YouTube
Un article de Vev.
Modèle:Pp-semi-protected Modèle:Infobox Dotcom company
YouTube (pronunced Modèle:IPA or Modèle:IPA<ref>see American and British English pronunciation differences</ref>) is a video sharing website where users can upload, view and share video clips. YouTube was created in mid-February 2005 by three former PayPal employees.<ref>"Surprise! There's a third YouTube co-founder", USATODAY, October 11, 2006.</ref> The San Bruno-based service uses Adobe Flash technology to display a wide variety of video content, including movie clips, TV clips and music videos, as well as amateur content such as videoblogging and short original videos. In October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had reached a deal to acquire the company for US$1.65 billion in Google stock. The deal closed on November 13, 2006.<ref>"Google closes $A2b YouTube deal", Reuters, November 14, 2006.</ref>
Unregistered users can watch most videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Some videos are available only to users of age 18 or older (e.g. videos containing potentially offensive content). The uploading of pornography or videos containing nudity is prohibited. Related videos, determined by title and tags, appear onscreen to the right of a given video. In YouTube's second year, functions were added to enhance user ability to post video 'responses' and subscribe to content feeds.
Few statistics are publicly available regarding the number of videos on YouTube. However, in July 2006, the company revealed that more than 100 million videos were being watched every day, and 2.5 billion videos were watched in June 2006. 50,000 videos were being added per day in May 2006, and this increased to 65,000 by July.<ref>"
YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online " , USA TODAY , Gannett Company, Inc , 2006-07-16 . Retrieved on 2007-11-24 . </ref>
In August 2006, The Wall Street Journal published an article revealing that YouTube was hosting about 6.1 million videos (requiring about 45 terabytes of storage space), and had about 500,000 user accounts.<ref> Gomes , Lee
. " Will All of Us Get Our 15 Minutes On a YouTube Video? " , The Wall Street Journal Online , Dow Jones & Company , 2006-08-30 . Retrieved on 2007-11-24 . </ref> As of 20 December 2007, a YouTube search for "*" returns about 60,500,000 (mostly likely more) videos (the asterisk is a commonly-used wildcard character in search engines, therefore showing all videos).
History
Domain name problem
YouTube's immense success has unintentionally affected the business of an American company, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment Corp., whose website, utube.com, has been frequently overloaded and shut down by extremely high numbers of visitors unsure about the spelling of YouTube's domain name.<ref> Christian Zappone. "Help! YouTube is killing my business!: An Ohio company's sales get 'killed' as YouTube surfers cripple utube.com, a pipe equipment seller's web site." CNNMoney.com, October 12 2006; retrieved November 17, 2006.</ref> At the beginning of November 2006, Universal Tube filed suit in federal court against YouTube,<ref>Rhys Blakely. "Utube sues YouTube" Times Online, November 02, 2006; retrieved November 17, 2006.</ref> requesting that the youtube.com domain be transferred to them.<ref>"Utube.com v. YouTube.com: Ohio pipe firm says confused web surfers are hurting its business" The Smoking Gun, November 2, 2006; retrieved November 17, 2006.</ref>
Recent events
Political campaigning
Political candidates for the 2008 U.S. Presidential election have been using YouTube as an outlet for advertising their candidacies. Voters can view candidate statements and make videos supporting (or opposing) presidential candidates (e.g., videos for Ron Paul, Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and Joe Biden).<ref> Tamara Lytle
. " Web spurs revolution in race for president " , Orlando Sentinel , 2007-04-15 . Retrieved on 2007-04-28 . </ref>
<ref> Jose Antonio Vargas
. " [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/06/17/MNGD0QGTLD1.DTL 'Ron Paul, who?' no longer applies
GOP hopeful big hit in YouTube videos]
" , San Francisco Chronicle , 2007-06-17 . Retrieved on 2007-06-23 . </ref> Third Party presidential candidates have also made extensive use of YouTube. Libertarian Steve Kubby's campaign debuted a short animated film, featuring the faces and voices of campaign contributors who financed its production, on YouTube on September 29th, 2007.<ref> Kubby for President . " Steve Kubby for President 2008 " , YouTube , 2007-09-29 . Retrieved on 2007-09-29 . </ref> The U.S. media has often commented that YouTube played a significant role in the 2006 defeat of Republican Senator George Allen due to a video clip of him making allegedly racist remarks that was continuously replayed by YouTube viewers during the campaign.<ref> Andrew Kantor . " We would be well served to delete others' missteps in Web's archive " , USA Today , 2006-11-16 . Retrieved on 2007-04-28 . </ref>
<ref> Carrie Budoff
. " Senators Fear Having A "Macaca" Moment: Smallest Slip-Ups Can Tank A Campaign, Thanks To YouTube " , CBS News , 2007-02-02 . Retrieved on 2007-04-28 . </ref>
<ref> Andrew Sullivan
. " Video power: the potent new political force " , The Sunday Times , 2007-02-04 . Retrieved on 2007-04-28 . "Without a hostile videocam and the blogosphere, Allen would have cruised on to victory. But the damning video found its way to YouTube, and then it was carried by the TV networks, and before long Allen’s attempt at re-election hit a brick wall."</ref>
<ref> Frank Rich
. " 2006: The Year of the 'Macaca' " , The New York Times , 2006-11-12 . </ref>
<ref>Modèle:Cite video "Allen used a word that some European countries consider a racial slur against an Indian-American volunteer for his Democratic opponent Jim Webb. And the web cam posted it on the popular web site YouTube.com, where it's been seen more than 100,000 times."</ref> Political commentators such as James Kotecki have also joined the YouTube world of politics. Many commentators make videos on YouTube critiquing a presidential candidate's YouTube videos, or simply using YouTube as a medium to get their opinions heard. Recently, French and Italian politicians, such as Antonio Di Pietro, have also been using the site as part of their campaigns. YouTube has also been used by Australian Prime Minister John Howard in the lead up to the 2007 federal election.
