.google.com/group/measuremap-forums-important/browse_thread/thread/dffb45fd6d9748c1 Measure Map Forum - Known issues]." ''[[Google Groups]].'' [[April 6]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[September 10]] [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | Au mois de mai [[2006]] Google lance [[GWT]] (Google Web Toolkit) un outil qui permet de développer des applications en Ajax. Cet outil est passé en open source en décembre [[2006]]. Il est au cœur de la stratégie web de Google. | + | In late 2006, Google bought online video site [[YouTube]] for US$1.65 billion in stock.<ref>La Monica, Paul R. "[http://money.cnn.com/2006/10/09/technology/googleyoutube_deal/index.htm?cnn=yes Google to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[October 9]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[October 9]] [[2006]].</ref> Shortly after, on [[October 31]], [[2006]], Google announced that it had also acquired [[JotSpot]], a developer of wiki technology for collaborative Web sites.<ref>[http://www.crackgoogle.com/content/view/23/ Google Buys Wiki Startup JotSpot]. [[October 31]], [[2006]].</ref> |
| - | Le 9 octobre [[2006]], Google rachète [[YouTube]] pour un montant de 1,65 milliard de dollars en actions, ce qui constitue la plus grosse opération d'acquisition de Google jusqu'alors<ref>''[http://fr.techcrunch.com/2006/10/09/google-acquiert-youtube/ Google acquiert YouTube]'' sur TechCrunch</ref>. | + | On [[April 13]], [[2007]], Google reached an agreement to acquire [[DoubleClick]]. Google agreed to buy the company for US$3.1 billion.<ref name="DoubleClicknyt"> Louise Stort and Miguel Helft. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/14/technology/14DoubleClick.html?ref=technology Google Buys DoubleClick for $3.1 Billion]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. [[April 13]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[April 13]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | Fin novembre 2006, Google ferme Google Answers. | + | On [[July 9]], [[2007]], Google announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire enterprise messaging security and compliance company [[Postini]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/intl/en/press/pressrel/postini_20070709.html|title=Google to acquire Postini|publisher=Google (Press release)|accessdate=2007-07-18|date=July 9, 2007}}</ref> |
| - | * '''dMarc Broadcasting''' : Firme spécialisée dans la diffusion de messages publicitaires à la radio. Achetée en janvier 2006. | + | ===Partnerships=== |
| - | * '''[[Writely]]''' : éditeur de traitement de texte, en ligne, acquis en mars 2006. | + | In 2005, Google entered into partnerships with other companies and government agencies to improve production and services. Google announced a partnership with [[NASA Ames Research Center]] to build up {{convert|1000000|sqft|sqm|-3}} of offices and work on research projects involving large-scale data management, [[nanotechnology]], [[distributed computing]], and the entrepreneurial space industry.<ref name="nasaames">Mills, Elinor. "[http://news.com.com/Can+Google+beat+the+new-office+curse/2100-1030_3-5884957.html Can Google beat the new-office curse?]" ''[[CNET]].'' [[September 28]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> Google also entered into a partnership with [[Sun Microsystems]] in October to help share and distribute each other's technologies.<ref name="googlesun">Kessler, Michelle; Acohido, Byron. "[http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2005-10-03-google-sun-team_x.htm Google, Sun make 'big deal' together]." ''[[USA Today]].'' [[October 3]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> The company entered into a partnership with [[Time Warner]]'s [[AOL]],<ref name="googleaol">Mills, Elinor. "[http://news.com.com/What+the+Google-AOL+deal+means+for+users/2100-1024_3-6010327.html What the Google-AOL deal means for users]." ''[[CNET]].'' [[December 28]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> to enhance each other's video search services. |
| - | * '''@Last Software''' : société éditrice du logiciel [[SketchUp]] acquise en mars 2006. | + | |
| - | * '''Neven Vision''' : Firme spécialisée dans le développement de logiciels de reconnaissance photographique acquise en août 2006. | + | |
| - | * '''[[YouTube]]''' : Site web de diffusion vidéo acquise en octobre 2006 pour 1,65 milliard de dollars. | + | |
| - | * '''[[JotSpot]]''' : Site hébergeur de [[wiki]]s intelligents (comportant des pages de tableurs et d'agendas collaboratifs, etc.) pour les particuliers et les entreprises, acquis fin octobre 2006 pour un montant non encore révélé à cette date. | + | |
| - | * '''[[iRows]]''' Tableur en ligne du type Google Spreadsheets. | + | |
| - | * '''[[Endoxon]]''' Société de cartographie internet et de services mobile suisse. Achetée en décembre 2006. | + | |
| - | * '''Adscape Media''' : Société canadienne spécialisée dans l'insertion de publicités dans les jeux vidéo. Achetée en mars 2007 pour 23 millions de dollars. | + | |
| - | * '''Trendalyzer''' : logiciel de visualisation de données développé par la fondation GapMinder. Racheté en mars 2007 pour un montant non communiqué. | + | |
| - | *'''[[DoubleClick]]''' : régie publicitaire internet. Racheté en avril 2007 pour 3,1 milliards de dollars en cash. | + | |
| - | *'''FeedBurner''' : plateforme de gestion des flux RSS/Atom. Achetée en mai 2007 pour 100 millions de dollars. | + | |
| - | *'''[[Panoramio]]''' : société espagnole proposant des millions de photos liées à des emplacements géographiques. Le service correspondant vient compléter Google Earth. Achetée en mai 2007. | + | |
| - | *'''GrandCentral''' : start-up spécialisée dans la téléphonie. Rachetée en juillet 2007. | + | |
| - | *'''Zingku''' : en septembre 2007, Plateforme de services mobiles. | + | |
| - | *'''Jaiku''' : en octobre 2007, Service d'envoi et de réception de courts messages via le web, la [[messagerie instantanée]] d'[[AOL]] et [[Yahoo]] et les téléphones mobiles. | + | |
| - | === Origine du nom === | + | The same year, the company became a major financial investor of the new [[.mobi]] [[top-level domain]] for mobile devices, in conjunction with several other companies, including [[Microsoft]], [[Nokia]], and [[Ericcson]] among others.<ref name="investors">"[http://mtld.mobi/company/about/investors dotMobi Investors]." ''[[.mobi]].'' Retrieved on [[October 14]], [[2007]].</ref> In September 2007, Google launched, "Adsense for Mobile", a service for its publishing partners which provides the ability to monetize their mobile websites through the targeted placement of mobile text ads,<ref name="adsense_mobile">"[http://www.google.com/intl/en/press/annc/20070917_mobileads.html Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market]." ''Google''. [[September 17]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[October 14]], [[2007]].</ref> and acquired the mobile social networking site, ''Zingku.mobi'', to "provide people worldwide with direct access to Google applications, and ultimately the information they want and need, right from their mobile devices."<ref name="zingku">Niccolai, James. "[http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,137853-c,google/article.html Google Buys Mobile Social Network Zingku]." ''[[PC World]].'' [[September 29]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[October 14]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | Un jour de [[1938]], le mathématicien américain [[Edward Kasner]] se demanda quel nom donner au nombre formé du chiffre 1 suivi de 100 zéros. Edward se tourna alors vers son neveu (9 ans) en visite à la maison et lui posa la question. Celui-ci répondit un mot enfantin : « un [[gogol (nombre)|gogol]] », dont l'orthographe est devenue ''googol''. | + | In 2006, Google and [[News Corporation|News Corp.]]'s Fox Interactive Media entered into a US$900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the popular social networking site, [[MySpace]].<ref name="googlemyspace">Staff Writer. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2006_August_7/ai_n16610613 Fox Interactive Media Enters into Landmark Agreement with Google Inc.; Multi-Year Pact Calls for Google to Provide Search and Advertising across Fox Interactive Media's Growing Online Network Including the MySpace Community]." ''Business Wire.'' [[August 7]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | C'est ce mot que Kasner reporta fidèlement dans son traité ''Mathematics and the imagination'', dont s'inspirèrent en 1998 [[Larry Page]] et [[Sergey Brin]], quand ils créèrent Google. Par cette faute d'orthographe, ''Google'' à la place de ''googol'', simple et facile à retenir deviendra célèbre dans le monde entier. | + | ==Products== |
| + | {{main|List of Google products}} | ||
| + | Google has created services and tools for the general public and business environment alike; including Web applications, advertising networks and solutions for businesses. | ||
| - | On peut aussi noter la similarité avec le mot anglais "[[:en:Goggle|goggle]]" signifiant "lunettes", dont les deux O de la marque rappellent la forme. | + | ===Advertising=== |
| + | Most of Google's revenue is derived from advertising programs. For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported US$10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only US$112 million in licensing and other revenues.<ref name="10-K">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/d10k.htm|title=Form 10-K -- Annual Report|accessdate=2007-07-14|publisher=SEC|work=EDGAR}}</ref> Google [[AdWords]] allows Web advertisers to display advertisements in Google's search results and the Google Content Network, through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view scheme. Google [[AdSense]] website owners can also display adverts on their own site, and earn money every time ads are clicked. | ||
| - | ===Devise=== | + | ===Applications=== |
| - | La devise de la société est ''Don't be evil''<ref>{{en}} http://investor.google.com/conduct.html</ref> (« Ne sois pas le mal / Ne sois pas mauvais »). | + | Google is well-known for its [[Google search|web search]] service, which is a major factor of the company's success. As of August 2007, Google is the most used [[search engine]] on the web with a 53.6% market share, ahead of [[Yahoo!]] (19.9%) and [[Live Search]] (12.9%).<ref name="searchmarketshare">"[http://rankabove.com/p/top-10-search-providers-august-2007/ August 2007 Search Share for Top 10 Search Engines from Nielsen//NetRatings] [[October 26]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[October 26]], [[2007]].</ref> Google indexes billions of Web pages, so that users can search for the information they desire, through the use of [[keyword (Internet search)|keywords]] and [[operators]]. Google has also employed the Web Search technology into other search services, including Image Search, [[Google News]], the price comparison site [[Google Product Search]], the interactive [[Usenet]] archive [[Google Groups]], [[Google Maps]], and more. |
| - | ==Les sources financières== | + | In 2004, Google launched its own free web-based e-mail service, known as [[Gmail]].<ref name="gmail2004">Staff Writer. "[http://money.cnn.com/2004/04/01/technology/google_email/index.htm Google + e-mail = gmail]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[August 1]], [[2004]]. Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2007]].</ref> Gmail features [[e-mail filtering|spam-filtering technology]] and the capability to use Google technology to search e-mail. The service generates revenue by displaying advertisements from the [[AdWords]] service that are tailored to the content of the e-mail messages displayed on screen. |
| - | ===Les [[AdWords]]=== | + | |
| - | Google vend des mots clés aux enchères. Si une personne fait une recherche avec ce mot, les liens des sites de ceux qui ont participé aux enchères s'inscrivent dans la partie des liens commerciaux. | + | |
| - | Chaque fois qu'une personne sélectionne un de ces liens, la société concernée doit verser une certaine somme à Google. | + | |
