1944

Un article de Vev.

Modèle:Year nav Modèle:C20YearInTopicX Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. Modèle:C20YearTOCship

[modifier]

Events of 1944

(Below, events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.)

[modifier]

January

January 4 - WWII: The Battle of Monte Cassino begins.
January 5
- WWII: Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk.
- The Daily Mail becomes the first transoceanic newspaper.
January 14 - WWII: The Soviet troops start the offensive at Leningrad and Novgorod.
January 15
- WWII: The 27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division recreated, marking the start of Operation Tempest by the Polish Home Army.
- An earthquake hits San Juan, Argentina killing an estimated 10,000 people in the worst natural disaster in Argentina's history.
January 17 - WWII:
- British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River.
- Meat Rationing ends in Australia.
- Soviet Union ceases the production of Mosin-Nagant 1891/30 sniper rifle.
January 20 - WWII: The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin. The U.S. Army 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapid River.
January 22 - WWII: Allies begin Operation Shingle, the assault on Anzio, Italy. The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months.
January 27 - WWII: The two year Siege of Leningrad is lifted.
January 29 - WWII: The Battle of Cisterna takes place.
January 30 - WWII: United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands.
January 31 - WWII: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.

[modifier]

February

February 1 - WWII: United States troops land in the Marshall Islands.
February 3 - WWII: United States troops capture the Marshall Islands.
February 7 - WWII: In Anzio, Italian forces launch a counteroffensive.
February 14 - WWII:
- SHAEF headquarters established in Britain by General Eisenhower.
- Anti-Japanese revolt on Java.
February 15 - WWII: Battle of Monte Cassino - the monastery atop Monte Cassino is destroyed by Allied bombing.
February 17 - WWII: Battle of Eniwetok Atoll begins. The battle ended in an American victory on February 22.
February 20 - WWII:
- "Big Week" begins with American bomber raids on German aircraft manufacturing centers.
- The United States takes Eniwetok Island.
February 23 - WWII: The Chechens and Ingush are forcibly deported to Central Asia.
February 26 - - Shooting begins of the Nazi propaganda film, "The Fuehrer Gives a Village to the Jews" in Theresienstadt.
February 29 - WWII: The Admiralty Islands are invaded by U.S. forces in the Battle of Los Negros and Operation Brewer.

[modifier]

March

March - WWII: The Japanese launch an offensive in central and south China.
March 1 - WWII:
- USS Tarawa and USS Kearsarge laid down.
- Anti-fascist strike in northern Italy.
March 2 - WWII: Train stalls inside a railway tunnel outside Salerno, Italy - 426 choke to death
March 3 - WWII: The Order of Nakhimov and the Order of Ushakov were instituted in USSR
March 4 - In Ossining, New York, Louis Buchalter, the leader of 1930s crime syndicate Murder, Inc., is executed at Sing Sing.
March 6 - WWII: Soviet Army planes attack Narva in Estonia, destroying almost the entire old town.
March 9 - WWII: Soviet Army planes attack Tallinn, Estonia.
March 10 - WWII: In Britain the Education Act lifts the ban on women teachers marrying.
March 12 - WWII: The Creation of the politic Committee of national liberation in Greece.
March 15 - WWII:
- Battle of Monte Cassino - Allied aircraft bomb German-held monastery and stage an assault.
- The National Council of the French Resistance approves the Resistance programme.
March 17 - WWII: The hitlerists assassinate at Rîbniţa almost 400 prisoners, Soviet citizens and anti-fascist Romanians.
March 19 - WWII: German forces occupy Hungary.
March 18 - The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Italy kills 26 and causes thousands to flee their homes.
March 20 - WWII: RAF Flight Sergeant Nicholas Alkemade's bomber is hit over Germany and he has to bail out without a parachute from the height of over 4000 meters. Tree branches interrupt his fall and he lands safely on deep snow
March 23 - WWII: members of the Italian Resistance attack Nazis marching in via Rasella. 33 Nazis are killed.
March 24 - WWII:
- The Fosse Ardeatine massacre in Rome, Italy. 335 Italians are killed, including 75 Jews and over 200 members of the Italian Resistance from various groups.
- In the Polish village of Markowa, German police kill Józef and Wiktoria Ulm, their six children and eight Jewish people they were hiding.