CNN-YouTube Presidential Debates
In the run up to the 2008 Presidential elections, CNN aired a debate in which candidates fielded questions selected from a pool submitted by users of YouTube. Because of the use of technology to aggregate questions from a wide range of constituents, the forum has been referred to as "most democratic Presidential Debate ever"<ref> O'Brien , Luke
(2007-06-14) . YouTube and CNN Discuss "Most Democratic" Presidential Debate Ever . Wired Magazine
. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. </ref>. The debates have been let others have their voices heard as people got ask questions to the presidental candidates.
Copyright infringement and controversial material
Copyright
YouTube policy does not give permission for anyone to upload content not permitted by United States copyright law,the organisation frequently removing upon request a vast quantity of infringing content.
Despite this, a large amount of potentially infringing content continues to be uploaded (e.g., television shows/clips, film clips, commercials, music videos, music concerts, M.U.G.E.N, emulator hacks, or games republished onto another system such as PSP). Despite a decison in October 2007, to allow media companies to block their copyrighted video content that was loaded onto YouTube without seeking any prior permission.<ref>"
YouTube allows media companies to block copyrighted content " . Retrieved on [[2007-10-16]] . </ref>, You Tube does not 'pre-screen' videos
uploaded to it's site (This is partly due to such pre-screening creating additional liabilities in respect of infringing material[citation needed])
Until 2007, Generally speaking, unless a copyright holder reported violation or infringment, YouTube discovered such content via indications within the YouTube community through self-policing. For a brief time, individual members could also report on one another. The flagging feature, intended as a means of reporting questionable content, has been subject to considerable abuse; for a time, some users were flagging other users' original content for copyright violations out of spite. YouTube proceeded to remove copyright infringement from the list of flaggable offenses.
Since 2007, changes to the interface mean that only rights holders are able to directly report copyright violations, even if they are obvious to casual viewers.
YouTube generally identifies video content through search terms that uploaders associate with clips. Some deceptive users create alternative search terms when uploading specific file types (similar to the deliberate misspelling of band names on MP3 filesharing networks).
Hollywood remains divided on YouTube, as "'the marketing guys love YouTube and the legal guys hate it.'"<ref name="sitefright">
Jones , Ben
; Leamonth, Michael .
"
Showbiz's site fright/Web seen as both a threat and a gold mine
" , Variety
, 2007-03-10
. Retrieved on 2007-03-12
. (English)
</ref> Further,
Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.
Content owners are not just targeting YouTube for copyright infringements, but are also targeting third party websites that link to infringing content on YouTube and other video-sharing sites. For example QuickSilverScreen vs. Fox<ref>
Guy , IPTV
.
"
TV Show Directory QuickSilverScreen.com Threatened by Fox
" , Web TV Wire , 2006-07-12
. Retrieved on 2006-10-12
. </ref> Daily Episodes vs. Fox<ref>
Thor , Lord
.
"
DailyEpisodes closed down by Fox, for LINKING to TV show episodes!
" , Digg.com , 2006-10-02
. Retrieved on 2006-12-10
. </ref> and Columbia vs. Slashfilm.<ref> Sciretta , Peter
.
"
Columnia Pictures tells /Film to remove website link
" , SlashFilm
, 2006-07-26
. Retrieved on 2006-10-12
. </ref> The liability of linking remains a grey area with cases for and against. The law in the U.S. currently leans towards website owners being liable for infringing links<ref>"
Linking to infringing TV Shows is probably illegal in the US
" , WebTVWire
, 2006-09-26
. Retrieved on 2006-10-12
. </ref> although they are often protected by the DMCA providing they take down infringing content when issued with a take down notice. However, a recent court ruling in the U.S. found Google not liable for linking to infringing content (Perfect 10 v. Google, Inc.).
Examples of infringement complaints
On October 5, 2006, the Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC) finalized their copyright complaints regarding Japanese media on YouTube. Thousands of media from popular Japanese artists (such as Tokyo Jihen and other music including Jpop) were removed.
When CBS and Universal Music Group signed agreements to provide content on YouTube, they announced a new technology to help them find and remove copyrighted material.<ref>
Lombardi , Candace
.