| - | {{refnec|99% des revenus de Google proviennent des Adwords}}. {{refnec|Paradoxalement, plus les éditeurs de sites estiment qu'ils sont mal classés, plus ils achètent de la présence via le système de Adwords. Se pose alors la question de la pertinence des résultats de Google et de la motivation réelle à fournir des liens pertinents.}} | + | In early 2006, the company launched [[Google Video]], which not only allows users to search and view freely available videos but also offers users and media publishers the ability to publish their content, including television shows on [[CBS]], [[NBA]] basketball games, and music videos.<ref name="video2006">Tyler, Nathan. "[http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/video_marketplace.html Google to Launch Video Marketplace]." ''[[Google]].'' [[January 6]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2007]].</ref> In August 2007, Google announced that it would shut down its video rental and sale program and offer refunds and [[Google Checkout]] credits to consumers who had purchased videos to own. |
| - | ===Le système [[AdSense]]=== | + | Google has also developed several desktop applications, including [[Google Earth]], an interactive mapping program powered by satellite and aerial imagery that covers the vast majority of the planet. Google Earth is generally considered to be remarkably accurate and extremely detailed. Many major cities have such detailed images that one can zoom in close enough to see vehicles and pedestrians clearly. Consequently, there have been some concerns about national security implications. Specifically, some countries and militaries contend the software can be used to pinpoint with near-precision accuracy the physical location of critical infrastructure, commercial and residential buildings, bases, government agencies, and so on. However, the satellite images are not necessarily frequently updated, and all of them are available at no charge through other products and even government sources. For example, [[NASA]] and the [[NGA|National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]. Some counter this argument by stating that Google Earth makes it easier to access and research the images. |
| - | Un site Web peut accueillir les AdWords sur ses pages grâce au système AdSense, Google reverse une partie de ses gains à ce site. | + | |
| - | ==Services en ligne== | + | Many other products are available through [[Google Labs]], which is a collection of incomplete applications that are still being tested for use by the general public. |
| - | {{Article détaillé|Liste des services en ligne de Google}} | + | |
| - | == Données financières == | + | Google has promoted their products in various ways. In [[London]], ''Google Space'' was set-up in [[Heathrow Airport]], showcasing several products, including Gmail, Google Earth and Picasa.<ref name="googlespace">"[http://www.google.co.uk/googlespace/ Googlespace Website]." ''[[Google]].'' Retrieved on [[February 26]], [[2007]].</ref><ref name="heathrow">Donoghue, Andrew. "[http://news.zdnet.co.uk/internet/0,1000000097,39237536,00.htm Google turns Heathrow into testing lab]." ''[[ZDNet]].'' [[November 24]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> Also, a similar page was launched for American college students, under the name ''College Life, Powered by Google.''<ref name="collegelife">"[http://services.google.com/university/ College Life, Powered by Google Website]." Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | Google est une des [[start-up]]s qui ont franchi sans encombre le [[krach]] du NASDAQ en [[2001]], notamment du fait qu'elle n'était pas cotée. L'entreprise s'est introduite en [[Bourse (économie)|bourse]] par un système peu usité d'enchères en mai 2004 qui a comprimé de 5,5 à 1,5% les commissions perçues par les banques d'affaires; introduite à 80 $, l'action cotait 250 $ un an plus tard, ce qui valorisait l'entreprise à près de 74 milliards de dollars. Début [[2006]], l'action cote 460 $ environ, elle atteint la barre des 600 $ (609,62 $) le 8 octobre [[2007]] et franchit la barre des 700 $ le 31 Octobre [[2007]] ce qui la place au 4e rang en terme de capitalisation à la Bourse de New York. Le code de l'action au NASDAQ est GOOG. | + | |
| - | {| class="wikitable" | + | In 2007, some reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor to [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[iPhone]].<ref name="orlowski">Orlowski, Andrew. "[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/03/16/google_phone_confirmed/ Google Phone - it's for real]." ''[[The Register]].'' [[March 16]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[April 1]], [[2007]].</ref><ref name="smith">Smith, David. "[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,1973885,00.html The future for Orange could soon be Google in your pocket]." ''[[The Guardian]].'' [[December 17]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[April 1]] [[2007]].</ref><ref name="ricker">Ricker, Thomas. "[http://www.engadget.com/2007/01/18/the-google-switch-an-iphone-killer/ The Google Switch: an iPhone killer?]." ''[[Engadget]].'' [[January 18]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[April 1]], [[2007]].</ref> The project, called [[Android (mobile phone platform)|Android]] provides a standard development kit that will allow any "Android" phone to run software developed for the Android SDK, no matter the phone manufacturer. In October 2007, Google SMS service was launched in [[India]] allowing users to get business listings, movie showtimes, and information by sending an [[SMS]]. |
| - | |+ Résultats (en millions de dollars) | + | |
| - | ! Année | + | |
| - | ! [[2002]] | + | |
| - | ! [[2003]] | + | |
| - | ! [[2004]] | + | |
| - | ! [[2005]] | + | |
| - | ! [[2006]] | + | |
| - | ! [[2007]] (1er trimestre) | + | |
| - | |----- | + | |
| - | ! chiffre d'affaires | + | |
| - | | 440 | + | |
| - | | 1466 | + | |
| - | | 3189 | + | |
| - | | 6139 | + | |
| - | | 10674 | + | |
| - | | 3660 (+ 63%) | + | |
| - | |----- | + | ===Enterprise products=== |
| - | ! bénéfices | + | In 2007, Google launched [[Google Apps|Google Apps Premier Edition]], a version of Google Apps targeted primarily at the business user. It includes such extras as more disk space for e-mail, API access, and premium support, for a price of US$50 per user per year. A large implementation of Google Apps with 38,000 users is at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.<ref name="rickwood">Rickwood, Lee. "[http://www.pcworld.ca:80/news/column/8088b6470a01040800f483b40707b39a/pg1.htm Google Apps: Killer software or killer decision?]." ''[http://www.pcworld.ca/ PCWorld.ca].'' [[March 23]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[March 25]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | | 100 | + | |
| - | | 106 | + | |
| - | | 399 | + | |
| - | | 1465 | + | |
| - | | 3070 | + | |
| - | | 1000 (+ 69%) | + | |
| - | |} | + | |
| - | Le 20 décembre 2005, [[Time Warner]] annonçait que Google allait prendre 5% de participation dans le capital de sa filiale [[AOL]]. | + | ==Platform== |
| + | {{main|Google platform}} | ||
| + | Google's services are run on several [[server farm]]s, each consisting of thousands of low-cost commodity computers running stripped-down versions of [[Linux]]. While the company does not provide detailed information about its hardware, a 2006 estimate consisted of over 450,000 servers, racked up in clusters located in data centers around the world.<ref name="howgoogleworks">Carr, David F. "[http://www.baselinemag.com/print_article2/0,1217,a=182560,00.asp How Google Works]." ''[http://www.baselinemag.com/ Baseline Magazine].'' [[July 6]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[July 10]], [[2006]].</ref> | ||
| - | ==Controverses== | + | ==Open source involvement== |
| - | === Respect de la vie privée et informations personnelles === | + | Google has encouraged participation in various [[Open-source software|open source]] projects with events such as [[Google Summer of Code]] and the [[Google Highly Open Participation Contest]]. |
| - | La multiplication des services proposés par Google engrange une demande accrue de renseignements sur les utilisateurs : suivi de la navigation et stockage des mots-clés, scan des mails dans Gmail, des informations livrées dans les formulaires, entre autres. Cela pose à chaque innovation la question du respect de leur vie privée, comme le note la philosophe et philologue [[Barbara Cassin]] dans son ouvrage sur Google. Google croise ces données pour affiner le profil des utilisateurs, et améliorer le ciblage des publicités sur internet. | + | ==Corporate affairs and culture== |
| + | [[Image:Googler2-non.jpg|thumb|A [[Vehicle registration plate|license plate]] seen in the Googleplex parking lot.]] | ||
| + | Google is particularly known for its relaxed corporate culture, reminiscent of the [[Dot-com boom]]. In January 2007, it was cited by ''[[Fortune Magazine]]'' as the #1 (of 100) best company to work for.<ref name="best_company">"[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2007/full_list/ 100 Best Companies to Work For 2007]." ''[[Fortune Magazine]] (link published by [[CNN]]).'' [[January 22]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[January 8]], [[2007]].</ref> Google's corporate philosophy is based on many casual principles including, "You can make money without doing evil", "You can be serious without a suit," and "Work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun." A complete list of corporate fundamentals is available on Google's website.<ref>"[http://www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html Google Corporate Philosophy]." ''Google''. Retrieved on [[August 31]], [[2006]].</ref> Google's relaxed corporate culture can also be seen externally through their holiday variations of the [[Google logo]]. | ||
| - | Une telle concentration d'informations sur les individus et leur conservation inquiètent les organisations de défense de la vie privée sur internet, comme l'[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] <ref>Cf. les nombreux articles et communiqués de presse de l'EFF sur Google : <[http://www.eff.org/cgi/search-proxy.py?q=google+privacy&sa=Search+EFF]></ref> | + | Google has been criticized for having salaries below industry standards.<ref>"[http://www.mydanwei.com/query_salary.php?t_salary=google&type=salary&order_by=DATE_DESC Google Employee Salaries Data Survey] --Retrieved from mydanwei.com</ref> For example, some [[system administrator]]s earn no more than US$35,000 per year – considered to be quite low for the [[San Francisco Bay Area|Bay Area]] job market.<ref name="salaries">Penenberg, Adam L. "[http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/04/67287 Why Google Is Like Wal-Mart]." ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]].'' [[April 21]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]], [[2007]].</ref> However, Google's stock performance following its [[Initial public offering|IPO]] has enabled many early employees to be competitively compensated by participation in the corporation's remarkable equity growth.<ref name="shinalj">Shinal, John. "[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/22/BUGCL8BS201.DTL Google IPO achieved its major goal: It's all about raising cash for the company and rewarding employees, early investors]." ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]].'' [[August 22]], [[2004]]. Retrieved on [[February 25]] [[2007]].</ref> Google implemented other employee incentives in 2005, such as the [[Google Founders' Award]], in addition to offering higher salaries to new employees. Google's workplace amenities, culture, global popularity, and strong brand recognition have also attracted potential applicants. |
| - | ou le "Groupe de travail de l'article 29"<ref>Le groupe de travail de l'article 29 est consacré à la "protection des données et leur libre circulation", à l'échelle européenne. Cf. <[http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/privacy/news/index_fr.htm]></ref> de la Commission européenne, une nouvelle forme de surveillance très sophistiquée et un danger potentiel pour la liberté des personnes. Récemment, Google fut placé tout en bas du classement<ref>Privacy International, <[http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd%5B347%5D=x-347-553961]></ref> élaboré par l'ONG [[Privacy International]], qui dit de Google qu'elle est "''ennemie du respect de la confidentialité en raison de la surveillance totale des utilisateurs''". | + | |
