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World Trade Center

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-''Cet article traite uniquement du World Trade Center de [[New York]]. Pour les [[Attentats du 11 septembre 2001]] consulter l'article en question. Pour l'adaptation cinématographique, voir [[World Trade Center (film)]]''+{{redirect|WTC}}
-{{Gratte-ciel+{{Infobox Skyscraper
-| nom=Tours 1 & 2 du WTC+|building_name=World Trade Center
-| image=[[Image:Wtc arial march2001.jpg|200px|WTC 1&2]]+|image=[[Image:Wtc arial march2001.jpg|225px]]
-| localisation=[[Manhattan]], [[New York]], <br />[[New York (État)|New York]], [[États-Unis]]+|previous_building=[[Empire State Building]]
-| construction=[[1966]]-[[1973]]-[[2001]]+|year_built= [[1972]]
-| usage=Bureaux, restaurant+|surpassed_by_building=[[Sears Tower]]
-| antenne_flêche=526,3 mètres+|year_highest=[[1972]]
-| toit=417 mètres+|year_end=[[1973]]
-| dernier_étage=413 mètres+|location=[[Manhattan|New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]] ([[Lower Manhattan]]) [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]]
-| étages=110 chacune+|height_meters=417
-| superficie={{formatnum:400000}} m² chacune+|height_feet=1,368
-| ascenseurs=99 chacune+|height_stories=110
-| architecte=[[Minoru Yamasaki]]+|construction_period=[[1966]]-[[1973]]
 +|destroyed=[[September 11]], [[2001]] ([[September 11, 2001 attacks]])
 +|completed=[[1973]]
 +|emporis_id=131020
 +|antenna_spire=1,727 ft (526.3 m) <ref>[http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=15 SkyscraperPage - One World Trade Center], source:Federal Communications Commission</ref>
 +|roof=1,368 ft (417.0 m)
 +|top_floor=1,355 ft (413.0 m)
 +|floor_area=8.6 million&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft<br/>800,000&nbsp;m²&nbsp;(1 & 2)
 +|elevator_count=198 (1 & 2)
 +|architect=[[Minoru Yamasaki]], [[Emery Roth & Sons]]
 +|engineer= [[Leslie Robertson]], Leslie E. Robertson Associates
 +|contractor= [[Tishman Realty & Construction|Tishman Realty & Construction Company]]
 +|developer=
 +|owner= [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]
}} }}
 +The '''World Trade Center''' in [[New York City]], [[United States]], (sometimes informally referred to as the '''WTC''' or the '''Twin Towers''') was a complex of seven buildings in [[Lower Manhattan]], mostly designed by American architect [[Minoru Yamasaki]] and engineer [[Leslie Robertson]] and developed by the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]. It was initiated in 1960 by a Lower Manhattan Association created and chaired by [[David Rockefeller]], who had the original idea of building the Center, with strong backing from the then-[[Governor of New York|New York governor]], his brother [[Nelson Rockefeller]].<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00813FC345B0C7B8CDDA00894DA404482 The Height of Ambition], ''[[New York Times]]'' September 8, 2002.</ref> The World Trade Center, New York, like most World Trade Centers located around the globe, belonged to the family of [[World Trade Centers Association]]. Prior to its destruction, [[Larry Silverstein]] held the most recent lease to the complex, the Port Authority having leased it to him in July 2001.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=[[Port of New York and New Jersey]]|date=[[July 21]],[[2001]] | url=http://www.panynj.gov/pr/pressrelease.php3?id=80 | title=Governor Pataki, Acting Governor DiFrancesco Laud Historic Port Authority Agreement To Privatize World Trade Center}}</ref> The complex, located in the heart of New York City's downtown financial district, contained 13.4 million square feet (1.24 million m²) of office space, almost four percent of Manhattan's entire office inventory at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buildings.com/Articles/detail.asp?ArticleID=341 |author=Buildings.com |title= Four Percent of Manhattan's Total Office Space Was Destroyed in the World Trade Center Attack}}</ref>
-Le '''World Trade Center''' était un complexe de sept immeubles d'affaires situé à [[Lower Manhattan]], à [[New York]], aux [[États-Unis]]. Il a été conçu par l'architecte [[Minoru Yamasaki]] et développé par la [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]. Inauguré le [[4 avril]] [[1973]], le complexe fut marqué par un incendie le [[13 février]] [[1975]] et un attentat à la bombe le [[26 février]] [[1993]]. Malgré ces deux désastres, il était, à travers ses deux bâtiments les plus célèbres, les ''Twin Towers'', un symbole de la puissance américaine aux yeux du monde entier et une icône de New York au même titre que l'[[Empire State Building]] et que la [[Statue de la liberté]]. +Best known for its iconic 110-story twin towers, the World Trade Center was beset by a fire on [[February 13]], [[1975]] and [[World Trade Center bombing|a bombing]] on [[February 26]], [[1993]]. Despite the first two disasters, the World Trade Center was a part of New York City's identity and was recognized all over the world as an icon for the [[United States|United States of America]].
-Le complexe fut intégralement détruit le [[11 septembre]] [[2001]] par des [[attentats du 11 septembre 2001|attentats-suicides]] qui causèrent {{formatnum:2823}} décès<ref>Nicolas Janberg, « One World Trade Center », 2007. Consulté le 22/12/07. </ref> . Surnommé depuis ''[[Ground Zero]]'', le site, actuellement en travaux, accueillera dans l'avenir (2011 à 2012) un [[Mémorial du World Trade Center|mémorial]] et un [[#Après les attentats|nouveau complexe]] dont la [[Freedom Tower]] sera la tour centrale.+All seven original buildings in the complex were destroyed by terrorists believed to be linked to [[Al-Qaeda]] on [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001]]. Three of the buildings collapsed: [[List of tenants in One World Trade Center|One World Trade Center]] (1 WTC, the '''North Tower'''), [[List of tenants in Two World Trade Center|Two World Trade Center]] (2 WTC, the '''South Tower'''), and [[7 World Trade Center]] (7 WTC). The [[Marriott World Trade Center]] (3 WTC) was crushed by the collapses of 1 WTC and 2 WTC. [[4 World Trade Center]] (4 WTC), [[5 World Trade Center]] (5 WTC), and [[6 World Trade Center]] (6 WTC) were damaged beyond repair and later demolished. Two buildings not part of the complex were also destroyed: [[St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church]] was destroyed by the collapse of 2 WTC, and the [[Deutsche Bank Building]] was damaged beyond repair and is currently being [[deconstruction (building)|deconstructed]].
-== Histoire ==+==Planning and construction==
 +{{main|Construction of the World Trade Center}}
 +During the post-[[World War II]] period, the [[United States]] thrived economically, with increasing [[international trade]]. At the time, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in [[Midtown Manhattan]], with Lower Manhattan left out. To help stimulate [[urban renewal]], [[David Rockefeller]], with support from his brother, New York Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]], suggested that the Port Authority should build a "[[World Trade Center (disambiguation)|world trade center]]" in [[Lower Manhattan]].<ref name="gillespie-ch1">Gillespie, Angus K. (1999) ''Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center'', Chapter 1, Rutgers University Press</ref> Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the [[East River]] for the World Trade Center.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> Objections to the plan came from New Jersey Governor [[Robert B. Meyner]], who resented that New York would be getting this $335 million project.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> Meanwhile, New Jersey's [[Hudson and Manhattan Railroad]] (H&M) was facing bankruptcy. Port Authority executive director, [[Austin J. Tobin]] agreed to take over control of the H&M Railroad, in exchange for support from New Jersey for the World Trade Center project.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> [[Image:Manhattan from helicopter.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The iconic view of New York City showing most of its major landmarks, including the [[Statue of Liberty]], [[Ellis Island]], [[Empire State Building]], and World Trade Center, [[May]] [[2001]]]]With this acquisition, the Port Authority would obtain the Hudson Terminal, and decrepit buildings located above the terminal in Lower Manhattan.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> The Port Authority decided to demolish these buildings, and use this site along the Hudson River for the World Trade Center.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> The towers in the complex were designed by architect [[Minoru Yamasaki]] with [[Antonio Brittiochi]] and [[Emery Roth & Sons]] as associate architects. The World Trade Center was one of the most striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of [[Le Corbusier]], as well as the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.
-Après la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]] les États-Unis entrèrent dans une période de croissance économique rapide et d'augmentation du commerce international. À cette époque, le [[Central business district|CBD]] de [[Midtown Manhattan]] commença à concentrer toutes les activités alors que [[Lower Manhattan]] décroissait en importance. Pour aider à stimuler le quartier [[David Rockefeller]], avec le soutien de son frère, le Gouverneur de New York [[Nelson Rockefeller]], proposa à la ''Port Authority'' d'y construire un « world trade center »<ref name="gillespie">Gillespie, Angus K. (1999) Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center, Chapter 1, Rutgers University Press </ref>. Cette idée fut concrétisée par une loi votée en [[1946]] par la Législature du New York<ref> "Dewey Picks Board for Trade Center", The New York Times, July 6, 1946</ref>.+===Structural design===
 +The World Trade Center included many structural engineering innovations in skyscraper design and construction. The towers were designed as [[tube (structure)|framed tube]] structures. There was a frame of closely-spaced columns tied together by deep spandrel beams along the exterior perimeter. The interior had 47 columns, all concentrated in the core. Engineer [[Felix Samuely]] used a similar concept in his "[[Mullion wall]]" buildings in the early 1950s as did [[Eero Saarinen]] in his [[Embassy of the United States in London|US Embassy, London]] (1955-60); but these projects were low to medium rise and may not have been influences.
-=== Plans initiaux ===+The perimeter columns supported virtually all lateral loads, such as wind loads, and shared the gravity loads with the core columns.<ref name="NIST-chapter1">{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center (chapter 1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |date=September 2005}}</ref> All columns were founded on [[bedrock]], which unlike Midtown Manhattan, where the bedrock is shallow, is at 65 feet (20m) below the surface. Above the seventh floor there were 59 perimeter columns along each face of the building. The perimeter columns had a square cross section, 14 inches on a side (36 cm), and were constructed of welded steel plate.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The thickness of the plates and grade of steel were varied over the height of the tower, ranging from 36 ksi to 100 ksi, with the steel strength and plate thickness decreasing with height.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The perimeter structure was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, which consisted of three columns, three stories tall, connected together by spandrel plates. The spandrel plates were welded to the columns at the fabrication shop. The modular pieces were typically 52 inches (1.3 m) deep, and extended for two full floors and half of two more floors.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/>[[Image:New York Twin Towers Sander Lamme.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Looking up, 1992]] Adjacent modules were bolted together, with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel plates were located at each floor, and served to transmit shear flow between columns, thus allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically, so the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/>
-[[Image:Wtc locator map.png|thumb|left|Localisation du World Trade Center et du site originellement proposé (orange)]]+The building's core housed the [[elevator]] and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core in 1 WTC was oriented with the long axis east to west, while that of 2 WTC was oriented north to south. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The columns tapered with height, and consisted of welded box sections at lower floors and rolled wide-flange sections at upper floors. All of the elevators and stairwells were located in the core.
-En [[1958]] Rockefeller établit la Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association (DLMA) qui confia au cabinet d'architectes [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]] la réalisation de plans devant revitaliser Lower Manhattan. Les plans initiaux furent rendus publics en [[1960]]. Ils localisaient le World Trade Center le long de l'[[East River (New York)|East River]]<ref name="gillespie"/>, de Old Slip à Fulton Street et entre Water Street et South Street, sur une superficie de 5,25 hectares<ref>Levinson, Leonard Louis (1961). Wall Street. New York: Ziff Davis Publishing.</ref>,<ref name="grutzner">Grutzner, Charles. « A World Center of Trade Mapped Off Wall Street », The New York Times, January 27, 1960.</ref>. Ils prévoyaient un hall d'exposition de 275 mètres de long et un gratte-ciel de 50 à 70 étages, dont la partie supérieure aurait été un hôtel<ref>Koch, Karl III (2002). Men of Steel: The Story of the Family That Built the World Trade Center. Three Rivers Press, p. 173.</ref>. Les autres édifices incluaient un théâtre, des magasins et des restaurants<ref>« Text of Trade Center Report by the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association », The New York Times, January 27, 1960.</ref>, ainsi qu'un nouveau centre d'échange de [[valeur mobilière]], où la Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association désirait loger le New York Stock Exchange<ref name="grutzner"/>.+The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. The floors supported their own weight, as well as live loads, provided lateral stability to the exterior walls, and distributed wind loads among the exterior walls. The floors consisted of 4 inch (10 cm) thick lightweight [[concrete]] slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors. The trusses had a span of 60 feet (18.2 m) in the long-span areas and 35 feet (11.0 m) in the short span area.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns, and were therefore on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandel plates with vicsoelastic dampers, which helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants. The trusses supported a 4-inch-thick (10 cm) lightweight concrete floor slab, with shear connections for composite action.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/>
-Selon David Rockefeller, la Port Authority était le meilleur choix pour prendre en main le projet<ref name="grutzner"/>, puisque le ''Trade Center'' faciliterait et ferait augmenter le volume de commerce international passant par le port de New York. Étant donné l'importance de la ville dans le commerce mondial, le directeur de la Port Authority, Austin J. Tobin, proposa de changer le nom du projet pour « '''the''' World Trade Center », et non pas seulement un « world trade center »<ref>Tobin Says Proposed Center Should Be World's Best", The New York Times, May 5, 1960.</ref>. Un an plus tard, le [[11 mars]] [[1961]], la Port Authority accepta le projet proposé<ref>« 355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study », The New York Times, March 12, 1961.</ref>.+Hat trusses (or "outrigger truss") located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communications antenna on top of each building,<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> though only 1 WTC (north tower) actually had an antenna. The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of core and four along the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower.
-=== Controverses et accords ===+===Design innovations===
-[[Image:World Trade Center NYC Sander Lamme.jpg|260px|thumb|Vue du World Trade Center, [[1992]].]]+
-Cependant le projet devait obtenir le soutien des États de New York et du [[New Jersey]] pour être officiellement lancé, étant donné leur rôle dans la Port Authority. Le Gouverneur du New Jersey Robert B. Meyner critiqua ce projet de 335 millions de [[Dollar américain|dollar]]s dans la mesure où il allait acroître la puissance de New York au détriment du New Jersey<ref name="gillepsie" />. A la fin de 1961, les négociations atteignirent une impasse. Un élément nouveau permit néanmoins de modifier la situation. En effet la compagnie New Jersey's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) était en situation de faillite. Son nombre d'usagers était passé de 113 millions en [[1927]] à 26 millions en [[1958]], suite à l'ouverture de nouveaux tunnels et ponts au trafic automobile sur l'[[Hudson (fleuve)|Hudson]]. En décembre 1961, Tobin rencontra le nouveau gouverneur du New Jersey, Richard J. Hughes, et lui proposa de déplacer le projet du WTC au niveau de l'Hudson Terminal sur le West Side<ref>Grutzner, Charles. "Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines", The New York Times, December 29, 1961.</ref>. En acquérant la Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, la Port Authority obtiendrait également le Terminal et les édifices obsolètes situés alentour. Le [[22 janvier]] [[1962]] les deux États conclurent un accord : ils autorisèrent la Port Authority à gérer la ligne de chemin de fer et à construire le World Trade Center à l'emplacement de l'Hudson Terminal, site plus favorable pour le New Jersey.+
-Cependant ce site était occupé par ''Radio Row'', un quartier comprenant de nombreux commerces et approximativement 100 habitants<ref name="gillepsie" />. Le projet du WTC impliquait la destruction de ces bâtiments et la relocalisation de leurs occupants, ce qui engendra des protestations. En juin 1962 un groupe représentant approximativement 325 magasins et 1&nbsp;000 autres commerces fit une injonction, et l'affaire fut portée à la ''New York Court of Appeals'' en avril 1963, qui considéra que le projet était d'utilité publique et devait être poursuivi<ref>Crowell, Paul. « World Trade Center Here Upheld by Appeals Court », The New York Times, April 5, 1963.</ref>,<ref>« Merchants Ask Supreme Court to Bar Big Trade Center Here », The New York Times / Associated Press, August 26, 1963.</ref>. Le [[20 novembre]] [[1963]] la [[Cour suprême des États-Unis]] refusa d'accepter le procès<ref>Arnold, Martin. High Court Plea is Lost by Foes of Trade Center , The New York Times, November 13, 1963. </ref>,<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+[[Image:World Trade Center Building Design with Floor and Elevator Arrangment.svg|thumb|right|300px|A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers]]