"
YouTube cuts three content deals
" , Cnet-News.com
, 2007-12-02
. Retrieved on 2007-12-02
. (English)
</ref>
TV journalist Robert Tur filed the first lawsuit against the company in the summer of 2006, alleging copyright infringement for hosting a number of famous news clips without permission. The case has yet to be resolved.<ref>
Jones , K.C.
.
"
Journalist Sues YouTube For Copyright Infringement
" , InformationWeek.com
, 2006-07-18
. Retrieved on 2006-07-28
. (English)
</ref>
<ref>
Montgomery , James
.
"
YouTube Slapped With First Copyright Lawsuit For Video Posted Without Permission
" , MTV.com
, 2006-07-19
. Retrieved on 2006-07-28
. (English)
</ref>
On November 9, 2006, Artie Lange said that his lawyers were in talks with YouTube, after Lange learned that his entire DVD, It's the Whiskey Talking, was available for free on the website. He added that he will either demand money from them, or will sue.<ref> Scripting News for 10/12/2006
. Scripting News Annex
. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. </ref>
Viacom and the British Broadcasting Corporation both demanded YouTube to take down more than 200,000 videos.<ref>
Sandoval , Greg
.
"
Does YouTube have a control problem?
" , cnet , 2007-02-02
. Retrieved on 2007-02-04
.
</ref>
Viacom announced it was suing YouTube, and its owner Google, for more than $1 billion in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Viacom claims that YouTube posted over 160,000 of their videos on the website without their permission.<ref>
Reuters
.
"
Viacom in $1 bln copyright suit vs Google, YouTube
" , Reuters , 2007-03-13
. Retrieved on 2007-03-13
. </ref><ref>
BBC News
.
"
Viacom will sue YouTube for $1bn
" , BBC , 2007-03-13
. Retrieved on 2007-03-13
.
</ref>
In 2007 a 15-year-old Australian boy managed to get YouTube to delete over 200 YouTube videos belonging to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation using a fake DMCA take down notice. When the fake DMCA notice arrived, the ABC already had in place a long-standing deal with YouTube to freely share its videos. In his hand-written letter, the boy claimed that he was acting on behalf of the "Australian BroddcastingModèle:Sic CorperationModèle:Sic", giving his own Hotmail address as his business contact and demanded that hundreds of videos from ABC's The Chaser's War on Everything television program be deleted from YouTube's servers. Despite the boy not having any affiliation with the ABC and the spelling errors on his hand-written form, YouTube did delete all of the videos at the boy's request and replaced each with a message stating "This video is no longer available due to a copyright claim by Australian Broadcasting Corporation".<ref>
Jensen, Erik
.
"
Boy dupes YouTube to delete videos
" , The Sydney Morning Herald
, 2007-04-14
. </ref>
Use of acoustic fingerprints
On October 12 2006, YouTube announced that because of recent agreements with high-profile content creators, they are now required to use antipiracy software, which uses an audio-signature technology that can detect a low-quality copy of licensed video. YouTube would have to substitute an approved version of any clip or remove the material immediately. Industry analysts speculated that removal of content with such a system might reduce overall user satisfaction.<ref name=MSNBC_APSCHY1>
Veiga , Alex
.
"
Anti-piracy system could hurt YouTube
" , Associated Press , 2006-10-12
. Retrieved on 2006-10-13
.
</ref><ref name=MSNBC_APSCHY1>
Veiga , Alex
.
"
Anti-piracy system could hurt YouTube
" , Associated Press , 2006-10-12
. Retrieved on 2006-10-13
.
</ref>
On April 16, 2007, Google's CEO Eric E. Schmidt presented a keynote speech at the NAB Convention in Las Vegas. During the Q&A session, Schmidt announced that YouTube was close to enacting a content filtering system to remove infringing content from the service. The new system, called "Claim Your Content", will automatically identify copyrighted material for removal.<ref name=[paidcontent.org>
Ali , Rafat
.
"
NAB: GoogleTube Close To Its “Claim Your Content” Filtering System
" , paidcontent.org , 2007-04-16
. Retrieved on 2007-04-17
.
</ref>
Google spokesperson Ricardo Reyes stated on June 13, 2007 that the company was seeking "a way to make video identification technology a reality" when they began to test the system in the next few days.<ref>http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199903572</ref><ref>http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/12/technology/youtube_id.reut/index.htm</ref>
Violence
Anthony Anderson
On June 1, 2006, the evening ITV News bulletin reported that YouTube and similar sites were being used by teenagers who were recording fights on mobile phones. In July 2007, a similar incident happened at a school in Hayling Island, U.K.<ref> Police remove film of girls fighting from You Tube Daily Telegraph Saturday 21 July 2007 (Number 47316) </ref> Additionally, in July 2007, Anthony Anderson urinated on a dying woman while a friend made a video of the incident. He is reported to have yelled "This is YouTube material!"<ref> USA Today:
Violence
Anthony Anderson
On June 1, 2006, the evening ITV News bulletin reported that YouTube and similar sites were being used by teenagers who were recording fights on mobile phones. In July 2007, a similar incident happened at a school in Hayling Island, U.K.<ref> Police remove film of girls fighting from You Tube Daily Telegraph Saturday 21 July 2007 (Number 47316) </ref> Additionally, in July 2007, Anthony Anderson urinated on a dying woman while a friend made a video of the incident. He is reported to have yelled "This is YouTube material!"<ref> USA Today: Man urinates on dying woman, declaring it 'YouTube material' </ref>
Finland School Shootings
YouTube appears to have removed 89 videos linked to an 18-year-old gunman who on November 7, 2007 killed at least eight people in Finland. Many of the videos featured Nazi imagery. One of the videos, called "Jokela high school massacre 11/7/2007", showed a picture of a building by a lake and two photos of a young man holding a gun. <ref>CNN Finland School Shootings Story http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/11/07/school.shooting/index.html</ref>.