| - | En 2004, Google, associé à [[AOL]], [[Amazon.com]], CNet, [[eBay]], [[Microsoft]] et [[Yahoo!]], a pratiqué aux [[États-Unis]] du lobbying contre le [[Spyware Control Act]] en Utah obligeant de demander l'accord explicite de l'utilisateur pour activer des options de traçage de ses choix ou avant l'installation d'un [[spyware|logiciel espion]]<ref>[http://yro.slashdot.org/yro/04/03/15/1947225.shtml {{en}} ''Top Web Businesses Oppose Utah Spyware Law'' sur le site de slashdot.org]</ref>. Les raisons de leur opposition, selon eux, étaient d'ordre technique et non éthique : dans la lettre envoyée au sénateur Valentine et au représentant Urquhart, ils reconnaissent les "''très bonnes intentions''" de la loi<ref>"''H.B. 323, while very well intentioned, would have serious unintended | + | After the company's [[IPO]] in August 2004, it was reported that founders [[Sergey Brin]] and [[Larry Page]], and CEO [[Eric E. Schmidt|Eric Schmidt]], requested that their base salary be cut to US$1.00.<ref name="topsalaries">La Monica, Paul R. "[http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/31/technology/google/index.htm Google leaders stick with $1 salary]." ''[[CNN]].'' [[March 31]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[February 28]], [[2007]].</ref> Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries have been turned down, primarily because, "their primary compensation continues to come from returns on their ownership stakes in Google. As significant stockholders, their personal wealth is tied directly to sustained stock price appreciation and performance, which provides direct alignment with stockholder interests."<ref name="topsalaries" /> Prior to 2004, Schmidt was making US$250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each earned a salary of US$150,000.<ref name="topsalaries" /> |
| - | consequences on everyday, legitimate activities on the Internet.''" <[http://www.benedelman.org/spyware/utah-mar04/letter-01mar04.pdf]></ref>. | + | |
| - | Au sujet des éventuelles techniques de traçage employées par Google, ''Google Watch'', site de l'activiste américain [[Daniel Brandt]], tente de démontrer les failles et le manque de neutralité de Google et propose un [[Serveur mandataire|proxy]], Scroogle, permettant de soumettre une recherche Google sans être épié d'une quelconque façon. Il dénonce entre autres sa censure orientée, dans d'autres pays comme la [[République populaire de Chine|Chine]]<ref>cf. L'article du magazine américain ''Wired'', "''Google vs. Evil''"<[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.01/google_pr.html]></ref>, ou les [[États-Unis]], concernant l'invasion de l'[[Irak]] et la [[prison d'Abu Ghraib]]. | + | They have all declined recent offers of bonuses and increases in compensation by Google's board of directors. In a 2007 report of the United States' richest people, [[Forbes]] reported that [[Sergey Brin]] and [[Larry Page]] were tied for #5 with a net worth of US$18.5 billion each.<ref>"[http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/54/richlist07_The-400-Richest-Americans_FinalWorth.html The 400 Richest Americans]." ''[[Forbes]].'' [[September 20]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[September 22]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | A ce sujet, Google a dans un premier temps refusé de se plier aux injonctions du gouvernement américain fin 2006 en ne lui donnant pas accès aux listes de recherche et URL qui lui étaient demandées pour contribuer à une loi sur la répression de la pédophilie. Néanmoins, ils ont ensuite remis 50 000 URL au gouvernement, mais le juge chargé de l'affaire a décidé que Google n'avait pas à remettre les listes de mots-clés demandées par le gouvernement<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/18/technology/18google.html?ex=1300338000&en=d5fe326ecca3c3dc&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss</ref>. | + | ===Googleplex=== |
| + | [[Image:Googleplexsouthsidesecondangle.jpg|thumb|right|The Googleplex]] | ||
| + | {{main|Googleplex}} | ||
| + | As a play on Google's name, its headquarters, in Mountain View, California, is referred to as "the [[Googleplex]]" — a [[googolplex]] being 1 followed by a googol of zeros, and the HQ being a [[complex]] of buildings (cf. [[movie theater|multiplex]], cineplex, etc). The lobby is decorated with a [[piano]], [[lava lamps]], old server clusters, and a projection of search queries on the wall. The hallways are full of exercise balls and [[bicycle]]s. Each employee has access to the corporate recreation center. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines, locker rooms, washers and dryers, a massage room, assorted [[video game]]s, [[Foosball]], a [[piano|baby grand piano]], a pool table, and [[ping pong]]. In addition to the [[Recreation room|rec room]], there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks.{{fact|date=August 2007}} | ||
| - | En France, les garanties de respect de la vie privée apportées par la [[CNIL]] ne sont pas applicables à des services dont les serveurs sont situés hors du territoire national. Le refus de Google <ref>http://www.telos-eu.com/fr/article/les_dragons_du_web</ref> de se soumettre aux lois locales crée donc une extension de fait de la juridiction américaine. | + | [[Image:Googleplex Welcome Sign.jpg|thumb|left|Sign at the Googleplex]] |
| - | ===Affaire Google Livres=== | + | In 2006, Google moved into {{convert|311000|sqft|sqm|-2}} of office space in [[New York City]], at 111 [[Eighth Avenue|Eighth Ave.]] in Manhattan.<ref name="manhattan">Reardon, Marguerite. "[http://news.com.com/2100-1024_3-6121970.html Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple]." ''[http://www.cnet.com/ c net].'' [[October 2]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[October 9]], [[2006]].</ref> The office was specially designed and built for Google and houses its largest advertising sales team, which has been instrumental in securing large partnerships, most recently deals with [[MySpace]] and [[AOL]].<ref name="manhattan" /> In 2003, they added an engineering staff in New York City, which has been responsible for more than 100 engineering projects, including [[Google Maps]], [[Google Spreadsheet]]s, and others.<ref name="manhattan" /> It is estimated that the building costs Google US$10 million per year to rent and is similar in design and functionality to its [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]] headquarters, including Foosball, air hockey, and ping-pong tables, as well as a video game area.<ref name="manhattan" /> By late [[2006]], Google also established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809| title=Inside Google's Michigan Office| date=[[October 24]] [[2007]]| publisher=''[[InformationWeek]]''}}</ref> |
| - | [[Google Books]] (en français ''Google Livres''), anciennement Google Print, est souvent perçu, en Europe, comme une monopolisation et une privatisation du savoir. En effet, en accumulant la plupart des [[Livre (document)|livres]] du monde en un même point, les utilisateurs pourraient n'avoir pas d'autre choix que de passer par Google, qui contrôlerait ainsi la littérature. Si le système venait à se généraliser, la censure de tel ou tel livre pourrait n'être définie que par une seule entreprise : Google. C'est avant tout chez certains [[Édition (document)|éditeurs de livres]] que le projet soulève le plus de contestations, pour des raisons touchant à leurs droits. Des éditeurs français et belges critiquent ainsi l'idée de l'''opt-out'' avancée par Google, selon lequel ce serait aux éditeurs de demander le retrait de tel ouvrage de Google Books, plutôt qu'à l'entreprise de numérisation de demander l'accord préalable des éditeurs. | + | The size of Google's search system is presently unknown; the best estimates place the total number of the company's servers at 450,000, spread over twenty five locations throughout the world, including major [[network operations center|operations centers]] in [[Dublin]] (European Operations [[Headquarters]]) and [[Atlanta, Georgia]]. Google is also in the process of constructing a major operations center in [[The Dalles, Oregon]], on the banks of the [[Columbia River]]. The site, also referred to by the media as ''Project 02'', was chosen due to the availability of inexpensive [[hydroelectric power]] and a large surplus of [[fiber optic]] cable, left over from the dot com boom of the late 1990s. The computing center is estimated to be as large as two [[American football|football fields]], and it has created hundreds of construction jobs, causing local real estate prices to increase 40%. Upon completion, the center is expected to create 60 to 200 permanent jobs in the town of 12,000 people.<ref name="Project02">Markoff, John; Hansell, Saul. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/14/technology/14search.html?ei=5088&en=c96a72bbc5f90a47&ex=1307937600&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=print Hiding in Plain Sight, Google Seeks More Power]." ''[[The New York Times]].'' [[June 14]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[October 13]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | Une autre critique, en partie contradictoire avec la précédente, s'inquiète du [[biais culturel]] que constituerait l'entreprise, à cause de sa limitation aux États-Unis. En avril [[2005]], [[Jean-Noël Jeanneney]], directeur de la [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], dans son livre ''Quand Google défie l'Europe'' attaque ce projet de numérisation et demande la mobilisation des Européens à ce sujet. Cet appel est entendu par la [[France]] et l'[[Europe]] qui décident de riposter avec le projet de [[bibliothèque numérique européenne]] ainsi qu'avec, dans un autre domaine, le moteur de recherche [[Quaero]]. Néanmoins, certains (petits) éditeurs se montrent plus favorables au projet Google Livres - sans pour autant se faire d'illusion sur ses objectifs - et reprochent à Jean-Noël Jeanneney de: | + | Google is also making steps to ensure that their operations are environmentally sound. In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of [[Photovoltaic module|solar panel]]s to provide up to 1.6 [[megawatt]]s of [[electricity]], enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.<ref name="solar">Richmond, Riva. "[http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?dist=newsfinder&siteid=mktw&guid=%7B630082C7-5370-46C2-8041-FC3FCA28CA16%7D Google plans to build huge solar energy system for headquarters]." ''[http://www.marketwatch.com/ MarketWatch].'' [[October 17]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[October 17]], [[2006]].</ref> The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a [[United States|U.S.]] corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.<ref name="solar" /> In June 2007, Google announced that they plan to become [[carbon neutral]] by 2008, which includes investing in energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, and purchasing carbon offsets, such as investing in projects like capturing and burning [[methane]] from animal waste at Mexican and Brazilian farms. |
| - | * brandir le spectre d’une « américanisation » et d’une « confusion » des savoirs, alors que Google n’a aucunement restreint son projet de numérisation aux bibliothèques du monde anglophone et que les bibliothèques associées définissent elles-mêmes les livres de leurs fonds qu’elles souhaitent numériser (et qu'il est paradoxal de reprocher à une bibliothèque de proposer à la consultation un maximum de documents, d’autant plus que le projet Google n’interdit aucunement la mise en place d’outils de discrimination entre différentes sources ou de classement des résultats selon d’autres critères que le nombre de citations dont un livre fait l’objet); | + | ==="Twenty percent" time=== |