-|auteur=U.S. Supreme Court+
-|titre=Courtesy Sandwich Shop, Inc., et al. v. Port of New York Authority+
-|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78+
-|date=12 novembre 1963+
-|consulté le=11/07/07}}</ref>. La Port Authority fut obligée par la loi de l'État d'assister les propriétaires à trouver de nouveaux locaux, mais ces derniers considèrèrent pour la plupart que les endroits proposés par la Port Authority étaient inadéquats<ref>Apple, Jr. R.W.. « Port Body Raises Relocation Aid », The New York Times, November 16, 1963.</ref>.+
-D'autres voix s'élevèrent pour critiquer le projet, notamment dans le secteur de l'immobilier; dont celle de Lawrence A. Wien, le propriétaire de l'[[Empire State Building]], bâtiment qui perdrait son titre de plus haut gratte-ciel du monde une fois le WTC achevé<ref>Ennis, Thomas W.. « Critics Impugned on Trade Center », The New York Times, February 15, 1964</ref>. Il organisa un groupe nommé « Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center » dont la principale demande, consistant à diminuer la taille du projet<ref>Knowles, Clayton. « All Major Builders are Said to Oppose Trade Center Plan », The New York Times, March 9, 1964</ref>, fut sans suite. En janvier 1964 l'État de New York signa un accord et réserva un espace pour des bureaux administratifs dans le World Trade Center<ref>Sibley, John. « State Will Rent at Trade Center », The New York Times, January 14, 1964</ref>. Il fut suivi par plusieurs banques<ref>« 4th Bank Signed by Trade Center », The New York Times, July 14, 1964</ref> et sociétés durant le printemps et l'automne de cette même année, puis par le ''United States Customs Service'' en [[1965]]<ref>Fowler, Glenn. « Customs to Move to Trade Center », The New York Times, July 7, 1965</ref>.+To solve the problem of [[wind]] sway or vibration in the construction of the towers, chief engineer [[Leslie Robertson]] took a then unusual approach — instead of bracing the buildings corner-to-corner or using internal walls, the towers were essentially hollow [[steel]] tubes surrounding a central core and perimeter columns sharing the loads. The 208 feet (63.4 m) wide facade was, in effect, a prefabricated steel lattice, with columns on 39&nbsp;[[inch]] (100 [[centimetre|cm]]) centers acting as wind bracing to resist all overturning forces; the central core took the majority of the gravity loads of the building. A very light, economical structure was built by keeping the wind bracing in the most efficient area, the outside surface of the building, thus not transferring the forces through the floor membrane to the core, as in most curtain-wall structures. The core supported the weight of the entire building and the outer shell containing 240 vertical steel columns called around the outside of the building, which were bound to each other using ordinary steel trusses. In addition, 10,000 dampers were included in the structure. With the large core and high load-bearing perimeter for structural integrity, Robertson created a tower that was extremely light for its size.
-Le dernier soutien à obtenir était celui du [[Liste des maires de New York|Maire de New York]], [[John Lindsay]], et du [[New York City Council]]. Ils critiquèrent le fait que la Ville avait été peu entendue lors des négociations et des délibérations. Les négociations entre la Port Authority et New York furent centrées sur la question des impôts, puis un accord final eut lieu le [[3 août]] [[1966]].+The buildings were also the second [[supertall]] buildings to use [[sky lobby|sky lobbies]], after the [[John Hancock Center]] in [[Chicago]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.otis.com/otis150/section/1,2344,ARC3066_CLI1_RES1_SEC5,00.html|publisher=[[Otis Elevator Company]]|title= Otis History: The World Trade Center|accessdate=2006-12-07}}</ref> Skylobbies are floors where commuters can switch from an express [[elevator]] that goes only to the sky lobbies to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. The local elevators were stacked on top of each other, within the same elevator shaft. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently while taking up a minimum of valuable office space.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gillespie |first=Angus K. |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |year=1999 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |chapter=Chapter 2}}</ref> Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.<ref name="ruchelman-p11">{{cite book |title=The World Trade Center: Politics and Policies of Skyscraper Development. |author=Ruchelman, Leonard I. |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1977 |pages=p. 11}}</ref> This system was inspired by the [[New York City Subway]] system, whose lines include local stations where local trains stop and express stations where all trains stop.<ref name="gillespie-p76">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=p. 76}}</ref>
-=== Plans finaux ===+The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill, with the bedrock located 65 feet below.<ref name="iglauer">{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/articles/010924fr_archive02 |title=The Biggest Foundation |author=Iglauer, Edith |date=November 4 1972 |publisher=The New Yorker}}</ref> In order to construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build the "bathtub", with the [[slurry wall]] along the [[West Street]] side of the site, which serves the purpose of keeping water from the Hudson River out. The slurry method involves digging a [[trench]], and as [[excavation]] proceeds, filling the space with a "slurry" mixture, composed of [[bentonite]], which plugs holes and keeps water out. When the trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted, with concrete poured in, forcing the "slurry" out. The "slurry" method was devised by the Port Authority's chief engineer, John M. Kyle, Jr.
-[[Image:World Trade Center Building Design with Floor and Elevator Arrangment.svg|thumb|Schéma d'un étage (gauche) et système d'ascenseurs d'une tour (droite)]]+
-Le [[20 septembre]] [[1962]] la Port Authority annonça la sélection de [[Minoru Yamasaki]] comme architecte principal et avec Antonio Brittiochi and Emery Roth & Sons comme architectes associés<ref>Esterow, Milton. « Architect Named for Trade Center », The New York Times, September 21, 1962.</ref>. Yamasaki proposa dès le début le concept de tours jumelles, néanmoins il envisagea tout d'abord deux bâtiments comprenant seulement 80 étages. Il remarqua que « l'alternative évidente, un groupe de plusieurs grands bâtiments, aurait ressemblé à un projet immobilier »<ref>« obvious alternative, a group of several large buildings, would have looked like a housing project » cité par Ada Louise Huxtable, dans « A New Era Heralded », The New York Times, January 19, 1964. </ref>. Yamasaki dut changer le nombre d'étages pour accorder le projet à la demande de la Port Authority. Étant donné qu'elle désirait {{formatnum:930000}} m² d'espace de bureaux, il fallait que chaque tour comprenne 110 étages. +===Construction===
-Cependant le facteur limitant majeur de la taille d'un gratte-ciel était le problème des ascenceurs. En effet plus un immeuble est haut, plus il a besoin d'ascenseurs, et plus il perd d'espace à cause de ces derniers<ref>Huxtable, Ada Louise. « Biggest Buildings Herald New Era », The New York Times, January 26, 1964</ref>. Yamasaki et son équipe d'ingénieurs décidèrent d'utiliser un nouveau système, celui des ''sky lobbies''. Ce sont des étages où les gens peuvent passer d'un ascenseur express à grande capacité, qui dessert uniquement les ''sky lobbies'', à un ascenseur local qui dessert chaque étage d'une section. Les ascenseurs locaux utilisaient tous la même cage d'ascenseur, ce qui permit d'augmenter le taux d'espace utilisable à chaque étage de 62 à 75 %, du fait du moindre nombre de cages d'ascenseur. Les ''sky lobbies'', qui étaient situés au 44{{e}} et 78{{e}} étages de chaque tour, rendirent la gestion des ascenseurs plus efficace<ref>Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology, p. 9</ref>. Les tours jumelles furent les seconds gratte-ciel à utiliser ce système, après le [[John Hancock Center]] de [[Chicago]]<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+[[Image:World trade center new york city construction flickr.png|right|300px|thumb|1 World Trade Center and 2 World Trade Center under construction; [[Empire State Building]] and [[MetLife Building|PanAm Building]] seen in Midtown, [[1970]]]]
-|auteur=Otis Elevator Company - ''Otis Bulletin''+
-|titre=Making History - The World Trade Center+
-|url=http://www.otis.com/otis150/section/1,2344,ARC3066_CLI1_RES1_SEC5,00.html+
-|date=mars-avril 1967+
-|consulté le=11/07/07}}</ref>. Le système fut inspiré par le réseau du [[métro de New York]], dont les lignes incluent des stations locales où s'arrêtent les rames locales, et des stations express où tous les trains s'arrêtent<ref>Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press, p. 76</ref>. +
-[[Image:Wtc model at skyscraper museum.jpg|thumb|La maquette originale du World Trade Center, actuellement exposée au [[Skyscraper Museum]] à New York]]+Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center was on [[August 5]], [[1966]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Federal Emergency Management Agency |date=May 2002 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |chapter=Chapter 1 |url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/mat_fema403.shtm}}</ref> The construction was under the auspices of the semiautonomous [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]. Thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in [[Radio Row, Manhattan|Radio Row]], some of which predated the [[American Civil War]], were razed to clear the site for construction.
-Les plans définitifs de Yamasaki furent dévoilés au public le [[18 janvier]] [[1964]] sous la forme d'une maquette d'environ 2,5 mètres de haut<ref>Huxtable, Ada Louise. « A New Era Heralded », The New York Times, January 19, 1964</ref>. Les tours étaient des carrés d'approximativement 63 mètres de côté<ref>Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology, p. 7.</ref>. Les bâtiments étaient conçus avec des fenêtres étroites, larges de seulement 45 centimètres, qui réflétaient l'[[acrophobie]] de l'architecte et son désir de faire en sorte que les occupants des tours se sentent en sécurité<ref>Pekala, Nancy. « Profile of a lost landmark; World Trade Center », Journal of Property Management, November 1, 2001</ref>. Les plans donnaient pour matériau aux façades des bâtiments un alliage d'[[aluminium]]<ref name=ada>Huxtable, Ada Louise. « Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Buildings » , The New York Times, May 29, 1966</ref>.+The excavation of the foundations of the WTC complex, known as [[the Bathtub]], was particularly complicated since there were two [[New York City Subway|subway]] tubes close by needing protection without service interruption. A six-level basement was built in the foundations. The excavation of about 1 million [[cubic yard]]s (760,000 [[cubic meter|m³]]) of earth and rock created a $90 million real estate asset for the project owner, the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], which helped offset the enormous loss in revenues which came from the tax breaks given to the Trade Center itself. The soil was used to create 23 acres (93,000 m²) of landfill in the [[Hudson River]] next to the World Trade Center site, which became the site of [[Battery Park City]] (still under development).
-Les plans reçurent plusieurs critiques au niveau de l'esthétique de la part de l'[[American Institute of Architects]] et d'autres groupes<ref>Steese, Edward. « Marring City's Skyline », The New York Times, March 10, 1964</ref>,<ref name=ada/>. [[Lewis Mumford]], auteur de ''The City in History and other works on urban planning'', critiqua le projet et déclara à propos des autres nouveaux gratte-ciel que c'étaient « just glass-and-metal filing cabinets<!-- à traduire --> »<ref>« just glass-and-metal filing cabinets » cité par Whitman, Alden dans « Mumford Finds City Strangled By Excess of Cars and People », The New York Times, March 22, 1967</ref>. Les radiodiffuseurs et les chaînes de télévision s'inquiètèrent d'une éventuelle interférence dans la réception de la télévision à New York qui serait causée par le nouveau complexe<ref>Schumach, Murray. « TV Group Objects to Trade Towers », The New York Times, February 20, 1966</ref>. En réponse, la Port Authority promit de fournir de nouveaux équipements de transmission dans le WTC<ref>« TV Mast Offered on Trade Center », The New York Times, February 24, 1966</ref>. La Société linnéenne de l'[[American Museum of Natural History]] s'opposa également au projet, constatant que les bâtiments pouvaient se révéler dangereux pour les oiseaux migrateurs<ref>Knowles, Clayton. « Big Trade Center Called Bird Trap », The New York Times, March 16, 1967</ref>.+In [[1970]], construction was completed on One World Trade Center, with its first tenants moving into the building in December 1970. Tenants first moved into Two World Trade Center in January 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/NISTNCSTAR1-1.pdf |author=Lew, H. S., Richard W. Bukowski, and Nicholas J. Carino |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |title= Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (pdf)}}</ref> When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million.<ref name="Cudahy">{{cite book |author=Cudahy, Brian J. |year=2002 |title=Rails Under the Mighty Hudson: The Story of the Hudson Tubes, the Pennsy Tunnels, and Manhattan Transfer |chapter=Chapter 3 |publisher=Fordham University Press}}</ref> The ribbon cutting ceremony was on [[April 4]], [[1973]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/World_Trade_Center.html |publisher=Greatbuildings.com |title=World Trade Center - Minoru Yamasaki |accessdate=2006-04-06}}</ref>
-=== Construction ===+===Architectural criticism===
-[[Image:World trade center new york city construction flickr.png|thumb|left|Les tours jumelles en construction en 1970]]+
-Le travail de démolition démarra le [[21 mars]] [[1966]] et fut assuré par la ''Ajax Wrecking and Lumber Corporation''<ref>Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press, p. 61</ref>.+Although the towers became an undeniable icon of New York City, they were not without flaws and were handicapped in many ways. Initially conceived (as the name suggests) as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly taking part in "world trade," they at first failed to attract the expected clientele. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center, including the [[Government of New York|State of New York]]. It was not until the [[1980s]] that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies &mdash; mostly financial firms tied to [[Wall Street]] &mdash; became tenants.
-La première pierre fut posée le 5 août 1966. Treize ''blocks'' de Radio Row, dont certains dataient d'avant la Guerre de sécession, furent rasés pour permettre la construction. L'excavation des fondations du complexe, surnommées ''The Bathtub'', fut rendue particulièrement difficile par la présence de deux voies du métro de New York à proximité, qui devaient être protégées et ne pas subir d'interruption de service. Un sous-sol de six niveaux fut construit. L'excavation de {{formatnum:760000}} m{{3}} de terre et de roche permit la construction de [[Battery Park City]], une extension de Manhattan sur l'Hudson de {{formatnum:93000}} m² située près du WTC. [[Otis Elevator Company]] fut la société qui installa les ascenseurs. La construction fut achevée en 1970 pour le ''One World Trade Center'' qui accueillit ses premiers occupants en décembre 1970. ''Two World Trade Center'' fut ouvert en janvier 1972. Lorsque les deux tours furent achevées, le coût total de la construction avait atteint 900 millions de dollars pour la Port Authority<ref>Cudahy, Brian J. (2002). « Chapter 3 », Rails Under the Mighty Hudson: The Story of the Hudson Tubes, the Pennsy Tunnels, and Manhattan Transfer. Fordham University Press.</ref>. La cérémonie d'inauguration eut lieu le [[4 avril]] [[1973]]<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+Moreover, the trade center's "[[city block#superblock|superblock]]", which replaced a more traditional, dense neighborhood, was regarded by some critics as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the complicated traffic network typical of Manhattan. For example, in his book ''The Pentagon of Power'', the technical historian [[Lewis Mumford]] denounced the center as an "example of the purposeless [[giantism]] and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city." On the other hand, Mr. Yamasaki saw the expanse as a focal point of serenity amidst the chaos of the city. The twin towers' narrow office windows, only 18 inches wide, were also disliked by many for impairing the view from the buildings.<ref name="pekala">{{cite news |title=Profile of a lost landmark; World Trade Center |publisher=Journal of Property Management |date=[[November 1]], [[2001]] |author=Pekala, Nancy}}</ref> This design element reflected on Yamasaki's [[Acrophobia|fear of heights]] and desire to make building occupants secure with narrow windows.<ref name="pekala"/>
-|auteur=.GreatBuildings.com+
-|titre=World Trade Center+
-|url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/World_Trade_Center.html+
-|consulté le=11/07/07}}</ref>.+
-=== De 1970 au 11 septembre 2001 ===+For many years, the immense Austin J. Tobin Plaza was unwelcoming, and often beset by brisk winds at the ground level.<ref>{{cite news |title=At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets |publisher=The New York Times |date=[[December 7]], [[2006]] |author=Dunlap, David W}}</ref> In 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million renovations, which involved replacing [[marble]] pavers with gray and pink [[granite]] stones, adding new benches, planters, new restaurants and food kiosks, and outdoor dining areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/pr/71-99.html |title=World Trade Center Plaza Reopens with Summer-long Performing Arts Festival |publisher=PANYNJ |date=[[June 9]], [[1999]]}}</ref> In later years, the plaza became a center for outdoor concerts and other activities.
-{{article détaillé|Attentats du 11 septembre 2001}}+
