Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama (Modèle:PronEng<ref>"
How to Pronounce Barack Hussein Obama " , Inoglo . Retrieved on 2007-12-02 . </ref>) (born August 4, 1961) is the junior United States Senator from Illinois and a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential election. He is the fifth African American Senator in U.S. history, and the only African American currently serving in the U.S. Senate.<ref> " Breaking New Ground: African American Senators " , U.S. Senate Historical Office . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Born to a Kenyan father and a American mother, Obama grew up in culturally diverse surroundings. He was born and lived for most of his childhood in the majority-minority U.S. state of Hawaii and spent four of his pre-teen years in the multi-ethnic Indonesian capital city of Jakarta. A graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, Obama worked as a community organizer, university lecturer, and civil rights lawyer before running for public office. He served in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, launching his campaign for U.S. Senate in 2003.
Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention while still an Illinois state legislator. He went on to win election to the U.S. Senate in November 2004 with a landslide 70% of the vote in an election year marked by Republican gains.<ref> Archibold , Randal C
. " The Illinois Candidate; Day After, Keynote Speaker Finds Admirers Everywhere " , New York Times , July 29 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref name=2004genelection>" America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois " , CNN . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> As a member of the Democratic minority in the 109th Congress, Obama co-sponsored the enactment of conventional weapons control and transparency legislation, and made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. In the 110th Congress, he has sponsored legislation on lobbying and electoral fraud, climate change, and care for returned U.S. military personnel.
He is among the Democratic Party's leading candidates for nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election.<ref> Malone , Jim
. " 2008 US Presidential Campaign in Full Swing " , Voice of America , May 18 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . For national polling data, see: " White House 2008: Democratic Nomination " , Polling Report . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . " 2008 National Democratic Presidential Primary " , Pollster.com . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Since announcing his candidacy in February 2007, Obama has emphasized ending the Iraq War and implementing universal health care as campaign themes.<ref name=BBC20070210>" Obama Launches Presidential Bid " , BBC News , February 10 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Video at Brightcove.com.</ref><ref> Toner , Robin . " Obama Calls for Wider and Less Costly Health Care Coverage " , New York Times , May 30 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Galloway , Angela . " Obama Fires Up Crowd in Seattle " , Seattle Post-Intelligencer , June 2 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> He married in 1992 and has two daughters. He has authored two bestselling books: a memoir of his youth titled Dreams from My Father, and The Audacity of Hope, a personal commentary on U.S. politics.<ref> Memmott , Carol . " Obama's Books Drive Talk of '08 Presidential Run " , USA Today , January 30 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Early life and career
Modèle:See also Obama was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama, Sr. (born in Nyanza Province, Kenya) and Ann Dunham (born in Wichita, Kansas).<ref> "
Meet Barack " , BarackObama.com . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Obama (1995), Chapter 1. Throughout his early years, Obama was commonly known at home and school as "Barry Obama." Scharnberg , Kirsten ; Kim Barker . " The Not-So-Simple Story of Barack Obama's Youth " , Chicago Tribune , March 25 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> His parents met while both were attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was enrolled as a foreign student.<ref>Obama (1995), pp. 9–10. For book excerpts, see " Barack Obama: Creation of Tales " , East African , November 1, 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Obama's parents separated when he was two years old and later divorced.<ref>Obama (1995), pp. 125–126. See also: Jones , Tim . " Obama's Mom: Not Just a Girl from Kansas " , Chicago Tribune , March 27 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> His father went to Harvard University to pursue Ph.D. studies, then returned to Kenya, where he died in an auto accident when the younger Obama was twenty-one years old.<ref>Obama (1995), pp. 3–5, 9–10. See also: Ochieng , Philip . " From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found " , East African , November 1 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref>In August 2006, Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya. Cose , Ellis . " Walking the World Stage " , Newsweek International Edition , September 11, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Wrong , Michela . " Africa: Kenya Glimpses a New Kind of Hero " , New Statesman , September 11, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> His mother married Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesian foreign student, with whom she had one daughter.<ref>From his father's side, Obama has two half-sisters and five surviving half-brothers. Sheridan , Michael ; Sarah Baxter . " Secrets of Obama Family Unlocked " , Sunday Times (UK) , January 28 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Obama (1995), Chapter 2 and Chapters 15–19 (Part 3: Kenya).</ref> The family moved to Jakarta in 1967, where Obama attended local schools from ages 6 to 10.<ref>For details of Obama's early primary schooling in Indonesia, see Obama (1995), p. 154, and Obama (2006), p. 274. See also: Barker , Kim . " Obama Madrassa Myth Debunked " , Chicago Tribune , March 25 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> He then returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents while attending Punahou School from 5th grade until his graduation in 1979.<ref>Obama writes: "For my grandparents, my admission into Punahou Academy heralded the start of something grand, an elevation in the family status that they took great pains to let everyone know." Obama (1995), Chapters 3 and 4. See also: B.J. , Reyes . " Punahou Left Lasting Impression on Obama " , Honolulu Star-Bulletin , February 8, 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Obama's mother died of ovarian cancer a few months after the publication of his 1995 memoir, Dreams from My Father.<ref>Obama (1995), Preface to the 2004 Edition, p. xi. See also: Suryakusuma , Julia . " Obama for President ... of Indonesia " , Jakarta Post , November 29, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
In the memoir, Obama describes his experiences growing up in his mother's American middle class family. His knowledge about his absent Luo father came mainly through family stories and photographs.<ref>Obama writes: "He was an African, I would learn, a Kenyan of the Luo tribe, born on the shores of Lake Victoria in a place called Alego." Obama (1995), p. 9. See also Gnecchi , Nico
. " Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya " , Voice of America , August 27 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Of his early childhood, Obama writes: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."<ref>Obama (1995), pp. 9–10.</ref> The book describes his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<ref>Obama (1995), Chapters 4 and 5. See also: Serrano , Richard A . " Obama's Peers Didn't See His Angst " , Los Angeles Times , March 11 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . (paid archive) </ref> He used alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years, Obama writes, to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".<ref>In the book, Obama writes: "Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it." Obama (1995), pp. 93–94. For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled."), see: Romano , Lois . " Effect of Obama's Candor Remains to Be Seen " , Washington Post , January 3, 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Seelye , Katharine Q . " Obama Offers More Variations From the Norm " , New York Times , October 24, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
After graduating from Punahou, Obama studied at Occidental College for two years, then transferred to Columbia University, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations.<ref> Oxy Remembers "Barry" Obama '83
. Occidental College (January 29 2007)
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30.
See also: Gordon , Larry
.
"
Occidental Recalls 'Barry' Obama
" , Los Angeles Times , January 29, 2007
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30
. (paid archive)
</ref><ref name='CCTJan05'> Boss-Bicak , Shira
.
"
Barack Obama ’83: Is He the New Face of The Democratic Party?