| + | All Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time (one day per week) on projects that interest them. Some of Google's newer services, such as [[Gmail]], [[Google News]], [[Orkut]], and [[AdSense]] originated from these independent endeavors.<ref>"[http://www.google.com/support/jobs/bin/static.py?page=about.html What's it like to work in Engineering, Operations, & IT?]." ''Google.'' Retrieved on [[August 2]], [[2006]].</ref> In a talk at [[Stanford University]], [[Marissa Mayer]], Google's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience, stated that her analysis showed that half of the new product launches originated from the 20% time.<ref>Mayer, Marissa. "[http://stanford-online.stanford.edu/courses/msande472/060517-msande472-300.asx MS&E 472 Course: Entrepreneurial Thought Leaders Seminar Series]." (video link; an [http://www.stanford.edu/group/edcorner/uploads/podcast/mayer060517.mp3 audio podcast] is also available in [[MP3]] format). ''[http://etl.stanford.edu/ ETL Seminar Series]/[[Stanford University]].'' [[May 17]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[August 2]], [[2006]].</ref> | ||
| - | * suggérer que les textes qui ne relèvent pas du domaine public seront intégralement et gratuitement disponibles, alors que la quantité de texte accessible à l’internaute pour un livre donné est limitée (d'après Google, conformément au droit de citation) et revient à permettre aux internautes de feuilleter un livre comme il le feraient en librairie ; | + | ===Easter eggs and April Fool's Day jokes=== |
| + | {{main|Google's hoaxes}} | ||
| + | Google has a tradition of creating [[April Fool's Day]] jokes — such as [[Google's hoaxes#2000: Google MentalPlex|Google MentalPlex]], which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.<ref name="mentalplex">"[http://www.google.com/mentalplex/ Google MentalPlex]." ''[[Google]].'' [[April 1]], [[2000]]. Retrieved on [[February 22]], [[2007]].</ref> In 2002, they claimed that [[pigeons]] were the [[Google's hoaxes#2002: Pigeon Rank|secret]] behind their growing [[search engine]].<ref name="pigeonrank">"[http://www.google.com/technology/pigeonrank.html The technology behind Google's great results]." ''[[Google]].'' [[April 1]], [[2002]]. Retrieved on [[February 22]], [[2007]].</ref> In 2004, they featured [[Google's hoaxes#2004: Google Lunar/Copernicus Center|Google Lunar]] (which claimed to feature jobs on the [[moon]]),<ref name="copernicus">"[http://www.google.com/jobs/lunar_job.html Google Copernicus Center is hiring]." ''[[Google]].'' [[April 1]], [[2004]]. Retrieved on [[February 22]], [[2007]].</ref> and in 2005, a [[fiction|fictitious]] brain-boosting drink, termed [[Google's hoaxes#2005: Google Gulp|Google Gulp]] was announced.<ref name="gulp">"[http://www.google.com/googlegulp/ Quench your thirst for knowledge]." ''[[Google]].'' [[April 1]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[February 22]], [[2007]].</ref> In 2006, they came up with [[Google's hoaxes#2006: Google Romance|Google Romance]], a hypothetical [[online dating]] service.<ref name="romance">Fox, Lynn. "[http://www.google.com/romance/press.html Google to Organize World's Courtship Information with Google Romance]." ''[[Google]].'' [[April 1]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[February 22]], [[2007]].</ref> In 2007, Google announced two joke products. The first was a free wireless Internet service called [[TiSP]] (Toilet Internet Service Provider) <ref name="TiSP">"[http://www.google.com/tisp/ Welcome to Google TiSP]." ''Google.'' [[April 1]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[April 1]], [[2007]].</ref> in which one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a [[fiber-optic]] cable down their toilet and waiting only an hour for a "Plumbing Hardware Dispatcher (PHD)" to connect it to the Internet.<ref name="TiSP"/> Additionally, Google's [[Gmail]] page displayed an announcement for [[Gmail Paper]], which allows users of their free email service to have email messages printed and shipped to a snail mail address.<ref name="gmail_paper">"[http://mail.google.com/mail/help/paper/more.html Gmail Paper]." ''Google.'' [[April 1]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[April 1]], [[2007]].</ref> | ||
| - | * confondre le projet de numérisation du fonds des bibliothèques (programme "Bibliothèque"), dont une bonne part est difficilement accessible et indisponible dans le commerce, et la possibilité offerte aux éditeurs (programme "Partenaire") de mettre en ligne leurs catalogues et leurs nouveautés selon des modalités définies par eux-mêmes ; | + | Some thought the announcement of Gmail in 2004 around April Fool's Day (as well as the doubling of Gmail's storage space to two gigabytes in 2005) was a joke, although both of these turned out to be genuine announcements. In 2005, a comedic graph depicting Google's goal of "infinity plus one" GB of storage was featured on the Gmail homepage. |
| - | * accuser Google de préparer la mort de la petite librairie indépendante, alors que les éditeurs ont le loisir de proposer des liens vers des librairies en ligne de leur choix, notamment les plateformes d'éditeurs indépendants, et qu’un moteur de recherche permettra bientôt aux visiteurs de Google Livres de trouver les coordonnées des librairies les plus proches de leur lieu de résidence ; | + | Google's services contain a number of [[Easter egg (virtual)|Easter eggs]]; for instance, the Language Tools page offers the search interface in the [[Swedish Chef]]'s "Bork bork bork," [[Pig Latin]], ”Hacker” (actually [[leetspeak]]), [[Elmer Fudd]], and [[Klingon language|Klingon]].<ref>"[http://www.google.com/language_tools?hl=en Language Tools]." ''[[Google]].'' Retrieved on [[January 24]], [[2007]].</ref> <!--When asked how to get from a location in the U.S. to a location in Europe (or vice versa), Google Maps will provide directions that include an instruction to "Swim across the Atlantic Ocean." <ref name="atlantic">"[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&hl=en&saddr=North+America&daddr=Germany Google Maps]." ''Google.'' Retrieved on [[May 2]], [[2007]].</ref>--> In addition, the search engine calculator provides the [[Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything]] from [[Douglas Adams]]' ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]''.<ref>"[http://www.google.com/search?q=answer+to+life+the+universe+and+everything Google Search Results for 'answer to life the universe and everything']." ''[[Google]].'' Retrieved on [[January 24]], [[2007]].</ref> As Google's search box can be used as a unit converter (as well as a calculator), some non-standard units are built in, such as the [[Smoot]]. Google also routinely modifies its logo in accordance with various holidays or special events throughout the year, such as [[Christmas]], [[Mother's Day]], or various [[birthday]]s of notable individuals.<ref name="google_holiday">"[http://www.google.com/intl/en/holidaylogos.html Holiday logos]." ''Google''. Retrieved on [[May 21]], [[2007]].</ref> |
| - | * affirmer que le projet de bibliothèque numérique de Google revient pour les bibliothèques traditionnelles à céder sans contrepartie leur patrimoine, alors que Google met à disposition des bibliothèques les fichiers des livres numérisés ; | + | ===IPO and culture=== |
| + | Many people speculated that Google's [[initial public offering|IPO]] would inevitably lead to changes in the company's culture,<ref>[[Associated Press]]. "[http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2004/04/63241 Quirky Google Culture Endangered?]" ''[[Wired Magazine]].'' [[April 28]], [[2004]].</ref> because of shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions and short-term advances, or because a large number of the company's employees would suddenly become millionaires on paper. In a report given to potential investors, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised that the IPO would not change the company's culture.<ref>Baertlein, Lisa. "[http://www.ciol.com/content/news/2004/104043001.asp Google IPO at $2.7 billion]." ''CIOL IT Unlimited.'' [[April 30]], [[2004]].</ref> Later Mr. Page said, "We think a lot about how to maintain our culture and the fun elements. We spent a lot of time getting our offices right. We think it's important to have a high density of people. People are packed together everywhere. We all share offices. We like this set of buildings because it's more like a densely packed university campus than a typical suburban office park."<ref name="davidvise">Vise, David A. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A6742-2004Aug16.html Tactics of 'Google Guys' Test IPO Law's Limits]." ''[[Washington Post]].'' [[August 17]], [[2004]]. Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2007]].</ref> | ||
| - | * ignorer tous les avantages (notamment en termes de visibilité) qu'offrent Google Livres et les projets équivalents aux (petits) éditeurs et aux libraires indépendants, à une époque où l'édition de philosophie, de sciences sociales et d'histoire voit son économie de plus en plus fragilisée. | + | However, many analysts are finding that as Google grows, the company is becoming more "corporate". In 2005, articles in ''[[The New York Times]]'' and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.<ref>Rivlin, Gary. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/24valley.html Relax, Bill Gates; It's Google's Turn as the Villain]." ''[[New York Times]].'' [[August 24]], [[2005]].</ref><ref>Gibson, Owen; Wray, Richard. "[http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp Search giant may outgrow its fans]." ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]].'' [[August 25]],[[2005]].</ref><ref>Ranka, Mohit. "[http://www.osnews.com/story.php/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil Google - Don't Be Evil]."''[[OSNews]].'' [[May 17]],[[2007]].</ref> |
| + | In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google has designated a Chief Culture Officer in 2006, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on in the beginning — a flat organization, a lack of hierarchy, a collaborative environment.<ref name="CCO">Mills, Elinor. "[http://www.zdnet.com.au/insight/software/soa/Meet-Google-s-culture-czar/0,139023769,339275147,00.htm Meet Google's culture czar]." ''[[ZDNet]].'' [[April 30]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[April 30]], [[2007]].</ref> | ||
| - | Sur l'[[édition indépendante]], le livre numérique et Google, on pourra lire : de Jérôme Vidal, ''Lire et penser ensemble - Sur l'avenir de l'édition indépendante et la publicité de la pensée critique'' (Paris, [[Éditions Amsterdam]], 2006, texte publié sous licence [[Creative Commons]] et dont sont extraits les points cités ci-dessus); de Lucien Polastron, ''La Grande Numérisation: Y a-t-il une pensée après le papier?'' (Paris, Denoël, 2006); de Michel Valensi (éditions de L'Éclat), "Faut-il une grande cuillère pour signer avec Google?"; d'Alexandre Laumonier (éditions Kargo), "Les petits éditeurs votent Google" (''Libération'' du 6 juin 2006) et "La non-affaire Google Livres"; et de Joël Faucilhon (lekti-ecriture.com et Contre-feux), "Lorsque la Bibliothèque numérique européenne pense aux livres sans les libraires". | + | ==Criticism== |
| + | <!-- This section is for providing a SUMMARY of the contents of the [[Criticism of Google]] --> | ||
| + | <!-- article. Breaking news stories and new criticisms should be added to that article first, --> | ||
| + | <!-- and not directly to this section. Please refrain from adding new, non-summary content to --> | ||
| + | <!-- this section and instead, add it to the criticism section. Thank you! --> | ||
| + | {{main|Criticism of Google}} | ||