Corruption
Criminal charges in Honduras
An unknown individual posted various recordings of high government officials in Honduras on YouTube, including of the President Mel Zelaya, implicating them in a corruption scandal concerning Hondutel, the state run telephone service<ref>http://www.laprensa.hn/ediciones/2007/11/08/casi_300_mil_visitas_a_las_grabaciones</ref>. After Zelaya made a complaint to the police they launched an investigation to find who had made the recordings, which are considered espionage and a violation of Honduras' privacy laws, that included searching the mansion of the CEO of Hondutel, Marcelo Chimirri<ref>Policía catea vivienda de Chimirri</ref>, an action condemned by Zelaya<ref>Zelaya condena acción policial en allanamiento de casa de Chimirri</ref>. On November 14 Chimirri appeared in court and was charged with various crimes related to the appearance of these clips on YouTube<ref>http://www.laprensa.hn/ediciones/2007/11/14/aparece_marcelo_chimirri</ref>.
Animal abuse
YouTube has been criticized for hosting hundreds of videos of real-life animal cruelty made specifically to be shown on the site. In spite of these videos being flagged as inappropriate by many users, YouTube has generally failed to take the same policing actions to remove them that they have with videos containing copyright infringement or sexual content. <ref> Times online, "Animal cruelty films on YouTube" August 19, 2007, retrieved August 25, 2007.</ref> <ref> Practical Fishkeeping, "Uproar at fish cruelty on YouTube" May 17, 2007, retrieved August 25, 2007.</ref>
White House National Drug Control involvement
In September 2006, the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) began running anti-drug messages through YouTube.<ref>White House Anti-Drug Office Begins Posting Videos on YouTube. Press Release, Office of National Drug Control Policy, September 19 2006</ref> In response, many YouTube users began uploading rebuttals and low rating the public service announcements. Consequently, since mid-September, the ONDCP has removed the ability to evaluate any of their messages.[citation needed]
New York Times reports anti-U.S. attack videos
On October 5, 2006, The New York Times reported on the proliferation of what they considered to be anti-U.S. Iraqi insurgent attack videos on YouTube.<ref name="NYT1">"
Anti-U.S. Attack Videos Spread on Web " , New York Times , October 5, 2006 . </ref>
Neo Nazis on YouTube
On December 18 2007, CNN reported about the prevalence of Neo-Nazi Propaganda and Holocaust Denial videos on YouTube.<ref name="CNN">"
Neo Nazis on YouTube " , CNN , December 18, 2007 . </ref> Hundreds of Nazi and SS glorifying, Holocaust denying, anti-semitic and racist videos have been brought to the attention of both YouTube and its parent company Google Inc. by the German Zentralrat der Juden ("Central Council of Jews"), which did "not get any response". The first reports about the violation of YouTube own rules surfaced in August 2007 after the German TV-magazine Report Mainz reported that even over a hundred complaints by the federal Jugendschutz.net watchdog to YouTube about videos forbidden by German law, had not been answered and that the flagged content had not been removed by YouTube.<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/0,1518,502093,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/08/28/google_germany_neo_nazi/</ref>
<ref> <ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSL2751050320070827</ref> <ref>http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/898004.html</ref> Some of the flagged videos have been online for over a year. CNN contacted Google specifically about a 6 part video series of Holocaust Denial videos, which Google promised to "block immediately", but ten days later (and as of December 24th, 2007) are still available.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2007/12/17/pleitgen.neo.nazis.on.you.tube.cnn</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKg7ACjcS84</ref>.
Banning
YouTube has been blocked in several countries since its inception, including Morocco, Thailand (ban now lifted) and Iran. Certain video pages have been banned as of October 1, 2007 in Turkey and United Arab Emirates.
Schools have begun to block access to YouTube as some students have uploaded videos of bullying behavior, school fights and racist behavior as well as increased bandwidth usage.<ref> AustralianIT
. "
Banning
YouTube has been blocked in several countries since its inception, including Morocco, Thailand (ban now lifted) and Iran. Certain video pages have been banned as of October 1, 2007 in Turkey and United Arab Emirates.