-[[Image:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|300px|thumb|Le World Trade Center attaqué le 11 septembre 2001]]+
-Les deux tours ne réussirent pas à attirer la clientèle attendue. Elles furent occupées durant leurs premières années par des organisations gouvernementales variées, dont l'État de New York. Cette situation était due à la crise financière qui secoua New York dans les années 1970. Ce ne fut que dans les années 1980 que des sociétés privées s'installèrent dans le complexe, dont de nombreuses firmes financières liées à [[Wall Street]].+==The complex==
 +===The Twin Towers===
-En parallèle, les tours accédèrent rapidement au statut de symboles de New York. Le 7 août 1974 le funambule [[Philippe Petit]] utilisa un fil tendu pour traverser le vide situé entre les deux sommets des deux tours<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+Ultimately the complex came to consist of seven buildings, but its most notable features were the main twin towers. Each of the WTC towers had 110 stories. 1 WTC (the North Tower, which featured a massive 360-foot high TV antenna added in [[1978]]) stood 1,368 [[Foot (unit of length)|feet]] (417 [[Metre|m]]) high,<ref name="height">{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/cx/?id=100329 |publisher=Emporis |title=World Trade Center, New York City |accessdate=2006-04-13}}</ref> and 2 WTC (the South Tower, which contained the observation deck) was 1,362 feet (415 m) high.<ref name="height"/> The length and breadth of the towers were 208 feet (63.4 m) x 208 feet (63.4 m). Although only Tower 1 featured an antenna, the structure of each building was designed to carry a broadcast mast, and in the basement of the complex, [[The Mall at the World Trade Center]] was Manhattan's largest mall until 9-11.
-|auteur=Public Broadcasting Service+
-|titre=People & Events: Philippe Petit (1948-)+
-|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/peopleevents/p_petit.html+
-|date=22 juillet 2003+
-|consulté le=12/07/07}}+
-</ref>. George Willig, un [[Alpinisme|alpiniste]] du [[Queens]], escalada en trois heures et demi la tour Sud le 26 mai 1977<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+
-|auteur=Jerry Oster+
-|éditeur=The Independent Weekly+
-|titre=Photographic Memories+
-|url=http://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A16497+
-|date=26 septembre 2001+
-|consulté le=12/07/07}}</ref>. Ces évènements, qui reçurent une importante couverture médiatique, contribuèrent à la renommmée internationale du World Trade Center.+
-Le [[13 février]] [[1975]], un [[incendie]] se déclencha au onzième étage de la tour Nord. Il se répandit dans la moitié de cet étage, puis atteignit d'autres niveaux en passant par les ouvertures du plancher utilisées par les cables téléphoniques. Le feu fut éteint presque immédiatement pour ces étages, mais il fallut plusieurs heures pour venir à bout du feu principal. La structure de la tour ne fut pas touchée et les dégâts furent relativement limités. L'eau utilisée pour stopper l'incendie endommagea néanmoins plusieurs étages. Cet évènement mena à l'installation d'un système d'extincteurs dans les deux tours.+[[Image:WTC Building Arrangement and Site Plan.svg|thumb|right|300px|The WTC site building arrangement]]
-Le [[26 février]] [[1993]] un camion chargé de 680 kg d'explosif au nitrate se désintégra dans un parking souterrain de la tour Nord, faisant 6 morts et 1&nbsp;042 blessés. L'extension des dommages, un cratère de 30x60 mètres à travers 5 niveaux de sous-sol, et les incertitudes quant aux dommages subis par les colonnes porteuses centrales (mais une seule fut légèrement affectée) firent que les deux tours restèrent fermées pendant plusieurs mois. Selon l'architecte du World Trade Center, la tour se serait effondrée si le camion avait été placé plus près des fondations<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+[[Image:WTC lobby 19-8-00.png|thumb|right|300px|The lobby of the World Trade Center]]
-|auteur=Peg Tyre+
-|titre=An Icon Destroyed+
-|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3069653/+
-|éditeur=MSNBC+
-|consulté le=11/07/07}}+
-</ref>. Six extrémistes [[Islamisme|islamistes]], dont [[Ramzi Yousef]], furent condamnés à perpétuité pour leur rôle dans l'attentat. Un mémorial aux victimes fut installé, il fut néanmoins détruit lors du 11 septembre 2001.+
-En [[1998]] la Port Authority approuva un projet visant à privatiser le complexe<ref>Herman, Eric. "PA to ease WTC tax load, rent would be cut to offset hike by city", New York Daily News, February 6, 2001</ref>. Fin juillet 2001, le bail du World Trade Center fut acheté pour 99 ans par [[Larry Silverstein]], déjà propriétaire de l'immeuble de 47 étages situé juste au nord du complexe, nommé par extension WTC7. Le nouveau propriétaire assura immédiatement lesdits immeubles pour plusieurs milliards de dollars. Le fait que les conditions du contrat n'étaient pas encore finalisées au moment des attentats de septembre conduisit à d'âpres négociations avec les assureurs et à des actions judiciaires jusqu'en 2007<ref>[http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20070523/CPMONDE/70523137/1014/CPMONDE WTC: accord sur les indemnités versées, 23 mai 2007]</ref>.+[[Image:World Trade Center Observation Deck New York City 1999 corrected.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The large antenna on top of the North Tower, from the South Tower's [[observation deck]]]]
-Le [[11 septembre]] [[2001]], à 8h46, le [[Vol 11 American Airlines]] entra en collision avec la façade nord de la tour Nord. Dix-sept minutes plus tard, à 9h03, le [[Vol 175 United Airlines]] s'écrasa dans la tour Sud, qui s'effondra à 9h59. Ces deux avions étaient passés sous le contrôle de pirates de l'air d'[[Al-Qaida]]. La tour Nord s'effondra à 10h28, et fut suivie à 17h20 par le 7 World Trade Center. Les quatre bâtiments restants subirent des dommages importants et furent démolis par la suite. Les attentats du [[11 septembre 2001]] causèrent {{formatnum:2750}} victimes<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+When completed in 1972, 1 WTC became the tallest building on Earth, unseating the Empire State Building after a 40 year reign. 2 WTC became the second tallest building in the world when completed in 1973. The difference in height between the two towers was because of a Port Authority request to have two floors, the 43rd and the 67th, in 1 WTC raised, the lower of the taller floors being a cafeteria for PANY workers.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} 2 WTC did not need these facilities, so it remained 1,362 feet. Regardless, the WTC towers held the height record only briefly. As the building neared completion in 1973, work had already begun on [[Chicago]]'s [[Sears Tower]], which ultimately reached 1,450 feet (442 m).<ref>{{cite web | title = Sears Tower Building Information | url = http://www.thesearstower.com/buildinginfo.axis?type=n&name=Property%20Profile | accessdate = 2006-09-11 }}</ref> With the World Trade Center's destruction, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York, after spending almost 30 years as the third-tallest in the city.
-|auteur=[[Associated Press]]+
-|titre=NYC links first death to 9/11 toxic dust+
-|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18831750/+
-|date=23 mai 2007+
-|consulté le=11/07/07}}</ref>. Les 1,8 million de tonnes de débris du World Trade Center fumèrent pendant 99 jours, et plus de 8 mois furent nécessaires pour assurer le nettoyage du site, opération qui fut effectuée par des milliers de personnes.+
-La firme responsable de la sécurité du World Trade Center, incluant les tours 1, 2 et 7, de même que l'aéroport Dulles de Washington était Stratesec (rebaptisée Securacom), dirigée indirectement par Marvin Bush (actionnaire et administrateur, frère de George W.) et directement par leur cousin E. Walker III (président directeur général), de 1993 à 2002.+The towers' sheer size was the subject of a joke during a press conference unveiling the landmarks. [[Minoru Yamasaki]] was asked: "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His response was: "I didn't want to lose the human scale". Another popular joke among New York urbanites that died out late in the 1970s from overtelling was that the towers looked like the boxes in which the [[Chrysler Building]] and [[Empire State Building]] were packaged.
-=== Après les attentats ===+Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for technical services ([[mechanical floor]]s) Level B6/B5, Floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76 and 108/109, in four two-floor areas evenly spread up the building. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each floor of the towers had 40,000 square feet of space for [[occupancy]].<ref name="ruchelman-p11"/> Each tower had 3.8 million [[square feet]] (350,000 [[square meter|m²]]) of office space. Altogether the entire complex of seven buildings had 11.2 million square feet (1.04&nbsp;km²) of space.
-{{New World Trade Center}}+
-[[Image:Ground zero.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[ground zero|Ground Zero]] en avril 2005.]]+
-Le Maire de New York [[Rudy Giuliani]] et le Président [[George W. Bush]] se prononcent rapidement en faveur d'une reconstruction du site. Le jour même des attaques Giuliani déclare : « Nous reconstruirons: nous allons nous en sortir plus forts qu'auparavant, plus forts au niveau politique, plus forts au niveau économique. La ''skyline'' sera complète à nouveau »<ref>{{en}} « We will rebuild: We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again. » cité dans {{en}} {{lien web+During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex, including many financial companies such as [[Morgan Stanley]], [[Aon Corporation]], [[Salomon Brothers]], as well as the Port Authority itself. Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations "stepped" the 13,800 primary voltage down to 480/277 volt secondary power and further to 120/208 volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sublevels of the towers and on the roof of 5 WTC.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[FEMA]]|url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf|accessdate=2007-03-08|title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study|quote=Six 1,200-kilowatt(kW) emergency power generators located in the sixth basement (B-6) level provided a secondary power supply.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|quote=E-J Electric set four generators on the roof of Tower 5, which was nine stories, as opposed to the 110-story Towers 1 and 2. E-J then ran high-voltage feeder cable to Towers 1, 2, 4 and 5, installed three substations and distributed power to the tenants.|publisher=CEE News|date=January 1, 2001|accessdate=2007-03-08|url=http://september11.ceenews.com/ar/electric_towering_security_2/index.htm|author=Amy Florence Fischbach|title=Towering security}}</ref>
-|auteur=Tess Taylor+
-|titre=Rebuilding in New York+
-|url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html+
-|éditeur=www.architectureweek.com+
-|consulté le=18/07/07}}</ref>. Bush déclare au cours d'une séance du Congrès que son administration travaillera de concert avec le Congrès « pour montrer au monde que New York sera reconstruite »<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+
-|titre=Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People+
-|auteur=www.whitehouse.gov+
-|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html+
-|date=20 septembre 2001+
-|consulté le=18/07/07}}</ref>. Larry Silverstein le détenteur des droits à construire du site, répond immédiatement que « ce serait la tragédie des tragédies de ne pas reconstruire cette partie de New York. Ce serait donner aux terroristes la victoire qu'ils cherchent. »<ref>Steven Litt « In place of the Trade Center; Ideas range from building new towers to playground », Plain Dealer (Cleveland), 17 septembre 2001.</ref>+
-La ''Lower Manhattan Development Corporation'' (''LMDC'') est établie en [[novembre 2001]] par le [[Liste des gouverneurs de New York|Gouverneur de New York]] [[George E. Pataki]]. Le rôle de cette commission officielle est de superviser le processus de reconstruction en gérant l'assistance fédérale s'élevant à 10 milliards de dollars et en travaillant avec la Port Authority, Larry Silverstein, la communauté locale et les entreprises<ref>« A Corporation to Rebuild Ground Zero », The New York Times, 4 novembre 2001</ref>. Durant les mois suivant les attentats des architectes et des urbanistes tiennent plusieurs réunions et forums au sujet de la reconstruction du site<ref>Cathleen McGuigan « Up From The Ashes », Newsweek, 12 novembre 2001</ref>. Ils aboutissent à la parution d'un rapport, ''New York, New Visions'', résultat de la collaboration de nombreuses organisations<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+The 110th Floor of 1 WTC (North Tower) housed commercial and public service radio & television transmission equipment. The roof of 1 WTC contained a vast array of transmission antennas, including the 360 ft (approx 110m) center antenna mast, which was rebuilt in 1999 by Dielectric Inc. to accommodate [[Digital Television|DTV]]. The center mast contained the television signals for almost all NYC television broadcasters: [[WCBS-TV]] 2, [[WNBC-TV]] 4, [[WNYW]] 5, [[WABC-TV]] 7, [[WWOR-TV]] 9 [[Secaucus, New Jersey|Secaucus]], [[WPIX]] 11, [[WNET]] 13 [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[WPXN-TV]] 31, and [[WNJU]] 47. It also had four NYC FM broadcasters on it as well: [[WPAT-FM]] 93.1, [[WNYC]] 93.9, [[WKCR]] 89.9, and [[WKTU]] 103.5.<ref>http://www.fcc.gov/</ref> Access to the roof was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2 WTC.
-|titre=New York, New Visions+
-|url=http://nynv.aiga.org/+
-|consulté le=18/07/07}}</ref>. Une autre initiative est celle de Max Protetch qui expose 50 concepts et rendus des projets dans sa galerie d'art de [[Chelsea]]<ref>Edward Wyatt, « Everyone Weighs In With Rebuilding Ideas », The New York Times, 12 janvier 2002</ref>.+
 +The World Trade Center complex was protected by an extensive fire detection and voice evacuation paging system upgraded after the 1993 bombing. Fire Command Stations, staffed by Fire Safety Directors were located in the lobbies of each building and the Operations Control Center (OCC) monitored these systems. An extensive study of the performance of World Trade Center Fire Protection Systems was conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) following [[2001-09-11]].<ref>http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-4C.pdf</ref>
 +===Observation deck and Windows on the World===
 +[[Image:Observationwtc.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Midtown Manhattan]] from the observation deck of the south tower which received an estimated 80,000 visitors a day, during the late 90s.]]
 +Although most of the space in the WTC complex was off-limits to the general public, 2 WTC (South Tower) featured a public observation area named "Top Of The World." When visiting the observation deck, visitors would first pass through security checks added after the 1993 [[World Trade Center bombing]]. Next, visitors were whisked to the 107th floor indoor [[observatory]] at a height of 1,310 feet (399 m) and greeted with a 360 degree view of the New York City skyline, and exhibitions including a three-dimensional scale model of Manhattan, and a simulated helicopter ride around the city. Weather permitting, visitors could take two short escalator rides up from the 107th floor and visit what was the world's highest outdoor viewing platform. At a height of 1,377 feet (420 m), visitors were able to take in a view of the North Tower and [[New York City]] unlike any other. On a clear day, visitors could see up to 49 [[mile]]s (78 [[kilometre|km]]) in any given direction. An anti-[[suicide]] fence was placed on the roof itself, with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing and leaving the view unobstructed, unlike the observation deck of the [[Empire State Building]].
-En juillet 2003, [[Fumihiko Maki]], associé à [[Jean Nouvel]], et [[Norman Foster (architecte)|Norman Foster]] sont choisis par la ''Lower Manhattan Development Corporation'' pour édifier trois des cinq [[Gratte-ciel|tours]] du projet de reconstruction du site ''Ground Zero'' du World Trade Center, à [[New York]]. Le projet fut confié pour son ensemble, ainsi que la tour la plus haute, la ''[[Freedom Tower]]'', à l'américain [[Daniel Libeskind]]. Son projet veut à la fois rappeler la tragédie du 11 septembre mais aussi donner espoir. Le souvenir et le devoir de mémoire seront symbolisés par la préservation de ''Ground Zero'' en sous-sol (les ''Memory Foundations'') tandis que l'espoir en l'avenir sera représenté par une tour en flèche (''Freedom Tower'') qui devrait atteindre plus de 541 mètres de hauteur (ce serait alors la plus haute tour habitée au monde).+The North Tower (1 WTC) had a restaurant on the 107th floor called [[Windows on the World]], which was an elegant restaurant known as a place for big celebrations, such as weddings. In its last full year of operation, 2000, Windows on the World reported revenues of $37.5 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States.
-Autre point remarquable et hautement symbolique du projet : tous les ans, le 11 septembre, le site sera éclairé par le [[soleil]] sans aucune ombre de 8 h 46 (premier crash) à 10 h 28 (effondrement de la deuxième tour). Un autre projet a vu le jour il y a un an déjà. Donald Trump avait proposé les World Trade Center 2 : ces tours seraient construites à la place de la Freedom Tower. Il y aurait deux cercles entourés de tous les drapeaux du monde, la façade de la tour 1 alors écroulée serait reconstruite pour rappeler que les deux tours ont déjà existé, un escalier amènera au sous-sol où l'on trouvera le mémorial. Les nouvelles tours seront accompagnées de trois autres bâtiments beaucoup plus petits. La nouvelle tour 1 fera 449 mètres (566 avec l'antenne) et la tour 2 fera 449 mètres aussi.+===The other buildings===
 +Five smaller buildings stood around the 16 [[acre]] (65,000 m²) block. One was the 22-floor Vista Hotel (3 WTC) at the southwest corner of the site, that was crushed between the two towers. Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC) in the same hollow tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza. [[6 World Trade Center]], at the north west corner, housed the [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|United States Customs Service]] and the [[Commodities exchange|U.S. Commodities Exchange]]. [[5 World Trade Center]] was located at the northeast corner, above the [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|PATH station]], and [[4 World Trade Center]] was at the southeast corner. In 1987, a 47-floor office building called [[7 World Trade Center|7 WTC]] was built north of the block. Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an [[The Mall at the World Trade Center|underground shopping mall]], which in turn had connections to various mass transit facilities, including the [[New York City Subway]] system and the Port Authority's own [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]] trains connecting Manhattan to [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], Hoboken, and Newark.