" , Columbia College Today , January 2005
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30
. </ref> He received his B.A. degree in 1983, then worked for one year at Business International Corporation<ref> Curriculum Vitae
. University of Chicago Law School
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30.
See also: Obama (1995), pp. 135–136.</ref> before moving to Chicago to take a job as a community organizer.<ref>As Director of the Developing Communities Project, Obama worked "alongside low-income residents in the Roseland community and the Altgeld Gardens public housing development." Secter , Bob ; John McCormick . " Portrait of a Pragmatist " , Chicago Tribune , March 30 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Lizza , Ryan . " The Agitator: Barack Obama's Unlikely Political Education " , New Republic , March 19 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . (alternate site)</ref> He entered Harvard Law School in 1988.<ref> Levenson , Michael ; Jonathan Saltzman . " At Harvard Law, a Unifying Voice " , Boston Globe , January 28, 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Heilemann , John . " When They Were Young " , New York Magazine , October 22 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-21 . </ref> In 1990, The New York Times reported his election as the Harvard Law Review's "first black president in its 104-year history".<ref> Butterfield , Fox . " First Black Elected to Head Harvard's Law Review " , New York Times , February 6 1990 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> He completed his J.D. degree magna cum laude in 1991.<ref name='CV'> Curriculum Vitae . University of Chicago Law School
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30. </ref> On returning to Chicago, Obama directed a voter registration drive.<ref name='CV' /> As an associate attorney with Miner, Barnhill & Galland from 1993 to 1996, he represented community organizers, discrimination claims, and voting rights cases.<ref name=Civil_Rights>"
Law Graduate Obama Got His Start in Civil Rights Practice " , Associated Press , International Herald Tribune , February 19 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> He was a lecturer of constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1993 until his election to the U.S. Senate in 2004.<ref> Pallasch , Abdon M . " Professor Obama was a Listener, Students Say " , Chicago Sun-Times , February 12 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
State legislature
Obama was elected to the Illinois State Senate in 1996 from the state's 13th District in the south-side Chicago neighborhood of Hyde Park.<ref> Jackson , David
; Ray Long . " Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot " , Chicago Tribune , April 3 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> In 2000, he made an unsuccessful Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives seat held by four-term incumbent candidate Bobby Rush.<ref> Scott , Janny . " A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama " , New York Times , September 9 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998 and 2002, officially resigning in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<ref>
"
13th District: Barack Obama " , Illinois State Senate Democrats , August 24 2000 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Archived from the original on 2000-08-24.
"
13th District: Barack Obama " , Illinois State Senate Democrats , October 9 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Archived from the original on 2004-10-09. </ref><ref> Cohen , Jodi S . " Obama's Springfield Seat Goes to Lawyer " , Chicago Tribune , November 7 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> As a state legislator, Obama worked with both Democrats and Republicans in drafting successful legislation on ethics and health care reform.<ref name=Slevin20070209> Slevin , Peter . " Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol " , Washington Post , February 9, 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: " Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics " , Associated Press , CBS News , January 17 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-08-16 . " In-Depth Look at Obama's Political Career " , CLTV , Chicago Tribune , February 9, 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . (video)</ref> He sponsored a law enhancing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for child care.<ref name=NYT2007-07-30> Scott , Janny . " In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd " , New York Times , July 30 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Obama also led the passage of legislation mandating videotaping of homicide interrogations, and a law to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they stopped.<ref name=NYT2007-07-30> Scott , Janny . " In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd " , New York Times , July 30 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-07-31 . </ref><ref>See also: Pearson , Rick ; Ray Long . " Careful Steps, Looking Ahead " , Chicago Tribune , May 3 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, Obama won the endorsement of the Illinois Fraternal Order of Police, whose president credited him with having been "immensely helpful in working with police organizations" on death penalty reform.<ref> Youngman , Sam ; and Aaron Blake . " Obama’s Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals " , The Hill , March 14 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: " US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms " , Associated Press , International Herald Tribune , November 12 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> He was criticized by a rival pro-choice candidate in the Democratic primary and by his Republican pro-life opponent in the general election for having voted either "present" or "no" on anti-abortion legislation.<ref name=Slevin20070209> Slevin , Peter . " Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol " , Washington Post , February 9, 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref> Chase , John . " A Big Split Over Abortion, Stem Cells " , Chicago Tribune , October 4 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Youngman , Sam . " Abortion Foes Target Obama Because of His Vote Record on Illinois Legislation " , The Hill , February 15 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Keynote address at 2004 Democratic National Convention
Obama wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts, while still serving as a state legislator.<ref>For details about the speech's genesis and delivery, see: Boss-Bicak , Shira
. " Barack Obama ’83: Is He the New Face of The Democratic Party? " , Columbia College Today , January 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Bernstein , David . " The Speech " , Chicago Magazine , June 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> After describing his maternal grandfather's experiences as a World War II veteran and a beneficiary of the New Deal's FHA and G.I. Bill programs, Obama said:
No, people don't expect government to solve all their problems. But they sense, deep in their bones, that with just a slight change in priorities, we can make sure that every child in America has a decent shot at life, and that the doors of opportunity remain open to all. They know we can do better. And they want that choice.
Questioning the Bush administration's management of the Iraq War, Obama spoke of an enlisted Marine, Corporal Seamus Ahern from East Moline, Illinois, asking, "Are we serving Seamus as well as he is serving us?" He continued:
When we send our young men and women into harm's way, we have a solemn obligation not to fudge the numbers or shade the truth about why they're going, to care for their families while they're gone, to tend to the soldiers upon their return, and to never, ever go to war without enough troops to win the war, secure the peace, and earn the respect of the world.