Schools have begun to block access to YouTube as some students have uploaded videos of bullying behavior, school fights and racist behavior as well as increased bandwidth usage.<ref> AustralianIT
. " States still hold out on YouTube " , 2007-03-06 . </ref>
Spamming
With recent improvements to e-mail spam filtering technology and their wider use, spammers have begun using YouTube as way to advertise: popular videos frequently have comments with links to irrelevant (and more often than not, pornographic) external sites, usually with some enticing statements (such as "Great video, go to <site> for the full version"). They may also send messages to a user's inbox (essentially in the form of a plain-text spam email). The users who send the spam comments generally use automatically generated user names, making it difficult to block them.[citation needed]. Some of these spam accounts also posted pornographic videos on YouTube.
A slightly newer feature of YouTube is the ability to send invites to people through email by using the "Invite Your Friends" feature. Originally, this feature was indeed a useful feature to build a bigger community using YouTube. When spammers became aware of this, they decided to give it a try and found every email address possible to send random email invites. More so, they've now been able to cheat the system even more."The messages came from service@youtube.com." "The messages look like a legitimate YouTube invite, except they include typical spam content like stock pump-and-dump promotions and links to spam Web sites. Many of them use Microsoft's recent XBox 360 hit "Halo 3" as bait, telling the recipient they have won a free copy of the game and to go to a Web site. If they take the bait and click on "winhalo3.com," the Web site infects them with the Storm worm, which has been hanging around since August."(YouTube's Not-so-'Friendly' Spam)
Spammers have used this route more often nowadays because they can use it to defeat spam filters, gain more readers and possibly customers. "They just do as all spammers do..."
Terms of service
- See also: censorship by YouTube
According YouTube's terms of service,<ref>YouTube Terms of Use, accessed 5 May 2007</ref> users may upload videos only with permission of the copyright holder and of the depicted persons. Pornography, defamation, harassment, commercial advertisements and material that encourages criminal conduct is prohibited. The uploader grants YouTube a license to distribute and modify the uploaded material for any purpose; this license terminates when the uploader deletes the material from the site. Users may view videos on the site as long as they agree to the terms of service; downloading through one's own means or copying of the videos is not permitted. There is now a download option where one can download the videos through YouTube.
Internationalization
On June 19, 2007, Eric E. Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system. The entire interface of the website is now available with localized versions in numerous countries:
Google aims to compete with local videosharing websites like DailyMotion in France. It also made an agreement with local television stations like M6 and France Télévisions to legally broadcast video content.
On October 17, 2007 it was announced that a Hong Kong version had been launched. YouTube's Steve Chen said its next target will be Taiwan.<ref>881903.com Commercial Radio</ref><ref>CableTV</ref>
On October 22, 2007 YouTube New Zealand had its launch party, stating that its aim was to help create YouTube celebrities within New Zealand. This was quickly evident with the rise of such New Zealand YouTube shows as Three Best Friends That Live Together.
YouTube was blocked from Mainland China from the 18th October due to the censorship of the Taiwanese flag. URLs to YouTube were redirected to China's own search engine, Baidu. It was subsequently unblocked on the 31st of October.<ref>Reference</ref>
Technical notes
Video format
As of November 2007 YouTube plays back videos limited in both size and quality. The size is limited to pixel dimensions of 320 by 240 and the quality is limited to a bitrate of around 314kbit/s with a frame rate dependent on the uploaded video.<ref>Verified by analysing internal structure of, and playing, newly uploaded videos, 2007-11-19</ref>YouTube limits the playback size and quality by re-encoding the user's uploaded video at the time of upload. In 2006 YouTube permitted playback at higher quality, larger sizes, and in stereo, but some time after January 2007 YouTube applied quality reductions to new uploads.<ref name="saq"> Saqoosha’s blog
(2007-10-26)
. Retrieved on 2007-11-19.
“960×720 2.5Mbps 640×480 2Mbps 450×338 1Mbps 1280×720 2.5Mbps” (Japanese and English) (test videos uploaded in January 2007 playback at higher bitrates)</ref>
YouTube's video playback technology is based on Macromedia's Flash Player 7 and uses the Sorenson Spark H.263 video codec. This technology allows the site to display videos with quality comparable to more established video playback technologies (such as Windows Media Player, QuickTime and RealPlayer) that generally require the user to download and install a web browser plugin in order to view video. Flash also requires a plug-in, but Adobe considers the Flash 7 plug-in to be present on approximately 90% of online computers.<ref>Adobe Flash Player Version Penetration Adobe</ref> The video can also be played back with third-party media players such as GOM Player, gnash, VLC as well as some ffmpeg-based video players.
YouTube converts videos into .FLV (Adobe Flash Video) format after uploading.<ref>http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/archives/000755.html</ref> The extension is then stripped from the file (Extension can be found again with TrID[citation needed] or from the server's MIME Type). The different files are stored in obscurely named subdomains, accessible either directly or through YouTube's get_video PHP script. YouTube also converts content to other formats so that it can be viewed outside of the website. See below.
YouTube officially accepts uploaded videos in .WMV, .AVI, .MOV, MPEG and .MP4, formats<ref>In which formats YouTube officially accepts uploaded videos</ref>
Users can view videos in windowed mode or full screen mode and it is possible to switch modes during playback without reloading it due to the full-screen function of Adobe Flash Player 9.