-Le [[7 World Trade Center]] fut le premier édifice à être reconstruit à proximité du site: les travaux débutèrent en [[2002]] et s'achevèrent en [[2006]]. Des critiques ont été formulées concernant la durée des travaux, notamment dans les media, par exemple par les journalistes [[Keith Olbermann]]<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+One of the world's largest [[gold]] depositories was stored underneath the World Trade Center, owned by a group of commercial banks. The [[1993]] bomb detonated close to the vault, but it withstood the explosion, as did the towers. Seven weeks after the September 11th attacks, $230 million in precious metals were removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC, which included 3,800 100-Troy-ounce registered gold bars and 30,000 1,000-ounce [[silver]] bars.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/nov/17wtc.htm Rediff.com] &ndash; Buried WTC gold returns to futures trade</ref>
-|auteur=Keith Olbermann+
-|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14687895/#060911b+
-|titre=Bloggermann : Bush owes us an apology+
-|consulté le=18/07/07}}</ref> et [[Rush Limbaugh]]. Un épisode de la série de [[Showtime]] ''Penn & Teller: Bullshit!'' diffusé le {{1er mai}} [[2006]] était centré sur la controversité entourant les délais de reconstruction de Ground Zero<ref>{{en}}+
-{{lien web+
-|auteur=CNET Networks+
-|titre=Ground Zero - Episode Number: 44+
-|url=http://www.tv.com/penn-and-teller-bullsh!/ground-zero/episode/695485/summary.html?tag=ep_list;ep_title;4+
-|consulté le=18/07/07}}</ref>. Le [[25 août]] [[2006]] le maire de [[La Nouvelle Orléans]], [[Ray Nagin]], a également critiqué les délais durant l'émission ''60 minutes''<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+
-|auteur=Associated Press+
-|titre=Mayor Nagin Takes Swipe at NYC Sept.11 Rebuilding+
-|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,210406,00.html+
-|date=25 août 2006+
-|consulté le=18/07/07}}</ref>.+
-== Le complexe et sa conception ==+==Life of the World Trade Center==
-=== WTC1 et WTC2 ===+
-[[Image:WTC Building Arrangement and Site Plan.svg|thumb|right|200px|Plan du site du World Trade Center]]+
-Les deux tours emblématiques du World Trade Center (WTC1 et WTC2 appelées aussi '''''Twin Towers''''') avaient toutes deux 110 étages. 1 WTC, la tour Nord, s'élevait à 417 mètres et possédait une antenne de télévision d'environ 110 mètres de haut qui fut ajoutée en [[1978]]. 2 WTC, la tour Sud, s'élevait à 415 mètres. Les tours étaient longues et larges de 63,4 mètres. Bien que seule la tour 1 possédait une antenne, la structure de la tour 2 permettait aussi d'en porter une. Les antennes de la tour Nord étaient utilisées par la quasi totalité des chaînes de télévision basées en ville: WCBS-TV 2, WNBC-TV 4, WNYW 5, WABC-TV 7, WWOR-TV 9 Secaucus, WPIX 11, WNET 13 Newark, WPXN-TV 31 et WNJU 47. Elles servaient aussi à transmettre les ondes des radios [[Radio FM|FM]] [[WPAT]]-FM 93.1, [[WNYC]] 93.9, WKCR 89.9, and WKTU 103.5<ref>[http://www.fcc.gov/ fcc.gov]</ref>. L'antenne principale fut améliorée en [[1999]] par Dielectric Inc pour permettre la [[télévision numérique terrestre]]. L'accès au toît était contrôlé par le ''WTC Operations Control Center'' (OCC) situé au niveau B1 de la Tour Sud. Le sous-sol de l'ensemble était occupé par un [[centre commercial]], ''The Mall at the World Trade Center'', le plus grand de Manhattan jusqu'au 11 septembre 2001.+On a typical weekday 50,000 people worked in the towers,<ref name="ruchelman-p11"/> with another 200,000 passing through as visitors. The complex was so large that it had its own [[ZIP Code|zip code]], [[10048 (ZIP code)|10048]]. The towers offered spectacular views from the observation deck (located on top of the South Tower) and the [[Windows on the World]] restaurant (located on top of the North Tower). The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in movies, TV shows, postcards, merchandise, magazines and much more, and became a New York icon, such as the [[Empire State Building]], or [[Statue of Liberty]]. French high wire acrobatic performer [[Philippe Petit]] walked between the towers on a tightrope in [[1974]], and Brooklyn toymaker [[George Willig]] scaled the south tower in [[1977]].
-La surface habitable des tours était de 800&nbsp;000 m², tandis que leur poids respectif atteignait environ 4.5 millions de tonnes. Sur les 110 étages, 8 étaient réservés aux locaux techniques (niveaux B6/B5, étages 7/8, 41/42, 75/76 and 108/109), les autres étaient utilisés en majorité par des bureaux. La Tour Sud comprenait également un observatoire ouvert au public appellé ''Top Of The World'', qui offrait une vue à 360 degrés sur New York depuis le 107{{e}} étage, à 420 mètres de haut. Par beau temps, il était possible d'observer à 72 kilomètres à la ronde. La tour Nord possédait un restaurant, ''Windows on the World'', qui se situait au 107{{e}} étage.+===February 13, 1975 fire===
-1 WTC devint en [[1972]] le plus haut gratte-ciel au monde, dépassant l'[[Empire State Building]] qui détenait ce titre depuis 40 ans. 2 WTC devint le second plus haut gratte-ciel en [[1973]]. Cependant les deux tours ne conservèrent ce statut qu'un court moment, puisque la [[Sears Tower]] de [[Chicago]], achevée en [[1974]], culminait à 442 mètres. Suite au 11-Septembre, l'[[Empire State Building]] reprit sa place de plus grand gratte-ciel de New York.+On [[February 13]], [[1975]], the WTC North Tower was beset by a fire which spread over nearly half of the 11th floor. The fire spread to other floors through openings in the floor slabs which were used to carry phone wires. The fires on other floors were extinguished almost immediately, and the main fire was put out in a few hours. Fireproofing protected the steel from melting and there was no structural damage to the tower. This event led to the installation of a sprinkler system in both towers. Firefighters claim that had the sprinklers been installed when the tower was built, the fire probably would not have spread as much as it did. Other than the damage caused by the fire, a few floors below suffered water damage from the extinguishing of the fires above.
-==== La structure des tours ====+===Bombing of February 26, 1993===
-[[Image:Wtc floor truss system.png|thumb|Schéma d'un plancher composite dans le WTC]]+
-La [[structure]] porteuse était scindée entre un faisceau central de 47 poteaux en [[acier]], profilés de section rectangulaire à épaisseur en fonction de la hauteur dans l'immeuble, reliés les uns aux autres par des profilés de traverse, et un 'tube' constitué de 240 poteaux d'acier, profilés à section carrée solidarisés par des plaques boulonnées. La structure centrale prenait quelques 60&nbsp;% de la charge statique, le 'tube' supportant les 40&nbsp;% restants. Chaque profilé central devait ainsi porter en moyenne 7,5 fois la charge d'un poteau externe. Pris au même niveau, il était 7,5 fois plus résistant en moyenne car les éléments porteurs centraux se présentaient sous deux dimensions, 16 d'entre eux, formant les rangs externes, étant à peut près du double des autres. La fonction spécifique du « tube » était d'offrir une excellente résistance au vent et aux éventuelles secousses sismiques. Ces deux ensembles étaient rigidifiés par une structure sommitale, une sorte de chapeau fait de poutres métalliques, dont le rôle était de limiter la déformation du tube lorsque celui-ci était soumis à des contraintes latérales, réduisant ainsi au minimum les contraintes subies par les planchers. Ceux-ci, très légers (50 kg/m²), étaient constitués par un treillis de [[poutre]]s [[métal]]liques fixé aux structures porteuses. Ils étaient capables de supporter dix fois leur propre poids.<br/>+{{main|World Trade Center bombing}}
-Le noyau central enserré par les 47 poteaux porteurs abritait les ascenseurs et escaliers. Il occupait environ 1&nbsp;200&nbsp;m².+
-Cette conception, qui date des [[années 1960]], était bien adaptée pour des tours très hautes. Les tours jumelles avaient aussi été réalisées avec des coefficients de sécurité tels qu'ils permettaient, selon les concepteurs, de résister à l'impact d'un [[Boeing 707]] ou un C8 en pleine charge, lancé à 950 km/h : «''…une telle collision résulterait seulement en dégâts locaux ne pouvant causer l'effondrement ou des dommages conséquents à l'immeuble et ne mettrait en danger ni la vie ni la sécurité des occupants hors de la proximité immédiate de l'impact'' »<ref>''Henry Hold and company, City in the sky, Times Books, 2003</ref>. Frank Demartini, qui dirigea le chantier de construction du WTC avait ajouté que : «''…le bâtiment pouvait probablement soutenir de multiples impacts d'avions'' » bien que des experts<sup>''trop vague''</sup> lors du procès de l'attentat du 26 février 1993 aient déclaré que contre des Boeing 767 cela serait inefficace<ref>[[Air & Cosmos]], 2001</ref><sup>''à expliciter''</sup>.+On [[February 26]], [[1993]] at 12:17 PM, a [[Ryder]] truck filled with 1,500 [[Pound (mass)|pounds]] (680 kg) of explosives was planted by [[Ramzi Yousef]] and detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower, opening a 100&nbsp;foot (30&nbsp;m) hole through 5 sublevels of [[concrete]] leaving six people dead and 50,000 other workers and visitors gasping for [[air]] in the shafts of the 110 story towers.
-En juillet 1971, la Société américaine des Ingénieurs civils (ASCE) avait attribué son prix national aux concepteurs des tours, y reconnaissant "''le projet d'ingéniérie démontrant le savoir-faire le plus achevé et représentant la plus grande contribution aux progrès de l'ingéniérie et de l'humanité''"<ref> ''Angus K. Gillespie, Twin Towers : The Life of New York City's World Trade Center, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p.117''</ref>.+[[Image:WTC 1993 ATF.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Damage underground due to the bombing]]
-Les publications techniques saluèrent également la qualité du projet dans sa capacité à résister à des évènements imprévus "''provenant de l'utilisation d'aciers spéciaux à haute résistance; en particulier, les colonnes extérieures conçues avec une marge énorme permettant de multiplier par 20 la charge utile sans mettre en péril la construction''"<ref>''How Columns Will be Designed for 110-story Buildings, Engineering News-Record, 2 avril 1964, p.48-49''</ref>.+
-=== Les autres bâtiments ===+Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells which contained no emergency lighting, some taking two hours or more to reach safety. As the Port Authority was a bistate agency, the towers were exempt from New York City [[building code]]s. Subsequent to the bombing The Port Authority installed emergency lighting in the stairwells. It is believed that this lighting saved many lives during the events of [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001]].
-[[Image:7 World Trade Center by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|150px|Le nouveau World Trade Center 7, inauguré en 2006]]+
-Cinq édifices plus petits composaient le reste du complexe. 3 WTC était un Vista Hotel (puis un hôtel [[Marriott International]]) de 22 étages, situé au coin sud-ouest du site. Trois immeubles (4 WTC, 5 WTC et 6 WTC) s'élevaient également autour de la place. 6 WTC, au coin nord-ouest, accueillait les locaux des agences fédérales ''U.S. Customs and Border Protection'' et '' U.S. Commodities Exchange''. 5 WTC, au coin nord-est, la station de [[PATH]] et 4 WTC au coin sud-est complétaient le site, auquel il faut ajouter le gratte-ciel WTC7. Haut de 173,7 mètres et comprenant 47 étages, il fut conçu par [[Emery Roth & Sons]] et construit entre [[1984]] et [[mars 1987]]. De forme trapézoïdale, sa structure porteuse interne était constituée de 24 énormes colonnes d'acier, disposées en rectangle en dissymétrie dans le trapèze. La périphérie était constituée de 57 colonnes rapprochées pour ce qui est des côtés du trapèze et plus éloignées les unes des autres pour les deux autres faces (parallèles)<ref>FEMA,2002, chapitre 5</ref>. +In [[1997]] and [[1998]], six [[Islamism|Islamist]] extremists were convicted and sentenced to life in prison for their roles in the bombing. According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the north tower and send it crashing into the south tower, toppling both landmarks.
-L'immeuble WTC7 possédait plusieurs réservoirs de carburant :+As a memorial to the victims of the bombing of the tower, a [[reflecting pool]] was installed with the names of those who had been killed in the blast. Following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], relief workers found a single fractured piece of the fountain etched with the word "John"; to date it is the only remaining part of the 1993 memorial that survived the collapse of the towers.
-* 5 [[générateur]]s de secours, dont un réservé aux [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]], au 9{{e}} étage. Pas d'autres installations au dessus de ce niveau ;+
-* plusieurs réservoirs de 1&nbsp;041 litres (275 gallons) d´[[Essence (hydrocarbure)|essence]] aux niveaux 5, 7 et 8, à proximité des générateurs ;+
-* un réservoir d´essence de plus de 200 litres au 9° étage, à proximité des générateurs ;+
-* un réservoir de 22&nbsp;700 litres d´essence aux niveaux 2 et 3 à proximité de la banque d'ascenseurs ;+
-* au rez-de-chaussée, des réservoirs de stockage et d´alimentation des réservoirs secondaires en étage : l'un de 22&nbsp;700 litres et deux autres de 45&nbsp;425 litres d´essence.+
-Le principal occupant était l'entreprise [[Salomon Smith Barney]], filiale de la [[Citigroup]], avec 64&nbsp;% de la superficie des bureaux. D'autres sociétés comme [[American Express]], [[Standard Chartered]] occupaient des locaux. Il abritait aussi des services officiels avec un bureau de la [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], du [[Département de la Défense des États-Unis|Department of Defense]] et l'[[Internal Revenue Service]] qui occupaient tout le 25{{e}} étage, un bureau des [[USSS]], la [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC), où se trouvaient les archives d'affaires financières tels que les dossiers concernant les fraudes de [[Enron]] et de [[WorldCom]], ainsi que le poste de commandement des situations d'urgence de la mairie de New York (tout un étage renforcé contre les attaques terroristes).+===Lease===
-===Quelques chiffres===+In 1998, plans were approved by the Port Authority to privatize the World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite news |title=PA to ease WTC tax load, rent would be cut to offset hike by city |publisher=New York Daily News |date=February 6, 2001 |author=Herman, Eric}}</ref> In 2001, the Port Authority sought to lease the World Trade Center to a private entity. Bids for the lease came from [[Vornado Realty Trust]], a joint bid between [[Brookfield Properties]] Corporation and [[Boston Properties]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bidding for Twin Towers |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2001 |author=Bagli, Charles V.}}</ref> and a joint bid by [[Silverstein Properties]] and [[The Westfield Group]].<ref name="cuozzo">{{cite news |title=Larry Lusts for Twin Towers; Silverstein has an Eye on WTC's; Untapped Retail Potential |publisher=New York Post |date=January 30, 2001 |author=Cuozzo, Steve}}</ref> By privatizing the World Trade Center, it would be added to the city's tax rolls.<ref name="cuozzo"/> The lease was also intended to raise funds for other Port Authority projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Port Authority Gets Final Bids on WTC |publisher=New York Daily News |date=January 31, 2001 |author=Herman, Eric}}</ref> On [[February 15]], [[2001]], the Port Authority announced that Vornado Trust Realty had won the lease for the World Trade Center, paying $3.25 billion for the 99-year lease.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brookfield Loses Lease Bid |publisher=Toronto Star |date=February 23, 2001}}</ref> [[Vornado Realty Trust|Vornado Realty]] outbid Silverstein by $600 million, though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion. However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal, including a shorter 39-year lease, which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E5DB113DF933A15750C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=1a |title=As Trade Center Talks Stumble, No. 2 Bidder Gets Another Chance |author=Bagli, Charles V. |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 20, 2001}}</ref> Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on [[April 26]] [[2001]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E3DA1339F934A15757C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=1 |title=Deal Is Signed To Take Over Trade Center |author=Bagli, Charles V. |publisher=The New York Times |date=April 27, 2001}}</ref> and closed on [[July 24]], [[2001]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E0D91F3AF936A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon= |title=Leasing of Trade Center May Help Transit Projects, Pataki Says |publisher=The New York Times |date=July 25, 2001 |author=Smothers, Ronald}}</ref>
-Les travaux de constructions débutent le {{date|5|août|1966}} et sont officiellement achevés six ans, sept mois et trente jours plus tard, le {{date|4|avril|1973}}.+===September 11, 2001===
-* Pour permettre leur construction, 164 immeubles (16 blocs de la ville) ont été rasés.+{{main|September 11, 2001 attacks|Collapse of the World Trade Center}}
-* 1 200 000 m³ de terre ont été extraits du sol.+
-* 200 000 tonnes d'acier et 425 000 m³ de béton ont été utilisés.+
-* 10 000 personnes ont travaillé sur le chantier, 60 y ont trouvé la mort.+
-* Chaque tour comprenait 110 étages de 3 600 m².+
-* {{formatnum:50000}} personnes travaillaient dans les tours<ref>Ruchelman, Leonard I. (1977). The World Trade Center: Politics and Policies of Skyscraper Development.. Syracuse University Press, p. 11</ref> et {{formatnum:200000}} visiteurs y passaient.+
-*Le complexe était si grand qu'il possédait son propre [[code ZIP]] (code postal) ; 10048.+
-== Le complexe dans la culture populaire ==+[[Image:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb|right|300px|With the Statue of Liberty in the foreground, the World Trade Center is shown on fire]]