| + | As it has grown, Google has found itself the focus of several controversies related to its business practices and services. For example, [[Google Book Search]]'s effort to digitize millions of books and make the full text searchable has led to [[copyright]] disputes with the [[Authors Guild]]. Google's cooperation with the governments of [[People's Republic of China|China]], and to a lesser extent [[France]] and [[Germany]] (regarding [[Holocaust denial]]) to filter search results in accordance to regional laws and regulations has led to claims of [[censorship by Google|censorship]]. Google's persistent [[HTTP cookie|cookie]] and other information collection practices have led to concerns over user [[Google and privacy issues|privacy]]. A number of [[India]]n state governments have raised concerns about the security risks posed by geographic details provided by [[Google Earth]]'s satellite imaging.<ref name="satimgs">Sharma, Dinesh C. "[http://news.com.com/Indian+president+rails+against+Google+Earth/2100-1028_3-5896888.html?part=rss&tag=5896888&subj=news Indian president warns against Google Earth]." ''[http://www.cnet.com/ c net].'' [[October 17]], [[2005]]. Retrieved on [[July 23]], [[2006]].</ref> Google has also been criticized by advertisers regarding its inability to combat [[click fraud]], when a person or automated script is used to generate a charge on an advertisement without really having an interest in the product. Industry reports in 2006 claim that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact fraudulent or invalid.<ref>Mills, Elinor. "[http://news.com.com/Google+to+offer+advertisers+click+fraud+stats/2100-1024_3-6098469.html Google to offer advertisers click fraud stats]." ''[http://www.cnet.com/ c net].'' [[July 25]], [[2006]]. Retrieved on [[July 29]], [[2006]].</ref> | ||
| - | L'émission de France-Culture "Du Grain à moudre" (28 décembre 2006) a mis en présence pour un débat sur le projet Google Jean-Noël Jeanneney, Michel Valensi, Jérôme Vidal, Alban Cerisier. | + | As of [[December 11]], [[2007]], Google, like the [[Microsoft]] search engine, stores "personal information for 18 months" and by comparison, [[Yahoo!]] and [[AOL]] ([[Time Warner]]) "retain search requests for 13 months".<ref>{{cite news|author=Liedtke, Michael|title=Ask.com will purge search info in hours|url=http://www.journalgazette.net/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071211/BIZ/712110335|work=Journal Gazette|publisher=Fort Wayne Newspapers|date=[[December 11]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-11}}</ref> |
| - | ==Instruments pour lutter contre l'invasion de la vie privée par Google== | + | ==Competitors== |
| + | Google has competitors on a number of fronts - most notably search, but also advertising, blog hosting, mail (web, pop, and more recently imap), and video hosting (having added YouTube alongside Google Videos) among others. | ||
| - | Il existe un nombre croissants d'instruments pour lutter contre la surveillance généralisée des utilisateurs de Google. Certains instruments se contentent de '''masquer les publicités AdWords''', libérant la navigation de ces formes intrusives de commerce, mais '''sans empêcher la récolte des données'''. D'autres permettent d'échapper à l'œil panoptique de l'entreprise. | + | In the search space, their significant competitors are: |
| + | *[[Live Search]] | ||
| + | *[[Yahoo!]] | ||
| - | === Tor === | + | ==See also== |
| + | *[[Google Translate]] - Google's Web translator | ||
| + | *[[Googlebot]] - Google's Web crawler | ||
| + | *[[Google China]] - Chinese subsidiary of Google Web search | ||
| + | *[[Google File System]] - Google's internal distributed file system | ||
| + | *[[Google platform|Google Platform]] - Google's server and system hardware architecture with geographic references | ||
| + | *[[Google logo]] | ||
| + | *[[Search engine]] | ||
| + | *[[TrustRank]] | ||
| - | '''The Onion Router''' ou [[Tor (réseau)]] (littéralement : '''le routage en oignon''') est un réseau mondial décentralisé de [[routeur]]s, organisés en couches, appelés ''nœuds'' de l'oignon, dont la tâche est de transmettre de manière anonyme des [[Paquet (réseau)|paquets]] [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]]. C'est ainsi que tout échange [[Internet]] basé sur [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] peut être ''anonymisé'' en utilisant Tor. Tor est un [[logiciel libre]] distribué sous [[licence BSD]] révisée. Tout internaute utilisant Tor ne peut donc plus être surveillé et scruté par Google et tous les autres systèmes de surveillance existant en ligne. Le résultat visible pendant la navigation est que les publicités ne sont plus ciblées. | + | ==References== |
| + | <!-- This article uses [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]]. Please use this format in the article text when inserting references. Any external link inserted directly into this section will be swiftly deleted. --> | ||
| + | {{reflist|2}} | ||
| - | === Scroogle === | + | ==Further reading== |
| + | *{{cite book|title=The Google Story|author=David Vise and Mark Malseed|publisher=Delacorte Press|date=[[2005-11-15]]|id=ISBN 0-553-80457-X}} | ||
| + | *{{cite book|title=The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture|author=[[John Battelle]]|publisher=Portfolio Hardcover|date=[[2005-09-08]]|id=ISBN 1-59184-088-0}} | ||
| - | ''Scroogle'' est un "Google Scraper" développé par l'activiste [[Daniel Brandt]]. C’est un « screen scraper » qui détourne le moteur de recherche. Il lui fournit une nouvelle adresse I.P. à chaque recherche, accepte l’installation du cookie sur son serveur avant de le jeter à la poubelle. Les résultats affichés par Scroogle sont exactement les mêmes que ceux proposés par google, mais le transit par le moteur de recherche est désormais anonyme, et l’utilisateur échappe à la surveillance de l'entreprise. Là aussi, les publicités ne sont plus ciblées, les informations n'étant pas récoltées. | + | ==External links== |
| + | <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> | ||
| + | <!--| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF |--> | ||
| + | <!--| LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, |--> | ||
| + | <!--| but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link |--> | ||
| + | <!--| to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)|--> | ||
| + | <!--| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |--> | ||
| + | <!--| |--> | ||
| + | <!--| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |--> | ||
| + | <!--| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details |--> | ||
| + | <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> | ||
| + | {{sisterlinks|Google}} | ||
| + | *[http://www.google.com Google.com] | ||
| + | *[http://www.google.com/corporate/ Corporate Homepage] | ||
| + | *[http://googleblog.blogspot.com/ Official Google Blog] | ||
| + | *[http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100660&org=NSF On the Origins of Google] | ||
| - | === Régies publicitaires : empêcher qu'elles ne récoltent des données === | + | {{Google Inc.}} |
| - | + | {{IT giants}} | |
| - | Google a récemment fait l'acquisition de l'une des plus grosses régies publicitaires existant sur internet, Doubleclick. Peu de gens savent qu'en fait, chaque internaute peut demander à ces régies de ne pas récolter de données sur lui - un système d'opt-out (par défaut, les données sont récoltées). Le site tipz.net ainsi que assiste.com.fr offrent tous les deux une série de liens vers les sites des régies publicitaires américaines (dont DoubleClick) qui vous permettront de ne plus être scrutés et fichés par eux. Il faut répéter l'opération assez souvent. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Pour ne plus être surveillé par Doubleclick, voir le lien vers la page "opt-out" de la régie publicitaire. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | === Customize Google === | + | |
| - | ''Customize Google'' est une extension pour Mozilla [[Firefox]] qui permet d'anonymiser le cookie Google, et empêcher Google Analytics de récolter des statistiques sur vous. Il masque par ailleurs les publicités qui apparaissent sur les pages de résultat des différents moteurs de recherche Google. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | == Voir aussi == | + | |
| - | === Notes et références === | + | |
| - | {{reflist}} | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | === Bibliographie === | + | |
| - | * Barbara Cassin, ''Google-moi, La deuxième mission de l'Amérique'', Paris, Albin Michel, 2007, ISBN 9782226172594 ; essai critique sur la "démocratie culturelle" prônée par Google. | + | |
| - | * [[Jean-Noël Jeanneney]], ''Quand Google défie l'Europe'', Paris, éd. Mille et Une Nuits, 2005, ISBN 2842059123 ; essai sur le projet de numérisation de bibliothèques universitaires par Google. | + | |
| - | * Boris Beaude, "Incontournable et sans contenu…", EspacesTemps.net, Mensuelles, 11.09.2004 http://espacestemps.net/document692.html | + | |
| - | * Johnny Long, ''Google hacking: mettez vos données sensibles à l'abri des moteurs de recherche'', Dunod, Paris, 2005, ISBN 2-10-049421-X (traduit de ''Google hacking'', ISBN 1-931836-36-1): ouvrage sur l'utilisation des moteurs de recherche, et de Google en particulier, pour trouver des failles dans la sécurité des sites web et des entreprises. | + | |
| - | * David A. Vise et Mark Malseed (traduit en français par Dominique Maniez), ''Google Story'' raconte l'ascension de la firme californienne. Ed. Dunod, 2006, ISBN 2100498940. | + | |
| - | * S.Balula, R.Langlade, C.Louis, P.Torloting, P.Tournier et F.Cazals, ''Le monde selon Google'' explore une vision différente et critique du géant des moteurs de recherche. Ed. Distriforce, Collection Cybersavoirs, 2006, ISBN 2952590915. | + | |
| - | * Daniel Ichbiah, ''Comment Google mangera le monde'' fait l'historique de Google et montre ses dangers. Ed. de l'archipel, 2007, ISBN 978-2-84187-885-7. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | === Liens internes === | + | |
| - | * [[Google (homonymie)]], contenant une liste des services de Google | + | |
| - | * [[:Catégorie:Google]], tous les articles concernant Google. | + | |
| - | *[[Censure de l'Internet en République populaire de Chine]] | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | === Liens externes === | + | |
| - | * [http://www.google.com/ Site officiel] | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | *{{Special:Search}} | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | {{Google}} | + | |
| - | {{Géants IT}} | + | |
| {{NASDAQ-100}} | {{NASDAQ-100}} | ||
| - | {{multi bandeau|portail entreprises|portail informatique}} | ||
| - | {{Lien BA|en}} | + | {{coor title dms|37|25|20|N|122|05|04|W|type:landmark}} |
| - | [[Catégorie:Entreprise Internet américaine]] | + | [[Category:Google|*]] |
| - | [[Catégorie:Google|*]] | + | [[Category:Companies established in 1998]] |
| - | [[Catégorie:Entreprise fondée en 1998]] | + | [[Category:Internet search engines]] |
| - | [[Catégorie:Entreprise ayant son siège dans le comté de Santa Clara]] | + | [[Category:Web service providers]] |
| - | <!--interwiki--> | + | {{Link FA|am}} |
| + | <!-- Interwiki links --> | ||
| [[am:ጉግል]] | [[am:ጉግል]] | ||
| [[ar:جوجل]] | [[ar:جوجل]] | ||
| - | [[bar:Google]] {{Lien BA|bar}} | + | [[bn:গুগ্ল]] |
| + | [[zh-min-nan:Google]] | ||
| + | [[bar:Google]] | ||
| + | [[bs:Google]] | ||
| [[bg:Google]] | [[bg:Google]] | ||
| - | [[bn:গুগল]] | ||
| - | [[bs:Google]] | ||
| [[ca:Google]] | [[ca:Google]] | ||
| [[cs:Google]] | [[cs:Google]] | ||
| Ligne 253: | Ligne 223: | ||
| [[da:Google]] | [[da:Google]] | ||
| [[de:Google]] | [[de:Google]] | ||
| + | [[et:Google]] | ||
| [[el:Google]] | [[el:Google]] | ||
| - | [[en:Google]] | ||
| - | [[eo:Google]] | ||
| [[es:Google]] | [[es:Google]] | ||
| - | [[et:Google]] | + | [[eo:Google]] |
| [[eu:Google]] | [[eu:Google]] | ||
| [[fa:گوگل]] | [[fa:گوگل]] | ||
| - | [[fi:Google]] | + | [[fr:Google]] |
| [[ga:Google]] | [[ga:Google]] | ||
| [[gl:Google]] | [[gl:Google]] | ||
| - | [[he:גוגל]] | + | [[ko:구글]] |
| [[hi:गूगल]] | [[hi:गूगल]] | ||
| [[hr:Google]] | [[hr:Google]] | ||
| - | [[hu:Google, Inc.]] | + | [[io:Google]] |
| [[id:Google]] | [[id:Google]] | ||
| - | [[io:Google]] | + | [[iu:ᒎᒐᓪ/guugal]] |
| [[is:Google]] | [[is:Google]] | ||
| [[it:Google]] | [[it:Google]] | ||
| - | [[iu:ᒎᒐᓪ/guugal]] | + | [[he:גוגל (חברה)]] |
| - | [[ja:Google]] | + | [[kn:ಗೂಗಲ್]] |
| [[ka:გუგლი]] | [[ka:გუგლი]] | ||
| - | [[kn:ಗೂಗಲ್]] | + | [[rn:Google]] |
| - | [[ko:구글]] | + | |
| [[ku:Google]] | [[ku:Google]] | ||
| [[la:Google]] | [[la:Google]] | ||
| + | [[lv:Google]] | ||
| [[lb:Google]] | [[lb:Google]] | ||
| [[lt:Google]] | [[lt:Google]] | ||