Audio format
YouTube files contain an MP3 audio stream. By default, it is mono-encoding with a 65kbit/s rate at 22050 Hz. However, it is possible to get a stereo audio track if the movie file is manually converted to FLV format using a program such as ffmpeg for Linux, ffmpegX for Macintosh or the commercial Riva FLV Encoder for Windows.
Content accessibility
On YouTube
As noted above, YouTube accepts common file formats and converts them to the H.263 variant of Flash Video, and makes them available for online viewing. Beginning in June 2007, newly uploaded videos will also be encoded using the H.264 video standard to enable streaming of YouTube videos on the Apple TV and the iPhone.
On Apple TV
Apple Inc. announced on 20 June 2007 that YouTube is accessible on the Apple TV after installation of a free software update. Functionality includes browsing by category, searching videos, and the ability for members to log onto their YouTube accounts directly on Apple TV. Access to thousands of the most current and popular YouTube videos will be available, with plans to add thousands more videos each week. The entire catalog is targeted to be available in fall 2007. According to Apple VP David Moody, the reason for the delay is the need for all current YouTube content to be transcoded to Apple's preferred video standard, H.264. All content uploaded in and after June, however, will be automatically encoded into H.264, rendering additional transcoding unnecessary for these newer files.
On mobile
YouTube launched its mobile site, YouTube Mobile on 15 June 2007. It is based on xHTML and uses 3GP videos with H263/AMR codec and RTSP streaming.
On TV
YouTube TV Channel will on Information TV 2 on January 7, 2008. The channel will air video sharing content from the YouTube website.
On iPhone and iPod touch
Apple announced Wednesday, 20 June 2007 that YouTube would be available on iPhone at launch. Streaming is over WiFi or EDGE.
Videos on YouTube for the iPhone are encoded in Apple's preferred H.264 format. All videos are viewed in the horizontal orientation of the phone. As YouTube videos have 4:3 aspect ratio and the iPhone is 3:2, videos must be viewed with black bars on the side (pillarboxed) or may be zoomed to trim some of the top and bottom to fill the screen.
Not all videos are available on iPhone yet because not every video has been reencoded to H.264. There are two versions of each video on YouTube, one is higher bandwidth for WiFi use, and one is lower resolution for EDGE use.
Unlike the Apple TV version, users cannot log in to their own YouTube accounts, but can create a separate favorites list just for the iPhone.
Outside YouTube
Each video is accompanied by the full HTML markup for linking to it and/or embedding it within another page, unless the submitter of a video chooses to disable the embedding feature. A small addition to the embeddable markup will allow the video to play automatically when the webpage loads. These simple cut-and-paste options are especially popular with users of social-networking sites. Poor experiences, however, have been cited by users of such sites,<ref>http://news.livejournal.com/92728.html</ref> where autoplaying embedded YouTube videos has been reported to slow down page loading time or even to crash internet browsers.
The YouTube Player is the name of another embeddable applet (with a different interface), designed for browsing YouTube videos on an iGoogle homepage.
YouTube itself does not make it easy to download and save videos for offline viewing or editing nor for viewing in external players, but several third-party web sites, applications, browser extensions (such as Firefox extensions) exist for that purpose. Alternatively, most .flv files can be copied from the 'Temporary Internet Files' folder in Windows, or the /tmp directory in GNU systems, to a permanent folder. The .flv files can then be viewed and edited directly or converted to other formats using various applications.
YouTube Remixer
On June 18, 2007, YouTube launched its online video editing tool, YouTube Remixer. The tool allows users to edit their YouTube videos online, although the editing tools are very limited.
Channel Type
Members of YouTube.com are offered to be a part of groups called "Channel Types" that make their channel more distinctive. The types are:
- YouTuber, a general viewer of YouTube.
- Director, movie makers displaying their videos for YouTube viewers.
- Musician, musicians or bands covering songs or displaying originals or giving lessons on songs, scales, chords, etc.
- Comedian, comedians displaying their comedy bits for YouTube viewers.
- Guru, people who are experienced in a certain field make videos of what they do.