-Le World Trade Center apparaît dans de nombreux films, émissions de télévision, bandes dessinées et jeux video. Il fut le cadre du tournage et de l'action de plusieurs films des [[années 1970]]. Dans ''Godspell'' (1973), une scène finale montre les acteurs de cette comédie musicale en train de danser sur le toît de la tour Nord la chanson ''All For the Best''<ref>{{en}} {{lien web+On [[September 11]] [[2001]] at 8:46 [[a.m.]] [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|Eastern Time]], [[Al Qaeda]] suicide hijackers crashed [[American Airlines Flight 11]] into the northern facade of the North Tower.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNumSQL.asp?NNumbertxt=334AA&cmndfind.x=11&cmndfind.y=24 |title=N-Number Inquiry Results |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration}}</ref><ref name="911commisssion">{{cite web|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm |title=9/11 Commission Report |publisher=The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States}}</ref> Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 a.m., a second team of hijackers crashed [[United Airlines Flight 175]] into the South Tower,<ref name="911commisssion"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNumSQL.asp?NNumbertxt=612UA&cmndfind.x=0&cmndfind.y=0 |title=N-Number Inquiry Results |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration}}</ref> which collapsed and disintegrated at 9:59 a.m. At 10:28 a.m., the North Tower collapsed and disintegrated. At 5:20 p.m., [[7 World Trade Center]] collapsed as a result of damage from the North Tower's collapse. The four remaining buildings in the WTC plaza sustained heavy damage from debris, and were ultimately demolished.
-|auteur=Jonathan Padget+
-|titre=When ''Godspell'' Was on Top of the World"+
-|éditeur=The Washington Post+
-|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/01/AR2006090100365.html?nav=emailpage+
-|date= 3 september 2006+
-|consulté le=21/07/07}}</ref>. Dans ''[[Les Trois Jours du condor]]'', les locaux de la [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] sont basés dans le WTC. Dans le remake de [[King Kong]] [[King Kong (film, 1976)|datant de 1976]], le grand singe gravit non pas l'[[Empire State Building]] mais l'une des deux tours du World Trade Center, changement justifié par le fait qu'elles étaient à présent les plus hauts gratte-ciel du monde. Le complexe apparaît également dans ''[[Working Girl]]''. ''[[American Pie 2]]'' fut la dernière grande production montrant les deux tours, bien qu'elles aient été [[Synthèse d'image|ajoutées numériquement]] à une scène tournée à [[Los Angeles]]. Dans plusieurs films ayant été tournés avant les attentats et étant en post-production après le 11 septembre 2001, les deux tours furent supprimées numériquement. Le [[trailer]] de ''[[Spider-Man (film)|Spider-Man]]'' incluait une scène dans laquelle le super-héros dressait une grande toile entre les deux tours. La scène fut supprimée après les attaques mais les tours apparaissent furtivement à quelques endroits du film.+
-Le projet collectif ''[[11'09"01]]'' présente des évènements liés aux attentats contre les tours. Le film ''[[World Trade Center (film)|World Trade Center]]'' d'[[Oliver Stone]] raconte l'histoire de John McLoughlin et Will Jimeno, deux policiers du [[Port Authority Police Department]] qui ont été bloqués sous les décombres des tours au cours de l'évacuation, puis sauvés, de même que dix-huit autres personnes.+At the time of the incident, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the massacre, as on any given day upwards of 50,000 people could be inside the towers. Ultimately, 2,750 <ref>{{cite web |title=NYC links first death to 9/11 toxic dust || publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18831750/ | date=[[May 23]], [[2007]] |accessdate= May 24 |accessyear=2007 }}</ref> death certificates were filed relating to the 9/11 attacks, as of [[May 23]], [[2007]]. Of these, 1,614 (59%) were identified from recovered physical remains. 340 Emergency personnel and 60 police officers were killed in the collapse of the Twin Towers. [[Morgan Stanley]] was the largest tenant in the World Trade Center, with approximately 2,500 employees in the South Tower and 1,000 in the North Tower.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jet Crash Victims' Stories Start To Emerge; Loved Ones Describe Lives, Last Contacts |publisher=The Washington Post |date=[[September 12]], [[2001]] |author=Goldstein, Amy, Cheryl W. Thompson |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033108307.html}}</ref> For the following 8½ months, the [[World Trade Center site]] cleanup and recovery continued 24 hours a day and involved thousands of workers. The massive pile of debris smoked and smoldered for 99 days.
-== Notes et références ==+==Film and media==
-{{Traduction/Référence|en|World Trade Center}}+{{main|World Trade Center in popular culture}}
-{{Traduction/Référence|en|Building of the World Trade Center}}+
-{{Références|colonnes=2}}+
-== Voir aussi ==+The World Trade Center was an American icon and has been featured in numerous [[films]], as well as appearing in many television shows, cartoons, comic books, computer/video games and music videos. The Twin Towers have appeared in popular television shows such as ''[[Friends]]'', ''[[Sex and the City]]'',''[[New York Undercover]]'', ''[[NYPD Blue]]'',''[[The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson|The Simpsons]]'' and ''[[Family Guy]]''. The Twin Towers have also appeared prominently in popular films such as ''[[Three Days of the Condor|Three Days of the Condor]]'', ''[[Escape from New York|Escape From New York]]'', ''[[Godspell (film)|Godspell]]'', the 1976 ''[[King Kong (1976 film)|King Kong]]'', ''[[New Jack City]]'',''[[Home Alone 2: Lost in New York]]'','' [[Die Hard: With a Vengeance]]'', ''[[Sleepless in Seattle]]'' ''[[The Wiz (film)|The Wiz]]'', ''[[Armageddon (film)|Armageddon]]'',''[[A.I. (film)|Artificial Intelligence (A.I.)]]'',[[Crocodile Dundee]]'' and ''[[Crocodile Dundee II]]''
-* [[Gratte-ciel]] ''(architecture)''+]]. The Towers have also been featured in music videos by popular musicians such as [[The Spice Girls]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Blondie]], and [[Linkin Park]], most of which being America. (<= What does this mean???)
-* [[Panorama urbain]] ''(photographie)''+
-== Liens externes ==+The events surrounding [[September 11]] are portrayed in several documentaries and movies, including two major motion pictures made in [[2006]], [[Oliver Stone]]'s ''[[World Trade Center (film)|World Trade Center]]'' and [[Paul Greengrass]]' ''[[United 93 (film)|United 93]]''. Several movies released shortly after [[9/11]] digitally erased the Twin Towers from skyline shots. As of [[2007]] most reruns of popular television shows have chosen to leave the Twin Towers in airings of the show such as cut scenes in ''[[Friends]]'' and episodes of ''[[The Simpsons]]''.
-{{Commons|Category:World Trade Center (New York)|World Trade Center}}+
-# {{en}} [http://www.wtc.com Site officiel du WTC]+
-# {{fr}} [http://www.new-york-photos.net/world_trade_center.php3 Photos du World Trade Center (mars 2001)] +
-# {{fr}} [http://www.bulletins-electroniques.com/actualites/34253.htm La pollution à Ground Zero] - Ministère des Affaires étrangères français, 22 juin 2006+
-{{ODP|Regional/North_America/United_States/New_York/Localities/N/New_York_City/Manhattan/Arts_and_Entertainment/Architecture/World_Trade_Center/|World Trade Center}}+
-----+In his [[novel]], ''[[Underworld]]'' ([[1997]]), [[Don DeLillo]] cites the Towers on several occasions, once even having his [[protagonist]] ponder the [[metaphysical]] (prescient and eerie) connection between the Towers and the [[Fresh Kills]] landfill on [[Staten Island]] (where the debris from the WTC site was taken). In Part 4 of the novel, however, subtitled "Summer 1974," the Center is described as still being under construction.
-{{Début dynastie}}+
-{{Insérer dynastie|couleur1=FFD45E|couleur3=FFD45E|icone=Aon Center (Chicago).jpg+
- |nom=Plus haut [[gratte-ciel]] du monde+
- |avant=[[Empire State Building]], [[New York]], [[États-Unis]]+
- |après=[[Tour Sears]], [[Chicago]], [[États-Unis]]+
- |période=[[1973]] - [[1974]]}}+
-{{Fin dynastie}}+
-{{Superstructure}}+==Rebuilding the World Trade Center==
 +{{Future building|World Trade Center}}
 +{{main|World Trade Center site|World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition}}
 +[[Image:Wtcsite 2006-0911.jpg|thumb|right|World Trade Center site on [[September 11]], [[2006]]; early stages of construction and foundation work for the [[Freedom Tower]] (shown here) were paused in observance of the fifth anniversary]]
 +{{New World Trade Center}}
 +The [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]], the agency charged with coordinating the reconstruction of the [[World Trade Center site]], selected the master plan, [[Memory Foundations]] by [[Daniel Libeskind]],<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/new_design_plans/selected_design.asp |author=Lower Manhattan Development Corp. |title=Selected Design for the WTC Site as of February 2003}}</ref> which includes the 1,776 ft (541 m) [[Freedom Tower]]. The height of [[1,776]] feet (541 m) was chosen as a [[1776|reference]] to the year of [[Declaration of Independence (United States)|American independence]]. A new [[7 World Trade Center]] office building, which was not part of the site master plan, officially opened on [[May 23]], [[2006]].
-{{Multi bandeau|Portail architecture|Portail États-Unis d'Amérique|Portail Gratte-ciel|Portail Construction|Portail New York}}+The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation sponsored the [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition]], an international design competition for the [[World Trade Center Memorial]] in spring 2003. The winning design, [[Michael Arad]] and Peter Walker's ''Reflecting Absence'', was chosen in January 2004.
-[[Catégorie:Architecture aux États-Unis]]+The World Trade Center name will continue to be used as name of the site, as will the [[New York City Subway]] and [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]] train stations that serve the complex. A temporary [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|PATH station]], largely following the layout of the original, is the first part of the complex to have reopened.
-[[Catégorie:Postmodernisme (architecture)]]+ 
-[[Catégorie:Gratte-ciel new-yorkais]]+On [[November 22]], [[2004]], New York Governor [[George Pataki]] named the living former presidents as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center.
-[[Catégorie:Histoire de New York]]+ 
-[[Catégorie:Attentats du 11 septembre 2001]]+On [[May 18]], [[2005]], [[Donald Trump]], long-time opponent of the Freedom Tower, proposed the [[WTC Towers Memorial|Twin Towers II]] plan to rebuild the Twin Towers with various safety, structural, and technological improvements.
 + 
 +On [[June 29]], [[2005]], a redesigned Freedom Tower was unveiled which more closely resembled the character of the fallen towers. The new design also boasted several safety improvements over previous proposals.
 + 
 +On [[December 15]], [[2005]], [[Sir Norman Foster]] was announced as the architect who will design the second of five new office towers planned for the site.
 + 
 +On [[March 13]], [[2006]] workers arrived at the World Trade Center site to remove remaining debris and start surveying work. This marks the official start of construction of the WTC Memorial and Museum.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nysun.com/article/29032| last=Westfeldt| first=Amy| publisher=New York Sun| title=Construction Begins On World Trade Center Memorial| date=[[March 13]],[[2006]]}}</ref>
 + 
 +In April 2006, a tentative agreement was reached by the owner of the site, The Port Authority, and private developer Larry Silverstein. The main elements of that agreement are that Silverstein ceded rights to develop the Freedom Tower and Tower Five in exchange for financing with [[Liberty Bonds]] for Tower Two, Three, and Four which are considered to be the most marketable properties of the site. On [[April 27]], [[2006]], a ground breaking ceremony was held for the Freedom Tower.<ref>[http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/nation/3826653.html Construction Begins at Ground Zero (AP story)]</ref>
 + 
 +In May 2006, architects [[Richard Rogers]] and [[Fumihiko Maki]] were announced as the architects for Towers Three and Four, respectively.
 + 
 +The final designs for Towers Two, Three and Four were unveiled on [[September 7]], [[2006]]. Tower Two, or [[200 Greenwich Street]], will have a roof height of 1,254 feet (382 m) and a 96-foot (29 m) tripod spire for a total of 1,350 feet (411 m). Tower Three, or [[175 Greenwich Street]] will have a roof height of 1,155 feet (352 m) and an antennae height of 1,255 feet (383 m). Tower Four, or [[150 Greenwich Street]], will have an overall height of 946 feet (288 m).<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/nyregion/08towerscnd.html Designs Unveiled for Freedom Tower’s Neighbors]</ref>
 + 
 +As of late 2006, work at the World Trade Center site continued. Foundation work has started on the Freedom Tower, Calatrava Hub, and the memorials. By the end of 2006, the site was expected to look like the massive construction project that built the previous World Trade Center.
 + 
 +On [[June 22]], [[2007]] the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that [[JP Morgan Chase]] will build [[World Trade Center Tower 5|Tower 5]], a 42 story building on Site 5 currently occupied by the Deutsche Bank Building. <ref>[http://www.amny.com/news/local/am-wtc0622,0,6464804.story?coll=am-local-headlines JP Morgan releases WTC tower plans]</ref> [[Kohn Pedersen Fox]] was officially chosen as the architect for the building on [[July 17]], 2007<ref>[http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/070730wtc.asp Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms]. </ref>
 +<br>
 + 
 +==See also==
 +{| style="width:70%;"
 +|-
 +| style="vertical-align:top;width:50%;" |
 +* [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]
 +* [[Robert Moses]]
 +* [[Minoru Yamasaki]]
 +* [[Leslie Robertson]]
 +* [[9/11 (radio communications)]]
 +* [[50 tallest buildings in the U.S.]]
 +* [[Buildings and architecture of New York City]]
 +| style="vertical-align:top;width:50%;" |
 +* [[List of tenants in One World Trade Center]]
 +* [[List of tenants in Two World Trade Center]]
 +* [[List of tenants in Seven World Trade Center]]
 +* [[World Trade Center in popular culture]]
 +* [[Freedom Tower]]
 +* [[The Mall at the World Trade Center]]
 +* [[September 11, 2001 Attacks]]
 +* [[Collapse of the World Trade Center]]
 +|}
 + 
 +==References==
 +<!-- this 'empty' section displays references defined elsewhere -->
 +{{reflist|2}}
 + 
 +==External links==
 +{{commonscat|World Trade Center (New York)}}
 +*[http://www.wtc.com/ World Trade Center official site]
 +*[http://www.worldtradecenter.com/ WorldTrade Center.com - The global online tribute]
 +*[http://neverforget911.org/worldtradecenter.aspx Victims of the World Trade Center Collapse] - neverforget911.org
 +*[http://manhattan.about.com/od/september11th2001/ig/World-Trade-Center--1970-2001/index.htm World Trade Center - 1970-2001 Photo Retrospective]
 +*[http://web.archive.org/web/20010813164302/http://www.wtc-top.com/index.html Archived version of Top Of The World Trade Center Observatories website]
 +*[http://www.buildthememorial.org/ World Trade Center Memorial Foundation]
 +*[http://www.skyscraper.org/WHAT%27S_UP/WTC_DOSSIER/wtc.htm Skyscraper Museum WTC Dossier]
 +*[http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/wt/ Emporis — Special Coverage of the World Trade Center in New York City]
 +*[http://www.renewnyc.com/ Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]
 +*[http://www.lowermanhattan.info/ LowerManhattan.Info] Official site for Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center.
 +*[http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=56090 The Mega WTC Picture Thread at Skyscraper City]
 +*[http://www.giroudpichot.com/projects_wtc/movie_high.html Completing the Vision: Video unveiling the 4 towers to be erected on the World Trade Center site (Giroud Pichot 09-07-06)]
 +*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4334991174539603857&q=World+Trade+Center%2C&hl=en''Building the World Trade Center'', a 1983 documentary about the construction of the WTC by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey-from Google Video]
 +*[http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2004b/pc070404-freedomtower300k.asx Video of cornerstone laying ceremony for the Freedom Tower on [[July 4]], [[2004]]]
 +*[http://dmoz.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/New_York/Localities/N/New_York_City/Manhattan/Arts_and_Entertainment/Architecture/World_Trade_Center/ DMOZ directory]
 +*[http://urbanity2.blogsome.com/2007/07/01/new-design-for-new-yorks-ground-zero/ New design for New York’s WTC. Renders.]
 + 
 +===Webcams===
 +*[http://www.projectrebirth.org/ Project Rebirth]
 +*[http://www.earthcam.com/cams/newyork/groundzero/index.php World Trade Center Site / Ground Zero Webcams]
 + 
 +{{start box}}
 +{{succession box | before=[[Empire State Building]] | title=[[List of tallest buildings in the world|Tallest Building in the World]] | years=1973| after=[[Sears Tower]]}}
 +{{succession box | before=[[Empire State Building]] | title=[[List of tallest buildings in New York City|Tallest Building in New York City]] | years=1973&mdash;2001 | after=[[Empire State Building]]}}
 +{{succession box | before=[[Empire State Building]] | title=Building with the most floors | years=1973-2001 | after=[[Sears Tower]]}}
 +{{succession box|
 + before=[[Empire State Building]]|
 + title=[[List of tallest buildings in the United States|Tallest building in America]]|
 + years=1972&mdash;1973<br/><small>417m</small>|
 + after=[[Sears Tower]]}}
 +{{end box}}
 + 
 +{{Supertall skyscrapers}}
 +{{WTC navigation}}
 + 
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 + 
 +[[Category:1972 architecture]]
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 +[[Category:Buildings and structures in Manhattan]]
 +[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures]]
 +[[Category:Destroyed landmarks]]
 +[[Category:Former buildings and structures of New York City]]
 +[[Category:History of New York City]]
 +[[Category:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]
 +[[Category:September 11, 2001 attacks]]
 +[[Category:Skyscrapers in New York City]]
 +[[Category:Skyscrapers over 350 meters]]
 +[[Category:World Trade Centers|*]]
 +[[Category:World Trade Center|World Trade Center]]
 +[[Category:Former world's tallest buildings]]
 +[[Category:Collapsed buildings]]
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 +[[hu:Világkereskedelmi Központ]]
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Version actuelle