Finally, he spoke for national unity:
The pundits like to slice-and-dice our country into Red States and Blue States; Red States for Republicans, Blue States for Democrats. But I've got news for them too. We worship an awesome God in the Blue States, and we don't like federal agents poking around in our libraries in the Red States. We coach Little League in the Blue States and yes, we got some gay friends in the Red States. There are patriots who opposed the war in Iraq and patriots who supported the war in Iraq. We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America.<ref name=keynote> Obama , Barack . " Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention " , BarackObama.com , July 27 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Video at Brightcove.TV.</ref>
The speech was Obama's introduction to most of America. Its enthusiastic reception at the convention and widespread coverage by national media gave him instant celebrity status.<ref> Wolf , Richard
. " Illinois' Obama Revisits Idea of 2008 Run for White House " , USA Today , October 22 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Senate campaign
In 2003, Obama began his run for the U.S. Senate open seat vacated by Peter Fitzgerald. In early opinion polls leading up to the Democratic primary, Obama trailed multimillionaire businessman Blair Hull and Illinois Comptroller Dan Hynes.<ref name=Mendell20040317> Mendell , David
. " Obama Routs Democratic Foes; Ryan Tops Crowded GOP Field " , Chicago Tribune , March 17, 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> However, Hull's popularity declined following allegations of domestic abuse.<ref name=Mendell20040317 /> Obama's candidacy was boosted by an advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and the late U.S. Senator Paul Simon; the support of Simon's daughter; and political endorsements by the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun-Times.<ref> Fornek , Scott . " Obama's Appeal Spans Racial Lines " , Chicago Sun-Times , at Find Articles , March 18, 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref> Hayes , Christopher . " Check Bounce " , TNR Online , March 17, 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . (alternate site)</ref> Obama received over 52% of the vote in the March 2004 primary, emerging 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival.<ref> Davey , Monica . " From Crowded Field, Democrats Choose State Legislator to Seek Senate Seat " , New York Times , May 17 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Jackson , John S . " The Making of a Senator: Barack Obama and the 2004 Illinois Senate Race " , Occasional Paper of the Paul Simon Public Policy Institute , Southern Illinois University , August 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> His opponent in the general election was expected to be Republican primary winner Jack Ryan. However, Ryan withdrew from the race in June 2004, following public disclosure of child custody divorce records containing sexual allegations by Ryan's ex-wife, actress Jeri Ryan.<ref>" Ryan Drops Out of Senate race in Illinois " , CNN , June 25, 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> In August 2004, with less than three months to go before election day, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.<ref> Lannan , Maura Kelly . " Alan Keyes Enters U.S. Senate Race in Illinois Against Rising Democratic Star " , Associated Press , Union-Tribune (San Diego) , August 9, 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> A long-time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination.<ref> Liam , Ford ; David Mendell . " Keyes Sets Up House in Cal City " , Chicago Tribune , August 13, 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Through three televised debates, Obama and Keyes expressed opposing views on stem cell research, abortion, gun control, school vouchers, and tax cuts.<ref>For debate transcripts and video, see Alan Keyes Archives: Alan Keyes and Barack Obama debate, hosted by Illinois Radio Network (October 12 2004)
. U.S. Senate debate sponsored by the League of Women Voters in Illinois
(October 21 2004)
. Debate sponsored by WTTW and the City Club of Chicago
(October 26 2004)
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30. </ref> In the November 2004 general election, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes's 27%, the largest electoral victory in Illinois history.<ref>"
America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois " , CNN . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Slevin , Peter . " For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles " , Washington Post , November 13 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref>
Senate career
Obama was sworn in as a Senator on January 4, 2005.<ref>"
Barack Obama Sworn in to U.S. Senate " , WLS-TV (ABC 7, Chicago) . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> In a move considered exceptional for a first-term incoming senator, he recruited Pete Rouse, a 30-year veteran of the Washington political scene and former chief of staff to Senate Democratic Leader Tom Daschle, as his chief of staff.<ref> Bacon Jr. , Perry . " The Outsider's Insider " , Washington Post , August 27 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Karen Kornbluh, an economist who was deputy chief of staff to former Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin, was hired as Obama's policy adviser.<ref name='Enda2006'> Enda , Jodi . " Great Expectations " , The American Prospect , February 5, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Foreign policy advisers include Samantha Power, author on human rights and genocide, and former Clinton administration officials Anthony Lake and Susan Rice.<ref> Traub , James . " Is (His) Biography (Our) Destiny? " , New York Times , November 4 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-06 . King , Neil . " Obama Tones Foreign-Policy Muscle " , Wall Street Journal , September 5 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-06 . Sweet , Lynn . " Obama Taps Influential Foreign Policy Experts " , Chicago Sun-Times , May 10 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-06 . </ref> Obama holds assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations; Health, Education, Labor and Pensions; Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs; and Veterans' Affairs,<ref> " Committee Assignments " , Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> and is a member of the Congressional Black Caucus.<ref> " Member Info " , Congressional Black Caucus . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Zeleny , Jeff . " When It Comes to Race, Obama Makes His Point—With Subtlety " , Chicago Tribune , June 26 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
109th Congress
Obama sponsored 152 bills and resolutions brought before the 109th Congress in 2005 and 2006, and cosponsored another 427.<ref> U.S. Senate , 109th Congress
. Bills, Resolutions > Search Results . Thomas
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30. </ref><ref> U.S. Senate , 109th Congress
. Bills, Resolutions > Search Results . Thomas
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30. </ref> He took an active role in the Senate's drive for improved border security and immigration reform. Beginning in 2005, Obama co-sponsored the "Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act" introduced by Sen. John McCain (R-AZ).<ref> U.S. Senate , 109th Congress, 1st Session
. " S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act " , Thomas , May 12 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> He later added three amendments to S. 2611, the "Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act," sponsored by Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA).<ref> U.S. Senate , 109th Congress, 2nd Session . " S. 2611, Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 " , Thomas , May 25, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: " S. Amdt. 3971 " , Thomas , January 14 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref> " Obama Statement on Senate Passage of Immigration Reform Bill " , Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office , May 25 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> S. 2611 passed the Senate in May 2006, but failed to gain majority support in the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>" Immigration Bill Divides House, Senate " , USA Today , September 22, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> In September 2006, Obama supported a related bill, the Secure Fence Act, authorizing construction of fencing and other security improvements along the United States–Mexico border.<ref>" Latinos Upset Obama Voted for Border Fence " , CBS 2 (Chicago) , November 20 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> President Bush signed the Secure Fence Act into law in October 2006, calling it "an important step toward immigration reform."<ref>" President Bush Signs Secure Fence Act " , White House , October 26 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Partnering first with Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN), and then with Sen. Tom Coburn (R-OK), Obama successfully introduced two initiatives bearing his name. "Lugar-Obama" expands the Nunn-Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons, including shoulder-fired missiles and anti-personnel mines.<ref> U.S. Senate , 109th Congress, 2nd Session
. " S. 2566, Cooperative Proliferation Detection, Interdiction Assistance, and Conventional Threat Reduction Act of 2006 " , Thomas , May 25 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Lugar , Richard G. ; Barack Obama . " Junkyard Dogs of War " , Washington Post , December 3, 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref> " Lugar-Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President " , Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office , January 11, 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 .