Social impact
Internet celebrities and breaking boundaries
YouTube's popularity has led to the creation of many YouTube Internet celebrities, popular individuals who have attracted much publicity in their home countries (and sometimes world renown) due to their videos.<ref> Feifer , Jason
. " Video makers find a vast and eager audience " , Worcester Telegram , June 11 2006 . </ref> The most subscribed YouTube member, as of October 18, 2007, is Smosh.<ref> Most Subscribed (All Time) . YouTube (2007-06-02)
.</ref> For some users, Internet fame has led to unexpected results and, in some cases, crossovers into traditional media or entertainment avenues. Former receptionist Brooke Brodack (Brookers) from Connecticut has been signed by NBC's Carson Daly for an 18-month development contract in June 2006; Brodack was among the first individuals to transition into mainstream media through YouTube.<ref> Martin , Denise
. " Daly digs YouTube talent " , Variety , 2006-06-12 . Retrieved on 2007-05-09 . </ref><ref> Collins , Scott . " Now she has their attention " , Los Angeles Times , 2006-07-19 . Retrieved on 2007-03-03 . </ref> Another discovery was the uncovered fictitious blog of lonelygirl15, now known to be the creation of New Zealand actress Jessica Rose and some film directors. In 2007, a Dutch vocalist and songwriter named Esmée Denters (esmeedenters) was signed to a recording contract by Billy Mann based on her YouTube performances.<ref>" YouTube stars don't always welcome record deals " , Reuters , 2007-02-25 . </ref><ref>" Dutch YouTube star scores U.S. music deal " , Reuters , 2007-03-08 . </ref> On January 31, 2007, Fox announced that Lisa Donovan (LisaNova) would appear as a cast member during the 12th season of its sketch comedy show MADtv.<ref>" 'MADtv' Uploads YouTube Star " , Zap2it TV news , 2007-01-31 . Retrieved on 2007-03-03 . </ref> Terra Naomi (terranaomi) has been signed with Island Records, a division of the Universal Music Group, one of the Big Four record labels. Brandon Hardesty (ArtieTSMITW), known for a popular reenactment series among his work, is currently in a GEICO television commercial<ref> Geico - 15 minutes online . YouTube (May 8 2007)
.</ref> running nationally in the U.S. and it consists mostly of a segment taken from his Strange Faces and Noises I Can Make III video. Brandon has also been contracted by an agent and was hired for a role in the independent film, Bart Got a Room.<ref> Strange Faces and Noises I Can Make III
. YouTube (January 1 2007)
.</ref> Ysabella Brave (ysabellabrave and ysabellabravetalk) announced in two videos on June 3 2007, in connection with a Los Angeles Times feature article<ref> Wish on a Star
. Los Angeles Times (June 3 2007)
.</ref> about her on the same day, that she has been signed by Cordless Recordings, a division of the Warner Music Group, also one of the four major records labels. TheReceptionist announced in a video on July 9 2007 that he will be providing content for Comedy Central's website.<ref> Dead Tone
. YouTube (July 9 2007)
.</ref> Daniel Geduld (everyonesvoice) now works in the voice-over business and he credits his discovery to his popular Skeletor remixes, which change an originally serious animation series into comedy.<ref> Web video sites mined by talent scouts
. Associated Press (July 20 2007)
.</ref> SamProof appeared on November 18th, 2007on Adult Swim's Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!<ref> "Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!" Episode 'Vacation'
. IMDB (November 18th 2007)
.</ref>
Band and music promotion
YouTube has also become a means of promoting bands and their music. One such example is OK Go which got a huge radio hit and an MTV Video Music Awards performance out of the treadmill video for Here It Goes Again.<ref> Vargas , Jose Antonio
. " Waiting for OK Go: MTV Awards' Existential Moment " , 2006-09-01 . Retrieved on 2007-03-03 . </ref><ref> Chapman , Zachary . " OK Go wins Grammy for treadmills video " , 2007-02-13 . Retrieved on 2007-03-03 . </ref>
In the same light, a video broadcasting the Free Hugs Campaign with accompanying music by the Sick Puppies led to instant fame for both the band and the campaign, with more campaigns taking place in different parts of the world. The main character of the video, Juan Mann has also achieved fame, being interviewed on Australian news programs, even appearing on The Oprah Winfrey Show.<ref> The Gift of Giving Back: Free Hugs!
. The Oprah Winfrey Show
. Retrieved on 2007-03-03. </ref>
Sharing revenue with popular users
In May 2007, YouTube invited some of its most viewed users to become "YouTube Partners." This exclusive status, previously only offered to commercial content providers, allows users to earn revenue from advertisements placed next to videos.<ref>YouTube Elevates Most Popular Users to Partners, The YouTube Blog May 3, 2007</ref> Participants include Ben Going (boh3m3), Paul Robinett (renetto), Lisa Donovan (LisaNova), Jessica Rose (lonelygirl15), Kevin Nalty (Nalts) Tony Huynh (thewinekone), Brandon Hardesty (ArtieTSMITW), and Yousef Abu-Taleb (Danielbeast), among the 100 partners.<ref>YouTube Partners, as of June 23, 2007</ref>
YouTube gatherings
YouTubers periodically hold public gatherings to celebrate the video sharing community.<ref>Coyle, Jake "YouTube Vloggers Congregate Offline" Associated Press, August 22, 2007</ref> One of the earliest of such gatherings, the recurrent and international As One, was first held in January 2007 in Hollywood, California by Cory Williams of smpfilms. The second As One, also hosted by Cory Williams, was held on February 17, 2007 at Pier 39 in San Francisco, California, managed to attract many of YouTube's highest viewed individuals.<ref>Sandoval, Greg "Top YouTube videographers descend on San Francisco" cnet.com, February 17, 2007</ref> Notable attendees included: Caitlin Hill; Ben Going; and Yousef Abu-Taleb, the actor who plays DanielBeast in the YouTube serial lonelygirl15. A third gathering took place on July 7, 2007, at Washington Square Park in New York City. A singing invitation to the event, posted on YouTube by Christine Gambito, YouTube's Happyslip, gained over 2.6 million views.<ref>Wilson, Craig "Saturday's date — 07/07/07 — gives birth to fortune frenzy" USA Today, July 6, 2007</ref> Notable attendees included: Brooke Brodack; Caitlin Hill; Philip DeFranco aka "sxephil"; Charles Trippy; wpgpeanut; and Kevin Nalty. Yet another took place in Washington D.C. on September 8, 2007.<ref name="dcgathering"> Rampell , Catherine
. " YouTubers Try a Different Forum: Real Life " , Washington Post , 2007-09-10 . Retrieved on 2007-09-14 . </ref>
The Economy of YouTube
Before being purchased by Google, YouTube declared that its business model was advertisement-based, making 15 million dollars per month. Some industry commentators have speculated that YouTube's running costs — specifically the bandwidth required — may be as high as 5 to 6 million USD per month,<ref>http://willy.boerland.com/myblog/youtube_bandwidth_usage_25_petabytes_per_month]. Forbes. April 27, 2006.</ref> thereby fueling criticisms that the company, like many Internet startups, did not have a viably implemented business model. Advertisements were launched on the site beginning in March 2006. In April, YouTube started using Google AdSense[citation needed]. YouTube subsequently stopped using AdSense but has resumed in local regions.