| - | [[lv:Google]] | + | [[hu:Google, Inc.]] |
| [[ml:ഗൂഗിള്]] | [[ml:ഗൂഗിള്]] | ||
| [[mr:गूगल (कंपनी)]] | [[mr:गूगल (कंपनी)]] | ||
| [[ms:Google]] | [[ms:Google]] | ||
| - | [[ne:गूगल]] | ||
| [[nl:Google Inc.]] | [[nl:Google Inc.]] | ||
| + | [[ne:गूगल]] | ||
| + | [[ja:Google]] | ||
| + | [[no:Google]] | ||
| [[nn:Google]] | [[nn:Google]] | ||
| - | [[no:Google]] | ||
| [[pl:Google]] | [[pl:Google]] | ||
| [[pt:Google]] | [[pt:Google]] | ||
| + | [[ro:Google]] | ||
| [[qu:Google]] | [[qu:Google]] | ||
| - | [[rn:Google]] | ||
| - | [[ro:Google]] | ||
| [[ru:Google]] | [[ru:Google]] | ||
| + | [[sco:Google]] | ||
| + | [[sq:Google]] | ||
| [[scn:Google]] | [[scn:Google]] | ||
| - | [[sco:Google]] | ||
| - | [[sh:Google]] | ||
| [[simple:Google]] | [[simple:Google]] | ||
| [[sk:Google]] | [[sk:Google]] | ||
| [[sl:Google]] | [[sl:Google]] | ||
| - | [[sq:Google]] | ||
| [[sr:Гугл]] | [[sr:Гугл]] | ||
| + | [[sh:Google]] | ||
| + | [[fi:Google]] | ||
| [[sv:Google]] | [[sv:Google]] | ||
| + | [[tl:Google]] | ||
| [[ta:கூகிள்]] | [[ta:கூகிள்]] | ||
| + | [[tt:Google]] | ||
| [[th:กูเกิล]] | [[th:กูเกิล]] | ||
| - | [[tl:Google]] | + | [[vi:Google]] |
| [[tr:Google]] | [[tr:Google]] | ||
| - | [[tt:Google]] | ||
| [[uk:Google]] | [[uk:Google]] | ||
| - | [[vi:Google]] | + | [[wa:Google]] |
| [[vls:Google]] | [[vls:Google]] | ||
| - | [[wa:Google]] | ||
| [[yi:גוגעל]] | [[yi:גוגעל]] | ||
| + | [[zh-yue:Google]] | ||
| [[zh:Google公司]] | [[zh:Google公司]] | ||
| - | [[zh-min-nan:Google]] | ||
| - | [[zh-yue:Google]] | ||
Version actuelle
Modèle:2otheruses Modèle:Infobox Company Google Inc. (Modèle:Nasdaq and Modèle:Lse) is an American public corporation, specializing in Internet search and online advertising. The company is based in Mountain View, California, and has 15,916 full-time employees (as of September 30 2007).<ref name=q32007results /> It is the largest American company (by market capitalization) that is not part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.[citation needed]
Google was co-founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were students at Stanford University and the company was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 7, 1998. Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004, raising US$1.67 billion, making it worth US$23 billion. Through a series of new product developments, acquisitions and partnerships, the company has expanded its initial search and advertising business into other areas, including web-based email, online mapping, office productivity, and video sharing, among others.
Sommaire |
History
Google began in January 1996, as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California.<ref name="milestones">"Corporate Information: Google Milestones." Google. Retrieved on February 23, 2007.</ref> They hypothesized that a search engine that analyzed the relationships between websites would produce better ranking of results than existing techniques, which ranked results according to the number of times the search term appeared on a page.<ref>Page, Lawrence; Brin, Sergey; Motwani, Rajeev; Winograd, Terry. "The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web." November 11, 1999.</ref> Their search engine was originally nicknamed "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate a site's importance.<ref>Battelle, John. "The Birth of Google." Wired Magazine. August, 2005.</ref> A small search engine called Rankdex was already exploring a similar strategy.<ref>Li, Yanhong. "Toward a qualitative search engine." Internet Computing, IEEE. 2 (4), July-August, 1998, 24-29.</ref>
Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. Originally, the search engine used the Stanford University website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997,<ref> WHOIS - google.com
. Retrieved on 2007-08-10.
</ref> and the company was incorporated as Google Inc. on September 7, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. The total initial investment raised for the new company eventually amounted to almost US$1.1 million, including a US$100,000 check by Andy Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems.<ref>Google. "Google Milestones." Retrieved on July 12, 2006.</ref>
The founders originally were keen to acquire the domain "Googol.com". It was registered to a local Silicon Valley engineer (Tim Beauchamp) who was using it as a site for math and astronomy. He did not want to relinquish the domain at the time.<ref name="googoloriginaldomain">Original Owner."From Altoids to Zima: The Surprising Stories Behind 125 Famous Brand Names By Evan Morris" Retrieved on November 13, 2007.</ref>
In March 1999, the company moved into offices in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups.<ref name="165univave">Fried, Ian. "A building blessed with tech success." CNET. October 4, 2002. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref> After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003.<ref name="sgibldg">Olsen, Stefanie. "Google's movin' on up." CNET. July 11, 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref> The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since come to be known as the Googleplex (a play on the word googolplex, a 1 followed by a googol zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US$319 million.<ref name="googleplexpurchase">Staff Writer. "Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics." Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal. June 16, 2006. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref>
The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design and usability.<ref name="simpledesign">Thompson, Bill. "Is Google good for you?" BBC News. December 19 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref> In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.<ref name="milestones" /> The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.<ref name="milestones" /> Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and clickthroughs, with bidding starting at US$.05 per click.<ref name="milestones" /> This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com (later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing).<ref name="goto strong">Sullivan, Danny. "GoTo Going Strong." The Search Engine Report. July 1 1998.</ref><ref name="cnet p4p">Pelline, Jeff. "Pay-for-placement gets another shot." CNET. February 19, 1998.</ref><ref name="glaser">Glaser, Ken. "Who Will GoTo.com?" OnlinePress.com. February 20, 1998.</ref> While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.<ref name="milestones" />
The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol",<ref>Koller, David. "Origin of the name, "Google." Stanford University. January, 2004.</ref><ref>Hanley, Rachael. "From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns." The Stanford Daily. February 12, 2003. Retrieved on July 14, 2006.</ref> which refers to 10100, the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google", was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."<ref>Harris, Scott D. "Dictionary adds verb: to googleModèle:Deadlink." San Jose Mercury News. July 7, 2006. Retrieved on July 7 2006.</ref><ref>Bylund, Anders. "To Google or Not to GoogleModèle:Deadlink." The Motley Fool via MSNBC. July 5, 2006. Retrieved on July 7, 2006.</ref>
A patent describing part of Google's ranking mechanism (PageRank) was granted on September 4, 2001.<ref name="patent">Page, Lawrence. "Method for node ranking in a linked database." European Patent Organisation. September 4, 2001. Retrieved on February 25 2007.</ref> The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor.
Financing and initial public offering
The first funding for Google as a company was secured in the form of a US$100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given to a corporation which did not yet exist.<ref name="Bechtolsheim">Kopytoff, Verne; Fost, Dan. "For early Googlers, key word is $$$." San Francisco Chronicle. April 29, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref> Around six months later, a much larger round of funding was announced, with the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.<ref name="Bechtolsheim" />
Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004. 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price of US$85 per share.<ref name="IPO">Elgin, Ben. "Google: Whiz Kids or Naughty Boys?" Business Week. August 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref><ref>http://investor.google.com/pdf/2004_AnnualReport.pdf</ref> Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as √2 ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised US$1.67 billion, and gave Google a market capitalization of more than US$23 billion.<ref name="washpost">Webb, Cynthia L. "Google's IPO: Grate Expectations." Washington Post. August 19, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref> The vast majority of Google's 271 million shares remained under Google's control. Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google as of August 9, 2004, ten days before the IPO.<ref name="yahooshares">Kuchinskas, Susan. "Yahoo and Google Settle." internetnews.com. August 9, 2004. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref>
Google's post-IPO stock performance has been very good as well, with shares hitting US$700 for the first time on October 31, 2007,<ref>Daily Telegraph Issue 47,409 Business Section Page B5 date, 7 November, 2007</ref> due to strong sales and earnings in the advertising market, as well as the release of new features such as the desktop search function and personalized home page.<ref name="bowlingforgoogle">La Monica, Paul R. "Bowling for Google." CNN. May 25, 2005. Retrieved on February 28 2007.</ref> The surge in stock price is fueled primarily by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.<ref name="bowlingforgoogle" />
The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG and under the London Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGEA
Growth
While the company's primary business interest is in the web content arena, Google has begun experimenting with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that its purchase of a radio advertising company "dMarc", which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio.<ref>Levingston, Steven. "Google Buys Company To Expand Into Radio." Washington Post. January 18, 2006.</ref> This will allow Google to combine two niche advertising media—the Internet and radio—with Google's ability to laser-focus on the tastes of consumers. Google has also begun an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago Sun-Times.<ref>Gonsalves, Antone. "Google Confirms Testing Ads in Sun-Times Newspaper." Information Week. " January 10, 2006.</ref> They have been filling unsold space in the newspaper that would have normally been used for in-house advertisements.
Google was added to the S&P 500 index on March 30, 2006. It replaced Burlington Resources, a major oil producer based in Houston which was acquired by ConocoPhillips.
Philanthropy
In 2004, Google formed a non-profit philanthropic wing, Google.org, with a start-up fund of US$1 billion.<ref name="philanthropy">"About the Foundation." Google.org. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.</ref> The express mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects is to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 mpg. The current director is Dr. Larry Brilliant.<ref>Hafner, Katie. "Philanthropy Google’s Way: Not the Usual." The New York Times. September 14, 2006. Retrieved on October 11, 2007.</ref>
Acquisitions
Modèle:Seealso Since 2001, Google has acquired several small start-up companies, often consisting of innovative teams and products. One of the earlier companies that Google bought was Pyra Labs. They were the creators of Blogger, a weblog publishing platform, first launched in 1999. This acquisition led to many premium features becoming free. Pyra Labs was originally formed by Evan Williams, yet he left Google in 2004. In early 2006, Google acquired Upstartle, a company responsible for the online word processor, Writely. The technology in this product was used by Google to eventually create Google Docs & Spreadsheets.