The Lugar-Obama initiative subsequently received $48 million in funding. "
Obama, Lugar Secure Funding for Implementation of Nonproliferation Law " , Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office , June 28 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> The "Coburn-Obama Transparency Act" provides for a web site, managed by the Office of Management and Budget, listing all organizations receiving Federal funds from 2007 onward, and providing breakdowns by the agency allocating the funds, the dollar amount given, and the purpose of the grant or contract.<ref> U.S. Senate , 109th Congress, 2nd Session . " S. 2590, Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 " , Thomas , April 6 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref>" President Bush Signs Coburn-Obama Transparency Act " , Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office , September 26 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the "Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act," marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<ref> U.S. Senate , 109th Congress, 2nd Session . " S. 2125, Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act " , Thomas , January 3 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. In August 2005, he traveled to Russia, Ukraine, and Azerbaijan. The trip focused on strategies to control the world's supply of conventional weapons, biological weapons, and weapons of mass destruction as a first defense against potential terrorist attacks.<ref> Larson , Christina
. " Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP " , The Washington Monthly , September 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Following meetings with U.S. military in Kuwait and Iraq in January 2006, Obama visited Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian territories. At a meeting with Palestinian students two weeks before Hamas won the legislative election, Obama warned that "the U.S. will never recognize winning Hamas candidates unless the group renounces its fundamental mission to eliminate Israel."<ref> Goudie , Chuck
. " Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor " , ABC 7 News (Chicago) , January 12, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> He left for his third official trip in August 2006, traveling to South Africa, Kenya, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Chad. In a nationally televised speech at the University of Nairobi, he spoke forcefully on the influence of ethnic rivalries and corruption in Kenya.<ref>" Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud " , News24.com , August 28, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> The speech touched off a public debate among rival leaders, some formally challenging Obama's remarks as unfair and improper, others defending his positions.<ref> Wamalwa , Chris . " Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark " , The Standard (Nairobi) , September 2, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref> Moracha , Vincent ; Mangoa Mosota . " Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims " , The Standard (Nairobi) , September 4, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
110th Congress
On the first day of the newly Democratic-controlled 110th Congress, in a column published in the Washington Post, Obama called for an end to "any and all practices that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a public servant has become indebted to a lobbyist."<ref> Obama , Barack
. " A Chance To Change The Game " , Washington Post , January 4 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> He joined with Sen. Russ Feingold (D-WI) in strengthening restrictions on travel in corporate jets to S.1, the Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2007, which passed the Senate with a 96-2 majority.<ref> Parsons , Christi . " Senate OKs Tougher Ethics Bill 96-2 " , Chicago Tribune , January 19 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . (paid archive) </ref><ref> U.S. Senate , 110th Congress, 1st Session . " S. 1, Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2007 " , Thomas , January 18 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Obama joined Charles Schumer (D-NY) in sponsoring S. 453, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections, including fraudulent flyers and automated phone calls, as witnessed in the 2006 midterm elections.<ref> Stern , Seth . " Obama-Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation " , CQPolitics.com , Congressional Quarterly , January 31 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref> U.S. Senate , 110th Congress, 1st Session . " S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007 " , Thomas , January 31 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Obama's energy initiatives scored pluses and minuses with environmentalists, who welcomed his sponsorship with Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) of a climate change bill to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by two-thirds by 2050, but were skeptical of Obama's support for a bill promoting liquefied coal production.<ref> H. Josef , Hebert . " Congress Begins Tackling Climate Issues " , Associated Press , CBS News , January 29 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref> Williamson , Elizabeth . " The Green Gripe With Obama: Liquefied Coal Is Still . . . Coal " , Washington Post , January 10, 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Also during the first month of the 110th Congress, Obama introduced the "Iraq War De-Escalation Act," a bill proposing to cap troop levels in Iraq, begin phased redeployment, and remove all combat brigades from Iraq before April 2008.<ref> Krystin , E. Kasak . " Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home " , Medill News Service , nwi.com , February 7, 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref> U.S. Senate , 110th Congress, 1st Session . " S. 433, Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007 " , Thomas , January 30 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored with Kit Bond (R-MO) an amendment to the 2008 Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality disorder military discharges, and calling for a review by the Government Accounting Office following reports that the procedure had been used inappropriately to reduce government costs.<ref>"
Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action " , Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office , October 1 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-14 . See also: Dine , Philip . " Veterans Are Denied Mental Health Help " , St. Louis Post-Dispatch , October 21 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-21 . </ref> He sponsored the "Iran Sanctions Enabling Act" supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry,<ref> U.S. Senate , 110th Congress, 1st Session . " S. 1430, Iran Sanctions Enabling Act " , Thomas , May 17 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-14 . See also: Graham-Silverman , Adam . " Despite Flurry of Action in House, Congress Unlikely to Act Against Iran " , CQ Today , September 12 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-14 . </ref> and joined Chuck Hagel (R-NE) in introducing legislation to prevent nuclear terrorism.<ref> U.S. Senate , 110th Congress, 1st Session . " S. 1977, Nuclear Weapons Threat Reduction Act " , Thomas , August 2 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-14 . A provision from the Obama-Hagel bill was passed by the Senate in September 2007 as an amendment to the State-Foreign Operations appropriations bill. " Senate Passes Obama-Hagel Provision Aimed at Preventing Nuclear Terrorism " , Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office , September 18 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-14 . </ref> He also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to provide one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<ref>" Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members " , Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office , August 2 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-14 . </ref> After passing both houses of Congress with bipartisan majorities, SCHIP was vetoed by President Bush in early October 2007, a move Obama declared "shows a callousness of priorities that is offensive to the ideals we hold as Americans."<ref> Pugh , Tony ; Margaret Talev . " Battles Set After Health Bill Veto " , Philadelphia Inquirer , October 4 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-14 . </ref>
Presidential campaign
Modèle:Future election candidate
In February 2007, standing before the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois, Obama announced his candidacy for the 2008 U.S. presidential election.<ref name=BBC20070210>"
Obama Launches Presidential Bid " , BBC News , February 10 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . Video at Brightcove.TV.</ref> Describing his working life in Illinois, and symbolically linking his presidential campaign to Abraham Lincoln's 1858 House Divided speech, Obama said: "That is why, in the shadow of the Old State Capitol, where Lincoln once called on a house divided to stand together, where common hopes and common dreams still live, I stand before you today to announce my candidacy for President of the United States of America."<ref>" Presidential Campaign Announcement " (video) , Obama for America , Brightcove.TV , February 10 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref>
Obama's announcement speech followed a video posted to www.barackobama.com stating his establishment of a presidential exploratory committee.<ref>"
Obama to Explore 2008 White House Race " , Associated Press , MSNBC , January 16 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . Video at Brightcove.TV.</ref> One day after the video was posted, the Internet magazine Insight reported that Clinton campaign staff were questioning Obama's account of his pre-teenage years in Indonesia.<ref>For responses to the Insight report, see: Kirkpatrick , David D . " Feeding Frenzy for a Big Story, Even If It’s False " , New York Times , January 29 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . " Obama, School Deny Radical Islam Claim " (video) , Associated Press , WPVI-TV Philadelphia (ABC) , January 25 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> At the time, the Clinton campaign denied any connection to the rumor, which dated back to 2004.<ref> Tapper , Jake . " Nothing Extreme About Indonesian School Attended by Obama " , ABC News , January 25 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-12-05 . </ref> In December 2007, the Clinton campaign dismissed two volunteer county coordinators in Iowa who had apparently played a role in the perpetuation of the rumor.<ref>Pickler, Nedra."Kerrey Apologizes to Obama Over Remark", Associated Press, December 20, 2007.</ref><ref> Bacon Jr. , Perry . " Clinton Campaign Volunteer Out Over False Obama Rumors " , Washington Post , 2007-12-05 . Retrieved on 2007-12-17 . </ref> Insight's report was repeated on Fox News and briefly lent legitimacy to an Internet-based whisper campaign spreading the false rumor that as a child in Jakarta, Obama attended a Muslim religious school.<ref> Smith , Ben ; Jonathan Martin . " Untraceable E-mails Spread Obama Rumor " , Politico , October 13 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . See also: Zeleny , Jeff . " Obama Fights Foes, Seen or Otherwise " , New York Times , November 10 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . Hayes , Christopher . " The New Right-Wing Smear Machine " , Nation , November 12 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-23 . </ref>
This rumor was debunked by both CNN<ref>"
CNN debunks false report about Obama " , CNN , 2007-01-23 . Retrieved on 2007-12-17 . </ref>and ABC News<ref> Tapper , Jake . " Nothing Extreme About Indonesian School Attended by Obama " , ABC News , January 25 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-12-05 . </ref>, which sent independent news teams to the Basuki school in Jakarta, which Obama attended from 1969 to 1971.