Advertising is YouTube's central mechanism for gaining revenue. This issue has also been taken up in scientific analysis. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams argue in their book Wikinomics that YouTube is an example for an economy that is based on mass collaboration and makes use of the Internet. "Whether your business is closer to Boeing or P&G, or more like YouTube or flickr, there are vast pools of external talent that you can tap with the right approach. Companies that adopt these models can drive important changes in their industries and rewrite the rules of competition" <ref> Tapscott, Don and Anthony D. Williams. 2007. Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. New York: Penguin. p. 270. </ref> "new business models for open content will not come from traditional media establishments, but from companies such as Google, Yahoo, and YouTube. This new generation of companies is not burned by the legacies that inhibit the publishing incumbents, so they can be much more agile in responding to customer demands. More important, they understand that you don't need to control the quantity and destiny of bits if they can provide compelling venues in which people build communities around sharing and remixing content. Free content is just the lure on which they layer revenue from advertising and premium services".<ref> Tapscott, Don and Anthony D. Williams. 2007. Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. New York: Penguin. p 271.</ref>
Tapscott and Williams argue that it is important for new media companies to find ways of how to make profit with the help of peer-produced content. The new Internet economy that they term Wikinomics would be based on the principles of openness, peering, sharing, and acting globally. Companies could make use of these principles in order to gain profit with the help of Web 2.0 applications: “Companies can design and assemble products with their customers, and in some cases customers can do the majority of the value creation”.<ref> Tapscott, Don and Anthony D. Williams. 2007. Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. New York: Penguin. pp. 289sq.</ref> Tapscott and Williams argue that the outcome will be an economic democracy.
There are other views in the scientific debate that agree with Tapscott and Williams that value creation is increasingly based on harnessing open source/content, networking, sharing, and peering, but that argue that the result is not an economic democracy, but a subtle form and deepening of exploitation, in which labour costs are reduced by Internet-based global outsourcing.
Video rankings
YouTube awards videos with honors, the most popular of which is "most viewed"<ref> YouTube.com
. YouTube page on "most viewed"
. Retrieved on July 13, 2007. </ref> which are divided into four categories: today, this week, this month and all time. Honors include:
- Most Viewed topped by Judson Laipply's Evolution of Dance
- Top Rated
- Most Discussed
- Top Favorites
- Most Linked
- Recently Featured
- Most Responded
YouTube Video Awards
Starting in 2006, YouTube has presented the annual YouTube Video Awards. Categories include "'most adorable' video ever" and "most creative." YouTube nominates the contenders, and users decide the winners. Only original, user created videos are nominated. Nominees for the 2006 awards included Peter Oakley (geriatric1927), LonelyGirl15, thewinekone, Renetto and Chad Vader.<ref name = "MSNBCawards"> Coyle , Jake
. " YouTube to announce awards for user video " , MSNBC / Associated Press , March 19, 2007 . </ref><ref name = "BBCawards"> staff . " YouTube to present video awards " , BBC News , March 19, 2007 . </ref>
2006 Awards:<ref name="YTAwards">http://www.youtube.com/ytawards</ref>
- Most Creative - Here It Goes Again OK Go
- Best Comedy - Smosh Short 2: Stranded Smosh
- Best Commentary - Hotness Prevails / Worst Video Ever thewinekone
- Best Series - Ask A Ninja digtalfilmmaker
- Best Music Video - Say It's Possible Terra Naomi
- Most Inspirational - Free Hugs Campaign PeaceOnEarth123
- Most Adorable - Kiwi Madyeti47
See also
- Alternative media
- Comparison of video services
- List of Internet phenomena
- User-generated content
- Viral video
References
Patrizio, Andy. "YouTube's Not-so-'Friendly' Spam." InternetNews. 10 Oct 2007. Jupitermedia Corporation. 12 Dec 2007 <http://www.internetnews.com/security/article.php/3704541>.
External links
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