In February 2006, software company Adaptive Path sold Measure Map, a weblog statistics application, to Google. Registration to the service has since been temporarily disabled. The last update regarding the future of Measure Map was made on April 6, 2006 and outlined many of the service's known issues.<ref>"Measure Map Forum - Known issues." Google Groups. April 6, 2006. Retrieved on September 10 2007.</ref>
In late 2006, Google bought online video site YouTube for US$1.65 billion in stock.<ref>La Monica, Paul R. "Google to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion." CNN. October 9, 2006. Retrieved on October 9 2006.</ref> Shortly after, on October 31, 2006, Google announced that it had also acquired JotSpot, a developer of wiki technology for collaborative Web sites.<ref>Google Buys Wiki Startup JotSpot. October 31, 2006.</ref>
On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick. Google agreed to buy the company for US$3.1 billion.<ref name="DoubleClicknyt"> Louise Stort and Miguel Helft. "Google Buys DoubleClick for $3.1 Billion." The New York Times. April 13, 2007. Retrieved on April 13, 2007.</ref>
On July 9, 2007, Google announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire enterprise messaging security and compliance company Postini.<ref> Google to acquire Postini
. Google (Press release) (July 9, 2007)
. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. </ref>
Partnerships
In 2005, Google entered into partnerships with other companies and government agencies to improve production and services. Google announced a partnership with NASA Ames Research Center to build up Modèle:Formatnum:1000000 square feet ({{formatnum:{{rnd/+|1000000*0.09290304/1|-3|Modèle:Rnd/00}}}} m²) of offices and work on research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry.<ref name="nasaames">Mills, Elinor. "Can Google beat the new-office curse?" CNET. September 28, 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref> Google also entered into a partnership with Sun Microsystems in October to help share and distribute each other's technologies.<ref name="googlesun">Kessler, Michelle; Acohido, Byron. "Google, Sun make 'big deal' together." USA Today. October 3, 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref> The company entered into a partnership with Time Warner's AOL,<ref name="googleaol">Mills, Elinor. "What the Google-AOL deal means for users." CNET. December 28, 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref> to enhance each other's video search services.
The same year, the company became a major financial investor of the new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, in conjunction with several other companies, including Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericcson among others.<ref name="investors">"dotMobi Investors." .mobi. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.</ref> In September 2007, Google launched, "Adsense for Mobile", a service for its publishing partners which provides the ability to monetize their mobile websites through the targeted placement of mobile text ads,<ref name="adsense_mobile">"Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market." Google. September 17, 2007. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.</ref> and acquired the mobile social networking site, Zingku.mobi, to "provide people worldwide with direct access to Google applications, and ultimately the information they want and need, right from their mobile devices."<ref name="zingku">Niccolai, James. "Google Buys Mobile Social Network Zingku." PC World. September 29, 2007. Retrieved on October 14, 2007.</ref>
In 2006, Google and News Corp.'s Fox Interactive Media entered into a US$900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the popular social networking site, MySpace.<ref name="googlemyspace">Staff Writer. "Fox Interactive Media Enters into Landmark Agreement with Google Inc.; Multi-Year Pact Calls for Google to Provide Search and Advertising across Fox Interactive Media's Growing Online Network Including the MySpace Community." Business Wire. August 7, 2006. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref>
Products
Google has created services and tools for the general public and business environment alike; including Web applications, advertising networks and solutions for businesses.
Advertising
Most of Google's revenue is derived from advertising programs. For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported US$10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only US$112 million in licensing and other revenues.<ref name="10-K"> Form 10-K -- Annual Report
. EDGAR . SEC
. Retrieved on 2007-07-14. </ref> Google AdWords allows Web advertisers to display advertisements in Google's search results and the Google Content Network, through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view scheme. Google AdSense website owners can also display adverts on their own site, and earn money every time ads are clicked.
Applications
Google is well-known for its web search service, which is a major factor of the company's success. As of August 2007, Google is the most used search engine on the web with a 53.6% market share, ahead of Yahoo! (19.9%) and Live Search (12.9%).<ref name="searchmarketshare">"August 2007 Search Share for Top 10 Search Engines from Nielsen//NetRatings October 26, 2007. Retrieved on October 26, 2007.</ref> Google indexes billions of Web pages, so that users can search for the information they desire, through the use of keywords and operators. Google has also employed the Web Search technology into other search services, including Image Search, Google News, the price comparison site Google Product Search, the interactive Usenet archive Google Groups, Google Maps, and more.
In 2004, Google launched its own free web-based e-mail service, known as Gmail.<ref name="gmail2004">Staff Writer. "Google + e-mail = gmail." CNN. August 1, 2004. Retrieved on February 23, 2007.</ref> Gmail features spam-filtering technology and the capability to use Google technology to search e-mail. The service generates revenue by displaying advertisements from the AdWords service that are tailored to the content of the e-mail messages displayed on screen.
In early 2006, the company launched Google Video, which not only allows users to search and view freely available videos but also offers users and media publishers the ability to publish their content, including television shows on CBS, NBA basketball games, and music videos.<ref name="video2006">Tyler, Nathan. "Google to Launch Video Marketplace." Google. January 6, 2006. Retrieved on February 23, 2007.</ref> In August 2007, Google announced that it would shut down its video rental and sale program and offer refunds and Google Checkout credits to consumers who had purchased videos to own.
Google has also developed several desktop applications, including Google Earth, an interactive mapping program powered by satellite and aerial imagery that covers the vast majority of the planet. Google Earth is generally considered to be remarkably accurate and extremely detailed. Many major cities have such detailed images that one can zoom in close enough to see vehicles and pedestrians clearly. Consequently, there have been some concerns about national security implications. Specifically, some countries and militaries contend the software can be used to pinpoint with near-precision accuracy the physical location of critical infrastructure, commercial and residential buildings, bases, government agencies, and so on. However, the satellite images are not necessarily frequently updated, and all of them are available at no charge through other products and even government sources. For example, NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Some counter this argument by stating that Google Earth makes it easier to access and research the images.
Many other products are available through Google Labs, which is a collection of incomplete applications that are still being tested for use by the general public.
Google has promoted their products in various ways. In London, Google Space was set-up in Heathrow Airport, showcasing several products, including Gmail, Google Earth and Picasa.<ref name="googlespace">"Googlespace Website." Google. Retrieved on February 26, 2007.</ref><ref name="heathrow">Donoghue, Andrew. "Google turns Heathrow into testing lab." ZDNet. November 24, 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref> Also, a similar page was launched for American college students, under the name College Life, Powered by Google.<ref name="collegelife">"College Life, Powered by Google Website." Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref>
In 2007, some reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor to Apple's iPhone.<ref name="orlowski">Orlowski, Andrew. "Google Phone - it's for real." The Register. March 16, 2007. Retrieved on April 1, 2007.</ref><ref name="smith">Smith, David. "The future for Orange could soon be Google in your pocket." The Guardian. December 17, 2006. Retrieved on April 1 2007.</ref><ref name="ricker">Ricker, Thomas. "The Google Switch: an iPhone killer?." Engadget. January 18, 2007. Retrieved on April 1, 2007.</ref> The project, called Android provides a standard development kit that will allow any "Android" phone to run software developed for the Android SDK, no matter the phone manufacturer. In October 2007, Google SMS service was launched in India allowing users to get business listings, movie showtimes, and information by sending an SMS.
Enterprise products
In 2007, Google launched Google Apps Premier Edition, a version of Google Apps targeted primarily at the business user. It includes such extras as more disk space for e-mail, API access, and premium support, for a price of US$50 per user per year. A large implementation of Google Apps with 38,000 users is at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.<ref name="rickwood">Rickwood, Lee. "Google Apps: Killer software or killer decision?." PCWorld.ca. March 23, 2007. Retrieved on March 25, 2007.</ref>
Platform
Google's services are run on several server farms, each consisting of thousands of low-cost commodity computers running stripped-down versions of Linux. While the company does not provide detailed information about its hardware, a 2006 estimate consisted of over 450,000 servers, racked up in clusters located in data centers around the world.<ref name="howgoogleworks">Carr, David F. "How Google Works." Baseline Magazine. July 6, 2006. Retrieved on July 10, 2006.</ref>
Open source involvement
Google has encouraged participation in various open source projects with events such as Google Summer of Code and the Google Highly Open Participation Contest.
Corporate affairs and culture
Google is particularly known for its relaxed corporate culture, reminiscent of the Dot-com boom. In January 2007, it was cited by Fortune Magazine as the #1 (of 100) best company to work for.<ref name="best_company">"100 Best Companies to Work For 2007." Fortune Magazine (link published by CNN). January 22, 2007. Retrieved on January 8, 2007.</ref> Google's corporate philosophy is based on many casual principles including, "You can make money without doing evil", "You can be serious without a suit," and "Work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun." A complete list of corporate fundamentals is available on Google's website.<ref>"Google Corporate Philosophy." Google. Retrieved on August 31, 2006.</ref> Google's relaxed corporate culture can also be seen externally through their holiday variations of the Google logo.
Google has been criticized for having salaries below industry standards.<ref>"Google Employee Salaries Data Survey --Retrieved from mydanwei.com</ref> For example, some system administrators earn no more than US$35,000 per year – considered to be quite low for the Bay Area job market.<ref name="salaries">Penenberg, Adam L. "Why Google Is Like Wal-Mart." Wired. April 21, 2005. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</ref> However, Google's stock performance following its IPO has enabled many early employees to be competitively compensated by participation in the corporation's remarkable equity growth.<ref name="shinalj">Shinal, John. "Google IPO achieved its major goal: It's all about raising cash for the company and rewarding employees, early investors." San Francisco Chronicle. August 22, 2004. Retrieved on February 25 2007.</ref> Google implemented other employee incentives in 2005, such as the Google Founders' Award, in addition to offering higher salaries to new employees. Google's workplace amenities, culture, global popularity, and strong brand recognition have also attracted potential applicants.