Speaking at a Democratic National Committee meeting one week before the February announcement, Obama called for putting an end to negative campaigning. "This can't be about who digs up more skeletons on who, who makes the fewest slip-ups on the campaign trail," he said. "We owe it to the American people to do more than that."<ref>"
Barack Obama at the DNC Winter 2007 Meeting " (video) , Democratic National Committee , February 2 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . Full text from CQ Transcripts Wire. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. See also: Harris , Paul . " The Obama Revolution " , Guardian Unlimited , February 4 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref>
Two months before the Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary, with national opinion polls showing him trailing Hillary Clinton, Obama began directly charging his top rival with failing to clearly state her political positions.<ref> Newton-Small , Jay
. " Obama (Sort of) Takes the Gloves Off " , Time , October 28 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . Nagourney , Adam ; Jeff Zeleny . " Obama Rolls Out Aggressive Approach to Clinton's Campaign " , International Herald Tribune , October 28 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> Campaigning in November 2007, he told the Washington Post that as the Democratic nominee he would draw more support from independent and Republican voters in the general election than Clinton.<ref> Balz , Dan ; Shailagh Murray . " On Campaign Bus, Obama Opens Up About Challengers " , Washington Post , November 9 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> At Iowa's Jefferson-Jackson fundraising dinner Obama expanded the theme, saying that his presidency would "bring the country together in a new majority" to seek solutions to long-standing problems.<ref>" Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: Iowa Jefferson-Jackson Dinner " , BarackObama.com , November 10 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . C-SPAN video at YouTube.</ref>
Obama's campaign raised US$58 million during the first half of 2007, topping all other candidates and exceeding previous records for the first six months of any year before an election year.<ref> Malone , Jim
. " Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination " , Voice of America , July 2 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> Small donors, those contributing in increments of less than $200, accounted for $16.4 million of Obama's record-breaking total, more than for any other Democratic candidate.<ref> Cummings , Jeanne . " Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook " , Politico , September 26 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> His campaign reported adding 108,000 new donors through third quarter fundraising, for a total of 365,000 individual contributors in the first nine months.<ref> Cooper , Michael ; Aron Pilhofer . " Democratic Candidates Keep Outraising Republicans " , New York Times , October 16 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> In May 2007, he became the first presidential candidate to be newly assigned Secret Service protection more than 18 months before a general election.<ref>Sen. Hillary Clinton was already under Secret Service protection because of her status as wife of former President Bill Clinton. Kennedy , Helen . " Obama Gets Earliest-Ever Secret Service Detail " , New York Daily News , May 4 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> If elected, Obama would become the first African American U.S. president.<ref> Alter , Jonathan . " Is America Ready? " , Newsweek , December 25 2006–January 1 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref>
Political advocacy
On the role of government in economic affairs, Obama has written: "We should be asking ourselves what mix of policies will lead to a dynamic free market and widespread economic security, entrepreneurial innovation and upward mobility [...] we should be guided by what works."<ref>Obama (2006), p. 159.</ref> Speaking before the National Press Club in April 2005, he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, associating Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security with social Darwinism.<ref> Franklin , Ben A.
. " The Fifth Black Senator in U.S. History Makes F.D.R. His Icon " , Washington Spectator , June 1 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-10-24 . </ref> In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.<ref> Zeleny , Jeff . " Judicious Obama Turns Up Volume " , Chicago Tribune , September 12 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-10-24 . </ref> Shortly before announcing his presidential campaign, Obama told the health care advocacy group Families USA: "I am absolutely determined that by the end of the first term of the next president, we should have universal health care in this country."<ref> Pickler , Nedra . " Obama Calls for Universal Health Care within Six Years " , Associated Press , Union-Tribune (San Diego) , January 25 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-24 . Obama's campaign published a detailed health care reform plan in May 2007. Tumulty , Karen . " Obama Channels Hillary on Health Care " , Time , May 29 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-24 . See also: " Creating a Healthcare System that Works " , BarackObama.com . Retrieved on 2007-10-24 . </ref>
Meeting with Google employees in November 2007, Obama pledged to appoint a Chief Technology Officer to oversee the U.S. government's management of IT resources and promote wider access to government information and decision making.<ref> Kurtzman , Laura
. " Obama Talks to the Tech Crowd at Google Town Hall " , Associated Press , SFGate.com , November 14 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-25 . </ref> Reaffirming his commitment to net neutrality legislation, Obama said "once providers start to privilege some applications or web sites over others, then the smaller voices get squeezed out, and we all lose."<ref> Mark , Roy . " Obama Promises Federal Technology Czar " , eWeek , November 15 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-25 . </ref> Campaigning in New Hampshire, he announced an US$18 billion plan for investments in early childhood education, math and science education, and expanded summer learning opportunities.<ref> Schoenberg , Shira . " Obama Shares School Plan " , Concord Monitor , November 21 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-25 . </ref> Obama's campaign distinguished his proposals to reward teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.<ref> Davis , Teddy ; Sunlen Miller . " Obama Bucks Party Line on Education " , ABC News , November 20 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-25 . </ref>
At the Tax Policy Center in September 2007, he blamed special interests for distorting the U.S. tax code. "We are taxing income from work at nearly twice the level that we're taxing gains for investors," Obama said. "We've lost the balance between work and wealth."<ref>"
A Speech On the Economy, Opportunity and Tax Policy with Senator Barack Obama " , Tax Policy Center , September 18 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> His plan would eliminate taxes for senior citizens with incomes of less than US$50,000 a year, repeal tax cuts for the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans, close corporate tax loopholes and restrict offshore tax havens, and simplify filing of income tax returns by pre-filling wage and bank information already collected by the IRS.<ref>" Obama Tax Plan: $80 Billion in Cuts, Five-Minute Filings " , CNN , September 18 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-18 . </ref> Announcing his presidential campaign's energy plan in October 2007, Obama said: "Businesses don’t own the sky, the public does, and if we want them to stop polluting it, we have to put a price on all pollution." He proposed a cap and trade auction system to restrict carbon emissions and a 10 year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil.<ref> Zeleny , Jeff . " Obama Proposes Capping Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Making Polluters Pay " , New York Times , October 9 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-24 . </ref>
Obama was an early opponent of Bush administration policies on Iraq. In the fall of 2002, before the start of the Iraq War, he addressed an anti-war rally in Chicago, saying:
I know that an invasion of Iraq without a clear rationale and without strong international support will only fan the flames of the Middle East, and encourage the worst, rather than best, impulses of the Arab world, and strengthen the recruitment arm of al-Qaeda. I am not opposed to all wars. I'm opposed to dumb wars.<ref> Obama , Barack . " Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq " , BarackObama.com , October 26 2002 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Speaking to the Chicago Council on Global Affairs in November 2006, Obama called for a "phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran.<ref>For audio and text, see: Obama , Barack