Modèle:Otheruses Modèle:Redirect Modèle:Infobox Skyscraper The World Trade Center in New York City, United States, (sometimes informally referred to as the WTC or the Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, mostly designed by American architect Minoru Yamasaki and engineer Leslie Robertson and developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It was initiated in 1960 by a Lower Manhattan Association created and chaired by David Rockefeller, who had the original idea of building the Center, with strong backing from the then-New York governor, his brother Nelson Rockefeller.<ref>The Height of Ambition, New York Times September 8, 2002.</ref> The World Trade Center, New York, like most World Trade Centers located around the globe, belonged to the family of World Trade Centers Association. Prior to its destruction, Larry Silverstein held the most recent lease to the complex, the Port Authority having leased it to him in July 2001.<ref>Modèle:Cite press release</ref> The complex, located in the heart of New York City's downtown financial district, contained 13.4 million square feet (1.24 million m²) of office space, almost four percent of Manhattan's entire office inventory at that time.<ref>Modèle:Cite webcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//www.buildings.com/Articles/detail.asp?ArticleID=341</ref>

Best known for its iconic 110-story twin towers, the World Trade Center was beset by a fire on February 13, 1975 and a bombing on February 26, 1993. Despite the first two disasters, the World Trade Center was a part of New York City's identity and was recognized all over the world as an icon for the United States of America.