After the company's IPO in August 2004, it was reported that founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page, and CEO Eric Schmidt, requested that their base salary be cut to US$1.00.<ref name="topsalaries">La Monica, Paul R. "Google leaders stick with $1 salary." CNN. March 31, 2006. Retrieved on February 28, 2007.</ref> Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries have been turned down, primarily because, "their primary compensation continues to come from returns on their ownership stakes in Google. As significant stockholders, their personal wealth is tied directly to sustained stock price appreciation and performance, which provides direct alignment with stockholder interests."<ref name="topsalaries" /> Prior to 2004, Schmidt was making US$250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each earned a salary of US$150,000.<ref name="topsalaries" />
They have all declined recent offers of bonuses and increases in compensation by Google's board of directors. In a 2007 report of the United States' richest people, Forbes reported that Sergey Brin and Larry Page were tied for #5 with a net worth of US$18.5 billion each.<ref>"The 400 Richest Americans." Forbes. September 20, 2007. Retrieved on September 22, 2007.</ref>
Googleplex
In 2006, Google moved into Modèle:Formatnum:311000 square feet ({{formatnum:{{rnd/+|311000*0.09290304/1|-2|Modèle:Rnd/00}}}} m²) of office space in New York City, at 111 Eighth Ave. in Manhattan.<ref name="manhattan">Reardon, Marguerite. "Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple." c net. October 2, 2006. Retrieved on October 9, 2006.</ref> The office was specially designed and built for Google and houses its largest advertising sales team, which has been instrumental in securing large partnerships, most recently deals with MySpace and AOL.<ref name="manhattan" /> In 2003, they added an engineering staff in New York City, which has been responsible for more than 100 engineering projects, including Google Maps, Google Spreadsheets, and others.<ref name="manhattan" /> It is estimated that the building costs Google US$10 million per year to rent and is similar in design and functionality to its Mountain View headquarters, including Foosball, air hockey, and ping-pong tables, as well as a video game area.<ref name="manhattan" /> By late 2006, Google also established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.<ref> Inside Google's Michigan Office
. InformationWeek (October 24 2007)
.</ref>
The size of Google's search system is presently unknown; the best estimates place the total number of the company's servers at 450,000, spread over twenty five locations throughout the world, including major operations centers in Dublin (European Operations Headquarters) and Atlanta, Georgia. Google is also in the process of constructing a major operations center in The Dalles, Oregon, on the banks of the Columbia River. The site, also referred to by the media as Project 02, was chosen due to the availability of inexpensive hydroelectric power and a large surplus of fiber optic cable, left over from the dot com boom of the late 1990s. The computing center is estimated to be as large as two football fields, and it has created hundreds of construction jobs, causing local real estate prices to increase 40%. Upon completion, the center is expected to create 60 to 200 permanent jobs in the town of 12,000 people.<ref name="Project02">Markoff, John; Hansell, Saul. "Hiding in Plain Sight, Google Seeks More Power." The New York Times. June 14, 2006. Retrieved on October 13, 2007.</ref>
Google is also making steps to ensure that their operations are environmentally sound. In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.<ref name="solar">Richmond, Riva. "Google plans to build huge solar energy system for headquarters." MarketWatch. October 17, 2006. Retrieved on October 17, 2006.</ref> The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.<ref name="solar" /> In June 2007, Google announced that they plan to become carbon neutral by 2008, which includes investing in energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, and purchasing carbon offsets, such as investing in projects like capturing and burning methane from animal waste at Mexican and Brazilian farms.
"Twenty percent" time
All Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time (one day per week) on projects that interest them. Some of Google's newer services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors.<ref>"What's it like to work in Engineering, Operations, & IT?." Google. Retrieved on August 2, 2006.</ref> In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience, stated that her analysis showed that half of the new product launches originated from the 20% time.<ref>Mayer, Marissa. "MS&E 472 Course: Entrepreneurial Thought Leaders Seminar Series." (video link; an audio podcast is also available in MP3 format). ETL Seminar Series/Stanford University. May 17, 2006. Retrieved on August 2, 2006.</ref>
Easter eggs and April Fool's Day jokes
Google has a tradition of creating April Fool's Day jokes — such as Google MentalPlex, which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.<ref name="mentalplex">"Google MentalPlex." Google. April 1, 2000. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.</ref> In 2002, they claimed that pigeons were the secret behind their growing search engine.<ref name="pigeonrank">"The technology behind Google's great results." Google. April 1, 2002. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.</ref> In 2004, they featured Google Lunar (which claimed to feature jobs on the moon),<ref name="copernicus">"Google Copernicus Center is hiring." Google. April 1, 2004. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.</ref> and in 2005, a fictitious brain-boosting drink, termed Google Gulp was announced.<ref name="gulp">"Quench your thirst for knowledge." Google. April 1, 2005. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.</ref> In 2006, they came up with Google Romance, a hypothetical online dating service.<ref name="romance">Fox, Lynn. "Google to Organize World's Courtship Information with Google Romance." Google. April 1, 2006. Retrieved on February 22, 2007.</ref> In 2007, Google announced two joke products. The first was a free wireless Internet service called TiSP (Toilet Internet Service Provider) <ref name="TiSP">"Welcome to Google TiSP." Google. April 1, 2007. Retrieved on April 1, 2007.</ref> in which one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet and waiting only an hour for a "Plumbing Hardware Dispatcher (PHD)" to connect it to the Internet.<ref name="TiSP"/> Additionally, Google's Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper, which allows users of their free email service to have email messages printed and shipped to a snail mail address.<ref name="gmail_paper">"Gmail Paper." Google. April 1, 2007. Retrieved on April 1, 2007.</ref>
Some thought the announcement of Gmail in 2004 around April Fool's Day (as well as the doubling of Gmail's storage space to two gigabytes in 2005) was a joke, although both of these turned out to be genuine announcements. In 2005, a comedic graph depicting Google's goal of "infinity plus one" GB of storage was featured on the Gmail homepage.
Google's services contain a number of Easter eggs; for instance, the Language Tools page offers the search interface in the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork bork," Pig Latin, ”Hacker” (actually leetspeak), Elmer Fudd, and Klingon.<ref>"Language Tools." Google. Retrieved on January 24, 2007.</ref> In addition, the search engine calculator provides the Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything from Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.<ref>"Google Search Results for 'answer to life the universe and everything'." Google. Retrieved on January 24, 2007.</ref> As Google's search box can be used as a unit converter (as well as a calculator), some non-standard units are built in, such as the Smoot. Google also routinely modifies its logo in accordance with various holidays or special events throughout the year, such as Christmas, Mother's Day, or various birthdays of notable individuals.<ref name="google_holiday">"Holiday logos." Google. Retrieved on May 21, 2007.</ref>
IPO and culture
Many people speculated that Google's IPO would inevitably lead to changes in the company's culture,<ref>Associated Press. "Quirky Google Culture Endangered?" Wired Magazine. April 28, 2004.</ref> because of shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions and short-term advances, or because a large number of the company's employees would suddenly become millionaires on paper. In a report given to potential investors, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised that the IPO would not change the company's culture.<ref>Baertlein, Lisa. "Google IPO at $2.7 billion." CIOL IT Unlimited. April 30, 2004.</ref> Later Mr. Page said, "We think a lot about how to maintain our culture and the fun elements. We spent a lot of time getting our offices right. We think it's important to have a high density of people. People are packed together everywhere. We all share offices. We like this set of buildings because it's more like a densely packed university campus than a typical suburban office park."<ref name="davidvise">Vise, David A. "Tactics of 'Google Guys' Test IPO Law's Limits." Washington Post. August 17, 2004. Retrieved on February 23, 2007.</ref>
However, many analysts are finding that as Google grows, the company is becoming more "corporate". In 2005, articles in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.<ref>Rivlin, Gary. "Relax, Bill Gates; It's Google's Turn as the Villain." New York Times. August 24, 2005.</ref><ref>Gibson, Owen; Wray, Richard. "Search giant may outgrow its fans." The Sydney Morning Herald. August 25,2005.</ref><ref>Ranka, Mohit. "Google - Don't Be Evil."OSNews. May 17,2007.</ref> In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google has designated a Chief Culture Officer in 2006, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on in the beginning — a flat organization, a lack of hierarchy, a collaborative environment.<ref name="CCO">Mills, Elinor. "Meet Google's culture czar." ZDNet. April 30, 2007. Retrieved on April 30, 2007.</ref>
Criticism
As it has grown, Google has found itself the focus of several controversies related to its business practices and services. For example, Google Book Search's effort to digitize millions of books and make the full text searchable has led to copyright disputes with the Authors Guild. Google's cooperation with the governments of China, and to a lesser extent France and Germany (regarding Holocaust denial) to filter search results in accordance to regional laws and regulations has led to claims of censorship. Google's persistent cookie and other information collection practices have led to concerns over user privacy. A number of Indian state governments have raised concerns about the security risks posed by geographic details provided by Google Earth's satellite imaging.<ref name="satimgs">Sharma, Dinesh C. "Indian president warns against Google Earth." c net. October 17, 2005. Retrieved on July 23, 2006.</ref> Google has also been criticized by advertisers regarding its inability to combat click fraud, when a person or automated script is used to generate a charge on an advertisement without really having an interest in the product. Industry reports in 2006 claim that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact fraudulent or invalid.<ref>Mills, Elinor. "Google to offer advertisers click fraud stats." c net. July 25, 2006. Retrieved on July 29, 2006.</ref>
As of December 11, 2007, Google, like the Microsoft search engine, stores "personal information for 18 months" and by comparison, Yahoo! and AOL (Time Warner) "retain search requests for 13 months".<ref> Liedtke, Michael
. " Ask.com will purge search info in hours " , Journal Gazette , Fort Wayne Newspapers , December 11, 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-12-11 . </ref>
Competitors
Google has competitors on a number of fronts - most notably search, but also advertising, blog hosting, mail (web, pop, and more recently imap), and video hosting (having added YouTube alongside Google Videos) among others.
In the search space, their significant competitors are:
See also
- Google Translate - Google's Web translator
- Googlebot - Google's Web crawler
- Google China - Chinese subsidiary of Google Web search
- Google File System - Google's internal distributed file system
- Google Platform - Google's server and system hardware architecture with geographic references
- Google logo
- Search engine
- TrustRank
References
Further reading
External links
Modèle:Google Inc. Modèle:IT giants Modèle:NASDAQ-100
Modèle:Coor title dmsModèle:Link FA am:ጉግል ar:جوجل bn:গুগ্ল zh-min-nan:Google bar:Google bs:Google bg:Google ca:Google cs:Google cy:Google da:Google de:Google et:Google el:Google es:Google eo:Google eu:Google fa:گوگل fr:Google ga:Google gl:Google ko:구글 hi:गूगल hr:Google io:Google id:Google iu:ᒎᒐᓪ/guugal is:Google it:Google he:גוגל (חברה) kn:ಗೂಗಲ್ ka:გუგლი rn:Google ku:Google la:Google lv:Google lb:Google lt:Google hu:Google, Inc. ml:ഗൂഗിള് mr:गूगल (कंपनी) ms:Google nl:Google Inc. ne:गूगल ja:Google no:Google nn:Google pl:Google pt:Google ro:Google qu:Google ru:Google sco:Google sq:Google scn:Google simple:Google sk:Google sl:Google sr:Гугл sh:Google fi:Google sv:Google tl:Google ta:கூகிள் tt:Google th:กูเกิล vi:Google tr:Google uk:Google wa:Google vls:Google yi:גוגעל zh-yue:Google zh:Google公司
Catégories de la page: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since December 2007 | Articles with invalid date parameter in template | Articles with unsourced statements since August 2007 | Google | Companies established in 1998 | Internet search engines | Web service providers