. " A Way Forward in Iraq " , Chicago Council on Global Affairs , November 20 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-11-25 . </ref> In a March 2007 speech to AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that while the U.S. "should take no option, including military action, off the table, sustained and aggressive diplomacy combined with tough sanctions should be our primary means to prevent Iran from building nuclear weapons."<ref> Obama , Barack . " AIPAC Policy Forum Remarks " , Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office , March 2 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-25 . For Obama's 2004 Senate campaign remarks on possible missile strikes against Iran, see: Mendell , David . " Obama Would Consider Missile Strikes on Iran " , Chicago Tribune , September 25 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-11-25 . </ref> Detailing his strategy for fighting global terrorism in August 2007, Obama said "it was a terrible mistake to fail to act" against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. He said that as president he would not miss a similar opportunity.<ref>" Obama Warns Pakistan on Al-Qaeda " , BBC News , August 1 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-25 . For video and text of the speech, see: " Policy Address on Terrorism by The Honorable Barack Obama, United States Senator from Illinois " , Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , August 1 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-25 . For details of the aborted 2005 military operation, see Mazzetti , Mark . " Rumsfeld Called Off 2005 Plan to Capture Top Qaeda Figures " , International Herald Tribune , July 8 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-25 . </ref></blockquote>
More Must Be Done in Darfur " , The Hill , April 30 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>]]
In a December 2005 Washington Post opinion column, and at the Save Darfur rally in April 2006, Obama called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.<ref> Obama , Barack
; Sam Brownback . " Policy Adrift on Darfur " , Washington Post , December 27 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Doyle , Jim . " Tens of Thousands Rally for Darfur " , San Francisco Chronicle , May 1 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> He has divested US$180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.<ref> Kuhnhenn , Jim . " Giuliani, Edwards Have Sudan Holdings " , Associated Press , SFGate.com , May 17 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Obama , Barack . " Hit Iran Where It Hurts " , New York Daily News , August 30 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> In the July-August 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs, Obama called for an outward looking post-Iraq War foreign policy and the renewal of American military, diplomatic, and moral leadership in the world. Saying "we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission," he called on Americans to "lead the world, by deed and by example."<ref> Obama , Barack . " Renewing American Leadership " , Foreign Affairs , July-August 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Obama has encouraged Democrats to reach out to evangelicals and other religious people, saying, "if we truly hope to speak to people where they’re at—to communicate our hopes and values in a way that’s relevant to their own—we cannot abandon the field of religious discourse."<ref> Lerner , Michael
. " U.S. Senator Barack Obama Critiques Democrats' Religiophobia " , Tikkun Magazine , July 3 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Sen. Barack Obama: Call to Renewal Keynote Address . Beliefnet (June 28 2006)
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30. </ref> In December 2006, he joined Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) at the "Global Summit on AIDS and the Church" organized by church leaders Kay and Rick Warren.<ref> Gibson , Manda
. " At Global AIDS Summit, Churches Challenged to Take the Lead " , PurposeDriven.com , June 28 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Together with Warren and Brownback, Obama took an HIV test, as he had done in Kenya less than four months earlier.<ref>" Screaming Crowds Welcome U.S. Senator 'Home' " , CNN , August 27, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-10-14 . </ref> He encouraged "others in public life to do the same" to show "there is no shame in going for an HIV test."<ref> Obama , Barack . " Race Against Time—World AIDS Day Speech " , Obama U.S. Senate Office , December 1 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Before the conference, 18 pro-life groups published an open letter stating, in reference to Obama's support for legal abortion: "In the strongest possible terms, we oppose Rick Warren's decision to ignore Senator Obama's clear pro-death stance and invite him to Saddleback Church anyway."<ref> " Rick Warren/Barack Obama AIDS Partnership Must End, Say Pro-Life Groups " , Christian Newswire Press Release , November 28 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Van Biema , David . " The Real Losers in the Obama-Warren Controversy " , Time , December 1 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Addressing over 8,000 United Church of Christ members in June 2007, Obama challenged "so-called leaders of the Christian Right" for being "all too eager to exploit what divides us."<ref>" Barack Obama: Faith Has Been 'Hijacked' " , Associated Press , CBS News , June 24 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Brody , David . " Obama to CBN News: We're No Longer Just a Christian Nation " , Christian Broadcasting Network , July 30 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Personal life
Obama met his future wife Michelle Robinson in 1988 when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley & Austin.<ref>Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also: Tucker , Eric
. " Family Ties: Brown Coach, Barack Obama " , Associated Press , ABC News , March 1 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-12-02 . </ref> Assigned for three months as Obama's advisor at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial offers to date.<ref>Obama (2006), p. 329.</ref> They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married in October 1992.<ref> Fornek , Scott . " Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet' " , Chicago Sun-Times , October 3 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-12-02 . </ref> The couple's first daughter, Malia, was born in 1999, followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<ref>Obama (1995), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: Rossi , Rosalind . " The Woman Behind Obama " , Chicago Sun-Times , January 21 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-12-02 . </ref> Applying the proceeds of a US$2 million book deal, the family paid off debts in 2005 and moved from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to their current US$1.6-million house in neighboring Kenwood.<ref> Zeleny , Jeff . " The First Time Around: Sen. Obama's Freshman Year " , Chicago Tribune , December 24 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-12-02 . </ref> The house purchase and subsequent acquisition of an adjoining strip of land drew media scrutiny in November 2006 because of financial links with controversial Illinois businessman Antoin Rezko.<ref> Slevin , Peter . " Obama Says He Regrets Land Deal With Fundraiser " , Washington Post , December 17 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-12-02 . </ref>
Obama plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.<ref> Kantor , Jodi
. " One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow " , New York Times , June 1 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref> Dan Morris , Neal Karlinsky . " The 'Rat-Ballers': Obama's High School Crew " , Nightline , ABC News . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Before announcing his presidential candidacy, he began a well-publicized effort to quit smoking. "I've never been a heavy smoker," Obama told the Chicago Tribune. "I've quit periodically over the last several years. I've got an ironclad demand from my wife that in the stresses of the campaign I don't succumb. I've been chewing Nicorette strenuously."<ref> Parsons , Christi . " Obama Launches an '07 Campaign—To Quit Smoking " , Chicago Tribune , February 6 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Replying to an Associated Press survey of 2008 presidential candidates' personal tastes, he specified "architect" as his alternate career choice and "chili" as his favorite meal to cook.<ref>" Questions for the Candidates " , Associated Press , USA Today , May 15 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Asked to name a "hidden talent," Obama answered: "I'm a pretty good poker player."<ref>" Gambling Buddies: Obama Flush with Poker Prowess " , Associated Press , CNN , September 24 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