[modifier]

April

April 25 - WWII: The United Negro College Fund is incorporated.
April 28 - WWII: 749 American troops are killed in Exercise Tiger at Start Bay, Devon, England.

[modifier]

May

May 5 - WWII: Mohandas Gandhi released in India.
May 9 - WWII: In the Ukrainian city of Sevastopol, Soviet troops had completely driven out the German forces. The besieged German troops had been ordered by Hitler to “fight to the last Man.”<ref>"Year by Year 1944" -- History Channel International</ref>
May 12 - WWII: Soviet troops finalize the liberation of Crimea.
May 18 - WWII:
- Battle of Monte Cassino - Germans evacuate Monte Cassino and Allied forces take the stronghold after a struggle that claimed 20,000 lives.
- Deportation of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union government.
May 30 - Princess Charlotte Louise Juliette Louvet Grimaldi of Monaco, heir to the throne resigns from her rights in favor of her son Prince Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi, later reigning Prince Rainier III of Monaco.

[modifier]

June

Image:NormandySupply edit.jpg

Allied troops land on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day.

June 1 - WWII: The BBC transmits a coded message (the first line of a poem by Paul Verlaine) to underground resistance fighters in France warning that the invasion of Europe is imminent.
June 2 - WWII: The provisional French government is established.
June 4 - WWII:
- A hunter-killer group of the United States Navy captures the German submarine U-505, marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel had captured an enemy vessel at sea since the 19th century.
- Rome falls to the Allies. It is the first capital of an Axis nation to fall.
June 5 - WWII:
- More than 1000 British bombers drop 5000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the Normandy coast in preparation for D-Day.
- At 10:15 p.m. local time, the BBC transmits the second line of the Paul Verlaine poem to the underground resistance indicating that the invasion of Europe is about to begin.
- The The German navy's Enigma messages are decoded almost in real time.
June 6 - WWII: Battle of Normandy begins - Operation Overlord, code named D-Day, commences with the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland in the largest amphibious military operation in history. This operation was used to help liberate France from Germany. It also weakened the Nazi Germany hold on Europe.
June 7 - WWII: Bayeux liberated by British troops.
June 9 - WWII: Stalin launches an offensive against Finland with the intent of defeating Finland before pushing for Berlin.
June 10 - WWII: 642 men, women and children are killed in the Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre in France.
June 13 - WWII: Germany launches a V1 Flying Bomb attack on England.
June 15 - WWII:
- Battle of Saipan: The United States invades Saipan.
- American forces push back Germans in St. Lo, capturing the city.
June 17
- WWII: The proclamation of the Republic of Iceland.
- Iceland declares full independence from Denmark.
June 22 - WWII:
- Operation Bagration: General attack by Soviet forces to clear the German forces from Belarus which resulted in the destruction of the German Army Group Centre, possibly the greatest defeat of the Wehrmacht during WWII.
- Burma Campaign: The Battle of Kohima ends in a British victory.
June 25 - WWII: The Battle of Tali-Ihantala between Finnish and Soviet troops begins. Largest battle ever to be fought in the Nordic countries.
June 26 - WWII: American troops enter Cherbourg.