All seven original buildings in the complex were destroyed by terrorists believed to be linked to Al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001. Three of the buildings collapsed: One World Trade Center (1 WTC, the North Tower), Two World Trade Center (2 WTC, the South Tower), and 7 World Trade Center (7 WTC). The Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC) was crushed by the collapses of 1 WTC and 2 WTC. 4 World Trade Center (4 WTC), 5 World Trade Center (5 WTC), and 6 World Trade Center (6 WTC) were damaged beyond repair and later demolished. Two buildings not part of the complex were also destroyed: St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church was destroyed by the collapse of 2 WTC, and the Deutsche Bank Building was damaged beyond repair and is currently being deconstructed.

Sommaire

[modifier]

Planning and construction

Main article: Construction of the World Trade Center
During the post-World War II period, the United States thrived economically, with increasing international trade. At the time, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan, with Lower Manhattan left out. To help stimulate urban renewal, David Rockefeller, with support from his brother, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, suggested that the Port Authority should build a "world trade center" in Lower Manhattan.<ref name="gillespie-ch1">Gillespie, Angus K. (1999) Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center, Chapter 1, Rutgers University Press</ref> Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> Objections to the plan came from New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner, who resented that New York would be getting this $335 million project.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> Meanwhile, New Jersey's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) was facing bankruptcy. Port Authority executive director, Austin J. Tobin agreed to take over control of the H&M Railroad, in exchange for support from New Jersey for the World Trade Center project.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/>
Image:Manhattan from helicopter.jpg
The iconic view of New York City showing most of its major landmarks, including the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, Empire State Building, and World Trade Center, May 2001
With this acquisition, the Port Authority would obtain the Hudson Terminal, and decrepit buildings located above the terminal in Lower Manhattan.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> The Port Authority decided to demolish these buildings, and use this site along the Hudson River for the World Trade Center.<ref name="gillespie-ch1"/> The towers in the complex were designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki with Antonio Brittiochi and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects. The World Trade Center was one of the most striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier, as well as the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.
[modifier]

Structural design

The World Trade Center included many structural engineering innovations in skyscraper design and construction. The towers were designed as framed tube structures. There was a frame of closely-spaced columns tied together by deep spandrel beams along the exterior perimeter. The interior had 47 columns, all concentrated in the core. Engineer Felix Samuely used a similar concept in his "Mullion wall" buildings in the early 1950s as did Eero Saarinen in his US Embassy, London (1955-60); but these projects were low to medium rise and may not have been influences.

The perimeter columns supported virtually all lateral loads, such as wind loads, and shared the gravity loads with the core columns.<ref name="NIST-chapter1">Modèle:Cite web caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf</ref> All columns were founded on bedrock, which unlike Midtown Manhattan, where the bedrock is shallow, is at 65 feet (20m) below the surface. Above the seventh floor there were 59 perimeter columns along each face of the building. The perimeter columns had a square cross section, 14 inches on a side (36 cm), and were constructed of welded steel plate.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The thickness of the plates and grade of steel were varied over the height of the tower, ranging from 36 ksi to 100 ksi, with the steel strength and plate thickness decreasing with height.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The perimeter structure was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, which consisted of three columns, three stories tall, connected together by spandrel plates. The spandrel plates were welded to the columns at the fabrication shop. The modular pieces were typically 52 inches (1.3 m) deep, and extended for two full floors and half of two more floors.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/>
Adjacent modules were bolted together, with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel plates were located at each floor, and served to transmit shear flow between columns, thus allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically, so the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/>

The building's core housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core in 1 WTC was oriented with the long axis east to west, while that of 2 WTC was oriented north to south. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m) and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The columns tapered with height, and consisted of welded box sections at lower floors and rolled wide-flange sections at upper floors. All of the elevators and stairwells were located in the core.

The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. The floors supported their own weight, as well as live loads, provided lateral stability to the exterior walls, and distributed wind loads among the exterior walls. The floors consisted of 4 inch (10 cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors. The trusses had a span of 60 feet (18.2 m) in the long-span areas and 35 feet (11.0 m) in the short span area.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns, and were therefore on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandel plates with vicsoelastic dampers, which helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants. The trusses supported a 4-inch-thick (10 cm) lightweight concrete floor slab, with shear connections for composite action.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/>

Hat trusses (or "outrigger truss") located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communications antenna on top of each building,<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> though only 1 WTC (north tower) actually had an antenna. The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of core and four along the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower.

[modifier]

Design innovations

Image:World Trade Center Building Design with Floor and Elevator Arrangment.svg
A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers

To solve the problem of wind sway or vibration in the construction of the towers, chief engineer Leslie Robertson took a then unusual approach — instead of bracing the buildings corner-to-corner or using internal walls, the towers were essentially hollow steel tubes surrounding a central core and perimeter columns sharing the loads. The 208 feet (63.4 m) wide facade was, in effect, a prefabricated steel lattice, with columns on 39 inch (100 cm) centers acting as wind bracing to resist all overturning forces; the central core took the majority of the gravity loads of the building. A very light, economical structure was built by keeping the wind bracing in the most efficient area, the outside surface of the building, thus not transferring the forces through the floor membrane to the core, as in most curtain-wall structures. The core supported the weight of the entire building and the outer shell containing 240 vertical steel columns called around the outside of the building, which were bound to each other using ordinary steel trusses. In addition, 10,000 dampers were included in the structure. With the large core and high load-bearing perimeter for structural integrity, Robertson created a tower that was extremely light for its size.

The buildings were also the second supertall buildings to use sky lobbies, after the John Hancock Center in Chicago.<ref> Otis History: The World Trade Center 

. Otis Elevator Company

. Retrieved on 2006-12-07. </ref> Skylobbies are floors where commuters can switch from an express elevator that goes only to the sky lobbies to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. The local elevators were stacked on top of each other, within the same elevator shaft. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently while taking up a minimum of valuable office space.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.<ref name="ruchelman-p11">Modèle:Cite book</ref> This system was inspired by the New York City Subway system, whose lines include local stations where local trains stop and express stations where all trains stop.<ref name="gillespie-p76">Modèle:Cite book</ref>

The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill, with the bedrock located 65 feet below.<ref name="iglauer">Modèle:Cite news caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//www.newyorker.com/archive/content/articles/010924fr archive02</ref> In order to construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build the "bathtub", with the slurry wall along the West Street side of the site, which serves the purpose of keeping water from the Hudson River out. The slurry method involves digging a trench, and as excavation proceeds, filling the space with a "slurry" mixture, composed of bentonite, which plugs holes and keeps water out. When the trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted, with concrete poured in, forcing the "slurry" out. The "slurry" method was devised by the Port Authority's chief engineer, John M. Kyle, Jr.

[modifier]

Construction

Image:World trade center new york city construction flickr.png
1 World Trade Center and 2 World Trade Center under construction; Empire State Building and PanAm Building seen in Midtown, 1970

Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center was on August 5, 1966.<ref>Modèle:Cite book</ref> The construction was under the auspices of the semiautonomous Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row, some of which predated the American Civil War, were razed to clear the site for construction.

The excavation of the foundations of the WTC complex, known as the Bathtub, was particularly complicated since there were two subway tubes close by needing protection without service interruption. A six-level basement was built in the foundations. The excavation of about 1 million cubic yards (760,000 m³) of earth and rock created a $90 million real estate asset for the project owner, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which helped offset the enormous loss in revenues which came from the tax breaks given to the Trade Center itself. The soil was used to create 23 acres (93,000 m²) of landfill in the Hudson River next to the World Trade Center site, which became the site of Battery Park City (still under development).

In 1970, construction was completed on One World Trade Center, with its first tenants moving into the building in December 1970. Tenants first moved into Two World Trade Center in January 1972.<ref>Modèle:Cite webcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//wtc.nist.gov/pubs/NISTNCSTAR1-1.pdf</ref> When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million.<ref name="Cudahy">Modèle:Cite book</ref> The ribbon cutting ceremony was on April 4, 1973.<ref>Modèle:Cite webcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/World Trade Center.html</ref>

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Architectural criticism

Although the towers became an undeniable icon of New York City, they were not without flaws and were handicapped in many ways. Initially conceived (as the name suggests) as a complex dedicated to companies and organizations directly taking part in "world trade," they at first failed to attract the expected clientele. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center, including the State of New York. It was not until the 1980s that the city's perilous financial state eased, after which an increasing number of private companies — mostly financial firms tied to Wall Street — became tenants.

Moreover, the trade center's "superblock", which replaced a more traditional, dense neighborhood, was regarded by some critics as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the complicated traffic network typical of Manhattan. For example, in his book The Pentagon of Power, the technical historian Lewis Mumford denounced the center as an "example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city." On the other hand, Mr. Yamasaki saw the expanse as a focal point of serenity amidst the chaos of the city. The twin towers' narrow office windows, only 18 inches wide, were also disliked by many for impairing the view from the buildings.<ref name="pekala"> Pekala, Nancy 


  . 
 "
   Profile of a lost landmark; World Trade Center
   
 " , Journal of Property Management
  , November 1, 2001
 
 . </ref>  This design element reflected on Yamasaki's fear of heights and desire to make building occupants secure with narrow windows.<ref name="pekala"/>

For many years, the immense Austin J. Tobin Plaza was unwelcoming, and often beset by brisk winds at the ground level.<ref> Dunlap, David W 


  . 
 "
   At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets
   
 " , The New York Times
  , December 7, 2006
 
 . </ref>  In 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million renovations, which involved replacing marble pavers with gray and pink granite stones, adding new benches, planters, new restaurants and food kiosks, and outdoor dining areas.<ref>Modèle:Cite web caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//www.panynj.gov/pr/71-99.html</ref>  In later years, the plaza became a center for outdoor concerts and other activities.
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The complex

[modifier]

The Twin Towers

Ultimately the complex came to consist of seven buildings, but its most notable features were the main twin towers. Each of the WTC towers had 110 stories. 1 WTC (the North Tower, which featured a massive 360-foot high TV antenna added in 1978) stood 1,368 feet (417 m) high,<ref name="height">Modèle:Cite webcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//www.emporis.com/en/wm/cx/?id=100329</ref> and 2 WTC (the South Tower, which contained the observation deck) was 1,362 feet (415 m) high.<ref name="height"/> The length and breadth of the towers were 208 feet (63.4 m) x 208 feet (63.4 m). Although only Tower 1 featured an antenna, the structure of each building was designed to carry a broadcast mast, and in the basement of the complex, The Mall at the World Trade Center was Manhattan's largest mall until 9-11.

Image:WTC Building Arrangement and Site Plan.svg
The WTC site building arrangement
Image:WTC lobby 19-8-00.png
The lobby of the World Trade Center
Image:World Trade Center Observation Deck New York City 1999 corrected.jpg
The large antenna on top of the North Tower, from the South Tower's observation deck

When completed in 1972, 1 WTC became the tallest building on Earth, unseating the Empire State Building after a 40 year reign. 2 WTC became the second tallest building in the world when completed in 1973. The difference in height between the two towers was because of a Port Authority request to have two floors, the 43rd and the 67th, in 1 WTC raised, the lower of the taller floors being a cafeteria for PANY workers.[citation needed] 2 WTC did not need these facilities, so it remained 1,362 feet. Regardless, the WTC towers held the height record only briefly. As the building neared completion in 1973, work had already begun on Chicago's Sears Tower, which ultimately reached 1,450 feet (442 m).<ref> Sears Tower Building Information


. Retrieved on 2006-09-11. </ref> With the World Trade Center's destruction, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York, after spending almost 30 years as the third-tallest in the city.

The towers' sheer size was the subject of a joke during a press conference unveiling the landmarks. Minoru Yamasaki was asked: "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?" His response was: "I didn't want to lose the human scale". Another popular joke among New York urbanites that died out late in the 1970s from overtelling was that the towers looked like the boxes in which the Chrysler Building and Empire State Building were packaged.

Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for technical services (mechanical floors) Level B6/B5, Floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76 and 108/109, in four two-floor areas evenly spread up the building. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices. Each floor of the towers had 40,000 square feet of space for occupancy.<ref name="ruchelman-p11"/> Each tower had 3.8 million square feet (350,000 m²) of office space. Altogether the entire complex of seven buildings had 11.2 million square feet (1.04 km²) of space.

During the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex, including many financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon Corporation, Salomon Brothers, as well as the Port Authority itself. Electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC) and sent up through the core of the building to electrical substations located on the mechanical floors. The substations "stepped" the 13,800 primary voltage down to 480/277 volt secondary power and further to 120/208 volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sublevels of the towers and on the roof of 5 WTC.<ref>You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}. 

. FEMAcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf

. Retrieved on 2007-03-08. 

 “Six 1,200-kilowatt(kW) emergency power generators located in the sixth basement (B-6) level provided a secondary power supply.”

</ref><ref>You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}. 

  Amy Florence Fischbach
   
 


     (January 1, 2001)
   
.  
. CEE News

. Retrieved on 2007-03-08caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//september11.ceenews.com/ar/electric_towering_security_2/index.htm. 

 “E-J Electric set four generators on the roof of Tower 5, which was nine stories, as opposed to the 110-story Towers 1 and 2. E-J then ran high-voltage feeder cable to Towers 1, 2, 4 and 5, installed three substations and distributed power to the tenants.”

</ref>

The 110th Floor of 1 WTC (North Tower) housed commercial and public service radio & television transmission equipment. The roof of 1 WTC contained a vast array of transmission antennas, including the 360 ft (approx 110m) center antenna mast, which was rebuilt in 1999 by Dielectric Inc. to accommodate DTV. The center mast contained the television signals for almost all NYC television broadcasters: WCBS-TV 2, WNBC-TV 4, WNYW 5, WABC-TV 7, WWOR-TV 9 Secaucus, WPIX 11, WNET 13 Newark, WPXN-TV 31, and WNJU 47. It also had four NYC FM broadcasters on it as well: WPAT-FM 93.1, WNYC 93.9, WKCR 89.9, and WKTU 103.5.<ref>http://www.fcc.gov/</ref> Access to the roof was controlled from the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC) located in the B1 level of 2 WTC.

The World Trade Center complex was protected by an extensive fire detection and voice evacuation paging system upgraded after the 1993 bombing. Fire Command Stations, staffed by Fire Safety Directors were located in the lobbies of each building and the Operations Control Center (OCC) monitored these systems. An extensive study of the performance of World Trade Center Fire Protection Systems was conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) following 2001-09-11.<ref>http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-4C.pdf</ref>

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Observation deck and Windows on the World

Image:Observationwtc.jpg
Midtown Manhattan from the observation deck of the south tower which received an estimated 80,000 visitors a day, during the late 90s.

Although most of the space in the WTC complex was off-limits to the general public, 2 WTC (South Tower) featured a public observation area named "Top Of The World." When visiting the observation deck, visitors would first pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Next, visitors were whisked to the 107th floor indoor observatory at a height of 1,310 feet (399 m) and greeted with a 360 degree view of the New York City skyline, and exhibitions including a three-dimensional scale model of Manhattan, and a simulated helicopter ride around the city. Weather permitting, visitors could take two short escalator rides up from the 107th floor and visit what was the world's highest outdoor viewing platform. At a height of 1,377 feet (420 m), visitors were able to take in a view of the North Tower and New York City unlike any other. On a clear day, visitors could see up to 49 miles (78 km) in any given direction. An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself, with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing and leaving the view unobstructed, unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building.