A theme of Obama's keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and the title of his 2006 book, The Audacity of Hope, was inspired by his pastor, Rev. Jeremiah Wright.<ref> Kantor , Jodi
. " A Candidate, His Minister and the Search for Faith " , New York Times , April 30 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Obama (1995), pp. 292–295.</ref> In Chapter 6 of the book, titled "Faith," Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household." He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He describes his Kenyan father as "raised a Muslim," but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his Indonesian stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." The chapter details how Obama, in his twenties, while working with local churches as a community organizer, came to understand "the power of the African American religious tradition to spur social change." Obama writes: "It was because of these newfound understandings—that religious commitment did not require me to suspend critical thinking, disengage from the battle for economic and social justice, or otherwise retreat from the world that I knew and loved—that I was finally able to walk down the aisle of Trinity United Church of Christ one day and be baptized."<ref>Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: Obama , Barack . " My Spiritual Journey " , TIME , October 23 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Guess , J. Bennett . " Barack Obama, Candidate for President, is 'UCC' " , United Church News , February 9 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Books authored
Obama has authored two bestselling books. The first, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, was published after his graduation from law school and before running for public office. In it he recalls his childhood in Honolulu and Jakarta, college years in Los Angeles and New York City, and his employment as a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s. The book's last chapters describe his first visit to Kenya, a journey to connect with his Luo family and heritage. In his preface to the 2004 revised edition, Obama explains that he had hoped the story of his family "might speak in some way to the fissures of race that have characterized the American experience, as well as the fluid state of identity—the leaps through time, the collision of cultures—that mark our modern life."<ref>Obama (1995), p. vii.</ref> Time magazine's Joe Klein wrote that the book "may be the best-written memoir ever produced by an American politician."<ref> Klein , Joe
. " The Fresh Face " , Time , October 23 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> The audio book edition earned Obama the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.<ref> Boliek , Brooks . " Sen. Obama Finally Gets His Grammy " , Reuters/Hollywood Reporter , September 6, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
His second book, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, was published in October 2006, three weeks before the 2006 midterm election. It was an immediate bestseller and rose to the top of the New York Times Best Seller List by early November 2006.<ref> Bosman , Julie
. " Obama’s New Book Is a Surprise Best Seller " , New York Times , November 9 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> The Chicago Tribune credits the large crowds that gathered at book signings with influencing Obama's decision to run for president.<ref> Dorning , Mike ; Christi Parsons . " Carefully Crafting the Obama 'Brand' " , Chicago Tribune , June 12 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Former presidential candidate Gary Hart describes the book as Obama's "thesis submission" for the U.S. presidency: "It presents a man of relative youth yet maturity, a wise observer of the human condition, a figure who possesses perseverance and writing skills that have flashes of grandeur."<ref> Hart , Gary . " American Idol " , New York Times , December 24 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Reviewer Michael Tomasky writes that it does not contain "boldly innovative policy prescriptions that will lead the Democrats out of their wilderness," but does show Obama's potential to "construct a new politics that is progressive but grounded in civic traditions that speak to a wider range of Americans."<ref> Tomasky , Michael . " The Phenomenon " , New York Review of Books , Internet Archive , November 30 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> An Italian translation was published in April 2007 with a preface by Walter Veltroni, Mayor of Rome.<ref> L’Audacia Della Speranza. Il Sogno Americano Per Un Mondo Nuovo . Libreria Rizzoli
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30. </ref> Spanish and German editions were published in June 2007.<ref> Lobb , Annelena
. " Obama, en Español " , Wall Street Journal Online , June 19 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . " Riemann - Barack Obama - Hoffnung wagen " , Riemann , June 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Cultural and political image
. " Obama Measuring Campaign Success not Just in Cash, but Crowds Too " , Associated Press , Boston Globe , May 28 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>]]
Supporters and critics have likened Obama's popular image to a cultural Rorschach test, a neutral persona on which people can project their personal histories and aspirations.<ref name='ref name=Enda2006'> Enda , Jodi
. " Great Expectations " , The American Prospect , February 5 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Graff , Garrett M. . " The Legend of Barack Obama " , Washingtonian , November 1 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref><ref> Podhoretz , John . " Obama: Rorschach Candidate " , New York Post , December 12 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Obama's own stories about his family origins reinforce what a May 2004 New Yorker magazine article described as his "everyman" image.<ref> Finnegan , William . " The Candidate: How the Son of a Kenyan Economist Became an Illinois Everyman " , New Yorker , 24 May 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Tilove , Jonathan . " In Obama Candidacy, America Examines Itself " , Times-Picayune (New Orleans) , February 8 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> In Dreams from My Father, he ties his maternal family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, president of the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War.<ref>Obama (1995), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry Truman, see: Nitkin , David ; Harry Merritt . " A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History " , Baltimore Sun , March 2 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Jordan , Mary . " Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own " , Washington Post , May 13 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . " Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises " , Associated Press , CBS 2 (Chicago) , September 8 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-17 . Modèle:Wikia genealogy
</ref> Speaking to an elderly Jewish audience during his 2004 campaign for U.S. Senate, Obama linked the linguistic roots of his East African first name Barack to the Hebrew word baruch, meaning "blessed."<ref> Kampeas , Ron
. " Obama, Democrats’ Rising Star, Known for Harmony with Jews " , Jewish News Weekly of Northern California , August 6 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> In an October 2006 interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "Michelle will tell you that when we get together for Christmas or Thanksgiving, it's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher. We've got it all."<ref> Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First . The Oprah Winfrey Show (October 18 2006)
. Retrieved on 2007-09-30. </ref>
Obama's image is also shaped by his breaking of tradition of not wearing neckties, even at major indoor events. This practice has won him praise from fashion critics, such as Robin Givham. His avoidance of ties is shared with Iranian President Ahmadinejad although for different reasons. It is predicted that if he becomes President, Obama could change fashion as President Ahmadinejad has done in Iran and as President John F. Kennedy did so by not wearing a hat.<ref>Antongiavanni, M., Curtains for the Necktie: What Obama and Ahmadinejad have in common, Wall Street Journal, Col CCL, No. 146, December 21, 2007, p. A18</ref><ref>Pulling off the Obama Look Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2007-12-21.</ref><ref>Pulling off the Obama no-tie look takes work, Ventura County Star. Retrieved 2007-12-21.</ref><ref>With a Necktie or Without, Obama Runs the Gamut in Cedar Rapids, Iowa Independent. Retrieved 2007-12-21.</ref>