[modifier]

July

July 1 - Start of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.
July 3 - WWII:
- Soviet troops liberate Minsk.
- Battle of Imphal: Japanese forces call off their advance, ending the battle in a British victory.
July 6
- Hartford Circus Fire: More than 100 children died in one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United States.
- WWII: At Camp Hood, Texas, future baseball star and 1st Lt. Jackie Robinson is arrested and later court-martialed for refusing to move to the back of a segregated U.S. Army bus. He is eventually acquitted.
July 9 - WWII: British and Canadian forces capture Caen.
July 10 - WWII: Soviet troops start the operations for occupying the Baltic countries.
July 13 - WWII: Liberation of Vilnius.
July 17 - WWII:
- The largest convoy of the war embarks from Halifax, Nova Scotia under Royal Canadian Navy protection.
- SS E.A.Bryan, loaded with ammunition, explodes in the Port Chicago naval base - 320 dead.
July 18 - WWII: Hideki Tojo resigns as Prime Minister of Japan due to numerous setbacks in the war effort.
July 20 - WWII: Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt. See Claus von Stauffenberg
July 21 - WWII:
- Battle of Guam - American troops land on Guam starting the battle (ends on August 10).
- The creation of the Polish Committee for national liberation.
July 22 - End of Bretton Woods conference and signing of Agreements.
July 25 - WWII: Operation Spring - One of the bloodiest days for Canadians during the war: 18,444 casualties, including 5,021 killed.

[modifier]

August

Image:Warsaw Uprising boyscouts.jpg

Szare Szeregi Scouts also fought in the Warsaw Uprising.

August 1 - WWII: Warsaw Uprising begins.
August 2 - WWII:
- Turkey ends diplomatic and economic relations with Germany.
- the First Assembly of ASNOM was held in the Prohor Pchinski monastery
August 4 - Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse where they find Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family.
August 5 - Holocaust: Polish insurgents liberate a German labor camp in Warsaw, freeing 348 Jewish prisoners.
August 7 - IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I).
August 9 - The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring Smokey the Bear for the first time.
August 12 - WWII:
- Allies capture Florence, Italy.
- World's first undersea oil pipeline laid, between England and France in Operation Pluto
August 15 - WWII: Operation Dragoon lands Allies in southern France. U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division participates in its fourth assault landing at St. Maxime, spearheading the drive for the Belfort Gap.
August 19 - (August 25) - WWII: Victorious insurrection in Paris.
August 20 - WWII: American forces successfully defeat German forces at Chambois. This victory closed the Falaise Gap.
August 23 - WWII: Ion Antonescu, prime minister of Romania, is arrested and a new government is established. Romania exits the war against Soviet Union joining the Allies.
August 24 - WWII: Allies liberate Paris, therefore ending The Battle of Normandy.
August 25 - WWII: Hungary decides to continue the war together with Germany.
August 29 - WWII: Slovak National Uprising against Axis powers begins.
August 31 - The Mad Gasser of Mattoon resumes his mysterious attacks in Mattoon, Illinois.

[modifier]

September

September 1 - WWII: In Bulgaria, the Bagrianov government resigns.
September 2 - WWII: Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz. They arrive three days later.
September 3 - WWII: Allies liberate Brussels.
September 4 - WWII:
- The British 11th Armored Division liberates the city of Antwerp in Belgium.
- Finland breaks off relations with Germany.
September 5 - WWII: The Soviets declare war on Bulgaria.
September 7 - WWII: The Belgian government returns from exile in Britain.
September 8 - WWII:
- London is hit by a V2 rocket for the first time.
- The French town of Menton is liberated from Germany.
September 9 - WWII: Insurrection in Sofia.
September 11 - WWII: Northern and Southern France invasion forces link up near Dijon.
September 17 - WWII: Operation Market Garden begins.
September 19 - WWII: Armistice between Finland and Soviet Union signed. (End of the Continuation War)
September 20 - WWII: Jüri Uluots, prime minister in capacity of president of Estonia, escapes to Sweden. Two days later, Tallinn is taken over by the Red Army.
September 24 - WWII: The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division takes the strongly defended city of Epinal before crossing the Moselle River and entering the western foothills of the Vosges.
September 26 - WWII: Operation Market Garden ends in an Allied withdrawal.