The North Tower (1 WTC) had a restaurant on the 107th floor called Windows on the World, which was an elegant restaurant known as a place for big celebrations, such as weddings. In its last full year of operation, 2000, Windows on the World reported revenues of $37.5 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States.

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The other buildings

Five smaller buildings stood around the 16 acre (65,000 m²) block. One was the 22-floor Vista Hotel (3 WTC) at the southwest corner of the site, that was crushed between the two towers. Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC) in the same hollow tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza. 6 World Trade Center, at the north west corner, housed the United States Customs Service and the U.S. Commodities Exchange. 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner, above the PATH station, and 4 World Trade Center was at the southeast corner. In 1987, a 47-floor office building called 7 WTC was built north of the block. Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall, which in turn had connections to various mass transit facilities, including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority's own PATH trains connecting Manhattan to Jersey City, Hoboken, and Newark.

One of the world's largest gold depositories was stored underneath the World Trade Center, owned by a group of commercial banks. The 1993 bomb detonated close to the vault, but it withstood the explosion, as did the towers. Seven weeks after the September 11th attacks, $230 million in precious metals were removed from basement vaults of 4 WTC, which included 3,800 100-Troy-ounce registered gold bars and 30,000 1,000-ounce silver bars.<ref>Rediff.com – Buried WTC gold returns to futures trade</ref>

[modifier]

Life of the World Trade Center

On a typical weekday 50,000 people worked in the towers,<ref name="ruchelman-p11"/> with another 200,000 passing through as visitors. The complex was so large that it had its own zip code, 10048. The towers offered spectacular views from the observation deck (located on top of the South Tower) and the Windows on the World restaurant (located on top of the North Tower). The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in movies, TV shows, postcards, merchandise, magazines and much more, and became a New York icon, such as the Empire State Building, or Statue of Liberty. French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the towers on a tightrope in 1974, and Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the south tower in 1977.

[modifier]

February 13, 1975 fire

On February 13, 1975, the WTC North Tower was beset by a fire which spread over nearly half of the 11th floor. The fire spread to other floors through openings in the floor slabs which were used to carry phone wires. The fires on other floors were extinguished almost immediately, and the main fire was put out in a few hours. Fireproofing protected the steel from melting and there was no structural damage to the tower. This event led to the installation of a sprinkler system in both towers. Firefighters claim that had the sprinklers been installed when the tower was built, the fire probably would not have spread as much as it did. Other than the damage caused by the fire, a few floors below suffered water damage from the extinguishing of the fires above.

[modifier]

Bombing of February 26, 1993


Main article: World Trade Center bombing

On February 26, 1993 at 12:17 PM, a Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives was planted by Ramzi Yousef and detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower, opening a 100 foot (30 m) hole through 5 sublevels of concrete leaving six people dead and 50,000 other workers and visitors gasping for air in the shafts of the 110 story towers.

Image:WTC 1993 ATF.jpg
Damage underground due to the bombing

Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells which contained no emergency lighting, some taking two hours or more to reach safety. As the Port Authority was a bistate agency, the towers were exempt from New York City building codes. Subsequent to the bombing The Port Authority installed emergency lighting in the stairwells. It is believed that this lighting saved many lives during the events of September 11, 2001.

In 1997 and 1998, six Islamist extremists were convicted and sentenced to life in prison for their roles in the bombing. According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the north tower and send it crashing into the south tower, toppling both landmarks.

As a memorial to the victims of the bombing of the tower, a reflecting pool was installed with the names of those who had been killed in the blast. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, relief workers found a single fractured piece of the fountain etched with the word "John"; to date it is the only remaining part of the 1993 memorial that survived the collapse of the towers.

[modifier]

Lease

In 1998, plans were approved by the Port Authority to privatize the World Trade Center.<ref> Herman, Eric 


  . 
 "
   PA to ease WTC tax load, rent would be cut to offset hike by city
   
 " , New York Daily News
  , February 6, 2001
 
 . </ref>  In 2001, the Port Authority sought to lease the World Trade Center to a private entity.  Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust, a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties,<ref>   Bagli, Charles V.
     
   
  . 
 "
   Bidding for Twin Towers
   
 " , The New York Times
  , January 31, 2001
 
 . </ref> and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group.<ref name="cuozzo">   Cuozzo, Steve
     
   
  . 
 "
   Larry Lusts for Twin Towers; Silverstein has an Eye on WTC's; Untapped Retail Potential
   
 " , New York Post
  , January 30, 2001
 
 . </ref>  By privatizing the World Trade Center, it would be added to the city's tax rolls.<ref name="cuozzo"/>  The lease was also intended to raise funds for other Port Authority projects.<ref>   Herman, Eric
     
   
  . 
 "
   Port Authority Gets Final Bids on WTC
   
 " , New York Daily News
  , January 31, 2001
 
 . </ref>  On February 15, 2001, the Port Authority announced that Vornado Trust Realty had won the lease for the World Trade Center, paying $3.25 billion for the 99-year lease.<ref>"
   Brookfield Loses Lease Bid
   
 " , Toronto Star
  , February 23, 2001
 
 . </ref>  Vornado Realty outbid Silverstein by $600 million, though Silverstein upped his offer to $3.22 billion.  However, Vornado insisted on last minute changes to the deal, including a shorter 39-year lease, which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable.<ref>Modèle:Cite news caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E5DB113DF933A15750C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=1a</ref>  Vornado later withdrew and Silverstein's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26 2001,<ref>Modèle:Cite news caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E3DA1339F934A15757C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=1</ref> and closed on July 24, 2001.<ref>Modèle:Cite news caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E0D91F3AF936A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=</ref>
[modifier]

September 11, 2001

Main articles: September 11, 2001 attacks and Collapse of the World Trade Center
Image:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg
With the Statue of Liberty in the foreground, the World Trade Center is shown on fire

On September 11 2001 at 8:46 a.m. Eastern Time, Al Qaeda suicide hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower.<ref>Modèle:Cite web caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNumSQL.asp?NNumbertxt=334AA&cmndfind.x=11&cmndfind.y=24</ref><ref name="911commisssion">Modèle:Cite webcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm</ref> Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 a.m., a second team of hijackers crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower,<ref name="911commisssion"/><ref> N-Number Inquiry Results 

. Federal Aviation Administration

.</ref> which collapsed and disintegrated at 9:59 a.m. At 10:28 a.m., the North Tower collapsed and disintegrated. At 5:20 p.m., 7 World Trade Center collapsed as a result of damage from the North Tower's collapse. The four remaining buildings in the WTC plaza sustained heavy damage from debris, and were ultimately demolished.

At the time of the incident, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed in the massacre, as on any given day upwards of 50,000 people could be inside the towers. Ultimately, 2,750 <ref>You must specify title = and url = when using {{cite web}}. 

. Associated Press caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18831750/ 
 
 (May 23, 2007)

. Retrieved on May 24 , 2007 . </ref> death certificates were filed relating to the 9/11 attacks, as of May 23, 2007. Of these, 1,614 (59%) were identified from recovered physical remains. 340 Emergency personnel and 60 police officers were killed in the collapse of the Twin Towers. Morgan Stanley was the largest tenant in the World Trade Center, with approximately 2,500 employees in the South Tower and 1,000 in the North Tower.<ref> Goldstein, Amy, Cheryl W. Thompson caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033108307.html 


  . 
 "
   Jet Crash Victims' Stories Start To Emerge; Loved Ones Describe Lives, Last Contacts
   
 " , The Washington Post
  , September 12, 2001
 
 . </ref> For the following 8½ months, the World Trade Center site cleanup and recovery continued 24 hours a day and involved thousands of workers. The massive pile of debris smoked and smoldered for 99 days.
[modifier]

Film and media

Main article: World Trade Center in popular culture

The World Trade Center was an American icon and has been featured in numerous films, as well as appearing in many television shows, cartoons, comic books, computer/video games and music videos. The Twin Towers have appeared in popular television shows such as Friends, Sex and the City,New York Undercover, NYPD Blue,The Simpsons and Family Guy. The Twin Towers have also appeared prominently in popular films such as Three Days of the Condor, Escape From New York, Godspell, the 1976 King Kong, New Jack City,Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, Die Hard: With a Vengeance, Sleepless in Seattle The Wiz, Armageddon,Artificial Intelligence (A.I.),Crocodile Dundee and Crocodile Dundee II ]]. The Towers have also been featured in music videos by popular musicians such as The Spice Girls, Madonna, Blondie, and Linkin Park, most of which being America. (<= What does this mean???)

The events surrounding September 11 are portrayed in several documentaries and movies, including two major motion pictures made in 2006, Oliver Stone's World Trade Center and Paul Greengrass' United 93. Several movies released shortly after 9/11 digitally erased the Twin Towers from skyline shots. As of 2007 most reruns of popular television shows have chosen to leave the Twin Towers in airings of the show such as cut scenes in Friends and episodes of The Simpsons.

In his novel, Underworld (1997), Don DeLillo cites the Towers on several occasions, once even having his protagonist ponder the metaphysical (prescient and eerie) connection between the Towers and the Fresh Kills landfill on Staten Island (where the debris from the WTC site was taken). In Part 4 of the novel, however, subtitled "Summer 1974," the Center is described as still being under construction.

[modifier]

Rebuilding the World Trade Center

Modèle:Future building

Main articles: World Trade Center site and World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition
Image:Wtcsite 2006-0911.jpg
World Trade Center site on September 11, 2006; early stages of construction and foundation work for the Freedom Tower (shown here) were paused in observance of the fifth anniversary

Modèle:New World Trade Center The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, the agency charged with coordinating the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site, selected the master plan, Memory Foundations by Daniel Libeskind,<ref> Modèle:Cite webcaselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78//www.renewnyc.com/plan des dev/wtc site/new design plans/selected design.asp</ref> which includes the 1,776 ft (541 m) Freedom Tower. The height of 1,776 feet (541 m) was chosen as a reference to the year of American independence. A new 7 World Trade Center office building, which was not part of the site master plan, officially opened on May 23, 2006.

The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation sponsored the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition, an international design competition for the World Trade Center Memorial in spring 2003. The winning design, Michael Arad and Peter Walker's Reflecting Absence, was chosen in January 2004.

The World Trade Center name will continue to be used as name of the site, as will the New York City Subway and PATH train stations that serve the complex. A temporary PATH station, largely following the layout of the original, is the first part of the complex to have reopened.

On November 22, 2004, New York Governor George Pataki named the living former presidents as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center.

On May 18, 2005, Donald Trump, long-time opponent of the Freedom Tower, proposed the Twin Towers II plan to rebuild the Twin Towers with various safety, structural, and technological improvements.

On June 29, 2005, a redesigned Freedom Tower was unveiled which more closely resembled the character of the fallen towers. The new design also boasted several safety improvements over previous proposals.

On December 15, 2005, Sir Norman Foster was announced as the architect who will design the second of five new office towers planned for the site.

On March 13, 2006 workers arrived at the World Trade Center site to remove remaining debris and start surveying work. This marks the official start of construction of the WTC Memorial and Museum.<ref> Westfeldt , Amy 


  . 
 "
   Construction Begins On World Trade Center Memorial 
     
 " , New York Sun
  , March 13,2006
 
 . </ref>

In April 2006, a tentative agreement was reached by the owner of the site, The Port Authority, and private developer Larry Silverstein. The main elements of that agreement are that Silverstein ceded rights to develop the Freedom Tower and Tower Five in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for Tower Two, Three, and Four which are considered to be the most marketable properties of the site. On April 27, 2006, a ground breaking ceremony was held for the Freedom Tower.<ref>Construction Begins at Ground Zero (AP story)</ref>

In May 2006, architects Richard Rogers and Fumihiko Maki were announced as the architects for Towers Three and Four, respectively.

The final designs for Towers Two, Three and Four were unveiled on September 7, 2006. Tower Two, or 200 Greenwich Street, will have a roof height of 1,254 feet (382 m) and a 96-foot (29 m) tripod spire for a total of 1,350 feet (411 m). Tower Three, or 175 Greenwich Street will have a roof height of 1,155 feet (352 m) and an antennae height of 1,255 feet (383 m). Tower Four, or 150 Greenwich Street, will have an overall height of 946 feet (288 m).<ref>Designs Unveiled for Freedom Tower’s Neighbors</ref>

As of late 2006, work at the World Trade Center site continued. Foundation work has started on the Freedom Tower, Calatrava Hub, and the memorials. By the end of 2006, the site was expected to look like the massive construction project that built the previous World Trade Center.

On June 22, 2007 the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that JP Morgan Chase will build Tower 5, a 42 story building on Site 5 currently occupied by the Deutsche Bank Building. <ref>JP Morgan releases WTC tower plans</ref> Kohn Pedersen Fox was officially chosen as the architect for the building on July 17, 2007<ref>Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms. </ref>

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See also

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References

<references />
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External links

{{#tag:ImageMap| Image:Commons-logo.svg|50px|commons:Accueil default commons:Accueil desc none}}

Wikimedia Commons propose des documents multimédia libres sur World Trade Center.

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Webcams

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Modèle:Coor title dmsaf:Wêreldhandelsentrum am:ዓለም ንግድ ሕንጻ ar:مركز التجارة العالمي bs:Svjetski trgovački centar bg:Световен търговски център (Ню Йорк) ca:Torres Bessones cs:World Trade Center cy:Canolfan Masnach y Byd da:World Trade Center de:World Trade Center el:Παγκόσμιο Κέντρο Εμπορίου es:World Trade Center eo:World Trade Center eu:Dorre Bikiak fa:مرکز تجارت جهانی fr:World Trade Center ko:세계 무역 센터 hr:Svjetski trgovački centar id:World Trade Center is:World Trade Center it:World Trade Center he:מגדלי התאומים ka:მსოფლიო სავაჭრო ცენტრი lb:World Trade Center lt:Pasaulio prekybos centras hu:Világkereskedelmi Központ ms:World Trade Center nah:Ōme Huēyicnīuhcalli nl:World Trade Center (New York) ja:ワールドトレードセンター (ニューヨーク) no:Verdens Handelssenter i New York nn:Verdshandelssenteret i New York oc:World Trade Center pl:World Trade Center pt:World Trade Center qu:Awacha turrikuna ru:Всемирный торговый центр (Нью-Йорк) sq:World Trade Center scn:World Trade Center simple:World Trade Center sk:Svetové obchodné centrum sr:Светски трговински центар sh:Svjetski Trgovački Centar fi:World Trade Center sv:World Trade Center th:เวิลด์เทรดเซ็นเตอร์ vi:Trung tâm Thương mại Thế giới tr:Dünya Ticaret Merkezi (bina) uk:Всесвітній торговий центр ur:ورلڈ ٹریڈ سینٹر vls:WTC-toorns yi:ווארלד טרעיד צענטער zh:世界贸易中心

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