With his Kenyan father and white American mother, his upbringing in Honolulu and Jakarta, and Ivy League education, Obama's early life experiences differ markedly from those of African American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-196Image:Cool.gif| civil rights movement]].<ref> Wallace-Wells , Benjamin
. " The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama? " , Washington Monthly , November 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> During his Democratic primary campaign for U.S. Congress in 2000, two rival candidates charged that Obama was not sufficiently rooted in Chicago's black neighborhoods to represent constituents' concerns.<ref name=McClelland20070212> McClelland , Edward . " How Obama Learned to Be a Natural " , Salon , February 12 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Wolffe , Richard ; Daren Briscoe . " How Obama Is Shaking Up Campaign " , Newsweek , MSNBC , July 16 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Helman , Scott . " Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb " , Boston Globe , October 12 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-14 . </ref> In January 2007, "The End of Blackness" author Debra Dickerson warned against drawing favorable cultural implications from Obama's political rise. "Lumping us all together," Dickerson wrote in Salon, "erases the significance of slavery and continuing racism while giving the appearance of progress."<ref> Dickerson , Debra J . " Colorblind " , Salon , January 22 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . For a sampling of views by other black commentators see: Younge , Gary . " Obama: Black Like Me " , The Nation , posted October 27 2006 (November 13, 2006 issue) . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Crouch , Stanley . " What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me " , New York Daily News , November 2 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Archived from the original on 2007-03-08. Washington , Laura . " Whites May Embrace Obama, But Do 'Regular Black Folks'? " , Chicago Sun-Times , January 1 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Page , Clarence . " Is Barack Black Enough? Now That's a Silly Question " , Houston Chronicle , February 25 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Archived from the original on 2007-03-08. </ref> Film critic David Ehrenstein, writing in a March 2007 Los Angeles Times article, compared the cultural sources of Obama's favorable polling among whites to those of "magical negro" roles played by black actors in Hollywood movies.<ref> Ehrenstein , David . " Obama the 'Magic Negro' " , Los Angeles Times , March 19 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-11-02 . </ref> Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that the debate is not about his physical appearance or his record on issues of concern to black voters. "What it really lays bare," Obama offered, is that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."<ref> Payne , Les . " Sen. Barack Obama: In America, a Dual Audience " , Newsday , August 19 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Writing about Obama's political image in a March 2007 Washington Post opinion column, Eugene Robinson characterized him as "the personification of both-and," a messenger who rejects "either-or" political choices, and could "move the nation beyond the culture wars" of the 1960s.<ref> Robinson , Eugene
. " The Moment for This Messenger? " , Washington Post , March 13 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . See also: Senior , Jennifer . " Dreaming of Obama " , New York Magazine , October 2 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Obama, who defines himself in The Audacity of Hope as "a Democrat, after all,"<ref>Obama (2006), p. 10. See also: Tomasky , Michael . " The Phenomenon " , New York Review of Books , Internet Archive , November 30 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> has been criticized for his political actions by self-described progressive commentator David Sirota,<ref> Sirota , David . " Mr. Obama Goes to Washington " , The Nation , June 26 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> and complimented for his "can't we all just get along?" manner by conservative columnist George Will.<ref> Will , George F . " Run Now, Obama " , Washington Post , December 14 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> But in a December 2006 Wall Street Journal editorial headlined "The Man from Nowhere," former Ronald Reagan speech writer Peggy Noonan advised Will and other "establishment" commentators to get "down from your tippy toes" and avoid becoming too quickly excited about Obama's still early political career.<ref> Noonan , Peggy . " The Man From Nowhere " , OpinionJournal from The Wall Street Journal Editorial Page , December 15 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Echoing the inaugural address of John F. Kennedy, Obama acknowledged his youthful image, saying in an October 2007 campaign speech, "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."<ref> Dorning , Mike . " Obama and the JFK Aura " , Baltimore Sun , October 14 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-10-14 . </ref>
Recognition and honors
An October 2005 article in the British journal New Statesman listed Obama as one of "10 people who could change the world."<ref> Skidelsky , William
. " Revolutionising the Future: From Tennis to Teleportation " , New Statesman , October 17, 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> In 2005 and again in 2007, Time magazine named him one of "the world's most influential people."<ref> Bacon Jr. , Perry . " Barack Obama: The Future of the Democratic Party? " , Time , April 18, 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . Klein , Joe . " The TIME 100: Barack Obama " , Time , May 14 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> During his first three years in the U.S. Senate, Obama received Honorary Doctorates of Law from Knox College (2005),<ref>" Commencement 2005: Knox honors U.S. Senator Barack Obama " , Knox College , May 10, 2005 . Retrieved on 2007-07-22 . </ref> University of Massachusetts Boston (2006),<ref>" U.S. Sen. Barack Obama to Receive Honorary Degree, Address 2,500 UMass Boston Graduates " , University of Massachusetts Boston , May 26, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Northwestern University (2006),<ref>" Commencement 2006: Sen. Obama to Address Grads " , Northwestern University , June 6, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Xavier University of Louisiana (2006),<ref>" Sen. Obama Addresses Xavier Graduates " , Associated Press , USA Today , August 13, 2006 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> Southern New Hampshire University (2007),<ref>" SNHU Commencement with Sen. Barack Obama " , Southern New Hampshire University , May 19 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref> and Howard University (2007).<ref>" Obama Calls the 'Joshua Generation' " , Boston Globe , September 28 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 . </ref>
Notes
Cited works
- Obama, Barack. Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, Times Books, 1995. Reprint edition, 2004; ISBN 1-4000-8277-3
- Obama, Barack.The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, Crown, 2006. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.
Further reading
- Brooks , David
. " The Obama-Clinton Issue " , New York Times , December 18 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-12-18 .
- Curry , Jessica
. " Barack Obama: Under the Lights " , Chicago Life , Fall 2004 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 .
- Lizza , Ryan
. " Above the Fray " , GQ , September 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 .
- MacFarquhar , Larissa
. " The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From? " , New Yorker , May 7 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 .
- Mundy , Liza
. " A Series of Fortunate Events " , Washington Post Magazine , August 12 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 .
- Wallace-Wells , Ben
. " Destiny's Child " , Rolling Stone , February 7 2007 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 .
- Zutter , Hank De
. " What Makes Obama Run? " , Chicago Reader , December 8 1995 . Retrieved on 2007-09-30 .
External links
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- Official sites
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- Barack Obama's presidential campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Barack Obama's presidential campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org
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