[modifier]

October

October 2 - WWII:
- Warsaw Uprising ends.
- Holocaust: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising.
October 5 - WWII: Royal Canadian Air Force pilots shoot down the first German jet fighter over France.
October 6 - WWII: Battle of Debrecen starts on the Eastern Front (lasts until October 29).
October 8 - The radio show, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet debuts.
October 9 - WWII: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Union Premier Joseph Stalin begin a nine-day conference in Moscow to discuss the future of Europe.
October 10 - Holocaust: 800 Gypsy children are systematically murdered at Auschwitz death camp
October 12 - WWII: The Allies land at Athens.
October 13 - WWII: Riga, the capital of Latvia is taken over by the Red Army.
October 14 - WWII: German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel committed suicide rather than face execution for allegedly conspiring against Adolf Hitler.
October 18 - WWII: Volkssturm founded on Hitler's orders.
October 20 - WWII:
- Belgrade is liberated by Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army.
- LNG explosion destroys a square mile (2.6 km²) of Cleveland, Ohio.
October 21 - WWII: Aachen is the first German city to fall.
October 23 - WWII: Naval Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines begins (lasts until October 26).
October 25
- Florence Foster Jenkins recital in the Carnegie Hall
- WWII: Red Army liberates Kirkenes, the first town in Norway to be liberated from German occupation.
October 31 - Mass murderer Marcel Petiot is apprehended in Paris Métro station

[modifier]

November

November 3 - WWII: Two supreme commanders of the Slovak National Uprising, Generals Ján Golian and Rudolf Viest are captured, tortured and later executed by German forces.
November 7
- U.S. presidential election, 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey to become the only U.S. president to be elected to a fourth term.
- Passenger train derails in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico due to excessive speed in a declining hill. 16 killed; 50 injured.
November 22 - William Lyon Mackenzie King introduces conscription in Canada (see Conscription Crisis of 1944).
November 24 - The entire territory of Estonia is taken over by the Red Army.

[modifier]

December

December 30 - WWII: Edward Stettinius Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, by filling the seat left by Cordell Hull.
December 3 - WWII: Civil war breaks out in a newly-liberated Greece, between Communists and royalists.
December 10 - Legendary Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini leads a concert performance of the first half of Beethoven's Fidelio (minus its spoken dialogue) on NBC radio, starring Rose Bampton. He chooses this opera for its political message - a statement against tyranny and dictatorship. Conducting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half will be broadcast a week later. The performance will later be released on LP and CD. This is the first of seven operas that the Maestro will conduct on radio.
December 12 and 13 - WWII: British units attempt to take the hilltop town of Tossignano; they are repulsed.
December 15 - A private airplane carrying bandleader Glenn Miller disappears in heavy fog over the English Channel while flying to Paris.
December 16 - WWII:
- Germany begins the Ardennes offensive, later to become known as Battle of the Bulge.
- General George C. Marshall becomes the first Five-Star General.
December 17 - WWII: German troops carry out the Malmedy massacre.
December 22 - WWII: Brigadier General Anthony C. McAuliffe, commander of the U.S. forces defending Bastogne, refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, "Nuts!", to the German command.
December 24 - WWII: The Bulge reaches its deepest point at Celles.
December 26
- WWII: American troops repulse German forces at Bastogne.
- Premiere of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams.
December 30 - WWII: King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant.
December 31 - WWII: Hungary declares war on Germany.

[modifier]

Undated

In Sweden, the law of 1864 that criminalizes homosexuality is abolished.
Swedish author of children's books Astrid Lindgren publishes her first book Pippi Longstocking.
In Sweden, Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing invent a way to package milk in paper and start the company Tetra Pak.
Hans Asperger publishes his paper on Asperger's Syndrome
National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence established.
Canadian Arctic explorer Henry Larsen becomes the first person to successfully navigate the Northwest Passage in both directions in a schooner. He would chronicle the event in his autobiography, entitled “The Big Ship” (Modèle:ASIN).<ref>"Year by Year 1944" -- History Channel International</ref>